
Class 
Book 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



Centennial 
History and Handbook 

of Indiana 



The Story of the State from Its Beginning to the Close of the Civil War, 
and a General Survey of Progress to the Present Time 



By GEORGE S. COTTMAN 

Founder Indiana Magazine of History 



■ ■■ 



A Survey of the State by Counties 

Embracing Specific and Local Information with Numerous Illustrations 



By MAX R. HYMAN 

Editor Hyman's Handbook of Indianapolis, Etc. 



INDIANAPOLIS 
MAX R. HYMAN, PUBLISHER 
NINETEEN FIFTEEN 



t 



f 5^ 



Copyright 1915 

By MAX R. HVMAN, Indianapolis 

All riehts reserved 



IGLA420044 

OLLENBECK 
NDIANAPOL] 

DEC 22 1915 



THE HOLLENBECK PRESS 
INDIANAPOLIS 



PREFACE 



This work, first of all, aims to supply a popular 
need. The rescuing of history from documentary 
sources, the seeking of new facts and the discus- 
sion of debatable questions is a held to which the 
writer has here given but secondary attention, 
the plan of the work being purposely different. 
This plan has been to put into easily available 
form and in the compass of one volume a wide 
range of facts, past and present, that will con- 
vey an intelligent and tolerably complete idea of 
the story of Indiana and the thread of its devel- 
opment on which the facts are strung. 

These facts have been accumulating in pub- 
lished historical material until they are quite suf- 
ficient to tell the story in all its essentials, but 
they are in a scattered form, practically inac- 
cessible except to the student who can search 
them out from the shelves of the larger libraries. 
But few existing works aim to cover the history 
of the State. Of these some are fragmentary, 
some present but skeleton outlines too meager to 
impart much information, and none satisfies the 
repeated demand for a comprehensive reference 
work. If this volume falls short of such ideal, 
it can at least be claimed that it is an advance in 
that direction. 

The prime thing in the history of this or any 
other commonwealth or society, is not a mass of 
detached facts, however picturesque they may 
be in the recital. The chief thing of interest is 
the organic growth and the facts in perspective 
as revealing that growth. Any stage or condition 
is but the "balance of preceding forces," and the 
culminating interest of it all is in the Present, 
which we sadly need to understand better. Willi 
-this idea in view the undersigned, in his author- 
ship of the historical portion of the book, has 
endeavored so to group his data as to convey a 
sense of the chronology and development of 
cause and effect. Those developments since the 
Civil War period have not been traced historic- 
ally, as he would wish, but the general survey, 
dealing with the results of the historic processes 
is. it may be held, the vital thing. 

It may be added, in this connection, that in 



filling out his various chapters, the author has 
drawn freely upon such other writers as have 
standing, especially those who have made especial 
studies of the theme in hand. He has taken 
their reasonable accuracy for granted, and, in 
most instances, accepted them as reliable. The 
aim has been to give credit in every case prop- 
erly calling for it. 

The county sketches, compiled by Air. Hyman, 
with whom this work originated, constitute an 
important part of this work, and the more so, 
because there is a great dearth of comparative in- 
formation giving the relative standing of the 
various sections of the State. This treatment of 
the county units will thus subserve something 
broader than mere local history. 

Not the least interesting feature of this work 
is the numerous maps and illustrations. These 
not only depict conditions as they existed at the 
dawn of the State's history, but will help the 
reader to a better understanding of present-day 
developments; revealing to many for the first 
time, more fully than has heretofore been done 
in any other work, much that is historic and 
picturesque within the borders of Indiana. 

Among the authorities drawn upon by Air. 
Hyman in the preparation of the "Survey of 
the State by Counties," and to whom especial 
credit is due for valuable assistance are Jacob 
Piatt Dunn; Ernest V. Shockley, Ph. D. ; De- 
marchus Brown, State Librarian ; Edward Bar- 
rett, State Geologist; John I. Hoffmann. \- 
sistant State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion ; Amos W. Butler, Secretary State Board of 
Charities and Correction; Eugene C. Shireman. 
Commissioner of Fisheries; Elijah A. Gladden, 
Secretary State Board of Forestry ; Charles 
Downing, Secretary State Board of Agriculture ; 
Gilbert Hendren, State Examiner; Edward A. 
Perkins, President Industrial Board of Indiana, 
and William E. Tuite, Deputy State Statistician. 

To John H. Holliday, Rowland Evans, Guil- 
ford A. Deitch, Henry Stevenson, Hon. William 
I I. Bynum, Hon. Charles L. Henry, Dr. Sam- 
uel E Earp and Merica E Hoagland of Indian- 



apolis, and to Mrs. M. C. Garber of Madison, 
Phil McNagny of Columbia City, Ulysses S. 
Lesh of Huntington, Oscar F. Rakestraw, Editor 
Angola Republican; Howard Roosa, Editor Ev- 
ansville Courier, and Lyman D. Heavenridge, 
Editor Owen County Journal, he is indebted for 
valuable contributions and suggestions. 

Interesting and valuable photographs were sup- 
plied by Addison H. Nordyke, Dr. Morris Al- 
brecht, Bert Weedon and Frank M. Hohen- 
berger of Indianapolis, and William M. Her- 
schell, of The Indianapolis News and Orra Hop- 
per, School Superintendent of Washington 
county, also contributed a valuable collection of 
photographs of historical points of interest. 

The book is from the Hollenbeck Press, and 
with few exceptions all of the engravings were 



made by the Stafford Engraving Company of 
Indianapolis, from original photographs, many 
of which were taken by the W. H. Bass Photo 
Company. 

The work, as a whole, has been made possible 
only through the generous support given to Mr. 
Hyman in this undertaking by the people of the 
State, whose autographs are herein published, 
and to whom he herewith gives public acknowl- 
edgment. 

This edition is now submitted to the public 
with the hope that it will be found to be useful 
as well as interesting, and that its support will 
necessitate many editions. 

George S. Cottman. 

Indianapolis, Ind., 
December, 1915. 



Corrections and suggestions are invited 
for future editions. Address all commu- 
nications to Max R. Hyman, Publisher. 



CONTENTS 



PART I 



A History of Indiana by Topics, Chronologically Arranged, from 

the Beginning to the Close of the Civil War. 

chapter page 

I Preliminary — The French Occupancy of the Wabash 

Valley 9 

II Acquisition of Our Territory — Story of Clark's Conquest 17 

III The Northwest Territory — Civil Beginnings .... 35 

IV Indiana Territory — Beginnings 41 

V The Danger Period — Indian History 57 

VI The New State 69 

VII The State's Development to 1836 83 

VIII The Story of New Harmony 93 

IX Internal Improvement Movements Preliminary to Law 

of 1836 99 

\X An Experiment in Paternalism 103 
XI Other Developments Prior to 1840 107 
XII 1840 to 1850— Conditions and Development During Dec- 
ade Ill 

XIII Period from 1850 to 1860 119 

XIV The Civil War Period 135 



PART II 

A General Survey of Indiana as Developed 
Since the Civil War. 

XV Conditions Since 1870 — General Survey of Period . 153 

XVI Natural Resources 169 

XVII Manufactures 185 

XVIII Agricultural Advancement 187 

PART III 

A General Survey of Indiana by Counties with Brief Historical 
Sketches Alphabetically Arranged. 

Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns in Indiana, 1910 . . 454 

Addenda 457 

General Index 461 

PART IV 

Who's Who in Indiana — Brief Biographical Sketches of 
Prominent Men and Women. 



PART I 



A History of Indiana by Topics, Chronologically Arranged, 

From the Beginning to the Close of 

the Civil War. 




CHAPTER I 

PRELIMINARY— THE FRENCH OCCUPANCY OF 
THE WABASH VALLEY 



Fundamental Factors: Soil, Climate, Stock 
and National Policy. — A study of the influences 
that have given direction, shape and character to 
the history of Indiana carries the inquirer back 
not only to the beginnings of American history 
in the Mississippi valley, but to more remote 
causes. For example, what is the explanation of 
the phenomenal swiftness (as history goes) with 
which this valley, one great primeval wilderness 
but little more than a hundred years ago, has 
progressed to the high tide of twentieth century 
civilization? Obviously, soil, climate, configura- 
tion and natural features of the country, stock 
and national policy are all factors which, col- 
lectively, have wrought results that for expedite- 
ness and inherent energy hardly find an analogy 
in the history of the world. A comparison with 
other continental portions of the globe presents 
some interesting contrasts. The most striking, 
perhaps, as presenting differences imposed by 
the physical basis, is Africa. That vast conti- 
nent, with its more than ten million square miles, 
lying contiguous to the older centers of civiliza- 
tion and itself the seat of the most ancient ones, 
has, until recent times, remained the "dark con- 
tinent," and the invasions of the dominant 
nations have to the present day resulted only in 
a polyglot group of colonies that are practically 



negligible in an estimate of the world's growth. 
Insufficient water supply and vast wastes, tropic 
heat, fell diseases and ineradicable pests have 
been effective deterrents to the successful reign 
of the Caucasian. 

If we consider South America, with its zones 
of climate ranging all the way from the tropics 
of Brazil to the Antarctic sterility of southern 
Argentine, and its fertile soils, capable of sup- 
porting a teeming multitude, we find it, beneath 
the rule of a Latin race, a congeries of minor 
nations that seem forever on the border of an- 
archy. Briefly, the history of South America 
and that of the United States since the settlement 
of the two continents largely illustrates the dif- 
ference in stock. 

Australia, with an area almost equal to that of 
the United States, is little more than one vast 
barren waste, with a fringe of isolated civilization 
strung along part of its coasts. 

Of Asia, we are told by an authority, "owing 
to its great extent from east to west the central 
parts, deprived of moisture, are almost every- 
where deserts, and a belt around the west 
southern and eastern shores comprises nearly all 
that contributes to the support of man." 

This same writer (Charles Maclaren) pointing 
nut the superior natural advantages of the Amer- 



10 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



icas as a seat of civilization, maintains that "the 
new continent, though less than half the size of 
the old, contains at least an equal quantity of 
useful soil and much more than an equal amount 
of productive power" ; and he adds that "Amer- 
ica is indebted for this advantage to its compara- 
tively small breadth, which brings nearly all its 
interior within reach of the fertilizing exhalations 
of the ocean." This means that the rain supply, 
which is evaporated from the ocean, reaches 
these interior parts ; the rain supply, in turn, 
means a system of well-supplied streams, and 
they mean, in the first instance, irrigation and 
vegetation, and in the second, natural routes 
of travel and transportation that are a great de- 
termining factor in the distribution of settlers in 
a new country. Apropos to this, if we study a 
hydrographic chart of the Mississippi valley 
showing the numerous streams that ramify far 
and wide from the great "father of waters" and 
its larger affluents, and if our imagination adds 
to these the innumerable creeks that reach out, 
traversing almost every square mile of the coun- 
try, what nature has done for the land in this 
particular becomes apparent. 

Closely correlated with the abundant water 
supply in this favored region is a soil unsur- 
passed in productiveness and a climate which is 
at once adapted to a wide range of vegetation 
and to the stimulation of human energy — a very 
potent factor in the development of civilization. 
For variety of productions useful to man perhaps 
no spot on earth excels the Mississippi valley, 
and this value is enhanced by the adaptability of 
the soil to vegetation that is not indigenous, many 
of our products today being of exotic origin. 
This fertility and adaptability of the soil, says 
Livingston Farrand in his "Basis of American 
History," "must be regarded as among the chief 
contributing causes to the stupendous growth of 
the American nation." 

The stock that peopled our section has, of 
course, been an immeasurable factor in the 
extraordinary development of the country. What 
self-government is in the hands of an untrained 
Latin race is demonstrated by South American 
history. The Anglo-Saxon tide that poured into 
our middle west after the revolutionary war was 
not only the offspring of the most staid and 
substantial race on earth, but it had hack of it 
nearly two centuries of training in self-govern- 



ment. It was a race hardy, independent and 
capable, jealously guarding its institutions and 
the best that it had inherited politically. Above 
all, its individuals were ardent lovers of their 
land and permanent home-makers. Add to this 
a national policy, evolved through the same peo- 
ple, that fostered the settlement and development 
of the public domain along wise line's that had 
been thought out by some of the most patriotic 
and most able statesmen of the age, and we have 
in rough outline the fundamental factors of that 
particular phase of civilization in which our State 
shares. To appreciate well the character and 
meaning of our local history we should consider 
these antecedent causes explaining the larger his- 
tory of which we are a part. A long and interest- 
ing chapter on these preliminaries might well be 
written, but the aim here is to touch upon them 
in a cursory way only, as an introduction to our 
nearer theme. 

THE FRENCH PERIOD 

Relation of the French to Our History. — The 
French occupancy of the Mississippi valley, last- 
ing nearly a century, or from the time of the 
explorations of La Salle and Joliet till the French 
and Indian war, is for the most part, as a tale 
that is told, with little permanent sequence. This 
is true of the early invasion of the Wabash 
valley, and while French life there, from the 
establishment of the first posts in the first half 
of the eighteenth century till the American in- 
vasion early in the nineteenth, affords a pic- 
turesque and romantic preliminary chapter to our 
history, it can scarcely be called an integral part 
of it, and its influence in modifying our develop- 
ment is scarcely appreciable. The story of 
Indiana as a State is a story of Americanized 
Anglo-Saxon stock pure and simple. The iso- 
lated, straggling French life, little ethnological 
fragments, as it were, left stranded here far from 
their kind, was not strong enough to tincture the 
incoming population with that wonderful French 
race persistence that is notable in Canada, and in 
short time they were incontinently swallowed up. 

It can be said, however, that the previous 
French settlement at Vincennes determined the 
starting point of the American occupancy, and 
the beginning place of Indiana politics. The 
treaty of Greenville, in 1795. secured from the 



12 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Indians, along with certain strategic points on the 
Wabash river and a large tract at the falls of the 
Ohio, for George Rogers Clark and his soldiers, 
the lands adjacent to "the post of St. Vincennes," 
to which the Indian title had already been extin- 
guished. This reservation, which was rather 
indefinite as to boundaries, in turn determined 
the first of the series of Indian purchases that 
ultimately comprised the whole State. By a 
treaty consummated in 1803 William Henry Har- 
rison secured an extension of the 1795 reserva- 
tion, with denned boundaries, that reached some 
fifty miles westward from Vincennes. This tract 
was the first part of the new territory to be sur- 
veyed by the rectangular system adopted by the 
United States government,* and was the first to 
be thrown open for general settlement. This, and 
the existence of Vincennes as the one town in 
the territory that was to be the future Indiana, 
logically determined the location of the territorial 
seat of government and the first center of Ameri- 
can population. 

One great preliminary service that the French 
did for their successors was in the first explora- 
tions of the country. First the professed ex- 
plorers and then the coureurs de bois, em- 
ployed by the fur traders, traversed our streams, 
penetrating to the remoter parts of the virgin 
wilderness, and the maps left us by the old 
French cartographers are not only curious as 
revealing the growth of the geographical knowl- 
edge of our region, but are particularly inform- 
ative as to the location of Indian tribes in those 
days.f 

French Beginnings. — The exact dates of the 
first French explorations of the Mississippi valley 
are so variable, as given by various historians, 
that it is hardly worth while to give any as really 
authentic. According to the researches of Mr. 
J. P. Dunn, who may be accepted as careful and 
thoroughgoing. La Salle, the first white man in 
this region, probably "traced the entire lower 
boundary of Indiana in 1669-70," by way of the 
Ohio river, and passed through the northwest 
corner of the State in 1671 or 1672. From this 
time until 1679 (still drawing upon Mr. Dunn) 
there was no recorded exploration of Indiana, 
though it is argued that in that interval more or 
less fur trading was carried on in this region. 



See section on Rectangular Survey System. 
- i "Early French Maps," p. 15. 



The portage between the St. Joseph and Kan- 
kakee rivers, where South Bend stands, was first 
used by him in 1679, while in 1682-3 "he was all 
through Indiana and Illinois." Who was the first 
to traverse the Maumee- Wabash route by way 
of the site of Fort Wayne is not recorded, but it 
was probably used by the fur traders at a very 
early date, as the Wabash threaded a rich and 
extensive fur country, besides being one of the 
most direct highways to the Mississippi. The 
first post planted in this valley was Ouiatanon, 
which was a fort as well as a trading post. There 
has been controversy as to the exact location of 
Ouiatanon, but according to Professor Oscar J. 
Craig, formerly of Purdue University, who has 
written a monograph on the subject, it is now 
pretty well established that it stood on "the west 
side of the Wabash river and four miles below 
the present city of Lafayette." The date of its 
establishment is given as 1719 or 1720. Its pur- 
pose was to "counteract the influence of the 
English and to keep ascendency over the In- 
dians." The logic of the location was that at 
this point on the river "the lighter barks and 
canoes that were used in the carrying trade be- 
tween Canada and the southwest . . . were 
changed for larger ones, to be used on the deeper 
waters of the lower Wabash and the Ohio" — the 
same cause, practically, that operated in the lo- 
cating of Lafayette more than a century later. 
The post took its name from the Ouiatanon Li- 
llians, who were located in that vicinity. Ouiata- 
non was garrisoned by the French until 1760, 
when it passed into the hands of the English, but 
there is no mention of any military force there 
twenty-nine years later, when George Rogers 
( lark invaded the northwest territory. Accord- 
ing to Craig, its later history was enveloped in 
mystery. In a way it had been a "settlement" as 
well as a post, and a few French families seem to 
have lingered there until Scott's campaign against 
the Wabash Indians, in 1791, after which they 
betook themselves to other settlements. 

The portage between the Maumee and W'abash 
rivers, where Fort Wayne stands, was an impor- 
tant point commercially and a strategic one from 
the military view. Before the advent of the 
whites it was the site of one of the principal 
Miami towns, called Kekionga, and, according 
to Dillon, the French established a trading post 
there probably as early as 1719. which would 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



13 



make it contemporary with Ouiatanon in its be- 
ginning. Subsequently they erected there Fort 
Miamis, which was surrendered to the English 
in 1760. This, in turn, was succeeded by Fort 
Wayne, built by General Anthony Wayne's 
troops in 1794, and the name of which was trans- 
mitted to the present city. 

Vincennes, the largest and most permanent of 
the three French settlements on the Wabash, was 
also long involved in obscurity as to its origin. 
but it is now established by documents unearthed 
in Paris by Consul General Gowdy, that the date 
was 1731. It began as a military and trading post 
and went by various names before it evolved into 
"Vincennes," in honor of Sieur de Vincennes, its 
accredited founder. The life of this isolated' 
Gallic community in the far western wilderness 
for three-quarters of a century, particularly after 
the severance, by the war of 1754-63, of all ties 
with the country whence it sprung, makes a pic- 
turesque and romantic chapter in our history 
which is not without its pathos. For years it left 
its traces up and down the Wabash valley, and 
these are inseparable from the memory of the 
vanished red race, with which it assimilated. 

An old document published by the Indiana His- 
torical Society as "The First Census of Indiana," 
gives the names of the heads of families residing 
at the three French settlements in 1769. By this 
there were sixty-six families at Vincennes, twelve 
at ( Hiiatanon and nine at Fort Miami. 

French Life at Vincennes. — The old French 
life at Vincennes is described at some length bv 
J. P. Dunn in his "Indiana." Like the American 
pioneer life it was rude to primitiveness, in many 
respects, but with many distinctive features. The 
log house or cabin, instead of being laid hori- 
zontally with notch and saddle like the familiar 
American type, was often built by setting the 
logs upright in a trench, like pickets. 

Sometimes grooved posts were set a distance 
apart with horizontal slabs to fill in the interven- 
ing spaces, the ends fitting in the grooves. 
Thatching or strips of bark were often used for 
roofs. There were a few stone houses with 
piazzas. Of the rude furniture usually found the 
conspicuous article was the high corded bedstead 
with its big feather bed and gay patch-work quilt, 
while occasionally in the better families a display 
would be made of a little treasured silverware or 



some ancient heirloom that had come long ago 
from the motherland. They were fond of flowers 
and these usually could be found in profusion in 
their gardens, fenced in by sharpened pickets set 
close together in the ground. Every man, prac- 
tically, was his own artisan, and as there was no 
great skill and perhaps less love of labor the 
home-made articles were few and crude. The 
women, we are told, had neither spinning wheels 
nor looms, and the clothing, half Indian and pic- 
turesque, was a mixture of leather and the 
fabrics brought in by the traders — leggins, moc- 
casins, the capote or cloak, a fancy sash beaded 
by the Indians and a gaudy handkerchief for the 
head being in the sartorial inventory. Their agri- 
culture was primitive and the natural fertility of 
the land was relied upon to obviate the necessity 
for skilful husbandry. Their cumbersome, awk- 
ward plows had a wooden mold-board and, 
drawn by oxen by means of a rope of twisted 
rawhide attached to a horn-yoke, instead of a 
neck-yoke, could turn only a shallow furrow. 
About the only other farm implement was a 
clumsy iron hoe, and their one vehicle was a light 
two-wheeled cart without iron work of any kind 
about it, known as a calache. 

Socially, they were a gay, pleasure-loving peo- 
ple and perpetuated Gallic customs that look pic- 
turesque in the perspective. Marriage was the 
great event and was preceded by the publishing of 
bans and by the betrothal contract witnessed by- 
relatives and friends, while the ceremony was 
celebrated by feasting and dancing that some- 
times lasted for several days. There was the 
charivari and even a so-called Mardi Gras pre- 
ceding Lent, which consisted of dancing and 
feasting and a trial of skill at the cooking of flap- 
jacks. On New Year's day it was the custom 
for the men to go the rounds making calls in 
which it was their privilege to kiss the hostc- 
Sometimes the young men masked on New 
Year's eve and went from house to house singing 
a carol, and a feature of this custom at one time 
was to take with them a cart and receive gifts of 
clothing and provisions, which were afterward 
given to the poor. One of the luxuries we hear 
of. which sounds oddly out of place in the Wa- 
ll ish wilderness, is that of billiards. Hamilton, 
in 1778, wrote that he intended to destroy all the 
billiard tables. 



14 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Music of the French. — '"Father Benedict Jo- 
seph Flaget, the French priest who came to Vin- 
cennes in 1792 and taught the first school in 
Indiana, appears also to have been the first music 
teacher. In Bishop Alerding's chapters on 'Tra- 
dition and History of the Diocese of Vincennes,' 
he says of Father Flaget : 'He also formed a 
class of singing and those of the children who 
had the best voices were exercised in singing 
French canticles. They sang the canticles not 
only in the school and in the church, but also 
while laboring in the fields.' These canticles 
were hymns taken from the Vulgate Bible and 
sung in the services of the churches. They in- 
cluded the Benedictus, the Benedicite, the Mag- 
nificat and the Nunc Dimittis. . . . 

"In the collection of the Charles Lasselle MSS., 
now in the State library, is a copy of a French 
song, entitled "La Guigniolet," sung on New 
Year's eve. The leader sang one or two lines, 
then stopped, and the same was repeated by the 
company. Before retiring a last song was sung." 
— Merica Hoagland. 

The Early Fur Trade. — What may be called 
the first industry of the Mississippi valley, the 
fur trade, was one of such importance commer- 
cially as to be a chief cause of the friction be- 
tween France and England in America prior to 
the French and Indian war. Interest in territory 
for its own sake seems to have been remote and 
secondary, compared with the immediate interest 
in a traffic which contributed to national revenue 
and built up large private fortunes. This applies 
to no locality more than to Indiana, where one 
vast forest teemed with fur-bearing animals. The 
agents of the fur trade were the real explorers, 
and the recorded discoveries of the avowed ex- 
plorers were, doubtless, meager beside the un- 
recorded ones of the men who traversed the 
streams wherever there was a chance of Indian 
trade. At one time during the French regime the 
annual trade at the post of Ouiatanon alone is 
said to have been £8,000, and in the year 1786 
the records of the custom house at Quebec 
showed an exportation amounting to £275,977.* 
One of the early acts of William Henry Harrison 
as governor of Indiana Territory (in 1801-2) 
was to grant trading licenses, the local privileges 
of each trader being defined, and a list of forty 



* Dillon, p. 397. 



of these within the present limits of the State 
has been preserved.* A subsequent list extends 
the trade, as to time, to 1857, before which period 
it had ceased to be "Indian trade." The per- 
sistence with which wild animals continued to 
exist in face of this ruthless war of extermina- 
tion is illustrated by the fact that in the middle 
of the last century, at least a hundred and fifty 
years after the wholesale killing was inaugurated, 
the Ewing brothers, whose trading houses were 
at Fort Wayne and Logansport, are said to have 
amassed about two million dollars at the business. 

The men employed as carriers by the early 
French traders were the famous coureurs des 
bois, a class of half-wild woodsmen which stands 
out picturesquely in history. The business, as 
conducted through the carriers of a little later 
period, is thus described by Dillon : 

"The furs and peltries which were obtained 
from the Indians were generally transported to 
Detroit. The skins were dried, compressed and 
secured in packs. Each pack weighed about one 
hundred pounds. A pirogue, or boat, that was 
sufficiently large to carry forty packs required 
the labor of four men to manage it on its voyage. 
In favorable stages of the Wabash river such a 
vessel, under the management of skilful boatmen, 
was propelled fifteen or twenty miles a day 
against the current. After ascending the river 
Wabash and the Little river to the portage near 
Fort Wayne, the traders carried their packs over 
the portage to the head of the Maumee, where 
they were again placed in pirogues, or in keel- 
boats, to be transported to Detroit. At this 
place the furs and skins were exchanged for 
blankets, guns, knives, powder, bullets, intoxicat- 
ing liquors, etc.. with which the traders returned 
to their several posts.'.' Elsewhere the same 
authority tells us that the articles carried by the 
French traders were, chiefly, "coarse blue and 
red cloths, fine scarlet, guns, powder, balls, 
knives, hatchets, traps, kettles, hoes, blankets, 
coarse cottons, ribbons, beads, vermilion, to- 
bacco, spirituous liquors, etc." How profitable 
the trade was may be gathered from the state- 
ment that the value placed on bullets was four 
dollars per hundred and powder was priced at 
one dollar per pint by American traders. 

" i B, Lasselle, in Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History, 
vol. ii. No. 1. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



15 



Names of the Wabash River. — The name 
Wabash is a relic of the Miami language, which 
has undergone various transformations. In a 
map giving the Indian names of our streams, pre- 
pared by Daniel Hough, and published in the 
Indiana Geological Report for 1882. the name is 
given as Wah-bah-shik-ka. On the later French 
maps it is usually given as Ouabache, with some 
earlier variants. This was the French attempt 
to spell the Indian pronunciation, the ou being 
equivalent to our w. When this, in turn, became 
Anglicized, it still was an attempt at the Indian 
form. At one time the French named the river 
St. Jerome, and it so appears on a few maps, but 
the change was short-lived. Wabi or Wapi, ac- 
cording to Dunn, is an Algonquin stem signifying 
white, and Gabriel God troy, a recent Miami, who 
retained the lore of his race, affirmed that the 
Wah-bah-shik-ka derived its name from the for- 
mation of white stone over which it ran in one 
part of its course. 

White river also retains in part the Indian 
nomenclature, the original name being, as a 
French map gives it, Ouapikaminou, Ouapi sig- 
nifying white. 

Early French Maps. — Among the valued pos- 
sessions of the State library are two large atlases, 
in which are mounted a chronological series of 
old maps of the Americas — Spanish, French, 
English and American, which, covering a period 
of more than two hundred years, reveal interest- 
ingly the growth of geographical knowledge of 
the western hemisphere. Those by French char- 
tographers, of or including the Mississippi valley, 
running from 1616 to the latter part of the eight- 
eenth century, are of special interest as connected 
with the French explorations and occupancv. 
The earliest of these, one by P. Bertius, 1616, 
gives the coasts of the continent in distorted out- 
line, and a very crude knowledge of the great 
lakes is revealed, but all the interior is, of course, 
one vast unexplored blank. Four by Guillaume 
Delisle, dated 1703. 1720, 1722 and 1733 (the 
latter elate doubtful), show the slowly changing 
ideas during that span. In 1703 the Ohio, with- 
out its branches, is given as "Ouabache autrement 
appellee Ohio ou Belle Riviere." It rises in west- 
ern Pennsylvania in what appears to be a good- 
sized lake, called "L. Ouiasont." and. in its upper 
course, flows parallel with Lake Erie through 
what we would now describe as northern Ohio. 



The Illinois and Kankakee rivers (not named) 
have their rise in two small lakes in northern In- 
diana. This and subsequent maps seem to indi- 
cate some knowledge of the lakes of Kosciusko 
county and the belief that the Kankakee was their 
outlet. By 1720 a very fair knowledge of all the 
great lakes, as to relative size, locations and 
shapes, and also of the Mississippi, Ohio and 
Illinois rivers, is revealed. In 1722 the Wabash 
is first given, though very incorrectly, it flowing 
almost parallel with the Ohio, west by south. 
The Ohio is so named in its upper course, but 
farther down is given as "Ouabache." In 1733 
the Wabash (unnamed) is quite different, being 
too far to the west and flowing from the north 
instead of northeast. 

Another chartographer, of 1726, gives the Mau- 
mee and its branches imperfectly, but not the 
Wabash. One of 1742 gives the "Hohio," 
"Oubach" and Maumee (the latter unnamed). 
The former still rises in its lake among the moun- 
tains of western Pennsylvania; the Wabash runs 
almost parallel, rising in a small lake in Ohio. 
As yet there is no indication that the map- 
makers knew of the portage between the Maumee 
and the Wabash. Branches are shown flowing 
into the Wabash from the north and west, but 
not from the south and east. A mountain-like 
elevation is shown in what appears to be about 
the center of Indiana. In 1746 the \\ "abash, given 
with greater accuracy, is first called the "R. de S. 
Jerome," and "F. des Miamis." at the Maumee, 
evidently indicates the old French fort of that 
name. The Kankakee is here given as "Hua- 
kiki." In 1755 White river is first shown, with 
both its branches. M. Seutteri's map of 1720 
(see page 11) is chiefly notable as the best 
one, showing the boundary lines between the 
English colonies and New France and the one 
separating the two great French provinces. Can- 
ada and Louisiana. This latter line, running 
eastward from the Mississippi to the Marvland 
border, cut through Indiana. One rather won- 
ders why the French should continue to make 
maps of the region after its surrender to the 
British, but there are at least three or four after 
that event. J. Leopold Imbert, 1777, first 
shows Fort Ouiatanon, which is marked "Fort 
Francois." and a note at "F. des Miamis" states 
that it was built by the French in 1750. ( "Batit 
par les Francais en 1750." i As this post appears 



16 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



on the map of 1746, Imbert's date probably refers 
to the rebuilding of the fort after its destruction 
by fire. It is curious that none of the maps be- 
fore that of 1771, by Bonne, indicate the exist- 
ence of Vincennes. Even as late as 1806 we find 
it absent from that of E. Mentelle, though on this 
map are both "Weauteneau" and "Fort Miami" 
— the latter an anachronism, for before that time 
Fort Wayne had succeeded to Fort Miami. 

Two curiosities among these maps are an Eng- 
lish revision of d'Anville's French map, of about 
the time of the French and Indian war, and a 
German production of 1821. The first has elab- 
orate notes, in which it is claimed that the Eng- 
lish were entitled to the country by early discov- 
ery, they having "thoroughly explored" to and 
beyond the Mississippi as early as 1654-64. In 
the German map the great lakes and the states of 
the northwest territory are strangely distorted. 
Lake Michigan touches Indiana east of its longi- 
tudinal center, and there are mountain ranges 
across northern Indiana and throughout Ohio. 

Geologic Cause in French History. — An in- 
teresting geological story, apropos here, which 
illustrates how remote natural causes may some- 
times enter into human history, is given by Mr. 
Charles R. Dryer, in the Sixteenth Geological 
Report of Indiana (1888). The French in their 
intercourse with the Mississippi valley, as even 
the casual reader of history is supposed to know, 
passed into the interior valley from the basin of 
the great lakes by the rivers of the two systems, 
making the connections over various short port- 
ages at water-sheds where the navigable waters 



of opposite-flowing streams almost met. There 
were six or seven of these trade routes, and one 
of the most direct, with a comparatively short 
and easy portage, was from Lake Erie up the 
Maumee to the point where Fort Wayne stands, 
thence about nine miles by level land to the Aboit, 
or Little Wabash, thence down the Wabash. An 
examination of the map reveals a peculiar nat- 
ural feature at this portage. The St. Joseph and 
St. Mary's rivers, flowing, respectively, from the 
northeast and southeast, unite at the point far- 
thest west, then, as the Maumee, double curiously 
on their previous courses and flow back to Lake 
Erie. The three, presenting a sagittate or arrow- 
head form, reach into the fork formed by the 
branches of the Wabash, thus bringing the waters 
of the two systems almost together at navigable 
points. This odd situation, Mr. Dryer explains 
in terms of glacial deposit, the explanation be- 
ing that vast lobes of ice in the glacial period 
crowding each other from north and east heaped 
up their ridges of morainic matter in such fash- 
ion as to determine the subsequent river valleys. 
In view of this theory it is not fanciful to say 
that the blind forces of nature, long before the 
advent of man, predetermined very definitely the 
little chapter of French history in the Wabash 
valley, and whatever relics of it may have sur- 
vived in our later history. More than that, it 
determined at a later day a very important trade 
route (the Wabash and Erie canal, which fol- 
lowed the Maumee and Wabash valleys) that 
played no little part in peopling and developing 
the Wabash valley. 



CHAPTER II 

ACQUISITION OF OUR TERRITORY— STORY OF 
CLARK'S CONQUEST 



From the close of the French and Indian war 
until 1779 the country northwest of the Ohio 
river was under British rule, the occupancy by 
that nation consisting of small military forces 
planted at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and two 
or three other points along the Mississippi river. 
The invasion of this region and its conquest by 
George Rogers Clark makes one of the heroic 
and romantic chapters of American history. But 
for such a leader in the right place at the right 
time there is little doubt that the vast territory 
in question, now comprising the five great States 
of < >hio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wiscon- 
sin, would not have been ceded at the treaty of 
Paris, following the revolutionary war. England 
wished to retain it as a "buffer" territory to sep- 
arate her Canada possessions from those of the 
United States. In deciding the question it was 
a ca^e where "possession was nine points of the 
law." and we had possession. 

The Situation. — When the American colonies 
were fighting desperately for independence and a 
national future, Kentucky, a province of Vir- 
ginia, was the extreme western frontier. Be- 
tween it and Canada, where the English were 
firmly entrenched, stretched the territory in 
question, a harboring place for savage allies of 
the enemy who repeatedly threatened and terror- 
ized the Kentucky settlements. 

The Need of a Leader; George Rogers Clark. 
— The federal congress was not ignorant of or 
indifferent to this State of affairs in the far west, 
and it probably would, eventually, have moved 
in the matter when less distracted l>v other 
troubles, though how fatal too long delay might 
have been is a matter for guessing. However, it 
is a quite safe historical assumption that tin 
embryo nation was fortunate in having mi the 
endangered territory a man of initiative, states- 
manship, military ability and tremendous resolu- 
tion. This person was George Rogers Clark, a 
Virginian by birth, but a Kentuckian by adoption. 
who, by his strength of character, had become a 
leader in the new settlements, and who knew the 



conditions much more intimately than did the 
government in the east. The elements that come 
into relief when we examine his famous cam- 
paign and its successful outcome are this un- 
erring, fundamental comprehension of conditions 




Reproduction of Portrait of General George Rogers 
Clark. (Property of Vincennes University.) 



and men. a grim will that no obstacle could daunt 
and a sagacity that gave greatness to his leader- 
ship; and for this combination of qualities five 
great commonwealths of subsequent days owe 
him perpetual gratitude. 

Clark's Idea and First Steps. — The idea that 
took possession of Clark was tin- invasion and 
appropriation of the great half-possessed land 
north of the Ohio. I lis purpose was defensive 
as well as acquisitive, for the reasons above given 
— the continual danger of Indian forays ; but the 
difficulty of securing adequate support from the 
authorities made the proposition a hard one, and 



17 



18 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the first step was to create faith in his plans and 
get the support. Like most men who elaborate 
schemes of magnitude he did not wear his heart 
on his sleeve. After the inception of his idea he 
digested it well, but shared it with few, one good 
reason for this being that the undertaking he con- 
templated must, for its success, fall as a surprise 
on the enemy. As revealing at once the slow in- 
cubation of his scheme and his thoroughness in 
preparing the way, as early as the summer of 
1777 he sent two spies into the northern territory 
for the purpose of gathering more explicit infor- 
mation concerning the British in relation to the 
Indians. His plans finally thought out, his next 
move was to bring them before the powers that 
could give the necessary authority and backing, 
and to this end he went to Virginia, where he 
conferred with such men as Patrick Henry, then 
governor of Virginia ; Thomas Jefferson, George 
Mason and George Wythe. The boldness of 
Clark's scheme captivated while it challenged 
doubts. The hazard and chances of disaster were 
great, but the possible benefits to the country in 
the future, aside from the present question of 
annoyance and danger to the Kentucky Country, 
after careful consideration, outweighed the risk, 
and in the end the Council of Virginia advised 
the appropriation of £1,200 for the purpose of an 
"expedition against Kaskaskia," to be undertaken 
"with as little delay and as much secrecy as pos- 
sible." This advice was acted upon by Governor 
Henry, and Clark was authorized to raise a force 
of three hundred and fifty men for the campaign. 
Authority From Virginia; Letters of In- 
struction. — At this point the adventure takes on 
a truly dramatic character. With a view to the 
secrecy necessary to the hopefulness of the enter- 
prise, a set of instructions which was made pub- 
lic, the aim of which was "to divert attention 
from the real object," commanded Colonel Clark 
to enlist seven companies of men to act as militia ; 
the further language of the instructions convey- 
ing the idea that the purpose was for the pro- 
tection of Kentucky. Lender cover of this bogus 
publication Clark received from Governor Henry 
a private letter of instructions which read as 
follows : 

Virginia, Set. 

In Council, Wmsburg, Jany 2d, 1778. 
Lieut. Colonel George Rogers Clark : 

You are to proceed with all convenient speed to raise 
seven companies of soldiers to consist of fifty men each, 



officered in the usual manner and armed most properly 
for the enterprise, and with this force attack the Brit- 
ish post at Kaskasky. 

It is conjectured that there are many pieces of can- 
non and military stores to considerable amount [?] at 
that place, the taking and preservation of which would 
be a valuable acquisition to the State. If you are so 
fortunate, therefore, as to succeed in your expectation 
you will take every possible measure to secure the ar- 
tillery and stores and whatever may advantage the 
State. 

For the transportation of the troops, provisions, etc., 
down the Ohio you are to apply to the commanding 
officer at Fort Pitt for boats, etc. During the whole 
transaction you are to take especial care to keep the 
true destination of your force a secret. Its success de- 
pends upon this. Orders are therefore given to Captain 
Smith to secure the two men from Kaskasky. Similar 
conduct will be proper in similar cases. It is earnestly 
desired that you show humanity to such British sub- 
jects and other persons as fall in your hands. If the 
white inhabitants at that post and the neighborhood will 
give undoubted evidence of their attachment to this 
State (for it is certain they live within its limits) by 
taking the test provided by law and by every other way 
and means in their power, let them be treated as fellow 
citizens and their persons and property duly secured. 
Assistance and protection against all enemies whatever 
shall be afforded them and the commonwealth of Vir- 
ginia is pledged to accomplish it. But if these people 
will not accede to these reasonable demands they must 
feel the miseries of war under the direction of that hu- 
manity that has hitherto distinguished Americans, and 
which it is expected you will ever consider as the rule 
of your conduct, and from which you are in no instance 
to depart. 

The corps you are to command are to receive the pay ' 
and allowance of militia, and to act under the laws and 
regulations of this State now in force. The inhabitants 
of this post will be informed by you that in case they 
accede to the offer of becoming citizens of this com- 
monwealth a proper garrison will be maintained among 
them and every attention bestowed to render their com- 
merce beneficial, the fairest prospects being opened to 
the dominions of both France and Spain. 

It is in contemplation to establish a post near the 
mouth of Ohio. Cannon will be wanted to fortify it. 
Part of those at Kaskasky will be easily brought thither 
or otherwise secured as circumstances will make nec- 
essary. 

You are to apply to General Hand for powder and 
lead necessary for this expedition. If he can't supply 
it the person who has that which Captain Lynn brought 
from Orleans can. Lead was sent to Hampshire by my 
orders, and that may be delivered you. Wishing you 
success, I am, Sir, Your h'ble serv. 

P. Henry. 

One who wishes to enter intimately into the 
romantic story of Clark's campaign should care- 
fully read this letter, as it fixes clearly and 
authoritatively the policy and program of the 
campaign — a program that was carried out with 
little deviation, although Governor Henry in pri- 
vate conversation with Clark implied that his 
written instructions might be construed with a 
certain latitude and discretion. 

Recruiting a Military Force; Difficulties. — 
Thus empowered and provided with money for 
the expenses of the expedition Clark, with char- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



19 



acteristic energy, proceeded to the execution of 
his plans. His first base of operations was a 
western settlement on the Monongahela river 
some distance above Pittsburg, known as Red 
Stone or Red Stone Old Fort. His officers were 
appointed and commissioned to raise recruits in 
western Pennsylvania, Virginia, Carolina and the 
Kentucky country, and in this preliminary busi- 
ness the first serious difficulty developed. It 
must be remembered that the real reason for this 
recruiting was not divulged. Secrecy, be it re- 
peated, was essential to success, and the instruc- 
tions made public by Governor Henry conveyed 
the impression that the force to be raised was for 
the protection of Kentucky. The proposition to 
draw off from other parts of the frontier "for 
the defense of a few detached inhabitants who 
had better be removed" met with an opposition 
that threatened to nip the whole scheme in the 
bud and that probably would have stopped short 
a less determined leader. As Clark himself ex- 
pressed it : "Many leading men in the frontiers 
. . . combined and did everything that lay 
in their power to stop the men that had enlisted, 
and set the whole frontier in an uproar, even 
condescended to harbor and protect those that 
deserted. I found my case desperate — the longer 
I remained the worse it was."* Out of the men 
that Captains Joseph Bowman and Leonard 
Helm had succeeded in recruiting "two-thirds of 
them was stopped," we are told, those that were 
left numbering about one hundred and fifty. 
Clark, however, was not to be thwarted, and 
equipping himself with boats and supplies at 
Pittsburg he put down river with his little force, 
accompanied by several adventurous families 
from the Pennsylvania country, borrowing hope 
from the information sent him that one of his 
recruiting officers, Major William Smith, would 
join him at the falls of the Ohio with nearly two 
hundred men, from the Holston river country, 
in what is now eastern Tennessee. But he was 
doomed to bitter disappointment — a part of one 
company was all that ever appeared of Major 
Smith's two hundred men. 

Military Base at Falls of the Ohio. — At the 
falls of the Ohio, Clark established his second 
base of operations on a long, narrow island after- 
ward known as "Corn Island," that then lay 



above the falls where the Pennsylvania railroad 
bridge now spans the river.* The falls, as be- 
ing the dividing place between the upper and 
lower river, was deemed the logical point for a 
permanent defensive post. Clark's reason for 
settling on the island, at least temporarily, was 
twofold — better protection from hostile bands 
of Indians and the more effective guarding 
against desertion, which danger would probably 
follow the announcement of the commander's 
real plans. The sagacity of the latter surmise 
was not at fault in this, as the sequel showed. 

The settlement on Corn Island consisted of a 
sufficient number of rude cabins built from the 
timber growing on the island, and it took on the 
character of a real "settlement" by virtue of the 
families that had thus far accompanied the expe- 




Early Indiana Types. — From Dillon's History 
of Indiana. 



dition, which were now apportioned ground for 
gardens, and an interesting passage in "Clark's 
Memoir" is to the effect that when word was 
carried back to the people on the Monongahela 
"great numbers moved down," and that this was 
"one of the principal causes of the rapid progress 
of the settlement of Kentucky." 

Clark lingered at Corn Island the better part 
of June, 1778, still hoping to swell his little force, 
but with disheartening results. According to 
William H. English, who is the leading au- 



* Clark's Memoir. 



* The name, which was adopted after Clark's occupancy, seems 
to have been borrowed from a tradition that the first corn in 
that region was raised there. The island is described as a nar- 
row tract about four-fifths of a mile long by five hundred yards 
at its greatest breadth. If it now existed the Pennsylvania rail- 
road bridge from Jeffersonville to Louisville would pass directly 
over it. A heavy timber growth originally protected it from the 
ravages of the river, but with the removal of this protection, it 
gradually disappeared until washed away entirely. Colonel R. T. 
Durrett, of Louisville, did what he could to get that city to pro- 
tect the historic spot, but without avail. 



20 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



thority on all relating to this campaign, "it is 
probably a fair conclusion that Clark brought 
with him to the falls about one hundred and fifty 
men ; that thirty-five or forty were added to his 
forces while at the falls ; that he left not exceed- 
ing ten guards on Corn Island and took with him 
on the Kaskaskia campaign about one hundred 
and seventy-five men. It is possible that the 
officers should be added to the number, but it is 
the author's belief that the effective force with 
him in the campaign against Kaskaskia did not at 
any time exceed two hundred, which was cer- 
tainly less than half the number he at one time 
expected."* 

Further Difficulties; Clark's Determination. 
— Clark's own words reveal at once the situation 
and the character of the man. "I was sensible," 
he says, "of the impression it would have on 
many, to be taken near a thousand (miles) from 
the body of their country to attack a people five 
times their number, and merciless tribes of In- 
dians, then allies and determined enemies to us. 
I knew that my case was desperate, but the more 
I reflected on my weakness the more I was 
pleased with the enterprise." 

To quote Mr. English again: "He had en- 
countered unexpected obstacles and disappoint- 
ments from the time his recruiting commenced. 
He had estimated that the complete success of 
his enterprise required a force of five hundred 
men. . . . and here he was with less than 
two hundred. ... It was a turning point, 
not only in his life, but, possibly, in the destiny 
of his country, for if the expedition had broken 
up then who knows what would have been the 
future of the vast territory northwest of the 
Ohio river, or where would have been the present 
boundaries of the United States? . . . He 
realized that inaction was now his greatest dan- 
ger, and that an immediate movement against the 
enemy was the best and only way to hold his 
forces and win success." 

Clark Divulges His Real Object; Attempts 
at Desertion. — It was not until the eve of the day 
set for departure that Clark divulged to his men 
his real object. Fie says: 

"After my making known my instructions 
almost every gentleman espoused the enterprise 
and plainly saw the utility of it, and supposed 



"Conquest of the Northwest." 



they saw the salvation of Kentucky almost in 
their reach ; but some repined that we were not 
strong enough to put it beyond all doubt. The 
soldiery in general debated on the subject, but 
determined to follow their officers. Some were 
alarmed at the thought of being taken at so great 
a distance into the enemy's country, that if they 
should have success in the first instance they 
might be attacked in their posts without a possi- 
bility of getting succor or making their retreat. 
. . . Some dissatisfaction was discovered in 
Captain Dillard's company, consequently the 
boats were well secured and sentinels placed 
where it [was] thought there was a possibility 
of their wading from the island. My design was 
to take those from the island down on our way 
who would not attempt to desert, but got out- 
generaled by their lieutenant, whom I had previ- 
ously conceived a very tolerable opinion of. 
They had, by swimming in the day, discovered 
that the channel opposite their camp might be 
wailed, and a little before day himself and the 
greater part of the company slipped down the 
bank and got to the opposite shore before they 
were discovered by the sentinels. Vexed at the 
idea of their escape in the manner they did, as one 
of my principal motives for taking post on the 
island was to prevent desertion, and intending to 
set out the next day I was undetermined for | a ] 
few minutes what to do, as it might take a party 
several days to overtake [them], and, having no 
distrust of those who remained, the example was 
not immediately dangerous, but might prove so 
hereafter; and recollecting that there was a num- 
ber of horses [belonging] to gentlemen from 
Harrodsburg, I ordered a strong party to pursue 
them, and for the foot and horse to relieve each 
other regularly, and so put to death every man 
in their power who would not surrender. They 
overhauled them in about twenty miles. The de- 
serters, discovering them at a distance, scattered 
in the woods ; only seven or eight were taken. 
The rest made their way to the different posts; 
many who were not woodsmen almost perished. 
The poor lieutenant and the few who remained 
with him, after suffering almost all that could be 
felt from hunger and fatigue, arrived at Har- 
rodstown. Having heard of his conduct [they] 
would not, for some time, suffer him to come into 
their houses nor give him anything to eat. On 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



21 



the return of the party the soldiers burnt and 
hung his effigy."* 

THE ILLINOIS CAMPAIGN 

The Outlook. — The first objective of Clark's 
general campaign was Kaskaskia and two or 
three minor posts on the Mississippi river within 
the present State of Illinois. The departure of 
the little army of less than two hundred men 
from Corn Island on June 24, 1778. properly 
marks the beginning of a military adventure that 
for reckless courage, heroic performance, good 
luck and great results hardly finds a parallel. 
The force the leader had counted on as necessary 
to success was hardly more than half filled out, 
and the difficulties to be met were an unknown 
quantity, though enough was known to make the 
invasion with the force at hand seem, by every 
probability, a foolhardy adventure. Kaskaskia, 
Cahokia and Vincennes were, or were supposed " 
to be, well fortified points, equipped with troops 
and cannon ; that these English troops would be 
re-enforced by the French inhabitants of those 
settlements was more than likely, and a vet more 
formidable factor to reckon with was the Indians, 
who were numerous about the French towns and 
almost certain to be hostile to the Americans. 
Collectively, English, French and Indians were 
numerous enough to swallow up the little band 
of audacious invaders. Clark's own words, in 
his "Memoir," show that he believed Vincennes 
alone to have contained "near four hundred 
militia, with an Indian town adjoining and great 
numbers continually in the neighborhood." Add 
to all. as an influence on the morale of the sol- 
diers, they were bound for wilderness regions 
"near a thousand miles from the body of their 
country." where in case of reverses, their chances 
for getting back were exceedingly slender. It 
was, indeed, as one historian expresses it. "a 
dangerous and doubtful mission." 

A Spectacular Start. — The appreciation of the 
dangers was doubtless quickened by the very first 
experience of the men as they left Corn Island 
in their boats — that of shooting the falls of the 
Ohio, which was a feat by no means free from 
risk; and as if all things conspired to breed awe, 
an almost total eclipse of the sun cast its weird 



* Memoir. The editorial brackets are in English's work. 



gloom over the visible world while the hazardous 
trip was made down the boiling rapids; which, as 
Clark says, "caused various conjectures among 
the superstitious." 

Whatever the effect on the superstitious, how- 
ever, it nowise deterred the expedition, which 
from the moment of starting proceeded with a 
vigor and celerity that was well symbolized by 
that preliminary rush down the rapids, the jour- 
ney down the river being pushed day and night 
by relays of oarsmen. Fearful of the strength of 
Vincennes and mingling caution with his courage, 
Clark resolved to first attack the settlements on 
the Mississippi river, the reason being that he 
might, in case of reverse, escape into Spanish ter- 
ritory across the river ; or, if successful, he might, 
as he expressed it, "pave our way to the posses- 
sion of Post St. Vincent." The first objective 
point was Kaskaskia, on the Mississippi, in what 
is now Randolph county, Illinois, and in order 
to avoid detection in the approach, the plan was 
to debark before reaching the Mississippi and 
march across country northwestward, a distance 
of one hundred and twenty miles. 

A Wilderness March and the First Success. 
— This plan was carried out. Four days and 
nights of rowing brought them to a point on the 
Ohio below the mouth of the Tennessee river, 
known as Fort Massac, a former French strong- 
hold that had been abandoned. This place had 
formerly been connected with Kaskaskia by an 
old French military road that was now mostly 
obliterated, and this was to be Clark's land route, 
though it seems to have been little better than 
no road. Fortunately, at their debarking place 
they fell in with a party of hunters, and one of 
these was utilized as a guide over the obscure 
trace. As there were no pack horses, the men 
had to carry such impedimenta as was necessary 
to their maintenance on the way. and thus handi- 
capped, suffering sometimes from thirst and hun- 
ger, they marched for six days over a rough 
wilderness country. On the evening of the 
Fourth of July they approached their goal, after 
ten consecutive days of strenuous labor and hard- 
ships, having been without food the latter part 
of the march. They entered the place by night, 
undiscovered, found access to the garrison, which 
"was so fortified that it might have successfully 
fought a thousand men," and without the firing 
of a gun captured town, fort and soldiers. The 



22 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



surprise of the garrison was as sudden and com- 
plete as that of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, and 
the boldness with which Clark took control of the 
streets of the town cowed the French inhabitants 
utterly. Among the latter the belief had been 
fostered that Americans were little better than 
savages. Nothing short of savage treatment and 
expulsion from their homes was anticipated, and 
the next day a delegation of citizens, headed by 
the priest, waited humbly upon Clark with the 
pathetic request that they be allowed to take 
leave of each other ; that families be not sep- 
arated, and that the women and children be per- 
mitted to keep their clothes and a small quantity 
of provisions. The conqueror diplomatically let 
this fear work for a while, then deftly won them 
over and strengthened his position by the assur- 
ance that they might have all the rights and lib- 
erties of American citizens, further imparting to 
them the news that the king of France had joined 
with the Americans in this war with England. 
As a result of this, Clark tells us, "The scene 
was changed from an almost mortal dejection to 
that of joy in the extreme — the bells ringing, the 
church crowded, returning thanks ; in short, 
every appearance of extravagant joy that could 
fill a place with almost confusion." 

Further Operations on the Mississippi. — 
This was an auspicious beginning for the con- 
quest of the northwest, but it was only a begin- 
ning. Further up the Mississippi were three 
other French settlements — Prairie du Roche, St. 
Philips and Cahokia — that had to be reckoned 
with, and Clark, with characteristic vigor, at 
once despatched one of his officers, Major Jo- 
seph Bowman, with thirty men mounted on 
horses that belonged to the French, to surprise 
those points. Their capture was facilitated by 
a number of the Kaskaskians who had friends 
and relatives at the places named, and who ac- 
companied Bowman, much elated with their 
newly-acquired importance as American citizens. 
The success of this expedition was complete. 
There was no resistance. Possession was taken 
of the fort which had been established at Ca- 
hokia, the principal town, and before Bowman's 
return nearly three hundred additional French- 
men had taken the oath of fidelity to the United 
States.* 



* Bowman's letter to George Brinker. 



Father Gibault and Vincennes. — These oper- 
ations, which may be regarded as constituting 
the first chapter of Clark's campaign, put him in 
possession of the Illinois country ; but Vincennes 
and the Wabash country were of equal impor- 
tance. From the French priest, Father Gibault, 
he learned that the British commandant there, 
Governor Abbott, had gone with his force on 
some business to Detroit, and this informant, 
who was won over completely to the American 
cause, suggested that with his influence Vin- 
cennes might be secured without even the trouble 
of an expedition against it, his proposition being 
that he go thither as an emissary. The plan 
pleased Clark, and ten days after the taking of 
Kaskaskia, Gibault, a Doctor Lafont and their 
retinue departed for the Wabash post. Arriving 
there, a day or two spent in explaining matters 
sufficed, and the inhabitants repaired in a body 
to the church, there to take the oath of allegiance 
and assume the status of American citizens. To 
further win their confidence, an officer was 
elected from their own number, and the fort was 
garrisoned with the citizen soldiery, under the 
American flag. The report of this success to 
Clark he speaks of in his "Memoir" as "joyful 
news," for he adds, "without the possession of 
this post all our views would have been blasted." 
Subsequently, he sent one of his officers, Captain 
Leonard Helm, to take command of the fort, and 
Captain Bowman was put in charge at Cahokia. 

An Interval of Diplomacy. — The seven 
months intervening between the capture of Kas- 
kaskia and the final march against Vincennes 
seem quiet and uneventful by comparison with 
the more brilliant performances of the cam- 
paign, but during that time Clark was demon- 
strating in another way his eminent capacity for 
the work in hand. The region north of the Ohio 
had to be held as well as captured, and the estab- 
lishing of amicable relations with the French and 
Indian inhabitants were quite as essential as 
spectacular victories when it came to permanent 
possession. The policy observed toward the 
French has already been indicated briefly. It 
was, in the first instance, the cultivation of a 
wholesome fear, by which Clark gained and held 
the ascendency, and, in the second, an exercise 
of justice and friendliness that quite won the 
simple-minded Gallic woodsmen, who had no 
great reason to love English rule. A more diffi- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



23 



cult task was to establish an influence with the 
Indians, who were not only many in number, but 
separated into tribes and distributed over a vast 
territory, and who, in large part, had already 
come under English influence. It was here that 
Clark revealed a sagacity of method that would 
hardly have been possible to one with a less inti- 
mate knowledge of Indian character. In his 
"Memoir" he devotes considerable space to these 
Indian transactions, affording interesting 
glimpses of this sort of diplomacy and of the 
characters of both Clark and the savages. The 
thing that made it possible was the bold inroad, 
the vigor and the decisive successes of the "Big 
Knives," as the Americans were called. The 
French and Indians were closely in touch, and 
the news of the operations at the French settle- 
ments not only speedily traveled far and wide 
through the wilderness, but was made duly im- 
pressive by the French traders, who in this re- 
spect became valuable allies to the conquerors. 
As a consequence, the various tribes, ignorant of 
the invader's real force and apprehensive of his 
power, took the first step toward conciliation, 
and, as we are told, "came in great numbers to 
Cahokia in order to make treaties of peace 
with us."* 

Clark's Mastery of the Indians. — Putting the 
garrison at Kaskaskia in charge of a Captain 
Williams, Clark devoted his time to these treaties, 
which, he says, "were probably conducted in a way 
different from any other known in America at that 
time." The custom had been to conciliate the 
savages with a great display of presents, thus as- 
suming a suing attitude that was often construed 
as fear. Aside from the fact that he had no 
presents to give, that was not Clark's policy. He 
met them with the lordly demeanor of a con- 
queror, and while he observed the elaborate cere- 
monies so dear to the savage heart, he kept his 
ascendency at every turn of the diplomatic game. 
His blunt directness and his fairness had their 
effect, and his perfect fearlessness — a trait that 
is respected above all others by the Indian — made 
him master of the situation. An instance may 
be cited to illustrate this. Cahokia was full of 
Indians from at least a dozen different tribes, 
and Clark privately confesses that he was "un- 
der some apprehension among such a number of 
devils," but if so the "devils" never knew it. 



Soon after his arrival one of the bands laid plans 
to murder his guards and carry him off bodily, 
and the attempt, or its first motion, rather, was 
actually made in the dead of night, but was frus- 
trated by his vigilance. The town was stirred up 
and some of the conspirators caught. Clark, as- 
suming an air of indifference, simply said that, 
as they had disturbed the peace of the place, the 
townsmen could do with them as they saw fit. 




"*' 



Clark's Memoir. 



Monument Marking the Site of Fort Sackville, Located 
at Vincennes. Captured by Col. George Rogers 
Clark, February 25. 1779. 

but privately he directed that the chiefs of the 
band be arrested and put in irons ; which was 
done by the French inhabitants, thus prov- 
ing their new allegiance. Thus manacled, these 
chiefs were brought to the council day after 
day, but not permitted to speak. Finally, their 
irons were taken off and Clark condescended to 
say to them that, though their conduct deserved 
death, yet he regarded them as "only did women, 
too mean to be killed by the 'Big Knives'." He 



24 



( FXTKXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



told them that so long as they remained they 
should be treated as squaws, and when they were 
ready to go home, provisions would be given 
them, as women did not know how to hunt ; with 
which he turned from them with contemptuous 
indifference. This drastic humiliation was, per- 
haps, the most scathing punishment that could 
be visited upon an Indian brave, and the agitated 
chiefs tried to approach him with a speech and 
a pipe of peace, but he declined to hear them, 
broke the pipe and told them that "the 'Big 
Knife' never treated with women, and for them 
to sit down . . . and not be afraid." 

The next move astonished even Clark. After 
a "most lamentable speech." two young braves 
of the band were offered to be put to death as 
an atonement for the guilt of all. Of this in- 
cident Clark quaintly says : "It would have sur- 
prised you to have seen how submissively those 
two young men presented themselves for death, 
advancing into the middle of the floor, sitting 
down by each other and covering their heads 
with their blankets to receive the tomahawk. 
. . . This stroke prejudiced me in their favor, 
and for a few moments I was so agitated that I 
don't doubt but that I should, without reflection, 
have killed the first man that would have offered 
to have hurt them."* 

The upshot of this was quite on a par with 
the poetical justice usually observed in fiction. 
Clark ordered the two heroic young warriors 
to rise, greeted them as men, and then and there 
conferred on both of them the degree of chief, 
presented them as such to the French and some 
Spanish gentlemen who were present, and had 
the garrison salute them. 

Following the attempt to kidnap Clark, and 
while the effect upon the other Indians was yet 
uncertain, he simulated the utmost indifference 
to danger, remaining in his lodgings away from 
the fort, apparently without guard, though 
really with fifty armed men concealed in the 
building, and even assembling a number of the 
citizens for a dance the night following the dis- 
turbance, f The result of it all was a vast in- 
crease of prestige, and his reputation as a great 
chief spread far and wide. 

During these treaties at Cahokia, which con- 
tinued through the month of September, 1778, 



* Letter to Mason. 

t Clark's letter to Mason. 



an "amazing number of savages," as Clark ex- 
presses it, attended, some of them coming a dis- 
tance of five hundred miles, and in his letter to 
Mason, as many as ten tribes are specified be- 
sides others included in a general reference. 

Captain Helm at Vincennes. — Meanwhile, 
Captain Helm at Vincennes ably seconded the 
work of Clark by successful treaties with the 
Indians of the Wabash, chief among these being 
the Piankeshaws, whose village was adjacent to 
Vincennes, and whose chief, Tobacco's Son, a 
man of considerable standing in the country, 
proved to be a stanch friend to the Americans un- 
til his death. 

OPERATIONS AGAINST VINCENNES 

Work Accomplished; Governor Hamilton on 
the Scene. — These and other diplomatic pro- 
ceedings and a few minor events occupied the 
autumn of 1778 and served to very much lessen 
the influence of Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, 
among the Indians. Otherwise it may well be 
doubted whether Clark, with all his capacity and 
resourcefulness, could have held the possessions 
he had gained. But now other troubles were 
brewing. Word had traveled to Governor Ham- 
ilton, of Detroit, of the occupancy of the Wabash 
and Illinois country ; unknown to Clark, he had 
organized a military force for the recapture of 
the lost territory, and now, swooping down by 
way of the Wabash on the feeble garrison at 
Vincennes, he had again planted the British flag 
there. This was about the middle of December. 

An Alarm; Clark's Uncertainty. — The first 
knowledge Clark had of it was in January 
when the alarming report followed him to one 
of the French villages that the British were 
marching on Kaskaskia. The oncoming army 
proved to be a scouting party from Yincennes 
that, on discovery, turned promptly back, but 
it confirmed a suspicion in Clark's mind 
aroused by the fact that for some time he had 
received no word from Captain Helm. It in- 
vested the situation with a new danger. How 
strong a force Hamilton might have he did not 
know, and it was more than probable that a 
march against Kaskaskia would be next in or- 
der. His own position was disheartening. News 
of his success had been sent to the seat of gov- 
ernment in Virginia and he had expected rein- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



25 



forcements, but not even a word in return had 
he received. The term of enlistment of his men 
having expired, and his instructions being silent 
on this and other contingencies that arose he had 
tided over these difficulties by, as he says, "usurp- 
ing all the authority necessary to carry my 
points." But his military force had been de- 
pleted until there were but little more than a 
hundred of the American soldiers, and how far 
the French militia could be depended on when it 
came to a real test was problematical. 



settlements of Kentucky and the whole western 
frontier was contemplated. 

A Critical Situation. — All that Clark had 
done bade fair to be undone, with worse to fol- 
low. To a weaker man it might have looked 
like a lost cause, but Clark's resolution and 
prompt action in the matter is one of the proofs 
of his essential greatness as a military leader. 
His chances of reinforcement from Virginia 
were slight as against the chance of Hamilton's 
army being augmented by Indians to an over- 







IB 



1 "- >^^N^ * _ *\ -*<►<>> \ so . ", 










/£ :-\a . 


















Hutchins' Map of the Original "Indiana." 1778. This map precedes the organization of Indiana Territory by 
twenty-two years. It covers a considerahle part of what is now West Virginia. (See page 41, for details.) 



A Friend From Vincennes — Francis Vigo. — 
In the midst of this uncertainty as to Hamilton 

and his intentions there hailed fresh from Vin- 
cennes Francis Vigo, a friendly Spaniard, with 
full news of the situation there to the effect 
that Hamilton had an army of six hundred men, 
consisting of British regulars, Canadian French 
and Indians ; that his emissaries were diligently 
at work among the Indians, both north and south 
of the < )hio; that an attack would be made on 
Kaskaskia in the spring (the intervening coun- 
try being considered now too difficult of pas- 
sage), and that a further campaign against the 



whelming force, and to forestall Hamilton and 
surprise him in his stronghold as quickly as pos- 
sible was the coup that presented itself as the 
most hopeful step toward retaining the country, 
lie regarded it as a desperate cause, but, as he 
wrote to Governor 1 tenry, "who knows what for- 
tune will do for us?" The hardships of a march 
at this season, which put it out of the question 
with Hamilton did not daunt Clark and his hardy 
backwoodsmen. 

Clark's Swift Action. — Swift on the heels of 
this determination preparations were made for 
the expedition. Clark's own men were with him 



26 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



heartily and the French rallied enthusiastically 
to his support and on the fifth of February, just 
one week after the arrival of Vigo with his in- 
formation, one hundred and seventy men left 
Kaskaskia to march, as Clark describes it, 
"eighty leagues through a drowned country in the 
depths of winter," and without even tents to 
protect them from the winter weather. As an 
auxiliary to the campaign a Mississippi bateau, 
or large boat, was laden with army supplies, 
manned with forty-six men and sent by way of 
the Mississippi, Ohio and Wabash to a point be- 
low Yincennes, to connect with the land force 
when it should reach there. 

A Heroic Venture. — This remarkable expe- 
dition of one hundred and seventy men equipped 
with small arms only, against a force at least 
five hundred strong, garrisoned and equipped 
with cannon — this and the culminating assault 
and brilliant victory that forever dethroned the 
British power in the northwest made a fitting 
climax to one of the most romantic chapters of 
American history. The document known as Bow- 
man's Journal, a daily diary kept by Captain Jo- 
seph Bowman, and Clark's Memoir have pre- 
served for us a circumstantial and graphic ac- 
count of the whole enterprise. The march of 
"eighty leagues"* occupied eighteen days. The 
bottomless mud of southern Illinois might, of 
itself, been well considered as impassable by 
Hamilton, but in addition at least thirteen of 
those days, as recorded by Bowman, were spent 
in struggling through water in the form of rain, 
of rivers to be forded, or of vast shallow lakes 
of "drowned" country where the men waded for 
miles, sometimes hip deep. In one or two in- 
stances the water is described as breast deep, and 
one night the ice formed to the thickness of half 
an inch, or more. To find spots dry enough for 
camping places was almost impossible ; as said, 
the troops had no tents to shelter them from the 
rain, and their clothing must have been saturated, 
virtually, during the whole expedition. Clark 
describes their experiences as "incredible hard- 
ships far surpassing anything that any of us had 
ever experienced" — which was certainly saying 
a great deal. That men could have stood such 
fatigue and exposure shows a hardihood that is 



* The distance actually covered by Clark is estimated by the 
late Henry Cauthorne, a local authority of Vincennes, as having 
been from 160 to 1/0 miles. 



almost unbelievable in a more effeminate gen- 
eration. 

Psychics of the Campaign. — Clark's sagacity 
in keeping his soldiers keyed up psychically, is 
very interesting. "My object now was," he 
says, "to keep the men in spirits. I suffered 
them to shoot game on all occasions and feast 
on it like Indian wardancers, each company by 
turns, inviting the others to their feasts . . . 
myself and principal officers putting on the 
woodsmen, shouting now and then, and running 
as much through the mud and water as any of 
them. Thus insensibly, without a murmur, were 
those men led on ..." A little later, after 
fording and swimming five miles of water near 
the confluence of the "two Little Wabashes," he 
says : "By evening we found ourselves en- 
camped on a pretty height in high spirits, each 
party laughing at the other in consequence of 
something that had happened in the course of 
this ferrying business, as they called it. A little 
antic drummer afforded them great diversion by 
floating on his drum, etc. All this was greatly 
encouraging and they really began to think them- 
selves superior to other men, and that neither 
the rivers nor the seasons could stop their prog- 
ress. Their whole conversation now was con- 
cerning what they would do when they got about 
the enemy. They now began to view the main 
Wabash as a creek and made no doubt but such 
men as they were could find a way across it. 
They wound themselves up to such a pitch that 
they soon took St. Vincent, divided the spoil, 
and before bedtime were far advanced on their 
way to Detroit." 

The Investment of Vincennes; an Audacious 
"Bluff." — The final task of making their way 
through the submerged lands of the Wabash, 
the cumulative effect of the hardships made 
worse by famine, was almost too much for even 
these men of iron, but no leader of a well-condi- 
tioned, overpowering army toward his certain 
prey could have been more cavalier than Clark 
was toward the fortified enemy that, for aught 
he knew, outnumbered him three to one. He 
did not even have the support of the boat with 
its forty-six men, and the little armament of ar- 
tillery that had been sent around by river 
for the boat had failed to make connection. And 
now, with his less than two hundred, tired, half- 
starved riflemen, he boldly invested the post, and 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



27 




Historical and Chronological Map of Territory of the United States Northwest of the 
Ohio River. — From Dillon's History of Indiana. 



11. 

12. 
13, 

14. 

15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 



23. 



Falls of St. Mary. 

Head of Green Bay. 

Michilimacinac. 

Detroit — permanent settlement founded 

1701. 
Kaskaskia. 
Vincennes. 

Fori Harrison, built in 1811. 
' I 
< hiiatenot) village, destroyed by Gen. 

Scott in 1791. 
Ponce Passu, or Ponceau Pichou — now 

called Wild Cat Creek. 
Tippecanoe Battle Ground. 
Eel River Indian village, destroyed by 

Wilkinson, 1791. 
Mississinewa villages, destroyed in 1812. 
Little Turtle's Town. 
I. a Balme's party defeated, 1780. 
Fort Wayne, built in October, 1794, 
Defeat of Indians by Wayne, in 1794. 
Fori Defiance, built by Wayne in 1794. 
Mouth of St. Joseph of Lake Michigan 

—Fort built by La Salle in 1679. 
Lake Peoria — -Fort Crevecceur built by 

La Salle, 1680. 
St, Louis, founded in 1763. 
Pittsburgh — site of Fort Du Quesne, 

built in 1754. 
Fort Mcintosh, built in 1777 and 1778. 



TABLE OF REFERENCE 50. 

51. 

24. Fort Harmar, built in 1785. 

25. Massacre of Moravian Indians, 1782. 52. 

26. Battle of Kanawha, 1774. 

27. Fort Washington, built in 1790. 53. 

28. Defeat of Col. Loughrey's party, 1781. 54. 

29. Pigeon Roost Massacre, in 1812. 55. 

30. Falls of the River Ohio. 

31. Site of Frankfort, Kentucky. 56. 

32. Lexington, Kentucky. 57. 

33. Limestone, now Maysville, Kentucky. 

34. Fort Gore, erected by Dunmore, 1774. 58. 

35. Fort Laurens, built in 1778. 59. 

36. Fort Massac. 60. 

37. Old Shawnee Town. 61. 

38. Fort Hamilton, built in 1791. 62. 

39. Fort St. Clair, built in the winter of 63. 

1791-2. 64. 

40. Fort Jefferson, built in 1791. 65. 

41. Fort Greenville, built in 1793. 

42. Fori Recovery, built in 1793. 66. 

43. Falls of St. Anthony. 67. 

44. River Thames. 68. 
River Raisin. 69, 

46. Fort Meigs, built in 1813. 70. 

47. Fort Stephenson, built in 1812. 71. 

48. Capt. John Campbell attacked by Sac 72. 

and Fox Indians. 

49. Battle of Bad Axe, 1832. 73. 



Battle of Blue Licks, Kentucky, 1. 

Site of Booneshorough, Kentucky — fort 
built in 17/ 5. 

Site of Danville, Kentucky — established 
by Virginia Legislature, 1787. 

Wheeling, Virginia, founded in 1770. 

Massacre at Baker's Bottom, in 1774. 

Principal village of Delawares, on White 
River, 1810. 

Mouth of Embarrass River. 

Mission of St. Joseph, visited by Charle- 
voix, in 1721. 

Forks of River Wabash. 

Site of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. 

Site of Indianapolis, Capital of Indiana. 

Site of Springfield, Capital of Illinois. 

Site of Lansing, Capital of Michigan. 

Site of Madison, Capital of Wisconsii 

Site of St. Paul, ( apital of Minnesota. 

Rockfort, or Fori St. Louis, commenced 
by La Salle. 

Site of Fort Chan 1 1 s 

Presq'Isle. 

Le Bceuf. 

Y<n mgo. 

Brownsville, or Redstone old Fori 

Site of Cahokia. 

Stockade fort, al mouth of Wabash, 
1750. 

Site of Loggstou ii. 



28 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



by prisoner sent a missive to the French residents 
bidding them choose sides, those who sided with 
the king being further ordered to repair at once 
to the fort and join the "hair-buyer general"* 
(Hamilton), while those friendly to the Ameri- 
can cause were requested to keep out of the 
streets. Subsequently when the chief of the ad- 
jacent Piankeshaw village. Tobacco's Son, of- 
fered the assistance of himself and a hundred 
warriors, it was declined. Yet this was in the 
face of what Clark himself called a "truly criti- 
cal situation, with no possibility of retreating in 
case of defeat." 

In a word, it was a magnificent example of 
what, in modern parlance, is called "bluff," the 
aim being to create an exaggerated idea of his 
force. To strengthen this, as he approached the 
town he took advantage of the topography of 
the country, revealing glimpses of his men at 
certain points and marching and countermarch- 
ing in such a manner as to create the illusion of 
a good-sized army. Time was purposely con- 
sumed this way until dark, when the tactics were 
changed, a circuit made, and the town directly 
approached from another side. 

A Lively Surprise Party; "Fine Sport for 
the Sons of Liberty." — The almost humorous 
part of all this was that while the demonstration 
was going on and the town itself was agog with 
excitement, the garrison gave no sign, much to 
Clark's mystification.. In truth, none of the 
French having conveyed the news to Hamilton, 
he and his soldiers, in blissful ignorance of it, 
were placidly entertaining themselves in various 
ways. Secure in what was virtually an island 
stronghold, moated by leagues of flooded low- 
lands, the idea of an attack like this was as re- 
mote from their minds as a visitation of arch- 
angels from the skies. An unwonted stir among 
the townsmen was noticed, but little attention 
paid to it, and even when the attack on the fort 
was actually begun they thought the shooting 
was by some of the drunken Indians. Clark says 
their first intimation as to the real situation was 
when one of their men was shot through a port- 
hole, while an apocryphal story, worth preserv- 
ing as such, is to the effect that Captain Helm, the 



* This name was applied to Hamilton because of the charge 
and belief that he offered rewards to the Indians for the scalps 
of Americans. 



American officer, now captive, and some of the 
British officers were engaged in a friendly game 
of cards, while a whisky toddy was brewing on 
the hearth, when a rifle ball striking the chimney 
top knocked dirt into the drink. Helm instantly 
guessed at the meaning of the firing and affirmed 
that General Clark had come and was going to 
take the fort. 

This first firing occurred after dark and con- 
tinued throughout the night of February 23. 
The excitement of the occasion keyed up the 
assailants to heroic performance and made the 
assault, as Captain Bowman expressed it, "fine 
sport for the sons of liberty." They had had 
time to dispose themselves about the fort as 
they saw fit, and, protected by houses, fences and 
embankments, where the artillery could not be 
trained on them, they ruthlessly picked off the 
artillerymen through the embrasures till few 
dared stand to their guns. The next morning 
Clark sent to Hamilton a demand to surrender, 
couched in the rather arrogant language of a 
certain conqueror; to which Hamilton retorted 
that he and his garrison were "not disposed to 
be awed into any action unworthy of British sub- 
jects." Meanwhile, the Americans had eaten 
breakfast, the first full meal they had enjoyed 
for six days, and now were in fine fettle for 
some more fighting, which was at once granted 
them. After another hot fusillade a flag of 
truce came from Hamilton with a letter propos- 
ing an armistice, which Clark refused, acceding 
to nothing short of the surrender of the garrison 
as "prisoners at discretion." 

Some more fighting and then Hamilton, with 
one-sixth of his dependable men put out of the 
conflict, began to seriously consider that, among 
other things, he was six hundred miles from suc- 
cor and that honorable terms might be the part 
of prudence. The result of this was a confer- 
ence between the two commanders in which 
Clark, with characteristic high-handedness, had 
everything his own way. 

A Beginning Point in Indiana History. — 
That day Hamilton signed the articles of capitula- 
tion and the next. February 25, 1779, at ten 
o'clock in the morning. Governor Hamilton and 
his men marched out of the fort between the lines 
of American troops, in formal token of surren- 
der. Colonel Clark and two of his captains with 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



29 



their companions marched in, hoisted the Ameri- 
can flag and took formal possession, and with 
that act the soil of Indiana became a permanent 
American possession. In other words, that cli- 
max to a dramatic and heroic chapter may be 
considered as the starting point of Indiana his- 
tory, for from that planting of American stock 
to the development of the State is a succession 
of steps, one growing out of the other. Hence, 
considering all the preceding matter as prelim- 
inary, we take up the history proper at this 
point.* 

The First American Occupancy; the Passing 
of the French. — The hoisting of the American 
flag over Fort Sackvillef by George Rogers 
Clark was the beginning of the end of a phase 
of life on Indiana soil that is now only a dim 
ami romantic memory. The fate of the poor 
French who had settled in the Wabash valley 
was, from the viewpoint of race extinction, some- 
thing of a tragedy. Good and loyal sons of their 
motherland, they had come to this far wilderness 
when it was a province of France with no thought 
of its ever being other. Then the unexpected 
fortunes of war left them stranded here, thou- 
sands of miles from their native home, an isolated 
handful, aliens, subject to the rule of the nation 
that they hated most — the rule of England. For 
sixteen years they were under the jurisdiction of 
their foreign masters, and then, with the bold 
and sudden advent of Clark and his little army of 
Americans, they rallied with true Gallic enthusi- 
asm tu bis support, as we have seen, and were 
an instrument of importance to his success. So 
far as their gain was concerned, however, it 
must be said that they only jumped from the 
frying-pan into the fire, the unhappiness of their 
situation, indeed, being the more accentuated 
because the incoming Americans dominated 
the community as the English had not. 
taking possession as they did irua more permanent 
way. The invaders came to stay, not only as sol- 
dier^ l.nt as settlers. 



* l"p to the time of the organization of the Northwest Terri- 
tory the government was so chaotic and the incoming population 
so spar- in. I obscure that there is little record of it. The first 
American occupancy that comes within the purview of history 
centered ahout Vincennes and in Clark's grant, which was sur- 
veyed and settled as early as 1783, or soon thereafter. For some 
years this latter was the largest American center west of Ohio. 

f The fort at Vincennes was called Fort Sackville when held 
by the English. 



SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER 

Sketch of George Rogers Clark. — "Born in 

Albemarle county, Virginia, November 19, 1752; 
died near Louisville, Ky., February 13, 1818. He 
was a land surveyor, and commanded a company 
in Dunmore's war against the Indians in 1774. 
He went to Kentucky in 1775 and took command 
of the armed settlers there. He captured Kas- 
kaskia and other towns in 1778, which, with the 
surrounding region, were organized into Illinois 
county, under the jurisdiction of Virginia. Com- 
missioned a colonel, he successfully labored for 
the pacification of the Indian tribes. Learning 
that Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, had cap- 
tured Vincennes, Clark led an expedition against 
him (February, 1779) and recaptured it (Feb- 
ruary 25). He also intercepted a convoy of 
goods worth ten thousand dollars, and afterward 
built Fort Jefferson on the west side of the Mis- 
sissippi. The Indians from north of the Ohio, 
with some British, raided Kentucky in June, 
1780, when Clark led a force against the Shaw- 
noese on the Grand Miami, and defeated them 
with heavy loss at Pickaway. He served in Vir- 
ginia during its invasion by Arnold and Corn- 
wallis, and in 1782 he led one thousand mounted 
riflemen from the mouth of the Licking and in- 
vaded the Scioto valley, burning five villages and 
laying waste their plantations. The savages were 
so awed that no formidable war party ever after- 
ward appeared in Kentucky. Clark made an un- 
successful expedition against the Indians on the 
Wabash, with one thousand men, in 1786. His 
great service to his country in making the fron- 
tiers a safe dwelling place was overlooked by his 
countrymen, and he died in poverty and obscur- 
ity." — Lossing's "Cyclopedia of ['. S. History." 
The Documentary Sources of Clark's Cam- 
paign. — "Clark's Memoir" and the "Letter to 
Mason" are, perhaps, the chief documents for a 
history of the conquest of the Northwest, though 
"Bowman's Journal" is much drawn upon and 
various diaries and official letters are tributary. 
A full collection of these, edited by James Alton 
James, of Northwestern University, constitute 
Volume XIII of the Collections of the Illinois 
State Historical Library. There are too main 
i if them to be considered here, lint a few words 
concerning the three important papers above men- 



30 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



tioned may be of interest. Clark's "Letter" and 
"Memoir" are both long and circumstantial first- 
hand accounts of his experiences in the western 
country. The former was written to George 
Mason, of Virginia, in the latter part of 1779, 
after the writer had returned to the falls of the 
Ohio. Its special value, as compared with the 
"Memoir," is that the events were then freshly in 
mind, whereas the last-named narrative was 
penned ten or twelve years afterward and is 
supposed to have been drawn largely from mem- 
ory. The first account, being privately addressed 
as a letter, was lost to the world and was not 
brought to light for years, even Clark being un- 
able to locate it when engaged with the "Memoir." 
Eventually it was unearthed and first published 
in 1869. The original is in possession of Judge 
James Pirtle, of Louisville (as stated by Mr. 
James in 1912). 

The "Memoir," or most of it, seems to have 
been written in 1790, and was done at the solicita- 
tion of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 
who saw the importance of securing, before it 
was too late, a first-hand account of great events 
by the chief actor in them. At that time Clark 
was soured against his fellow countrymen and 
seems, from his correspondence, to have been a 
little loath to accept the task, but once in it his in- 
terest carried him through an interesting and 
valuable piece of autobiography. The original 
MS. is in the possession of the Wisconsin His- 
torical Society. 

Bowman's Journal was a daily diary of the 
Vincennes campaign from its organization at 
Kaskaskia and continuing to the 20th of March, 
nearly one month after the reduction of Fort 
Sackville. 

These documents are printed in full in W. H. 
English's "Conquest of the Northwest," the full- 
est study we have of the life of George Rogers 
Clark. The volume by James Alton Clark, above 
referred to, is the fullest collection of all papers 
relating to Clark. 

Clark's Ill-Fortune. — While George Rogers 
Clark, by his heroic performances, won for him- 
self a conspicuous place on the pages of our 
western history, he fell short of his ardent de- 
sires. Adversities followed his successes, the 
ingratitude that is proverbial as to republics, was 
his meed, and in the end he died an impoverished 



and embittered man. A part of his scheme of 
conquest was the capture of Detroit as well as of 
Kaskaskia and Vincennes, and his ambition even 
aimed at the stronghold in Canada. Indeed, had 
he received adequate support the map of the 
United States might have been other than what 
it is today. But the support was not forthcoming 
and no expedition ever reached Detroit. His 
position was a peculiar one. He was not in the 
employ and under the authority of the United 
States, as the Continental soldiers of the Revolu- 
tion were, but in the employ of Virginia, and 
that State financed his campaign. But Virginia's 
resources were badly taxed by affairs nearer 
home, and perhaps she was not to blame for fail- 
ing to provide men. money and supplies for the 
remote frontier. Then with the surrender of 
Cornwallis, in 1781, actual war with England 
ceased. There was still plenty of work to do 
among the Indians of the Northwest, and Clark 
was the logical one to do it, but Virginia, on the 
plea of economy, dismissed him from her serv- 
ice, and at a time when, as Mr. English affirms, 
"he was in dire distress for even the common 
decencies and necessaries of life." In 1783 he 
made a journey through the wilderness to Rich- 
mond, Va., "in a condition of poverty," to re- 
quest of the then governor, Benjamin Llarrison, 
a small advance of money on account, as he was 
"exceedingly distressed for the want of neces- 
sary clothing, etc.," and added that the State, 
he believed, would be found considerably in his 
debt. Whether he received any relief then is 
not recorded by our authority, but twenty years 
after, when he was paralyzed and helpless, he 
was granted a pension of four hundred dollars 
a year, and twenty years after he was in his 
grave the State acknowledged her debt by award- 
ing thirty thousand dollars to his heirs.* 

In 1786 the hostilities of the Indians to the 
north again imperiled the Kentucky settlements. 
Ere this Virginia had ceded the northwest to 
the United States, but the nation was so slow to 
take the situation in hand that Kentucky herself 
raised a defensive army, put Clark in command 
and sent an expedition against the tribes of the 
Wabash. It was but the beginning of new mis- 
fortunes for Clark. Through insubordination 
of the men the invasion came to naught. Then 



* English, pp. 784-5. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



31 



the leader, after due conference with his officers, 
established a garrison at Vincennes, the inhab- 
itants having become hostile to the Americans. 
The garrison had to be provisioned, and to meet 
what he considered a military emergency, he for- 
cibly possessed himself of the goods of Vin- 
cennes merchants, chiefly one Laurent Bazadon, 
a Spaniard. The government refused to stand 
good for the debt imposed upon it and censured 
Clark for his act. Subsequently Bazadon brought 
suit against Clark personally for $20,000, and an 
interesting statement of that suit commanding 
the sheriff to attack sundry pieces of land in 
Clark's Grant may be found in the Indiana 
Quarterly Magazine of History for March. 1908. 
While it is stated on the document that this case 
was dismissed it is elsewhere said that he per- 
sonally suffered loss for debts which his coun- 
try should have paid. At any rate it is the opin- 
ion of history that both Virginia and the nation 
poorly requited him for the services that added to 
the country one of the most valuable sections of 
our vast domain. He felt this bitterly, and there 
exists a story to the effect that when Virginia 
sent him a sword as a testimony of appreciation 
of his services he broke it in anger. 

Clark was never married and in his latter 
years, almost to the time of his death, he lived 
alone in his log house at Clarksville, beside the 
falls. Among his misfortunes were paralysis 
and a burn which necessitated the amputation 
of one leg. He died in 1818, at the home of his 
sister, Mrs. Lucy Croghan, near Louisville, Ky. 

Clark's Grant. — When Clark was authorized 
by Virginia to raise soldiers for the Illinois cam- 
paign a letter to him written jointly by Thomas 
Jefferson, George Mason and George W r yeth in- 
timated that "we have no doubt that some fur- 
ther rewards in lands in the country will be given 
to the volunteers who shall engage in this service 
in addition to the usual pay, if they are so for- 
tunate as to succeed." They further intimated 
what they thought this land gift ought to be, as 
to amount, and added : "For this we think you 
may safely confide in the justice and generosity of 
the Virginia assembly." 

This was not authoritative enough to be held 
out as an incentive to the soldiers and so prob- 
ably cut little or no figure in the results, but Vir- 
ginia did not forget the semi-promise. In 1781, 
nearly two years after the taking of Vincennes, 



the general assembly adopted a resolution pro- 
viding "that a quantity of land not exceeding 
one hundred and fifty thousand acres be allowed 
and granted to the . . . officers and soldiers 
... to be laid off in one tract ... in such 
place on the northwest side of the Ohio as the 
majority of the officers shall choose, and to be 
afterward divided among the said officers and 
soldiers in due proportion according to the laws 




Map of Indian Land Cessions. The numbers from 1 to 
53 indicate order of purchase of tracts within the 
original Indiana Territory. There were not fifty- 
three purchases within the present boundaries of 
Indiana. (See page 43.) 

of Virginia." In 1783 another act was passed 
for locating and surveying the amount of land 
above specified, and a board of commissioners 
was appointed to take the business in hand. One 
thousand acres was to be laid out for a town site 
and the other one hundred forty-nine thousand 
to be surveyed for the individual claimants. The 
tract chosen was at and above the falls of the 
Ohio and now lies mostly in Clark county, Ind., 



32 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



though lapping over into Floyd and Scott coun- 
ties. It was first called the "Illinois Grant," the 
conquered territory being known as the "Illinois 
country," but later took the name of "Clark's 
Grant." The principal surveyor was William 
Clark, the cousin of George Rogers Clark. The 
thousand acres for the town site was located at 
the falls, between the present Jeffersonville and 
New Albany, and was called Clarksville. The 
rest was apportioned among a total of 300 men, 
ranging in amount from 108 acres for each pri- 
vate to 8,049 acres to General Clark. There has 
been some criticism of this division, the feeling 
being that privates should have received 600 
acres each, that being the amount suggested in 
the letter of Jefferson, Mason and Wyeth, above 
spoken of. Of the men who received lands in 
this tract by no means all settled there, but many- 
sold their portions, preferring the cash benefit. 

The surveys of Clark's Grant, taking the Ohio 
river for a base, do not correspond to the rect- 
angular system as it exists over the State gen- 
erally and thus the original donation can be read- 
ily located on any map that shows the congres- 
sional townships. 

For exhaustive information on this subject see 
English's "Conquest of the Northwest." 

Father Gibault and Francis Vigo. — Two 
names that are imperishably connected with 
Clark's conquest and which as imperishably stand 
as reminders of public ingratitude, are those of 
Father Pierre ( Hbault and Francis Vigo, the for- 
mer a Catholic priest in spiritual charge of the 
French residents of the Illinois country, and the 
latter a Spanish merchant. With the arrival of 
Clark at Kaskaskia Gibault heartily espoused his 
cause, and it was largely through his influence 
that the French generally rallied to the support 
of the invader. He it was who suggested that 
the easiest way to win Yincennes, as the English 
commandant and his garrison were temporarily 
away, would be by a peaceful conquest of the 
French there, and his proposition was that he 
go and, by virtue of his power among them, ac- 
complish that end. This program was carried 
out with fullest success, and after he had paved 
the way Captain Helm was sent to take charge 
of Fort Sackville. which he held until the Eng- 
lish governor, Hamilton, recaptured the place. 
The penalty for Gibault's zeal was excommuni- 
cation by his bishops, besides pecuniary loss for 



which he was never reimbursed. In his old age 
he sent a memorial to General St. Clair, Gov- 
ernor of the Northwest Territory, in which he 
stated that he had risked his life and sacrificed 
his little property to aid the Americans; that his 
loss had amounted to at least fifteen hundred 
dollars, and that he was now dependent. All 
that he asked was a beggarly pittance of five 
acres out of the millions he had worked to se- 
cure, where he might have an orchard and a home 
in which to spend his few remaining years. He 
never received the five acres and eventually he 
betook himself into Spanish territory beyond the 
Mississippi, where he died in 1804.* 

Francis Vigo, a merchant of St. Louis, then a 
Spanish possession, who carried on an extensive 
trade in the Illinois country, espoused the Ameri- 
can cause, as did Gibault, when Clark invaded the 
territory, although he did so at considerable risk, 
being a citizen of a neutral nation. He it was 
that brought to Clark, at Kaskaskia, the news 
that General Hamilton had recaptured Vincennes 
from Captain Helm, and the result of the infor- 
mation he had gained was Clark's swiftly exe- 
cuted winter campaign which forestalled Ham- 
ilton's plans for the spring, and won Vincennes 
permanently. Vigo did most important service 
by the rendering of financial aid. In the midst 
of his operations Clark became seriously handi- 
capped for want of funds to provision his little 
army and to renew enlistments, the expiring of 
which threatened to disband his force. No help 
could be had from Virginia. In this emergency 
his only recourse was private aid, and exercising 
the discretion given him by his letter of instruc- 
tions he issued drafts on the State. Accepting 
these drafts as security, Vigo furnished money 
and supplies to the amount of $12,000 or more. 
Being wealthy at that time and Virginia being 
embarrassed with her debts, he did not push his 
claims for years. When his needs began to press 
him the Virginia agent was unable to meet his 
drafts and he sold some of them at a discount of 
eighty per cent. He still held one for over 
$8,000, and twenty-one years after its date of 
issue this was put in the hands of two collectors. 
Through some seemingly criminal negligence, not 
explained in history, the draft was lost and with 
it all chance of recovering the money until it was 
found again afliid the dust in the attic of the 



Dunn's "Indiana," p. 151. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



33 



capitol at Richmond. The debt was now fifty-five 
years old. Meanwhile Vigo, stricken in years, 
had long suffered poverty. Three years later 
he died, unrelieved. Thirty-nine years more of 
dawdling and red tape passed and finally, ninety- 
seven years after the original transaction, the 
money that made possible the capture of Vin- 
cennes plus accumulated interest was paid to the 
heirs of the man who had been more generous 
than prudent. The expenses of his funeral, even, 
were not paid until forty years after his death.* 

Soon after Clark's conquest Vigo became an 
American citizen and came for permanent resi- 
dence to Vincennes, where he was honored and 
prominent for many years. His sense of grati- 
tude was livelier than that of the nation he had 
served, for in appreciation of the fact that Vigo 
county was named for him, he provided in his 
will that, if his claim on the government were 
allowed. $500 should be given to the county for 
a court-house bell. He died in Vincennes in 1836 
and is buried there. 

The Lasselle Documents. — Among the pos- 
sessions of the State Library is a large collection 
of letters and other papers, some of them orig- 
inals, some copies, that relate to Vincennes dur- 
ing the early American occupancy. These docu- 
ments were gathered up by the late Charles B. 
Lasselle, of Logansport, who for many years 
was an industrious collector of everything per- 
taining to French life in the Wabash valley. Mr. 
Lasselle was himself a member of an old French 
family that had been intimately identified with 
the valley since Revolutionary times. In his 
later years he occupied a room in the court-house 
at Logansport which was fairly filled with a mis- 
cellaneous mass of documents, relics and news- 
papers. Among the relics were the mahogany 
liquor chest which was one of Governor Ham- 
ilton's private possessions when he was captured 
by Clark; a Revolutionary drum that had been 
found in old Fort Wayne, and the original parch- 
ment document that was delivered to the Miami 
Indians at the treaty of St. Mary's, in 1819. This 
parchment bears the marks of the various chiefs 
that represented their tribe, and the signatures of 
Jonathan Jennings, Benjamin Parke and Lewis 
Cass, commissioners, and William and John 
Conner, interpreters. It was delivered to the 
Miami head chief. Richardville, and finally came 



' English, p. 18 

3 



into the Lasselle family through marriage rela- 
tions. It is now in the possession of the State- 
Library. 

The other documents referred to as in the li- 
brary are now being classified and arranged for 
convenient reference. 

The First Civil Organization. — In October 
of 1778 Virginia was electrified by the news that 
Clark had actually accomplished the conquest 
of Kaskaskia and the other Mississippi posts, 
and one of the first acts of the Virginia Assem- 
bly, thereafter, was to organize the newly-ac- 
quired country as the "County of Illinois." On 
December 12. Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, a 
friend of Clark's, was appointed county lieuten- 
ant, or local governor, and he arrived at Kas- 
kaskia in May, 1779, to assume charge of civil 
affairs. This was the first American government 
north of the Ohio river, and the first election of 
officers was held by Todd soon after his arrival. 
In Vincennes about a dozen civil and nearly that 
many militia officers were elected, all of them 
Frenchmen. The law then established was to 
be temporary and agreeable to those "which the 
present settlers are now accustomed to," and the 
instructions from the Virginia governor to Todd 
were "to use every effort to win the friendship 
of the French," and to conciliate the Indians as 
far as possible ; which shows that Patrick Henry, 
at least, contemplated a just and friendly rela- 
tion toward the new citizens of the State. 

Todd did not remain in Illinois very long but 
the government went on undisturbed until the 
judges of the Vincennes court proceeded to gen- 
erously apportion among themselves tracts of 
land from an old Indian grant, when the United 
States interposed an objection. 

Meanwhile Virginia, in 1784, had relinquished 
her claim to the whole Illinois country in favor 
of the United States, and with that act the way 
was cleared for the new political policy which, 
a little later, had its birth in the famous ordi- 
nance of 1787. 

The Wabash Land Company. — The Wabash 
Land Company, which negotiated what was per- 
haps the first land deal in Indiana, dates back 
to 1775. Then, as now. real estate speculators 
were a thrift}' class and their opportunities were 
great. In the year mentioned Louis Vivial, the 
agent of the company mentioned, negotiated with 
the Piankeshaw Indians at Vincennes for two 



34 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



tracts of land bordering on the Wabash river, 
that, besides a large tract out of eastern Illinois, 
comprised perhaps one-half of Indiana. The 
first, extending along the Wabash above Vin- 
cennes for one hundred twenty miles, reached 
from the river westward for ninety and eastward 
for one hundred twenty miles. The other, ex- 
tending from the mouth of White river to the 
junction of the Wabash and the Ohio, reached 
the same distance west and east as the first one. 
This eastward stretch carried it almost across 
the present state. This vast possession amount- 
ing, all told, to about thirty-seven million, four 
hundred and ninety-seven thousand six hundred 
acres, was actually transferred, being "signed by 
the grantees, attested by a number of the in- 
habitants of Post Vincennes, and subsequently 
registered in the office of a notary public at Kas- 
kaskia." The contract between the parties, 
printed in full in Dillon's Indiana (pp. 104-9) 
is too long to reproduce here, though the pur- 
chasing price may be given. The items specified 
are : "Five shillings in money, four hundred 
blankets, twenty-two pieces of stroud, two hun- 
dred and fifty shirts, twelve gross of star garter- 
ing, one hundred and twenty pieces of ribbon, 



twenty-four pounds of vermilion, eighteen pairs 
of velvet laced housings, one piece of malton, 
fifty-two fusils, thirty-five dozen large buckhorn- 
handle knives, forty dozen couteau knives, five 
hundred pounds of brass kettles, ten thousand 
gun flints, six hundred pounds of gunpowder, 
two thousand pounds of lead, four hundred 
pounds of tobacco, forty bushels of salt, three 
thousand pounds of flour, three horses ; also the 
following quantities of silverware, viz. : eleven 
very large armbands, forty wristbands, six whole- 
moons, six half moons, nine earwheels, forty-six 
large crosses, twenty-nine hairpipes, sixty pairs 
of earbobs, twenty dozen small crosses, twenty 
dozen nose-crosses, and one hundred and ten 
dozen brooches." 

All these commodities, amounting in value to 
but a very few thousand dollars, even when fig- 
ured at traders' prices, doubtless seemed to the 
simple Indians a bewildering display of wealth. 

As a matter of fact, they got the best of the 
bargain, for Clark's conquest of the country 
threw it all into other hands ; the claim of the 
Wabash Land Company was, of course, not con- 
firmed, and later the land was again purchased 
of the original claimants by the United States. 



CHAPTER III 

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY— CIVIL 
BEGINNINGS 



Political Antecedents. — Strictly speaking the 
beginnings of our civil history antedate by many 
years the history of Northwest Territory, and a 
very brief consideration of our political ante- 
cedents may not be amiss as an introduction to 
the form of government we live under in the 
present State of Indiana. 

It is, of course, understood and need merely 
be mentioned, that we are the lineal heirs of 
those forces in English history that have made 
for the liberties and enlargement of man. 
"Magna Charta," or the Great Charter, wrung 
from King John by the barons in 1215, is cus- 
tomarily regarded as the logical starting point 
for a study of those liberties and their develop- 
ments. When, four hundred years later, the 
stream of English history divided, sending forth 
its minor current in the new world, those who 
founded the colonies brought with them ideas 
of individual rights and of forms of government 
that all Englishmen had contended for since the 
concessions of King John, and that all English- 
men shared alike. Then came a differentiation 
in the development, due to the introduction of 
new conditions. The isolated life of the colonies, 
remote from the home government, fostered lo- 
cal government; local government fostered self- 
sufficiency, independence and the spirit of democ- 
racy, and a century and a half of development 
along this line could hardly fail of distinctive 
results. 

In brief, the elements that emerge as we exam- 
ine the unfolding of the American ideal are, the 
idea of inherent rights, common to all men, the 
right to realize these through self-government, 
and the right to safeguard them at every point. 
How far these ideas had progressed by 1776 is 
revealed by the immortal Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, which startled the world with the bold 
and radical proposition that "all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain inalienable rights ; that among these 
are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." 
When, in addition to this, the age-honored alle- 
giance to kings was cast aside, the instrument 



certainly took rank as marking a new departure 
in the affairs of men. 

The Written Constitution. — The formal 
written political constitution is peculiarly an 
American institution,* and is correspondingly 
dear to the American heart. It is the funda- 
mental law of the land, the ultimate authority, 
which the legislative power must respect, and its 
provisions are set forth in explicit language. In 
its supreme character it was the offspring of the 
old charter, only, as Fiske says, "instead of a 
document expressed in terms of a royal grant 
it was a document expressed in terms of a pop- 
ular edict." The "Fundamental Orders of Con- 
necticut," of 1639, is cited as the first written con- 
stitution known to history. Similar instruments 
were adopted in America before the formation 
of the federal union, and the full flower of the 
process was the work of the Federal Convention 
when, in 1787, it framed the Constitution of the 
United States, which instrument William E. 
Gladstone has designated as "the most wonderful 
work ever struck off at a given tim<» by the brain 
and purpose of man." 

A New Question; The Public Domain. — The 
Constitution of the United States nowise took 
the place of the instruments under which the 
various States were governed. It was a general 
constitution strictly for the control of federal 
functions. But now an entirely new question 
had to be dealt with — that of federal jurisdic- 
tion over lands belonging to no State. Within 
five years after the close of the Revolution four 
States, New York, Virginia) Massachusetts and 
Connecticut, had ceded to the national govern- 
ment lands that they had claimed, lying west of 
the Alleghany ranges. These claims, as referred 
to in history, were somewhat obscure and over- 
lapping ; but at any rate the cessions placed under 
the control of the United States a tract of virgin 
territory, and this comprised the country north- 
west of the Ohio river that George Rogers Clark- 
had won in the name of Virginia. It was the be- 



' For an interesting treatment of this subject, see Fisk's "Civil 
Government," chap. vii. 



35 



36 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ginning of the "public domain," and one duty of 
the new government was to take care of it. 

Thus it was that while the Federal Conven- 
tion in Philadelphia was making the nation's 
constitution, Congress, in New York, was elab- 
orating a policy of government for this domain. 

The Ordinance of 1787. — This policy, as em- 
bodied in a document, was the famous ordinance 
for the government of the territory of the United 
States northwest of the Ohio river, passed by 
Congress on July 13, 1787, and commonly known 
as the "Ordinance of 1787." It may be called 
a special federal constitution for the organization 
and government of the territory belonging to the 
United States preliminary to the creation of 
States with their own constitutions. It is con- 
spicuous among the instruments of the country 
as shaping the character of government in the 
territory it was framed for. Daniel Webster 
said of it: "I doubt whether one single law of 
any law given, ancient or modern, has produced 
effects of more distinct, marked and lasting char- 
acter than the Ordinance of 1787." Its bill of 
rights has led some to speak of it, with a little 
grandiloquence, perhaps, as the Magna Charta of 
the west. Its most famous proviso was one for- 
bidding the existence of slavery in the territory 
at a time when that institution was forbidden no- 
where else. The Ordinance was the culmination 
of previous attempts to cope with a problem that 
was even then recognized as a growing danger, 
and as it constitutes our immediate political foun- 
dation we here examine it in its parts.* 

The Ordinance contemplates the ultimate di- 
vision of the territory into not less than three 
nor more than five States, certain boundaries of 
these being definitely set. It established grades 
of government, based on population, for these 
divisions ; "five thousand free male inhabitants, 
of full age," entitling to the "second grade" of 
territorial government, and sixty thousand en- 
titling to statehood "on an equal footing with 
the original States in all respects whatever." The 
territorial government, in the first grade, is to 
be in the hands of a governor and three judges, 
whose first duty is to "adopt and publish in the 
district such laws of the original States, criminal 
and civil, as may be necessary and best suited 
to the circumstances of the district." The gov- 



* See Dunn's "Indiana" for an elaborate discussion of this 
instrument. 



ernor shall be the commander-in-chief of the 
militia and shall have the appointing of most of 
the officers, both military and civil. 

On entering the second grade the inhabitants 
of a territory shall be entitled to elect repre- 
sentatives from their counties or townships for 
their own general assembly, and this "general 
assembly or legislature shall consist of the gov- 
ernor, legislative council and a house of repre- 
sentatives," the legislative council to consist of 
five members, to continue in office five years, and 
to be appointed and commissioned by Congress 
out of ten that have been nominated by the gov- 
ernor and the representatives. The body thus 
formed is to have the authority to make laws "not 
repugnant to the principles and articles in this 
Ordinance," all bills passed to be "referred to the 
governor for his assent." The Legislature has 
the authority to elect a delegate to Congress, and 
this delegate will have the right to join in the 
Congressional debates, but can not vote. The bill 
of rights feature takes the form of "articles of 
compact between the original States and the peo- 
ple and the States in the said territory," to for- 
ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- 
sent. These articles are, that no person demean- 
ing himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, 
shall ever be molested on account of his mode of 
worship or religious sentiment ; that all shall 
be entitled to the benefits of the writ of 
habeas corpus, to a trial by jury, to judicial 
proceedings according to the course of the com- 
mon law, and to proportionate representation in 
the Legislature. All persons shall be bailable, 
unless for capital offense ; all fines shall be mod- 
erate, and no cruel or unusual punishments shall 
be inflicted ; no man shall be deprived of his lib- 
erty or property but by the judgment of his 
peers or the law of the land. 

It may seem somewhat curious that before 
taking up these fundamentals, in fact, in the 
very first provision, the Ordinance deals with the 
question of the equitable distribution of in- 
testate estates, thus checking at the start any 
system of primogeniture. The last article in 
the document is the one that is cited oftenest in 
history — namely, the slavery clause, which af- 
firms that "there shall be neither slavery nor 
involuntary servitude in the said territory, other- 
wise than in the punishment of crimes whereof 
the party shall have been duly convicted." This 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



37 



was regarded as the provision of all others that 
was to give a distinctive character to the civiliza- 
tion of the northwest, for it meant free territory 
as opposed to the institution of slavery, which 
was already coming to be regarded as a national 
curse. The promise it held out undoubtedly 
played its part in the character of the population 
that from the beginning gravitated to this region. 

From these salient features of the Ordinance 
it will be seen that its Congressional framers 
aimed not only at a constitution of the territories, 
as such, but as a federal instrument, as well, 
that should impose certain limitations on future 
State constitutions. Thus while the State con- 
stitution is, in a sense, the "fundamental law of 
the land," it must, after all, recognize a higher, 
ultimate authority. 

Virginia's Cession to United States; Forma- 
tion of Northwest Territory. — The last two 
sections have outrun the present one chronolog- 
ically in the attempt to follow the lineal develop- 
ment of our fundamental instruments. Prior to 
the question of public domain and the ( frdinance 
of 1787 came the cession by Virginia of her 
northwestern possessions to the United States, 
alung with other territorial relinquishments by 
other States. As said on a previous page, the 
first civil organization was attempted by the Vir- 
ginia Assembly, which established courts among 
the French and temporarily installed John Todd 
a- governor of Kaskaskia. This organization 
was no doubt cruder than it would have been 
had the future ownership been more certain. As 
early as 1781 Virginia thought favorably of the 
proposition to cede her newly-acquired domain, 
and in 1784 the cession was made and the whole 
territory passed over to a new jurisdiction. For 
the three years following there seems to have 
been little that could be called civil government, 
but with the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787 
Steps were taken to organize the country in ac- 
cordance with the provisions of that instrument. 
The region then took the name of "The Territory 
of the United States Northwest of the Rivet- 
Ohio," but this, in popular usage, became simply 
"The Northwest Territory."* General Arthur St. 



Clair, an officer of the Revolution, was elected 
governor by Congress, and he, on July 27, 1788, 
issued a proclamation organizing Washington 
county, which comprised the eastern half of the 
present State of Ohio. Prior to that a land com- 
pany had purchased of Congress a tract on the 
Ohio, taken thither the first colony, and founded 
the town of Marietta. This settlement and the 
one county above named marked the real starting 
point of civil government in the Northwest Ter- 
ritory. It was two years before any other county 
was formed. With the election of the governor, 
the three judges required by the Ordinance had 
likewise been chosen and with the convening of 




* The Northwest Territory comprised the present States of 
i 'In", Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and a part of Min- 
i" sota. It was the first public domain of the United States and 
the first use made of the lands was in the discharge of the na- 
tion's debts to Revolutionary soldiers. For matter at length on 
this subject, see Burnet's "Notes on the Northwest Territory" 
and chapter on same in Dunn's "Indiana." 



Map of the Territory of Indiana, May 7, 1800. It in- 
cludes all of the Northwest Territory west of a line 
drawn from the mouth of the Kentucky river to Fort 
Recovery, thence due north to the northern boundary 
of the United States. — From nia[> drawn by E. V. 
Shockley. 



the officers at Marietta they proceeded to their 
work of compiling a body of laws, the result be- 
ing a small volume, printed in 1795, known as 
the "Maxwell Code." 

With the history of the Northwest Territory 
prior to the formation of Indiana Territory, in 
1800, however, it is not our purpose to deal be- 
yond noting in a general way the westward 
movement that presently extended to our terri- 
tory. With the opening of the new country the 
influx began, and "it is estimated that within a 
year following the organization of the territory 
full twenty thousand men, women and children 



38 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



passed down the Ohio river to become settlers 
upon its banks."* Most of this earlier immigra- 
tion, presumably, did not go beyond Washington 
county. The progress westward was retarded 
by the hostilities of the Indians, whose ill-feeling 
at the encroachments upon their lands was kept 
alive by British influences from the north, Eng- 
land's desire being that this region should still 
remain a wild territory between the frontiers of 
the two nations. According to Judge Burnet, 
"the woods were literally swarming with In- 
dians, scattered in every direction, and, in addi- 
tion to other difficulties, those who ventured into 
the wilderness, from duty or choice, were in con- 
stant danger of meeting some of those parties and 
suffering the consequences. "f Nevertheless, or- 
ganization proceeded and by 1796 there were four 
counties — Washington, Hamilton, St. Clair and 
Knox, with seats of justice, in the order named, 
at Marietta, Cincinnati, Kaskaskia and Vin- 
cennes. 

Character of First Immigrants. — Judge 
Jacob Burnet, in his "Notes on the Northwest 
Territory," tells us that "the early adventurers 
to the Northwest Territory were generally men 
who had spent the prime of their lives in the War 
of Independence. Many of them had exhausted 
their fortunes in maintaining the desperate strug- 
gle, and retired to the wilderness to conceal their 
poverty and avoid companions mortifying to their 
pride while struggling to maintain their families 
and improve their condition. Some of them were 
young men, descended from Revolutionary pa- 
triots, who had fallen in the contest or become 
too feeble to endure the fatigue of settling a 
wilderness. Others were adventurous spirits to 
whom any change might be for the better, and 
who, anticipating a successful result, united in 
the enterprise. Such a colony as this left New 
England in 1787 for the purpose of occupying 
the grant made to Sargent, Cutler & Co., on the 
Muskingum river. "J 

Elsewhere, speaking of the social status at 
Cincinnati and the garrison there, Fort Wash- 
ington, during the latter part of the eighteenth 
century, he says : "Idleness, drinking and 
gambling prevailed in the army," owing to the 
fact that thev had "been several vears in the 



• Lossing. 

t Burnet's "Notes on the Northwest Territory." 

t Burnet's "Notes," p. 42. 



wilderness, cut off from all society but their 
own, and no amusements but such as their own 
ingenuity could invent. Libraries were not to 
be found ; men of literary minds or polished 
manners were rarely met with, and they had 
long been deprived of the advantage of modest, 
accomplished female society. Thus situated 
. . . the bottle, the dice box and the card table 
were among the expedients resorted to. Such 
were the habits of the army when they began 
. to associate with the inhabitants of Cincinnati 
and of the western settlements generally."* 

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER 

Proposed Division of Northwest Territory. — 

Prior to the framing of the Ordinance of 1787 
a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was a 
member, elaborated a plan for the government 
of the western lands, and this plan as originally 
presented proposed the division of the north- 
western country into ten States which were to be 
christened with sounding names reflecting the 
stilted taste for the classics that prevailed at that 
day. We quote from J. P. Dunn ("Indiana," 
p. 180) : 

"The region west of Lake Michigan and north 
of parallel 45 was to be a State under the name 
of Sylvania. The lower peninsula of Michigan 
north of parallel 43 was to form Cheronesus. 
That part of Wisconsin between parallels 43 and 
45 was to be Michigan. Below this there were 
to be two States to every two degrees of latitude, 
divided by a meridian line drawn through the 
rapids of the Ohio, except that all the territory 
east of a meridian line drawn through the mouth 
of the Great Kanawha was to be one State named 
Washington. Between parallels 41 and 43 the 
eastern State was Saratoga and the western Illi- 
noia. Between parallel 39 and the Ohio, the 
eastern State was Pelisipia and the western Poly- 
potamia. Indiana, therefore, would have been 
divided up among these six States last named." 

French and American Differences. — In tem- 
perament, customs, habits and general charac- 
ter the two elements had little in common. The 
French are pictured as indolent, shiftless and 
easy-going, given to vivacity, noise and merry- 
making, their very manner of apportioning their 
lands being an index to their social nature, for 



* Ibid., p. 36. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



39 



the long, narrow tracts they farmed were so 
shape 1 as to bring their houses near together. 
The Americans, on the other hand, were business- 
like and thrifty, with an eye to seizing advan- 
tages, and when the two classes came into indus- 
trial competition the incompetent Frenchman 
gradually went to the wall and much of his land 
that had formerly yielded him some sort of a 
living went to his competitor at prices little more 
than nominal. Before this turn of affairs, how- 
ever, they had serious cause of complaint, as is 



flour and corn taken forcibly, and various other 
wrongs perpetrated.* 

These summary proceedings might have been 
accounted for, in part, by the exigencies of war, 
for the capture of Vincennes was by no means 
the end of military operations in the Northwest, 
but they also indicate that the rude frontiers- 
man who performed the rough work of conquest 
that has been described, was not given to gentle- 
ness, nor, perhaps, to strict justice. In short, the 
less robust exiles were not fitted to cope with him 




The Niagara Falls of Washington county are about 30 feet high. The water falls over three or four ledges or 
benches of rocks as shown in the picture, which was taken when the temperature was sixteen degrees below 
zero, in the early morning. The stream is fed by a spring quite a distance from the falls. The water runs 
down a knob about 150 feet high. It is 150 feet up the knob to the falls. The rock, which is shale and lime- 
stone, is ragged and rough, making it difficult to ascend. The falls are six miles northwest of Salem. 
— Orra Hopper. 



shown by a letter, signed by sixteen of the lead- 
ing citizens of Vincennes and addressed to the 
governor of Virginia in 1781. This letter affirms 
"horrible treatment" from the Virginia troops, 
particularly after Colonel Clark left the town, 
the charge living that they were obliged to ac- 
cept for their goods and food supplies depreci- 
ated continental money at coin value ; that their 
cattle and hogs were killed in the fields, their 



and with those who followed him as permanent 
citizens, and thus the story of French life on 
Indiana soil has in it something of tragedy. 

Francis Busseron's Commission as Justice. — 
A curious relic among the documents of the Las- 
selle collection is an early form of commission 
for the office of justice of the peace. Francis 
"Bussero," to whom the commission was issued, 

• i. .urge Rogers Clark Papers, p. 430. 



40 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



properly spelled Busseron or Bosseron, was one 
of the most prominent French citizens of Vin- 
cennes at the time of the conquest and for some 
years after. He was a major in the militia and 
his name is to the present day perpetuated in 
Knox county by a creek and a village. 

The commission, issued by the "Honourable 
Winthrop Sargent, Esquire," who is "vested with 
all the powers of the governor and commander- 
in-chief of the Territory of the United States 
Northwest of the River Ohio," and bearing the 
seal of the territory, is curious by reason of a 
legal wording that seems little short of barbarous 
maltreatment of language, and it is interesting as 
showing the functions imposed upon the magis- 
trate. He seems, indeed, to have been a justice, 
a prosecuting attorney and a grand jury all rolled 
into one. The commission follows : 

"To all unto ivhom these Presents shall come, Greet- 
in//: 

"Know ye that we have assigned and constituted, and 
do by these Presents constitute and appoint Francis 
Bussero, Esquire, to be one of the justices to keep the 
Peace of the Quorum in our county of Knox, and to 
keep and cause to be kept, the Laws and Ordinances 
made for the Good of the Peace, and for the Conserva- 
tion of the same, and for the Quiet, Rule and Govern- 
ment of our Citizens and Subjects in the said county 
in all and every the Articles thereof according to the 
Force, Form and Effect of the same, and to chastise 
and punish all Persons offending against the Form of 
those Laws and Ordinances, or any of them, in the 
county aforesaid, as according to the Form of those 
Laws Ordinances shall be fit to be done; and to cause 
to come before him, the said Francis Bussero, Esquire, 
all those that shall break the Peace, or attempt anything 
against the same, or that shall threaten any of the Citi- 



zens or Subjects in their Persons, or in burning their 
Houses, to find sufficient security for the Peace, and 
for the good Behaviour toward the Citizens and Sub- 
jects of this Government; and if they shall refuse to 
find such security, then to cause them to be kept safe 
in Prison until they shall find the same ; and to do and 
perform in the county aforesaid, all and whatsoever, 
according to our Laws and Ordinances, or any of them, 
a Justice of the Peace & Quorum may and ought to do 
and perform ; And with other Justices of the Peace 
(according to the Tenor of the Commission to them 
granted) to enquire by the oaths of good and lawful 
men of the said county by whom the Truth may be bet- 
ter known, of all and all Manner of Thefts, Trespasses, 
Riots, Routs and unlawful Assemblies whatsoever, and 
all and singular other Misdeeds and Offenses of which 
by Law Justices of the Peace in their General Sessions 
may and ought to enquire, by whomsoever or howsoever 
done or perpetrated, or which shall hereafter happen, 
howsoever to be done or attempted in the county afore- 
said, contrary to the Form of the Laws and Ordinances 
aforesaid, made for the common good of our Citizens 
and Subjects; And with other Justices of the Peace 
(according to the Tenor of the Commission to them 
granted as aforesaid) to hear and determine all and 
singular the said Thefts, Trespasses, Riots, Routs, un- 
lawful Assemblies, and all and singular other Premises, 
and to do therein as to Justice appertaineth, according 
to the Laws, Statutes and Ordinances aforesaid. 

"IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, we have caused our 
Public Seal to be hereunto affixed : Witness Winthrop 
Sargent Esqr. vested with all the Powers of Our Gov- 
ernor and Commander-in-chief. 

Dated at Post Vincennes the third day of July, 
Anno Domini One Thousand, Seven Hundred and 
Ninety, and in the fourteenth year of the Inde- 
pendence of the United States of America. 

"W. SARGENT, 

"Secretary. 

"Before me, Winthrope Sargent, appeared Francis 
Bussero, Esqre. and took the oath prescribed to all offi- 
cers by an Act of the United States, and also the Oath 
of Office as directed by the Laws of this Territory. 

"In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand 
this fifth dav of July, 1790. 

"W. SARGENT." 



CHAPTER IV 



INDIANA TERRITORY— BEGINNINGS 



The Origin of "Indiana." — Who gave the 
name "Indiana" to the western part of the North- 
west Territory when it was set off as a new terri- 
tory in 1800, is not now known, but it was evi- 
dently borrowed from a preceding "Indiana" 
that may be found on maps dating back into the 
eighteenth century. The map best showing the 
exact boundaries of this forgotten tract is one by 
Thomas Hutchins, published in 1778.* Roughly 
described it occupies the approximate triangle 
formed by the Little Kanawha and the Ohio 
rivers and the western ranges of the Alleghany 
mountains. In other words, it covers all of six 
and parts of five other counties now within the 
State of West Virginia, and it contains about 
five thousand square miles, or an area equal to 
the State of Connecticut. 

The little chapter of forgotten history con- 
nected with this original Indiana is interesting 
and runs as follows: After the French and In- 
dian war, when the territory in question had 
passed into the possession of Great Britain, a 
trading company was organized at Philadelphia 
to establish an extensive fur trade with the In- 
dians of the Ohio valley. A large consignment 
of goods sent by this company clown the river 
was forcibly appropriated by some predatory 
bands of savages despite the nominal peace then 
existing between the white and the red men. The 
powerful Iroquois confederation known as the 
"Six Nations," which claimed jurisdiction over 
the marauders, was appealed to for redress; it 
admitted the justice of the claim, and, as its 
wealth consisted chiefly of land, it gave the com- 
pany, by way of indemnity, the Virginia land in 
question. The value of the goods had been 
placed at something like a half-million dollars. 
The vast tract thus acquired was called "Indiana" 
by its new owners. The name may be interpreted 
"tbe land of the Indians," and in it may be de- 
tected the classical bias that is traceable in Loui- 
siana, Virginia, Carolina, Pennsylvania, Georgia, 
and many other geographical names. 

This was in 1768. Either then or later the 
owners took the name of "the Indiana Land Com- 



pany," under which title it figures in the Con- 
gressional Journals for several years, beginning 
in 1779, with a memorial from the company pray- 
ing for relief. The occasion of this memorial 
was the refusal of Virginia to recognize the com- 
pany's title to the land. The case dragged 
along in Congress as such things do; finally that 
body decided that it could do nothing in the mat- 
ter, and in the end Virginia swallowed it all, 
leaving the Indiana Land Company to drop out 
of history and Indiana as a region to pass from 
the maps. By 1798, "Indiana" had ceased to 
exist. 




* For map see p. 25. 



Territorial Hall, Vincennes, 1808, the Building in Which 
the First Territorial Legislature Met. 

Two years later, when the "Territory North- 
west of the Ohio" was divided, a name had to 
be found for the western part of the region. The 
name of the now defunct Indiana across the 
river seemed to be equally applicable to this 
country, and so in some way. now lost to his- 
tory, the application was made. In the sub- 
divisions that followed, our State was the first 
to take on permanent boundaries, and it retained 
the name. This time it stuck, and so tbe red men 
have the monument that the old land company 
contemplated. 

In western Pennsylvania there is a county 
bearing the name "Indiana," which is probably 
a reminiscence of the old Virginia tract. This 
county was erected in 1802. 

An interesting and little-known monograph on 



41 



42 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



this subject is "The Naming of Indiana," by Prof. 
Cyrus W. Hodgin, of Earlham college, published 
by the Wayne County Historical Society some 
years ago. 

The "Gore." — What was once facetiously 
known as the "Gore" in Indiana Territory was 
a long tract in the shape of a wedge or gore ofl 
the east side of the Territory, widening south- 
ward and comprising most of the Whitewater 
valley. This, along with land about Vincennes 
and a few small tracts, represents the first terri- 
tory in Indiana to come into the possession of 
the United States by treaty with the Indians, and 
dates back to 1795. By Wayne's treaty of that 
year, part of the Indian boundary line extended 
from Fort Recovery (in Ohio) to a point on the 
Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky. 
When Indiana Territory was created, that line 
was part of its eastern boundary, but when Ohio 
was admitted as a State in 1802, the line was 
shifted eastward to the mouth of the Miami 
river — a boundary that had really been fixed by 
the Ordinance of 1787. Thus the triangle in 
question antedated, as a frontier, the early pur- 
chases along the Ohio river, though the lands 
were not put on sale prior to 1802. Ohio has 
laid claim to this strip of territory, as Michigan 
has to a ten-mile strip that was added to Indiana 
on the north, but no serious attention has ever 
been paid to these claims. 

Creating of Indiana Territory. — By 1800 the 
population of the Northwest Territory had in- 
creased and spread over a territory so vast, in 
centers so widely separated that the administra- 
tion of government and operation of the courts 
became very difficult in many instances, and cor- 
respondingly ineffective. A reduction of the area 
and administration at shorter range became 
desirable, and hence, in the year named, the most 
thickly populated section in the eastern part was 
set off from the remainder. This eastern por- 
tion, bounded by the treaty line established by 
General Wayne's treaty with the Indians of the 
northwest at Greenville, in 1795, comprised the 
present State of Ohio and the eastern part of 
Michigan. Until the creation of the State of 
Ohio, in 1802, this still retained the name of the 
"Northwest Territory." The western portion, 
comprising all the rest of the original territory, 
and extending westward to the Mississippi river 



and northward to Canada, was reorganized un- 
der the name of "Indiana Territory." There were 
at first three counties — St. Clair, Randolph and 
Knox, the latter covering all of the present State 
of Indiana, and the population was given at 6,550 
by a census of 1800.* 

Organization of Government. — The form ot 
government as determined by the Ordinance of 
1787, first established a governor and three 
judges whose duty it was to compile from exist- 
ing statutes a code of laws for the territory. The 
large powers of the governor, and the entire con- 
trol by the federal government were the distinct- 
ive features of what was termed the first terri- 
torial grade. On attaining to a population of 
5,000 free male adults the territory was eligible 
to a second grade, in which a governor and legis- 
lative councils, appointed by Congress, and a 
house of representatives, elected by the people, 
succeeded to the governor and judges. Laws 
created by this legislative body took the place of 
the borrowed code. The territory was entitled to 
a delegate in Congress, with the right of debate 
but not of vote. This form of government was 
imposed until the territory should have 60,000 
free inhabitants, which population entitled it to 
statehood with its own constitution and machin- 
ery for government. 

Beginning of Government. — The govern- 
ment of Indiana Territory began July 4, 1800, as 
recorded in the opening entry of the territorial 
journal, f 

The seat of government was Vincennes. The 
governor was William Henry Harrison, and his 
three coworkers, the judges, were William 
Clarke, Henry Vanderburgh and John Griffin. 
John Gibson was secretary of the territory and 
acting-governor on various occasions. Harrison 
himself did not arrive at Vincennes until January 
of 1801 and prior to that Gibson appointed a 
number of minor officials and attended to the 
necessary administrative matters. 

One of Harrison's first acts was to convene his 
judges and proceed to adopt and publish laws for 
the territory, the result being a code of seven 



* This population is said to have been distributed as follows: 
At Clark's Grant, 929; in and near Vincennes, 2,497; in the Kas- 
kaskia region, 1,103; Cahokia and other Mississippi river settle- 
ments, 1,255. Also there were remote trading settlements at 
Michillimacinac, Prairie du Chien, Green Bay and other points. 

t Executive Journal of Indiana Territory, 1800-1816. — Ind. 
Hist. Soc. publications, vol. iii. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



43 



laws and three resolutions. These, chiefly, dealt 
with the levying of taxes, the practise of attor- 
neys and of courts, the establishment of courts, 
the compensation of officers and the establish- 
ment of ferries.* 

The first session of the general court was be- 
gun by the territorial judges at Vincennes, on 
March 3, 1801, and the first grand jury was em- 
paneled with nineteen members. 

First Public Questions. — "Between the years 
1800 and 1810 the principal subjects which at- 
tracted the attention of the people of the Indiana 
Territory were land speculations, the adjustment 
of land titles, the question of negro slavery, the 
purchase of Indian lands by treaties, the organi- 
zation of territorial Legislatures, the extension 
of the right of suffrage, the division of the Indi- 
ana territory, the movements of Aaron Burr, and 
the hostile views and proceedings of the Shawnee 
chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet. "f 

The Slavery Question. — In spite of the pro- 
vision in the Ordinance of 1787 that there should 
be "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude" in 
the Northwest Territory, otherwise than for 
the punishment of crimes, there was from the 
first a pronounced attempt to make it legal in In- 
diana. The entering wedge for this attempt was 
the fact that negro slavery had existed among the 
French. This continued to exist and its elimina- 
tion was but laxly followed up. It is estimated 
that in 1800 there were one hundred seventy-five 
slaves in the territory, twenty-eight of which 
were at Vincennes. In some instances the "in- 
voluntary servitude" clause was avoided by the 
slaves agreeing by indentures or contracts to 
remain with their masters for a certain number 
of vears. 

With the incoming American population were 
many southerners who were favorable to slavery, 
and Governor Harrison himself decidedly leaned 
that way. In December of 1802, pursuant to a 
proclamation issued by the governor, an election 
was held in the various counties to choose dele- 
gates for a convention at Vincennes on the twen- 
tieth of that month, the purpose of which was 
to consider the slavery proviso in the ordinance. 
This was a movement of the slavery element, and 
the result of the convention was a memorial to 
Congress petitioning that the proviso be sus- 



pended. The argument made was, in part, that 
such suspension "would be highly advantageous 
to the territory" ; that it would "meet the appro- 
bation of at least nine-tenths of the good citizens 
of the territory" ; that "the abstract question of 
liberty and slavery" was not involved, and that 
the slaves themselves would be benefited as those 
possessed in small numbers by farmers "were 
better fed and better clothed than when they 
were crowded together in quarters by hundreds" 
(Dillon). The committee to which this memorial 
was referred disapproved of the suspension and 
Congress took no action. That, however, by no 
means ended the matter and the attempts to sad- 
dle slavery upon the territory continued through- 
out the territorial period. Meanwhile the anti- 
slavery element was not indifferent or idle and 
the political history of those years is in no small 
degree one of party alignment on that question. 
Generally speaking, the Harrison party of Knox 
county which stood for slavery was opposed by 
Clark county and the Quaker element of the 
Whitewater, with whom Jonathan Jennings be- 
came a conspicuous leader, and whom, in 1816, 
they made the first governor of the State. By 
1816 the anti-slavery element had so gained in 
strength as to elect a large majority of the dele- 
gates to the constitutional convention of that 
year, and by virtue of this the State constitution 
fixed firmly the status of Indiana as one of the 
free commonwealths. This was the beginning of 
the end, but the tenacity of this nefarious cancer 
on the body politic is well illustrated by the fact 
that as late as 1840 a few slaves were reported 
in Indiana in open violation of the constitutional 
law.* 

Indian Treaties and Land Purchases. — Ar- 
ticle iii of the Ordinance of 1787 defines the pol 
icy of the United States toward the Indians, one 
clause being that "their lands and property shall 
never be taken from them without their consent." 
This means that while the United States nomi- 
nally took possession of the country beyond the 
Ohio river it considered the land as still in the 
possession of the original owners. Hence Gov- 
ernor Harrison was put in authority over a coun- 
try which, except for a few small tracts the In- 
dians had previously parted with, did not belong 



* Dillon, p. 409. 
t Ibid. 



* The subtitle to J. P. Dunn's "Indiana" is "A Redemption 
From Slavery," and the book is primarily an exhaustive study 
of this particular question, which the author holds to be an im- 
portant formative factor in our history. 



14 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



to the whites at all. One of his first duties was 
the acquiring of land for the prospective com- 
monwealth to grow upon and his accomplishment 
to this end was one of his conspicuous services. 
The ownership was complicated, a number of 
tribes having overlapping claims to various parts 
of the territory desired, and treaties negotiated 
with these tribes by Harrison extended over a 
period of six years, or from 1803 to 1809. The 
fruit of this was five separate purchases within 
the present Indiana that comprised the whole 
southern portion of the State and lapped over into 
Illinois. Besides these there were other large 
tracts not within the present limits of our State. 
Subsequent purchases by other agents brought 
the number of tracts up to more than fifty before 
the entire State was secured, and the last one was 
made in 1840. These lands were paid for, chiefly, 
by such commodities as the Indians needed or 
fancied and by annual payments of money, and 
were trivial as compared with the value of the 
territory.* 

Land Surveys ; Rectangular System. — The 
first step, preparatory to settlement, was the sur- 
vey of the public lands as they were secured by 
the government. The system adopted was one 
that was elaborated for the public domain of the 
nation and dates back to 1785. It is known as 
the "rectangular system" and consists of series of 
east-and-west and north-and-south lines inter- 
secting each other so as to cover the face of the 
country with squares of an equal size called con- 
gressional townships. These rectangles, six miles 
square, are subdivided into thirty-six square 
miles of "sections." The measurements are made 
from base and meridian lines, each township be- 
ing numbered in its relations to these two lines. 
As numbered north or south from the base line 
they are described as a given number of town- 
ships. East or west from the meridian they oc- 
cupy a certain range. The sections are numbered 
from 1 to 36, beginning in the northeast corner 
of each township, running westward to 6, then 
eastward on the second tier to 12, and so on. Any- 
thing less than a section is described as a fraction 
of a specified section and its exact location given 
within the section. By this admirable system any 
tract in the State can be easily and accurately lo- 
cated and its boundaries defined, thus avoiding 



the confusion and troubles that have arisen in 
some of the States, notably Kentucky, by reason 
of overlapping claims. 

The Indiana base line, which was run in 1804, 
crosses the southern counties about the latitude 
of Vincennes. Our meridian runs a few miles 
west of the longitudinal center of the State, ex- 
tending from the Ohio river to the Michigan line. 
The location of these two principal lines was de- 
termined by the fact that the first tract to be sur- 
veyed by the general system west of Ohio was 
one adjacent to Vincennes, extending eastward 
to the point where the intersection of the lines 
was established. The surveys of the various 
tracts shortly followed the purchases. Vincennes 
and its immediate surroundings and Clark's Grant 
show irregular surveys owing to the work being 
done before the introduction here of the govern- 
ment system. 

The government surveyors not only established 
their measurements, but, incidentally, gathered 
much valuable information about the natural fea- 
tures and resources of the country which was 
carefully recorded in their field notes. 

."In the land office at the statehouse in Indian- 
apolis may still be seen the drawings, together 
with the 'field notes' made by these early survey- 
ors of our State. They are in excellent condition, 
and not only show the surveys as they were 
made, but also the location of lands purchased 
from the Indians from time to time, the locations 
of the roads and canals through the State, and 
many other interesting things connected with the 
history and development of our State."* 

Land Sales and Land Offices. — As the lands 
were surveyed and put on sale land districts were 
established, each with its land office where pur- 
chasers entered their claims and secured the same 
by paying down one-fourth of the government 
price, which at one time was $2 per acre, and at 
another $1.50. The balance was paid in annual 
instalments and subject to forfeiture if the pay- 
ments fell delinquent. In time there was consid- 
erable trouble with delayed payments, and some 
legislation for relief. 

The first land office in Indiana was established 
at Vincennes, March 26. 1804, with John Badol- 
let as register and Nathan Ewing as receiver. 



* For map see p. 31. A full list of the purchases may he found 
in Smith's "History of Indiana." 



* Mrs. Conklin's "Young People's History of Indiana" has a 
very informative chapter on the early surveys and land sales. 
See also map of government surveys in Indiana, by Prof. John 
Collett, in geological report for 1882. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



45 



The second office was opened at Jeffersonville in 
1807. Subsequent ones, as the acquired lands ex- 
tended northward, were at Brookville, Indian- 
apolis. Crawfordsville, Winamac and Fort 
Wayne. 

Divisions of Indiana Territory. — Originally 
Indiana Territory extended westward to the Mis- 
sissippi and northward to the Canadian bound- 
ary. In 1805 a division was made by a line run- 
ning eastward from the southern extremity of 



Ohio extended north to Canada till the forma- 
tion of the State of Ohio in 1802, when the coun- 
try cut off by Ohio's northern boundary was 
added to Indiana. The western boundary of Ohio 
as established at that time shifted the line that 
had previously formed the eastern boundary of 
Indiana, thus forming the "Gore."* 

First Party Divisions. — The first party divi- 
sions in Indiana were not along the line of na- 
tional questions, but on local issues that aroused 




Old Mill on Big Raccoon Creek near Armiesburg, in Parke County. The tradition is that William Henry 
Harrison encamped here with his troops on his way to the Battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811. — Courtesy of 
A. H. Nordyke. 



Lake Michigan and north of this line the Terri- 
tory of Michigan was created. Again, by a con- 
gressional act of February 3, 1809, all that coun- 
try lying west of the Wabash river and of a line 
drawn due north from Yincennes to the Cana- 
dian line was constituted a separate territory and 
called Illinois. This gave to Indiana its present 
limits except that subsequently the Michigan line 
was shifted ten miles north of the southern ex- 
tremity of the lake. 

The eastern part of the Michigan peninsula 
was not at first a part of Indiana Territory, as 
the line separating the latter from what is now 



considerable feeling and gave rise to factions as 
well as parties. Conspicuous among these issues 
were the question of permitting slavery and the 
division of the territory, the latter being more or 
less linked with the first. Knox county developed 
a dominating pro-slavery group with Harrison 
as its recognized head, and this was reinforced 
by the pro-slavery element in the Illinois country. 
Clark county and the eastern side of the terri- 
tory was largely anti-slavery, with Jonathan Jen- 
nings as its most conspicuous champion. This di- 
vision existed until the formation of the State 



See section "The Gore," p. 42. 



46 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Constitution fixed the status of the question in 
favor of anti-slavery. In 1805 one hundred and 
five anti-slavery residents of the Whitewater re- 
gion signed a memorial to Congress petitioning 
that their section be annexed to Ohio, the reason 
directly given being that while they were in easy 
communication with that State they were sep- 
arated from the Indiana seat of government by 
a wilderness that for many years would likely be 
unoccupied by any other than Indians. As these 
petitioners were, mainly, anti-slavery Quakers 
and entirely out of harmony with the party in 
power at Vincennes it is likely that the unex- 
pressed reasons were the strongest. 

Again, in the same year, another petition asked 
that a latitudinal division of the territory be made 
and that the lands already purchased from the 
Indians, extending from the Miami to the Missis- 
sippi be made into a state. This would give Vin- 
cennes the central and logical position for the 
permanent capital, and was all to its advantage, 
and it was opposed by the Illinois residents who 
objected vigorously to the Vincennes domination. 
< >ne source of dissension was the question of en- 
tering the second grade of government, the ar- 
gument against which was additional expenses 
and increased taxes without commensurate bene- 
fits ; the Harrison party came to be regarded with 
odium as "aristocrats," and, in short, the terri- 
tory with its internal animosities and factions 
was anything but a harmonious social unit.* 

Extension of Suffrage. — For the first terri- 
torial grade the ordinance of 1787 conferred no 
rights of suffrage on the citizen. The governor 
and judges were installed by the federal govern- 
ment and the laws and courts, and all appoint- 
ments,- both civil and military, were in their 
hands. The appointive power and general au- 
thority of the governor could be autocratic. 

With the second grade, wherein a house of rep- 
resentatives was elected while the legislative 
council was appointed from Washington, the vot- 
ing was "restricted to those inhabitants who, in 
addition to other qualifications, owned, severally, 
at least fifty acres of land" (Dillon, p. 540). 
While the large powers of the governor were not 
abused by Harrison there was more or less chaf- 
ing under the restriction imposed upon the citi- 
zen. A law of 1807 modified the qualifications of 



electors by a liberal construction of the ordi- 
nance, and Congress in 1808 modified them still 
more by extending the franchise to the owner of 
a town lot of the value of $100. Still Congress 
was petitioned, not only to further modity the 
qualifications but to make the legislative council 
and the territorial delegate to the federal body 
elective. The election of the delegate was granted 
in 1809, andjn 1811 the right of voting was given 
to every free white male person who had attained 
the age of twenty-one, who had been a resident 
of the territory for one year, and who had paid 
a county territorial tax. In 1814 the law was 
made to read "every free white male person hav- 
ing a freehold in the territory and being a resi- 
dent in the same," the time of residence being 
eliminated. This year, also, Congress authorized 
the Legislature to lay off the territory into five 
districts of two counties each and extended to the 
voters the privilege of electing the members of 
the legislative council. The next step was the 
complete self-government granted by the act en- 
abling the territory to become a separate State 
with its own constitution.* 

First Original Laws. — The first laws in op- 
eration in Indiana Territory were a code com- 
piled by the governor and judges from the stat- 
utes of other States. In 1807 the Legislature 
which was established with the second grade of 
government (in 1805) passed the first laws orig- 
inal with the territory ; and these, together with 
the borrowed code as revised by. John Rice Jones 
and John Johnson and amended by the Legisla- 
ture, were published the same year. "These old 
statutes relate principally to the organization of 
superior and inferior courts of justice ; to the ap- 
pointments and duties of territorial and county 
offices ; to prisons and prison bounds ; to real es- 



* For a lengthy study of the political conditions during the 
territorial days, see Dunn's "Indiana." 



* Edward E. Moore, in his book, "A Century of Indiana," 
points out that the territorial government really contained very 
little that was democratic. As he says: "The governor, the sec- 
retary, the judges and one branch of the Legislature were ap- 
pointed by the president and congress, and the minor officers, 
including the magistrates and civil officers in the counties and 
townships, were appointive by the governor. The people had the 
bare privilege of electing the members of the lower house of the 
Legislature under the second grade of government. Even then 
they were hedged about with residence, race and property qual- 
ifications until the franchise was enjoyed by a small percentage 
of the population only. Such property qualifications were also 
required of the officers to be appointed or elected as to insure 
their selection from the wealthier and more favored classes. The 
governor was made a part of the Legislature and at the same 
time had the power of absolute veto over its acts. He also had 
authority to convene, prorogue or dissolve the assembly when he 
saw fit. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



47 



tate, interest on money, marriages, divorces, li- 
censes, ferries, grist mills, elections, punishment 
of crimes and misdemeanors, militia, roads and 
highways, estrays, trespassing animals, enclosure 
and cultivation of common fields, relief of the 
poor, taverns, improving the breed of horses, 
taxes and revenues, negroes and mulattoes under 
indenture as servants, fees of officers, sale of in- 
toxicating liquors, relief of persons imprisoned 
for debt, killing wolves, prohibiting the sale of 
arms and ammunition to Indians and certain 
other persons, the standard of weights and meas- 
ures, vagrants, authorizing aliens to purchase and 
hold real estate in the territory, the incorporation 
of a university, the Vincennes library, the bor- 
ough of Vincennes, the town of Jeffersonville, 
the Wabash Baptist Church, etc. 

"By the provisions of the territorial code 
of 1807 the crimes of treason, murder, arson and 
horse-stealing were each punishable by death. 
The crime of manslaughter was punishable ac- 
cording to the common law. The crimes of bur- 
glary and robbery were each punishable by whip- 
ping, fine and, in some cases, by imprisonment 
not exceeding forty years. Riotous persons were 
punishable by fine and imprisonment. The crime 
of larceny was punishable by fine or whipping 
and, in certain cases, by being bound to labor for 
a term not exceeding seven years. Forgery was 
punishable by fine, disfranchisement and stand- 
ing in the pillory. Assault and battery as a crime, 
was punishable by fine not exceeding $100. Hog- 
stealing was punishable by fine and whipping. 
Gambling, profane swearing and Sabbath-break- 
ing were each punishable by fine. Bigamy was 
punishable by fine, whipping and disfranchise- 
ment" (Dillon). Debtors were not only impris- 
oned, but when liberated could be sued by the 
sheriff for maintenance, thus incurring, perforce, 
more debt. Paupers could be "farmed out" for 
their maintenance to the lowest bidders at "pub- 
lic vendue or outcry." For altering brands on do- 
mestic animals one. for the second offense, might 
be branded on the hand with a letter "T" (for 
thief), burned in with a red-hot iron, while for 
manslaughter he might be similarly branded with 
"M. S." Disobedient children or servants could 
be sent to jail or a house of correction till they 
should "humble themselves to the said parent's 
or master's satisfaction." For mayhem one could 
"be sold to service by the court . . . for any 



time not exceeding five years." As an offset to 
the fierceness of these laws it should be said that 
they seemed to be more or less dead letter relics 
of an earlier day, for we hear little of the worst 
of the penalties being inflicted. Very few, if any, 
were hung for horse-stealing, yet horse-stealing 
was practised ; and as to mayhem, in a rude fight- 
ing age, when gouging and biting was the ap- 
proved method, it was one of the commonest of 
crimes, and it is doubtful if any one ever spent 
five years in virtual slavery for so popular a 
sport. Another illustration of the crudeness of 
the laws was the legislation against Sabbath 
breaking, profane swearing, fisticuffs, cock fight- 
ing, horse racing, and various kinds of gambling, 
all of which misdemeanors were practised with 







First Buildings on Indiana University Campus. 

very little interference. The most incongruous 
of all was the direct forbidding of lotteries by a 
statute that was approved and signed the same 
day as another law authorizing a lottery for the 
benefit of \ incennes University.* 

Difficulties of Early Judiciary. — One of the 
problems of the territorial period was that of a 
satisfactory judiciary system, the source of trou- 
ble being an imperfect adjustment between the 
federal and the legislative powers. A memorial 
by the Legislature laid before Congress as late as 
1814 thus sets forth the difficulty: 

"By a law of Congress one of the judges ap- 
pointed by virtue of the ordinance for the gov- 
ernment of this territory, is authorized to hold a 
court. Thus one of the [federal] judges, being 
competent to hold a court, may decide a princi- 
ple or a point of law at one term, if the other two 



See laws of 1807. 



48 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



judges are present, they may decide the same 
principle or point of law different. Thus the de- 
cisions of the superior court, organized, we pre- 
sume, by the general government finally to settle 
in uniformity the principles of law and fact 
which may be brought before them by suitor, may 
be, and frequently are, in a state of fluctuation ; 
hence the rights of persons and property become 
insecure. There is another evil growing out of 
the system of one judge being competent to hold 
the superior court, or that court which forms the 
last resort of the suitor in any government, and 
particularly in the territory ; for appeals are 
taken from all the courts of inferior jurisdiction 
in the territory to the court organized by the 
ordinance, which inferior courts are never con- 
stituted of less than two judges. Thus the suitor 
in the territory is frequently driven to the neces- 
sity of appealing from the judgment of two men 
to that of one. But this dilemma only constitutes 
part of the solecism for the next superior court, 
as the other two judges may overturn the prin- 
ciples of the decision of their brother judge at the 
preceding term. Hence the want of uniformity 
in the decisions of the court of the last resort. 
Anger and warmth in the suitors and a confusion 
in our system of jurisprudence is the result." 

Prior to this memorial the Legislature had at- 
tempted to correct the defects, but they lay be- 
yond its power. In response to the appeal a con- 
gressional act of February 24, 1815, provided 
that there should serve at least two judges of the 
superior court. 

First Banks. — In 1814 the territorial legis- 
lature chartered the two first banking institutions 
in the territory — "The Farmers' and Mechanics' 
Bank of Indiana," at Madison, by an act of Sep- 
tember 6, and "The Bank of Vincennes," on Sep- 
tember 10. The property of the former was lim- 
ited to $750,000 and that of the latter to $500,- 
000. Both charters were granted till 1835. On 
January 1, 1817, the Vincennes institution was 
adopted as the State Bank of Indiana and it was 
authorized to increase its capital by a million dol- 
lars, to be divided into ten thousand shares of 
$100. It was also empowered to adopt the Farm- 
ers' and Mechanics' Bank as one of its branches. 
Before 1821 other branches were established at 
Brookville, Condon and Vevay. The State Bank- 
became so dishonest that in 1822 the Legislature 
proceeded against it and deprived it of its fran- 



chises after proving sundry crimes including em- 
bezzlement.* 

Industrial Beginnings. — The remoteness 
from the markets of the world and poor trans- 
portation facilities discouraged manufacturing 
industries throughout the territorial period ; 
hence agriculture was the almost universal indus- 
try. A census of 1810 shows that in a population 
of 24,520, there were 33 grist mills, 14 saw mills, 
3 horse mills, 18 tanneries, 28 distilleries, 3 pow- 
der mills, 1,256 looms and 1,350 spinning wheels. 
The value of the products, as estimated, were : 
"Woollen, cotton, hempen and flaxen cloths and 
mixtures, $159,052; cotton and wool spun in 
mills, $150; nails (20,000 pounds), $4,000; 
leather, tanned, $9,300; products of distilleries 
(35,950 gallons), $16,230; gunpowder (3,600 
pounds), $1,800; wine from grapes (96 barrels), 
$6,000; maple sugar, 50,000 pounds manufac- 
tured, value not stated" (Dillon). Even this 
modest showing must be examined if we would 
form a true estimate of the manufacturing indus- 
tries as detached from the ordinary industry of 
the people at large. By far the largest item given, 
that of fabrics for clothing, was almost entirely 
the products of the home loom and spinning 
wheel, the mill products being valued at $150 
only. More or less of the leather was home- 
tanned ; many of the nails, doubtless, were the 
output of the village smithy, and the maple sugar 
was, perhaps, wholly a home article. It may be 
pointed out that the item of liquor seems quite 
disproportionate to the population and the other 
industrial products. In fact, the first separate in- 
dustries to spring up in the beginning of our sys- 
tem were the grist-mill, the saw-mill and the dis- 
tillery. 

Agriculture was in a primitive stage. The fa- 
cilities were crude, the crops raised, few, and the 
rude farms were won slowly from the wilderness 
only by vast labor, but farming was the hope of 
the country, and as early as 1809 we find in exist- 
ence the "Vincennes Society for the Encourage- 
ment of Agriculture and the Useful Arts," with 
Governor Harrison as its presiding officer. One 
writer states that this society was the forerunner 
of the State Board of Agriculture, and that 
within a few months after its organization it dis- 

* For history of banking see Esarey's "History of Indiana," 
"The State Bank of Indiana," by W. F. Harding in Journal of 
Political Economy, Dec. 1895, and chapter in Smith's Hist. Ind. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



49 



tributed $400 in premiums. In the columns of 
the only newspaper, The Western Sun, we also 
find occasional communications urging interest 
in this direction. In one of these hemp is sug- 
gested as a crop so desirable that associations 
ought to be formed to promote its production. 
Its value is given as $110 per ton and its yield 
as a ton to two or three acres. The raising of 
sheep is also urged by this paper. 

Educational Beginnings. — Despite the en- 



isted from a very early date, though records con- 
cerning them are meager and somewhat conflict- 
ing. The very first one of any kind, so far as 
these vague records indicate, seems to have been 
an Indian school located at a Delaware village on 
White river where it crosses the line between 
Marion and Johnson counties, the solitary testi- 
mony to it being a casual allusion found in John 
Tipton's journal of his trip as a commissioner to 
locate a site for the State capital, in 1820. This 




The First Buildings of: 1. Wabash College. 2. Earlham College. 3. Hanover, 1853-4. 4. Northwestern 
University, now Butler College. 5. Franklin College. 6. Notre Dame. 



couraging policy of the United States govern- 
ment from the beginning and donation of school 
lands, the difficulties incident to the pioneer con- 
dition of the country prevented the development 
of any system of popular education during the 
territorial period, though Governor Harrison and 
Other friends of education kept in sight the 
American policy, as voiced in the Ordinance oi 
1787, that "religion, morality and knowledge be- 
ing necessary to good government and the happi 
ness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- 
cation shall forever be encouraged." 

An uncertain number of private schools ex- 



passage, speaking of the spot above mentioned 
says : "I am told there was once an Indian village 
here. Win. Landers, who lives one mile back 
from the river, told me that an Indian said the 
French once lived here and that the Indian went 
to school to a Frenchman in this place but they 
left it about the time of Hardin's campaign which 
| was] about 33 years ago."* Hardin's campaign 
was in 1789, a little later than the time indicated 
by Tipton. 

The first white schools are generally thought 
to have been among the French, and conducted 



Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist., vol. i, p. 13. 



50 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



by Catholic priests. The earliest claims made 
for these was one taught at Vincennes by Father 
Flaget, in 1792, and another by Father Rivet, in 
1796. It is possible, however, that the first 
American schools dated back quite that far, as 
the earliest American settlements at Vincennes 
and at Clark's Grant antedated those years. Ac- 
cording to Judge D. D. Banta, who has delved 
industriously in this subject, there is evidence of 
a school in Dearborn county prior to 1802, and 
there is a claim for one in Clark's Grant, one 
and a half miles south of Charlestown, in 1803.* 
It may be added that as Clark's Grant, three 
years before that, had 929 residents, twenty or 
thirty families having come as early as 1784, it 
is not at all likely that this school of 1803 was 
the first. Of course, these rude first schools 
multiplied as the population increased, though, 
as implied above, there is now no way of ascer- 
taining their number. 

The most notable educational step during the 
territorial period was the establishment of Vin- 
cennes University in 1807. This was an ambitious 
institution founded as the incorporating law 
grandiloquently states, "for the instruction of 
youth in the Latin, Greek, French and English 
languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, an- 
cient and modern history, moral philosophy, 
logic, rhetoric, and the law of nature and na- 
tions." Its faculty was to be "a president and not 
exceeding four professors" qualified to teach the 
proposed academic branches, and the trustees 
were authorized to establish a "library of books 
and experimental apparatus," and to elect "when 
the progressed state of education demanded," 
professors of divinity, law and physics. They 
were further authorized to establish, when funds 
permitted, "an institution for the education of 
females," and a grammar school "to be connected 
with and dependent upon the said university for 
the purpose of teaching the rudiments of the lan- 
guages." Still further, the trustees were enjoined 
to use their utmost endeavors to induce Indians 
to send their children, to be maintained, clothed 
and educated at the expense of the institution. 
A rather scandalous feature of the incorporating 
act, from the viewpoint of to-day, was the pro- 
vision that, for the library and apparatus, "there 



shall be raised a sum not exceeding $20,000 by a 
lottery," to be managed by "five discreet per- 
sons." This serves, perhaps, to emphasize a cer- 
tain departure we have made from the moral 
standards of those times, yet, curiously enough. 
in the laws of the same year, we find lotteries 
legislated against along with other forms of gam- 
bling.* 

The source of maintenance for this institution 
was a township of land, comprising 23,040 acres, 
that had been donated by the general government 
for a seat of learning. Despite the optimism and 
the impressive announcement of its founders the 
"University" began, in 1810, as a grammar 
school only and continued to exist precariously. 
In 1823 it virtually ceased to exist, but fifteen 
years later was reorganized. During the terri- 
torial period there were neither resources nor 
patronage to make it succeed as an institution of 
higher learning. 

Religious Beginnings. — The first form of the 
Christian religion to gain a footing in Indiana 
was the Catholic faith, which was introduced 
among the Indians very early in the French 
regime and perpetuated among the French inhab- 
itants. St. Xavier's church was planted in Vin- 
cennes before Clark's conquest and remains there 
to the present day. In the early times it was, as 
described by Henry Cauthorne, the historian of 
Vincennes, a rude structure made of timbers set 
on end, picket fashion, without windows and 
with a dirt floor. 

Protestanism was introduced among the set- 
tlers of Clark's Grant as early as 1798 when a 
Baptist church was founded in the neighborhood 
of Charlestown. As this denomination was the 
very pioneer in the Protestant field, so, for some 
years, did it gain in strength. By 1809 it was or- 
ganized into two associations, covering, respect- 
ively, the Wabash and the Whitewater districts. 
Methodism appeared in 1804, also near Charles- 
town. according to the Rev. F. C. Holliday. with 
the proselyting of Peter Cartwright and Benja- 
min Lakin, although the Rev. George K. Hester 
gives 1803 as the date of the first organization. 
This sect spread rapidly and during the terri- 
torial period circuits were organized pretty well 
over the settled portions of the country. The 
Presbyterians founded the "Church of Indiana" 



* Banta, "Early Schools of Indiana;" series in Ind. Quarterly 
Mag. Hist., vol. ii. 



* Statutes of 1807, p. 199. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



51 



in 1806, "the service being held in the barn of 
Colonel Small, about two miles east of Vin- 
cennes."* 

The Quakers, or Friends, built their first meet- 
ing house on the site of Richmond in 1807 
(Young's Wayne County) and soon planted oth- 
ers throughout the upper Whitewater region. 
Two other sects, both peculiar in character, ap- 
peared in Indiana during the period we are cov- 
ering. These were the "Shakers" and the "Rap- 
pites." The first of these settled at "Shaker- 
town" on Busseron creek, a few miles north of 



be added, however, that the degree of their 
growth when introduced interprets to a degree 
the psychology and the status of the people. This 
is more conspicuously true, perhaps, of Quaker- 
ism, Methodism and Presbyterianism. The atti- 
tude of the Friends, then as now, was quite dis- 
tinctive on certain fundamentals of life — on the 
simplicity of life, on the sovereignty and dignity 
of the individual, on justice between man and 
man, and on the doctrine of nonmilitancy. Meth- 
odism made its appeal to the emotional nature, 
and among; those who felt rather than reasoned 




Founding of Notre Dame. On November 16, 1842. at the beginning of winter, seven of the Brothers set out 
with their Superior (Father Sorin) for the St. Joseph. For many days they struggled on over ice and snow 
through the interminable forest, some on horseback and some with the ox team, which hauled their modest 
store of supplies ... at length, on November 26, they had the happiness of standing on the ice-bound 
shore of St. Mary's Lake and looking out upon the scene of their new labors. — Judge Timothy E. Howard, 
in History of Notre Dante. 



Vincennes some time prior to the Tippecanoe 
campaign, as John Tipton in his journal of the 
march mentions the place. The "Rappites," so 
named from their leader, George Rapp, were a 
German colony who held to communism and 
celibacy. They were the founders of the present 
New Harmony in Posey county, where they 
dwelt from 1815 to 1825. 

A mere mention of these religious elements 
and the dates of their introduction is all that 
comes within the scope of this section. It may 

* Edson's "Early Indiana Presbyterianism," p. 41. 



in religious matters it swept the field like a con- 
flagration. Presbyterianism, while it showed no 
lack of zeal, stood for intellectualism. It stood 
for learning and. a little later, was the first 
agency to found a school (Hanover College) 
which aimed to produce an educated clergy. Its 
expounders were among the first educators in the 
new territory and they, more than any other class 
brought private libraries into the country. The 
Baptist church, though at first in the lead, de- 
clined in influence, perhaps because of schism> 
arising from the doctrinal differences that seem 



52 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



to have been particularly bitter in that church. 
Of the several denominations mentioned, Meth- 
odism, as measured by its growth, made the 
greatest appeal. 

Cultural Beginnings; First Newspapers. — 
Culture seems a rather strained term for such 
refinements as we can trace in the territorial pe- 
riod. In view of the fact that many of the resi- 
dents of Vincennes were persons of education 
familiar with the culture of the larger centers 
whence they had emigrated, it is possible that 
there was an elegant side to society in the little 
isolated capital, and this was also probably true 
of Jeffersonville, Charlestown, Salem, Corydon, 
Madison, Brookville and other towns, though 
very little actual record of it is to be found. In 
a note by Mr. Webster (Webster's Harrison, p. 
296) on "Intellectual Life at Vincennes," he 
points out that "a large number of able lawyers 
made the Vincennes bar unusually strong." lie 
also speaks of a medical society, organized in 
1807, which continued with vigor until long after 
Statehood ; of the Vincennes Historical and 
Antiquarian Society, dating from 1808, and of 
the Vincennes Library, founded the same year, 
which contained at the start from 3,000 to 4,000 
volumes. As early as 1806 a dramatic organiza- 
tion, "The Thespian Society," made its appear- 
ance and throughout the territorial years contrib- 
uted to the gaiety of Vincennes life. 

The newspaper, even of those days, might be 
considered a cultural agent to a limited degree as 
it not only disseminated light in the form of news 
and of political opinion, but afforded a certain 
outlet for local literary aspirants besides borrow- 
ing more or less from the larger literary field for 
the education of its readers. The first apostle of 
ideas in this direction was Elihu Stout who, as 
early as 1804, brought to Vincennes from Ken- 
tucky a printing outfit and launched The Indiana 
Gazette. Not a copy of this paper is now in ex- 
istence so far as is known, as Stout's office was 
destroyed by fire, but, phenix-like it sprang into 
new life, this time as The Western Sun, under 
which name, after various changes of title, it ex- 
ists to the present day. Prior to and including 
1816 five or six other papers are of record, these 
being The Western Eagle, of Madison, in 1813; 
The Corydon Gazette, 1814; The Plaindealer and 
Gazette, Brookville, about 1815; The Republican 



Banner, afterward the Indiana Republican, Mad- 
ison, 1815, and The Indiana Register, Vevay, 
1816. Copies of any of these are very rare or 
entirely lost, but fortunately files of The West- 
cm Sun from 1807 have been preserved and are 
now among the prized possessions of the State 
Library. Touching many matters of territorial 
times they are the chief source of information 
and are valued accordingly by research students. 
Like all pioneer papers they are provokingly si- 
lent on local affairs of a social and intimate na- 
ture, but in a literary way we find home talent 
fostered, particularly in the poet's corner which 
is maintained under the happy title of "The Poet- 
ical Asylum." 

Political Beginnings. — One thing that these 
files particularly reflect is the active interest of 
the people in political affairs, both local and na- 
tional. A sense of citizenship harking back to 
the spirit of '76 and the principles of the found- 
ers of the government seems to have permeated 
the rank and file as it does not to-day. Another 
conspicuous quality that throws light on the tem- 
per and status of the time, was the truculent ani- 
mosity between those who differed in political 
opinions. Fierceness, contempt and personal 
abuse, out of all keeping with the provocation, 
and served up according to the talents of the bel- 
ligerent, is a common exhibit in the weekly 
columns. The straightforward, simple honesty 
and common sense attributed to the pioneers 
must be taken with a grain of allowance, espe- 
cially in matters political. From the glimpses we 
get, log-rolling and demagogy were quite as pro- 
nounced, in proportion to the forces at work, as 
at the present day, and the successful politician 
was he who could truckle to the prejudices of the 
people. The local contests over such questions as 
slavery in the territory and the division of the 
territory, were rife with bitterness and acrimony ; 
the "people" and the "aristocrats," as they came 
to be classed, were arrayed against each other, 
with little regard to justice, one toward the other, 
and bellicose humanity was continually in evi- 
dence. In short, the vices of popular government, 
as we have them to-day, are not an aftergrowth 
engrafted upon the patriotic purity of earlier 
times, but had their birth along with popular gov- 
ernment. 

First County Divisions and Towns. — During 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



53 



the territorial period the one large county of 
Km ix, originally as large as the present State, 
was divided and re-divided until thirteen coun- 
ties covered the various land purchases that the 
United States had secured prior to 1816. By 
the re-dividing process, these counties as origi- 
nally formed, had but little correspondence with 
the subsequent divisions that continued to bear 
the names given. The formations in chronologi- 
cal order were : 

Clark county, detached from Knox by act of 
February 3, 1801. 



Switzerland, out of Dearborn and Jefferson, 
September 7, 1814.* 

The chief towns that had sprung up and the 
dates of their founding were : 

\ incennes, 1732 (long a disputed question, but 
this date now accepted); Jeffersonville, 1802; 
Lawrenceburg, 1802 ; Brookville, 1807 ; Corydon, 
1808; Charlestown, 1808; Salisbury, 1810; Madi- 
son, 1812; New Albany, 1813; Vevay, 1813; 
Salem, 1814; Centerville, 1814; Rising Sun, 
1814; Brownstown. 1815; Richmond, 1816 (Bas- 
kin & Forster Atlas, 1876). Vallonia, Springville, 




Xotre Dame. Second College Building, 1844-65. 



Dearborn, out of Clark, March 7, 1803. 

Harrison, out of Knox and Clark, October 11, 
1808. 

Jefferson, out of Clark and Dearborn, Novem- 
ber 23, 1810 

Franklin, out of Dearborn and Clark, Novem- 
ber 27. 1810. 

Wayne, out of Dearborn and Clark, November 
27, 1810. 

Warrick, out of Knox, March 9, 1813. 

Gibson, out of Knox, March 9, 1813. 

Washington, out of Harrison and Clark, De- 
cember 21, 1813. 

Posey, out of Warrick, September 7, 1814. 

Perrv. out of ( iibson and Warrick, September 
7, 1814. 



Clarksville and other small places, some of them 
long since extinct, also belong to this period. 

TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS AND 
LEADERS 

( >f those who were prominent in territorial af- 
fairs, some became identified with the earlier his- 
tory of the State and should be noted chiefly in 
that connection. Others were identified solely 
with the questions that arose prior to statehood, 
particularly the acute issue of the legalizing of 
slavery. Of the first group may be mentioned 
Jonathan Jennings. William Hendricks. James 
Noble, Waller Taylor, Benjamin Parke, Isaac 



• End. Hist. Soc. Col., v. iii, pp. 73-4. 



5+ 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Blackford and Dennis Pennington. Of the sec- 
ond group many more might be named. The 
major portion of them are unknown to the pres- 
ent generation, but they played their parts in the 
early formative period and were factors in our 
history. 

William Henry Harrison. — By far the most 
conspicuous figure from 1800 to 1812 was Will- 
iam Henry Harrison, the first Territorial gov- 
ernor, and afterward President of the United 
States. Several duties and responsibilities that 
were peculiar to the first years of the future 
State devolved upon Harrison. During the first 
grade of government he shared with three judges 
the task of choosing and compiling a code of laws 
for the Territory. He was invested with auto- 
cratic powers that made him a target for the jeal- 
ous and suspicious critics ; and, though history 
acquits him of any unfair exercise of those pow- 
ers, he did not escape his harvest of enemies. 
One of his great services was a series of treaties, 
whereby he secured from the Indians land 
amounting to about one-third of the Territory. 
His knowledge of Indian character and his capa- 
bility as a military leader were of incalculable 
value during the danger period of Indian hostili- 
ties, and his victory over the tribes at the battle 
of Tippecanoe was of vast importance and estab- 
lished a fame that brought him into national 
prominence. In 1812, his official connection with 
Indiana ceased, he taking the field as brigadier- 
general in the second war with England. Harri- 
son county, Indiana, is named in his honor. 

John Gibson. — Secretary of Indiana Terri- 
tory from 1800 and acting governor from Sep- 
tember. 1812, to May, 1813, was a soldier who 
did good service both during and before the Rev- 
olutionary war, on the western frontier. He was 
a brother-in-law of Logan, the Mingo chief, and 
the interpreter who received and transmitted to 
Lord Dunmore, in 1774, the famous speech of 
Logan's, which is a classic in literature Gibson's 
governorship fell at the most trying period — the 
war period of 1812, when the Indian dangers to 
our frontier were at their height, and his prompt 
and vigorous measures stamped him as a man of 
ability. He left the State in 1816. Gibson county 
is named for him. 

Thomas Posey. — Governor from 1813 to 1816. 
had a military reputation scarcely second to that 



of Harrison, being a distinguished Revolutionary 
soldier. President Madison appointed him gov- 
ernor of Indiana Territory and for three years 
he served in that capacity, though part of the 
time his health was so precarious that he was 
obliged to live at Jeffersonville for the sake of 
medical attendance, while the seat of government 
was at Corydon. This somewhat impeded public 
business and aroused some criticism, but, never- 
theless, at the close of his term, the Legislature 
highly commended his administration. "Many 
evils," affirmed that body, in its communication, 
"have been remedied, and we particularly admire 
the calm, dispassionate, impartial conduct which 
has produced the salutary effects of quieting the 
violence of party spirit, harmonizing the interests 
as well as the feelings of the different parties of 
the Territory. Under your auspices, we have be- 
come one people." 

Posey went from Indiana to Illinois, where he 
died in 1818. Posey county bears his name. 

Other individuals, whose specific services are 
mostly lost in oblivion, should be briefly men- 
tioned. Jesse B. Thomas, speaker of the first 
Territorial Legislature, was a Marylander, who 
came to Lawrenceburg in 1803 and was a lawyer 
there. He became a professional politician and is 
ranked in history as one of the kind that are not 
overburdened with scruples. John Rice Jones, a 
Welshman, member of the first Legislative Coun- 
cil and first attorney general, was an early citizen 
of Vincennes. He is credited with being a lawyer 
of unusual ability, a man of fine education, a 
brilliant speaker and a "perfect master of satire 
and invective," which latter talent he was not 
slow to exercise in the political mud-slinging of 
the day. Others prominent in politics were: 
Thomas Randolph, third attorney general, a 
member of the celebrated Randolph family of 
Virginia ; John Johnson, a Virginian, of Vin- 
cennes ; Samuel Gwathmey, a Virginian, who 
held several Territorial offices; General Wash- 
ington Johnston, a Virginian, and also repeatedly 
an officeholder ; James, John and Charles Beggs. 
three brothers, Virginians, and residents of 
Clark's Grant ; Luke Decker, a Virginian, farmer 
and slaveholder; and James Dill, an Irishman, 
and a party leader of Dearborn county. Not 
least in this roll would be the name of Elihu 
Stout, who, as owner and editor of the onlv 



CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



55 



newspaper that flourished during most of the 
Territorial period, wielded a political influence 
that was, perhaps, second to none.* 

This list, by no means, pretends to include all 
those who were active in public matters and who 
could be regarded as contributing to formative 
influences. A political interest that was lively to 
the point of activity, indeed, was characteristic of 
the period, though of the names that crop out in 
connection with public functions, the great ma- 
jority are unattended with any biographical data. 



back was enclosed with a picket fence of locust 
timbers firmly planted in the ground. The square 
in front of the mansion, in laying out Harrison's 
addition, was reserved for a park. The brick used 
in the construction of the mansion were manu- 
factured by Samuel Thompson, who received for 
this work four hundred acres of land about three 
miles above the city on the Terre Haute road." 

This "mansion," the famous one still standing, 
is said by Cauthorne to have been built in 1804. 
According to Hubbard Smith, another local his- 



PASTORAI. ELEGY *». 




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W'iiii sorrowful sounds do I bear, Hove slowly along in the gale; How solemn they fell on my car. As siiflly they pass through thc'vale. — Swccl 



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LU^U-E- E 



1111 



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Corydon's note? are all o'er, 



Now lonely he sleeps in the clay, 



His checki bloom with roses no more, Since death call-d h'.s spirit awa 



L. * L 1 

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Sweet woodbines will rise round his feet, 
And willows their sorrowing wave; 
Young hyacinths freshen and Monm, 
While hawthorns encircle his qrave. 
Each morn when the son gilds the east, 
(The green grass bespnni^ed with dew.) 
tie Ml cast his bright beams oi. the west, 
To charm the sad Caroline's view. 



3. O Corydon ! hear the sad cnes 
Of Caroline, plaintive and t'ow; 
O spirit! look down from thesliics. 
And pity thy mourner belo-*. 
'Tis Caroline's voice in the grove. 
Which Philomel hears on the plain. 
Then striving the mourner to soothe, 
Wjth sympathy joins in ber strain. 



4. Ye shepherds so blithesome and young, 5. And when the still night has tin fur I'd 



Retire from your sports on the green, 
Since Corydon's deaf to my song, 
The wolvct tear the lambs on the plain: 
Each swain round the forest will stray. 
And sorrowing hang ''own his head, 
His pipe then in symphony play 
Some dirge to sweet Corydon's shade. 



Her robes o'er the han.let around, 
Gray twilight retires from ftie world. 
And darkness encumbers the ground. 
I'll leave my own gloomy abode, 
To Corydon's urn -.vill I fffp>~ 
There kneeling will bless the iutt GoA 
Who dwells in bright mansions ^o high. 



€ Since Corydon hears me no more, Id gloom let the woodlands appem 
Kil hie me through moadow and lawn. There cull the bright flow'ret* 



Ye ocenns be still of your roar, I*et Autumn extend around the year ; 
of May, Then rite od the wings of the mom, And waft my young iptnt away. 



Selection from "Missouri Harmony." from which Corydon Is Said to Have Derived Its Nami 



Man) of these names are mentioned in the Exec- 
utive Journal of Indiana Territory. t 

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER 

"Grouseland." — This name was given by Har- 
rison to his "plantation," near Yincennes. long 
since within the city limits. It is thus described 
by Henry Cauthorne, in his history of Yin- 
cennes : 

"The grounds around the Harrison mansion, 
extending to the river, were artistically laid out 
and rilled with the choicest fruits and flowers. 
. . . It remained in good preservation as late 
as 1855. The river front and for some distance 



* Of Jonathan Jennings, 01 ■ governor, there will 

be found a fuller sketch hereafter. 
f His : . \ h1. Hi. 



torian, it was contracted for in 1805 and com- 
pleted in 1806. 

Corydon Named from Song. — "When Will- 
iam Henry Harrison was governor of the Terri- 
tory, he traveled from Yincennes on horseback 
to and from Harrison county, where he owned 
large tracts of land. On these trips he often vis- 
ited the home of Edward Smith, who is said to 
have left the British army during the Revolu- 
tionary war and made his way to Indiana, where 
he married and lived with his family in a log 
cabin in Harrison county. ( )n the occasion of 
General Harrison's visits, after the evening meal 
was finished, the members of the family and 
their guest would gather around the open cabin 
door and sing the general's favorite songs. On 
one of these visits, as General 1 tarrison was 



56 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



making his departure, tradition says he remarked : 
'In a few days I expect to lay out a town near 
here and would like to have you suggest a suita- 
ble name for it.' Whereupon Miss Jennie Smith 
asked : 'Why not name it Corydon, from the 
piece you like so much ?' Her suggestion pleased 
the governor, and thus the town is said to have 
derived its name. Mr. Smith's cabin stood near 
the present Fair Grounds Spring at Corydon." — 
Merica Hoagland. 

Indiana Libraries and Lottery. — "From a 
paper prepared by Doctor Horace Ellis when 
president of Vincennes University, we learn 
something of the first circulating library organ- 
ized in Indiana. In historic old Vincennes, at the 
beginning of the nineteenth century, a notable as- 
semblage of men gathered with purpose scarcely 
less exalted than that which animated the found- 
ers of Harvard University. The central figure 
of the group was General William Henry Harri- 
son, whose face, bronzed by his Indian cam- 
paigns, was now aglow with this new patriotism- 
of-peace plan to disseminate good literature 
among the dwellers in this new Indiana country. 
Others, notable for their participation in the 
making of Indiana, were present at the meeting 
held at William Hay's home. July 20, 1806, when 
a number of citizens of Vincennes and vicinity 
met to promote the formation of a circulating li- 
brary. A stock company was organized, called 
'The Vincennes Library Company.' Shares of 
stock were issued. On August 23, 1806, at this 
original 'book shower,' W. Buntin presented a 
number of books, the first probably offered for 
circulating library purposes in Indiana. The first 
librarian was Peter Jones, who was also auditor 
of the territory and keeper of a tavern. The 
meetings of the shareholders were held at 'Jones' 
Inn.' 

"In 1815, the Vincennes Library Company, 
emulating the Vincennes University, arranged a 
lottery, when books and clocks were offered as 
prizes. The progress of this affords interesting 
reading, as human nature is the same whether 
concerned with affairs in early Vincennes or 



present-day Indianapolis. When Vincennes Uni- 
versity was incorporated on November 29, 1806, 
the Territorial Legislature vested authority in 
the trustees of the university by means of which 
they might raise funds not to exceed $20,000. 
The trustees claimed this as a vested right as late 
as 1883, when the United States Supreme Court 
rendered a decision that there could be no vested 
right in a lottery. Citizens of Indiana prior to 
this decision, bought tickets and took chances as 
freely as did others in the famous Louisiana lot- 
tery." — Merica Hoagland. 

Louisiana and Indiana. — When the vast tract 
known as the "Louisiana Purchase," secured 
from France in 1803, came to be organized it 
was divided into two districts and the northern 
part called the "District of Louisiana," a large 
part of it lying immediately west of the Illinois 
country, was attached to Indiana for purposes 
of government, though not made a part of our 
territory. Our governor and judges established 
several laws for the District of Louisiana that 
were separate and apart from the laws for Indi- 
ana. This arrangement was not practicable and 
on March 4, 1805, Louisiana became a separate 
territory. 

Letters of Decius. — Like all public men Gov- 
ernor Harrison was subject to the virulence of 
his enemies, and much of the criticism leveled at 
him is, by the light of history, vicious and unwar- 
ranted beyond excuse. A series of attacks on 
him, which is referred to so often that it is some- 
what famous, is known as "The Letters of De- 
cius." Decius was Isaac Darneille. who in 1805 
published his "Letters" in "The Farmer's Li- 
brary," of Louisville, and afterward issued them 
in a pamphlet. These communications were not 
only criticisms of Harrison's public acts and poli- 
cies, which, of course, might have been quite 
warranted, but they reek with a personal spite 
which was the fashion among critics at that day. 
To such extremes did "Decius" go that even- 
tually the editor of the publishing paper, J. Vail, 
printed an apologetic explanation discrediting the 
author and giving his name. 



CHAPTER V 



THE DANGER PERIOD— IXDIAX HISTORY 



Indian Relations. — From the first invasion 
of the whites to the close of the war of 1812, in 
which the power of the red man in this region 
was finally and effectually broken, constituted 
what may be called the danger period of Indiana 
history. During those years the frontier settlers 
were never free from the risk of savage warfare, 
and from time to time the smoldering hostility 
broke forth fiercely. The causes of this were, in 
the first instance, the Indians' resentment at the 
never-ending encroachment of the white race, 
and, in the second, the unscrupulous conduct of 
very many of the whites in their relations with 
the red men. The policy of the government to- 
ward the Indians, in theory, at least, was pro- 
tecting and conciliatory, but its salutary inten- 
tions were continually overriden by an element 
that had small regard for an Indian's rights. Gov- 
ernor Harrison, who manifested a real interest in 
the welfare of the aborigines, has testified to the 
abuses they suffered. "Their people," he affirmed, 
"have been killed, their lands settled on, their 
game wantonly destroyed and their young men 
made drunk and cheated of the peltries which 
formerly procured them necessary articles of 
clothing, arms and ammunition to hunt with. 
The frontiersman," he said, "thought the killing 
of an Indian meritorious," and he cited instances 
of Indian murders that went unpunished. While 
they bear this, as he said, with patience, and at 
that time showed no disposition for war, he 
feared their ready alliance with any enemy the 
United States might have.* The disposition of 
adventurous whites to ignore boundary lines and 
to intrude upon the Indian lands could never be 
prevented by the government, though it pro- 
claimed that such parties intruded at their own 
risk and, in case of Indian vengeance, were be- 
yond the pale of governmental protection. 

Distribution and Territorial Claims of the 
Indians. — When Indiana Territory was cre- 
ated the aboriginal population was estimated at 
one hundred thousand (Webster), though we 
find no statement as to the actual number within 



the limits of the present State. The tribes in 
these latter limits consisted mainly of the Miami 
Confederacy, the Potawatomis and the Dela- 
wares. At the Greenville treaty of 1795, the 
Miamis, through Little Turtle, their spokesman, 
claimed to have held from "time immemorial" 
a large territory that included all of Indiana. 
Such other tribes as occupied any part of that 
region seem to have done so by invitation or 
sufferance of the Miamis. What was known as 
the "Miami federation," as represented here, 
consisted of the Twightwees, or Miamis proper, 
the Ouiatanons or Weas, the Eel Rivers and the 
Piankeshaws. Their towns were mostly along 
the Wabash, from the site of Fort Wayne to 
Yincennes, each of the various sub-tribes having 
its own locality. The Potawatomis occupied that 
part of the State lying north and northwest of 
the Miami country, as far eastward as the head 
waters of the Tippecanoe and Eel rivers, and the 
Delawares had the White river valley, their most 
eastern town standing where Muncie now is. 
Other tribes, notably Kickapoos, Shawnees, Win- 
nebagos and W r yandotte or Hurons had towns in 
the Miami country. The south part of the terri- 
tory east of the Wabash is said to have been com- 
mon hunting ground. We hear of aboriginal vil- 
lages here and there throughout that region, but 
whether these were in any sense permanent or 
other than the shifting villages of hunting par- 
ties is not established. 

The vagueness of the Indian claims and their 
loose validity is illustrated by the fact that the 
Potawatomis and Delawares, though said to have 
been occupying Miami territory, yet figured in 
the treaties for land sales and shared in the 
money and goods that were paid.* One thing 



Harrison's letter to secretary of war in 1801. 



* In the American state papers (Public Lands, vol. iii, p. 
373) is a petition to congress under date of February 24, 1820, 
from the "Muhheaknunk or Stockbridge nations of Indians," 
otherwise the Mohicans, in which the petitioners claim that ante- 
cedent to the Revolutionary War the Miamis had granted to 
them and to the Delawares and Munsees a tract of land situated 
on the waters of W'hite river (in Indiana) equal to 100 miles 
square. These Mohicans, under the second article of the Fort 
Wayne treaty of September 30, 1809, claimed to be the "lawful 
proprietors of an equal and undivided share of the Delaware 
territory and asked for a share of the government payments 
made therefor." 



57 



58 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



that contributed to this vagueness was the shift- 
ing westward of the Ohio Indians by Wayne's 
treaty of 1795, leaving those tribes without any 
clearly defined lands of their own. General 
Wayne was asked to apportion the territory re- 
maining to the Indians by "fixing the bounds of 
every nation's rights," but declined the delicate 
task.* Naturally, then, all the resident tribes 
came to regard themselves as having a right in 
the lands they occupied, and when these lands 
came to be sold made their claims accordingly. 

Conditions In First Decade. — During the 
first decade of Indiana Territory, the United 
States government was nominally at peace with 
the Indians north of the Ohio. That is, there 
were no campaigns and not much armed demon- 
stration, and the series of land treaties during 
that period bespoke friendly relations. This 
seeming friendliness, however, is belied by the 
straggling chronicles we have of attacks and re- 
prisals between the frontiersmen and marauding 
war parties of savages. A repeated source of 
aggravation was the land question and the fact 
that the chiefs who signed away the various 
tracts, one after the other, did not represent the 
sentiment of all the Indians who conceived that 
they had rights in the land. This, as will be re- 
lated elsewhere, was the prime cause of the trou- 
ble that culminated in the battle of Tippecanoe. 
There was also, doubtless, the deep-seated feel- 
ing that the government, with all its professions 
of fairness, was exercising the merciless power 
of a dominant race. As a matter of fact in the 
policy of the government it was a foregone con- 
clusion that the white man was to possess the 
land — the boundaries of future States were es- 
tablished before any of it had been purchased ; 
and when the time came he bought pretty much 
on his own terms. What kind of terms these 
were may be seen from a letter of Harrison's to 
Jefferson which stated that the purchase of 1805 
amounted to about one cent per acre, but that he 
"hoped to get the next cession enough cheaper 
to bring down the average." In connection with 
this purchase he also said that a knowledge of the 
value of land was fast gaining ground among the 
Indians.f I' 1 brief there existed in connection 
with the land purchases an undercurrent of dis- 



satisfaction that played its part in making the 
early years a "danger period ;" and the further 
fact that hunters, invading the Indian lands in 
search of pelts, had almost exterminated the 
larger game, kept the young men of the tribes 
on the verge of warfare. William M. Cock- 
rum, in his "Pioneer History of Indiana," has 
rescued from this obscure period some accounts 
of Indian adventures that savor of the annals of 
Kentucky's "dark and bloody ground." 

Ranger Service of 1807. — Mr. Cockrum. in 
the work above mentioned, also published certain 
valuable papers of a Captain William Hargrove 
which revealed that in 1807 the troubles were so 
acute that a ranger service was organized to 
patrol the frontier. This body was formed into 
three divisions, one taking the country from the 
Wabash eastward to the neighborhood of the 
French Lick springs ; another from that point to 
the falls of the Ohio, and the third from the 
falls to Lawrenceburg. The commander of one 
of these divisions was Captain Hargrove, and 
the papers mentioned, being letters of instruction 
to him from John Gibson, secretary of the ter- 
ritory, throw considerable light on that particular 
period and its dangers.* 

Tecumtha and the Prophet. — A factor in our 
Indian troubles that became historic was the in- 
fluence of the Shawnee chief, Tecumtha (often 
written Tecumsehf) and his brother, known as 
the "Prophet," and the part that influence played 
in precipitating important issues. These two re- 
markable Indians first appeared in Indiana his- 
tory in 1805, among the Delawares on White 
river, where the Prophet fomented a witchcraft 
craze which resulted in the murder of several 
victims accused by him, and which had somewhat 
the complexion of a crusade of vengeance against 
those who were friendly to the whites and who 
had sanctioned the sales of land. In 1808 the 
two appeared among the Potawatomis and es- 
tablished themselves at the mouth of Tippe- 
canoe river a few miles above the site of Lafay- 
ette. Here they drew about them Indians of 
various tribes and the place became known as 
the Prophet's Town. The Prophet was a re- 
ligious teacher whose propaganda was a strange 
mingling of ethics, wisdom and gross supersti- 



* Dunn's "True Indian Stories," p. 74. 

t See Webster's "William Henry Harrison's Administration of 
Indiana Territory;" an excellent monograph in vol. iv, Ind. 
Hist. Soc. publications 



* Cockrum's "Pioneer History of Indiana," pp. 202-29. 
7 The form "Tecumtha" seems to be adopted by the best In- 
dian authorities. 



CKNTENNIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



59 



tion. He claimed to be a divine spokesman and 
to have supernatural vision, and this seems to 
have been the great source of his power among 
his followers. This power he exercised in the 
furtherance of the plans conceived by his brother, 
Tecumtha. 

Tecumtha was one of the most notable Indians 
of history, being an aboriginal orator, patriot and 
statesman. Foreseeing the ultimate destruction 
of his race, the effort of his life was to stop the 
advancing host of the white invaders, and to this 
end he planned and worked to federate the red 
tribes and thus create a power that could hope 
to stem the oncoming tide. The heterogeneous 
gathering at the Prophet's Town was but a nu- 
cleus of the federation that was hoped for. He 
took a bold and consistent stand against the 
selling of lands to the United States government, 
maintaining that many of the Indians concerned 
did not agree to these sales, and that they were 
not valid without the consent of all the tribes. 
The claim of the Shawnees was based on the 
fact that when, by the treaty of 1795. the whites 
took ( >hio and the Ohio Indians were all pushed 
back into the Miami territory in Indiana, they 
ton became part owners of that territory (Dunn). 
When, in 1809. a new treaty cut off about three 
million acres more from the Indians' holdings 
and carried the boundary line far up the Wabash, 
Tecumtha's opposition became threatening. In 
1810 he visited Vincennes with his retinue for a 
council with Governor Harrison, and expressed 
his views with such plainness that a clash was 
narrowly averted. His final assurance at this 
memorable conference was that if the whites 
crossed the old boundary line with their sur- 
vivors there would be bad consequences. 

After this Tecumtha went on a tour among the 
tribes of the south to spread his doctrine of In- 
dian federation and during his absence the de- 
cisive battle of Tippecanoe was fought, ending 
hi- dreams of a successful resistance. When the 
war of 1812 broke out he joined the British and 
was killed in the battle of the Thames. 

After the battle of Tippecanoe the Prophet, 
who had precipitated that battle and urged his 
followers on, assuring them that the bullets of 
the enemy could not harm them, fell into disre- 
pute among his people, and after living in "a 
sort of disgrace" among various bands, died be- 
yond the Mississippi in 1834. 



THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE 

The battle of Tippecanoe, the most important 
clash of arms that ever occurred on Indiana soil, 
if we except the storming of Vincennes by George 
Rogers Clark, was directly brought about by the 
land troubles spoken of above. As said, these 
became more acute after the purchase of a large 
tract in 1809, largely by reason of the protests 
of Tecumtha and the influence of the Prophet. 
Besides the danger of incursions by irresponsi- 



N 



/ *'A.« 






X 







i 



Z if 
V 



INDIANA 

BATTCt 'iROurvo. 

— ■ 





The Plan of the Battlefield of Tippecanoe and Route of 
Harrison's Army. — Courtesy of State Librarian D. C. 
Brown. 

ble hostile bands, serious hostility was evidently 
brewing among the tribes, with the Prophet's 
Town as source and center, though the fomenters 
of it avowed peaceful intentions. Governor Har- 
rison repeatedly sent messengers not only to the 
Tippecanoe town but to other villages of the 
various tribes to promote amity and to warn 
them against the danger of hostility to the United 
States, but the situation was not mended and 
the predatory raids on the frontier continued 
until, on July 31, 1811, the citizens of Knox 
county, at a public meeting, declared that there 
could be no safety until the Prophet's combina- 



60 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



tion was broken up by prompt and decisive 
measures, and such measures were recommended 
to the governor and the president. Harrison and 
those who knew Indian character best shared the 
belief that a vigorous threat, backed by an actual 
show of power to enforce it, was the only de- 
pendable remedy, and the outcome of the situa- 
tion was the mobilizing of a little army of about 
nine hundred men consisting of United States 
troops and Indiana militia with about sixty volun- 
teers from Kentucky (Dillon). The purpose 
of this force was not to actually attack the In- 
dians, unless circumstances made it necessary, 
but to establish a military post within the terri- 
tory that was the immediate source of trouble, 
thence to proceed to the Prophet's Town by way 
of a demonstration and awe the troublesome 
tribesmen there into compliance with demands 
that had been made upon them. 

The expedition left Vincennes September 26, 
1811, and on October 3 reached a favorable spot 
for the proposed post, on the high ground above 
the site of Terre Haute. Here the force re- 
mained until the last of the month, building the 
fort, which was named in honor of the governor, 
then resumed the march, arriving at Tippecanoe 
on November 6. Indian messengers met the 
whites for a parley and, after Harrison's assur- 
ances that the first intention was not an attack 
but a conference, he was directed by them to a 
camping place on high ground, where wood and 
water were procurable. Here the army en- 
camped, expecting the conference on the mor- 
row, but Harrison's familiarity with Indian 
methods forbade reliance on Indian honor, and, 
prudently, the men slept on their arms, prepared 
to meet any contingency at a moment's notice. 
The precaution was fortunate, for before day- 
light the following morning an attack was made 
by a large body of Indians so sudden and fierce 
that the assailants were fairly in the camp before 
many of the soldiers could get out of their tents. 
The conflict lasted from about a quarter past four 
till daylight and only preparedness and desperate 
fighting saved the army from rout and massacre. 
When, after the foiled and beaten Indians were 
driven from the field, the whites took stock of 
their losses they found that thirty-seven of their 
number were slain and a hundred and fifty-one 
of them wounded. How many Indians were en- 
gaged is not accurately known, but they have 



been estimated at from six hundred to eight hun- 
dred. Their loss was also unknown but ex- 
ceeded that of the whites, as thirty-eight were 
found dead and others were carried off. The 
defeated savages abandoned their town and the 
victors burned it to the ground. 

A trial by arms at this time was contrary to 
the plans of Tecumtha, who was then in the 
south. The Prophet was responsible for it. His 
power over his followers was such that he made 
them believe the enemy's bullets could not harm 
them, and during the fight he stood aloof urging 
them on by singing his mysterious incantations 
in a voice so stentorian that from it he took his 
name of La-lu-e-tsee-ka, or the "Loud Voice" 
(Dunn). With his defeat his influence was de- 
stroyed and he became a sort of outcast. 

Harrison's army was composed of nine com- 
panies of regulars, six companies of Indiana mi- 
litia (infantry), five companies of riflemen, two 
companies of dragoons and a company of scouts 
and spies. About one-fourth of the force were 
mounted (Dunn). 

Importance of Tippecanoe. — While the bat- 
tle of Tippecanoe did not put an end to Indian 
hostilities it was, nevertheless, a fight of such 
importance as to merit the term "decisive." 
Probably it decided to no small degree the fu- 
ture of Indiana, for whereas it effectually 
checked the political plans of Tecumtha and de- 
stroyed the dangerous influence of the Prophet, 
Indian victory would doubtless have accelerated 
these, and what the frontier would have suffered 
with its protecting army defeated is beyond 
guessing, especially when we consider the fast- 
following war with England. 

The impress it left on the minds of the peo- 
ple was strong and abiding. No less than half- 
a-dozen counties in the State were afterward 
named for heroes of Tippecanoe. It made for 
Governor Harrison a military reputation which 
opened the way to conspicuous service in the war 
of 1812 and which as late as 1840 carried him 
to the presidential chair of the United States 
after the most enthusiastic political campaign 
the country has ever had. The spot where the 
conflict occurred is to-day the one battlefield 
which Indiana owns and fittingly preserves as 
a memorial of those who fought and fell there. 
The ground was presented to the State in 1835 
by General John Tipton, who was a participant 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



61 



in the battle. An obscure account that has never 
found its way into the histories is to the effect 
that on the 21st of November, 1830, the bones 
of those killed on the field nineteen years before 
were collected and interred "by a large concourse ' 
of people with due gravity and respect," the re- 
mains being put in one large coffin on the lid of 
which, formed of brass nails, was the inscription, 
"Rest. Warriors, Rest." General Harrison, who 



THE WAR OF 1812 

One factor in our Indian troubles from the be- 
ginning was the encouragement offered the sav- 
ages by the British in Canada. England had 
never reconciled herself to the occupancy by the 
Americans of the territory wrung from her by 
George Rogers Clark, and it is an established 
charge in our histories that, even during the pe- 




v & Co. Cm. 



Views Xear the State Soldiers' Home, Lafayette. No. 1 — Tippecanoe Battleground. The spot shown here is 
where the battle raged fiercest on November 7, 1811. No. 2 — Prophet's Rock, near the Tippecanoe Battle- 
ground, from which point it is said a prophet directed the Indian warriors and witnessed their defeat. 
Xo. j — Old bark wigwam at "Tecumseh Trail." No. 4 — Old log cabin on "Tecumseh Trail." 



was to have been the leading figure on this occa- 
sion, was kept away by illness and General John 
Tipton took his place. 

Apropos to this interment, it is further stated 
that after Harrison's troops had buried their dead 
and withdrawn from the field after the battle, 
the Indians returned, dug up the bodies and 
scalped them, leaving them unburied.* 



• Ind. Journal, Nov. 3, 1830; Ind. Democrat, Sept. 25, 1830; 
Nile-,' Register, Nov. 27. 1830. 



riod of peace between the nations, the Indians of 
the northwest received their arms and ammuni- 
tion from our old-time foe and were secretly 
backed up in their hostilities. When the brew- 
ing troubles between America and England cul- 
minated in a declaration of war in June, 1812, 
the latter nation found ready allies among the 
red people notwithstanding the fact that as late 
as May of that year, at a grand council on the 
Mississinewa, the majority of the tribes there 



62 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



professed a desire for peace with the United 
States. That summer there was little hostile 
demonstration, but during that time English suc- 
cesses emboldened the tribes and in early Sep- 
tember there occurred in two places widely sep- 
arated one of the fiercest assaults and the worst 
massacre in the history of the State. 

Attack on Fort Harrison. — The assault 
mentioned was that on Fort Harrison on the 
fourth of September, 1812. This post, built by 
Harrison in his Tippecanoe campaign the year 
before, guarded the frontier farthest north and 
the river approach to Vincennes, some sixty 
miles below. At this time it was commanded by 
Captain Zachary Taylor (afterward president of 
the United States) and garrisoned by a small 
force so enfeebled by fever and ague that, by 
Taylor's account, there were not more than ten 
or fifteen able-bodied men. On the 4th the com- 
mandant had warning of the proximity of In- 
dians and so, fortunately, was on his guard. Nev- 
ertheless one of about 600 warriors that quietly 
surrounded the fort that night, managed, under 
the cover of darkness, to drag himself to the 
walls of one of the buildings with a bundle 
of combustibles on his shoulders and the first 
intimation the sentinels had of an attack was 
when the walls were ablaze. The barracks 
caught fire and not only the women and children, 
of whom there were nine, but the men themselves 
were thrown into panic and despair. Taylor's 
presence of mind saved the situation. He saw 
that by throwing off the roof of the barracks 
building and saturating the walls with water the 
flames could be combated with promise of suc- 
cess, and when he ordered the men to this task 
they fell to with a will, led by a Doctor Clark, 
the post surgeon, though a galling fire was di- 
rected upon them by the skulking savages from 
the woods. At this hazardous work one man was 
killed and two wounded, but the blaze was sub- 
dued and a barricade of pickets put up across 
the gap in the stockade caused by the fire. Mean- 
while the rest of the garrison, by the glare of 
the flames, were pouring their fire into such of 
the Indians as dared venture into the open, and 
thus managed to hold them off until daylight, 
when the besiegers withdrew, driving with them 
quantities of live stock.* 

Despite the seemingly overwhelming force of 



the assailants Taylor lost only three men, besides 
two or three wounded. At the beginning of the 
attack two men got over the stockade for the 
purpose of escaping but one was killed and the 
other one, wounded, returned to the gate and 
begged to be let in. He was obliged to lie there 
hidden until morning. The Indians who made 
the attack were supposed to have been Pota- 
watomis, Kickapoos, Winnebagos and Miamis. 

When word of the assault traveled to Vin- 
cennes troops were sent and the place reinforced, 
but the Indians never returned. 

Pigeon Roost Massacre. — Almost simulta- 
neous with the Fort Harrison attack occurred 
the most diabolical event in our Indian history — 
the "Pigeon Roost" massacre. What was known 
as the Pigeon Roost Settlement consisted of sev- 
eral families that made a little community in 
what is now Scott county. This settlement, 
founded in 1809, was separated from any other 
by several miles, and was confined to about a 
square mile of territory (Dillon, p. 492 1. On 
the third of September, 1812, this settlement was 
attacked by a band of about a dozen marauders, 
said to have been Shawnees, who, scouring the 
locality and going from cabin to cabin, mur- 
dered within a space of an hour, twenty-two per- 
sons, sixteen of them being children and five of 
them women. Prior to this general killing, two 
men, Jeremiah Payne and Isaac Coffman. were 
shot in the woods. Most of the cabin homes were 
burned down. The victims, besides Payne and 
Coffman, were Mrs. Jeremiah Payne and her 
eight children, Mrs. Richard Collings and seven 
children, Henry Collings and his wife, Mrs. John 
Morris, her only child, and her mother-in-law.* 

A spirited fight at the house of William Col- 
lings, in which three Indians were killed, prob- 
ably prevented a greater slaughter, as the check 
to the savages enabled the rest of the settlement 
to escape to blockhouses that stood within a few 
miles. Some of these escapes were attended with 
risks and horrors equal to any to be found in 
the Indian annals of Kentucky. The wife of 
John Biggs, fortunately for her, had gone into 
the woods to look for their cow, having with her 
their three children, one a babe in arms. ( )n her 
way home she discovered the savages about the 
empty cabin and took flight toward one of the 



1 Taylor's official report. 



* Dillon, p. 492. Dunn's account in "True Indian Stories" 
varies slightly from this. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



63 



blockhouses, but the Indians, believing the miss- 
ing family was in the vicinity, began searching 
the adjacent forest. At one time they passed so 
near Mrs. Biggs that their footsteps were audi- 
ble. At this critical moment the baby began to 
cry and to check it she was obliged to press her 
shawl over its mouth. When the searchers had 
passed she made the dreadful discovery that the 
infant had been smothered to death. With the 
dead child in her arms and the two living ones 
clinging to her she spent the night in the wilder- 
ness, arriving at the blockhouse about daybreak. 
A Dr. John Richie took his sick wife on his 
back, and together they spent the night in the 
woods, as did Mrs. Beal and her two children, 
who hid in a sinkhole until after dark, then made 
their way to one of the protecting strongholds 
which they reached at two o'clock next morning. 

The news of the massacre was carried to 
Charlestown, Clark county, and by two o'clock in 
the afternoon of September 4 a body of two 
hundred armed men reached the scene of the 
tragedy, where only one house remained stand- 
ing, and in and about the ruins of the charred 
cabins lay the mutilated remains of women and 
children. The trail of the savages was taken up 
and followed till dark, but they never were 
overtaken, and to the present day it is a matter 
of considerable doubt as to what Indians were 
guilty of the atrocity. 

Two children were carried away as prisoners 




Fort Harrison, Near Terre Haute. Erected in 1811. 
— From an old view.* 



from this raid. One, a little girl three years of 
age, named Ginsey McCoy, was a niece of the 
Indian missionary, the Rev. Isaac McCoy. Years 

* See "Blockhouses," p. 64. 



after Mr. McCoy himself found her west of the 
Mississippi river as the wife of an Indian chief 
and the mother of several children. She re- 
turned to Indiana for a visit to her relatives but 
soon went back to her Indian home. The other 
captive, a boy named Peter Huffman, was sold 
to some other Indians and carried to Canada. 




McKnight Fort. This is one of fifteen forts that were 
built in Washington county as protection against the 
Indians in 1812. The McKnight Fort was converted 
into a dwelling by William McKnight, who lived 
in it until his death. It was occupied by his son and 
grandson later and was used as a residence until the 
spring of 1898. It was torn down in 1911. — Courtesy 
of Orra Hopper. 

His whereabouts and identity were discovered 
after much pains and trouble, and he was re- 
turned to Indiana in 1824; but he, too, was 
wedded to the Indian life and returned to it.* 

The spot where the victims of the massacre 
were buried was for many years marked by an 
immense sassafras tree. In 1903 an appropria- 
tion of $2,000 for a monument was made by the 
Legislature, and a shaft of Bedford limestone, 
forty-four feet in height, was dedicated October 
1. 1904. "mutely calling to memory the must 
fearful Indian tragedy that was ever known to 
the soil of Indiana." 

Frontier Defense. — The conditions in Indi- 
ana before the declaration of war on June 19. 
1812, were such as to call forth from Governor 
Harrison a military circular which gives us a 
glimpse of the times and of the steps taken to 
meet its dangers. It is dated 16th April. 1812, 
and under the heading of "General Orders for 
the Militia" the circular reads: 

"As the late murders upon the frontiers of this and 
the neighboring Territories leave us little to hope of 
our being able to avoid a war with the neighboring 
tribes of Indians, the commander-in-chief directs that 
the colonels and other commandants of corps should 

Dunn's "True Indian Stories." 



64 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



take immediate measures to put their commands in the 
best possible state for active service. The field officers 
who command battalions will visit and critically inspect 
the several companies which compose them and make a 
report in detail of their situation, particularly noting 
the deficiencies in arms, ammunition and accoutrements, 
and such measures as the laws authorize must be im- 
mediately taken to remedy those deficiencies. The 
commander-in-chief informs the officers that the most 
prompt obedience and the most unremitting attention 
to their duty will be required of them — the situation of 
the country calls for exertion on the part of the militia, 
and the officers must set the example to their men. If 
there are amongst them any who have accepted-appoint- 
ments for the mere motive of gratifying their vanity 
by the possession of a commission to which a title is 
annexed, without having the ability or the inclination 
to encounter arduous service, in justice to their country 
and to their own fame they should now retire and not 
stand in the way of those who are more able or more 
willing to encounter the fatigue and dangers incidental 
to actual service in the Indian war. From the specimen 
which the commander-in-chief has had of their conduct 
in the field he has every reason to be proud of them, 
nor does he believe that there are better militia officers 
to be found anywhere than those of Indiana, but in a 
crisis like the present they should be all good. 

"The field officers are to see that proper places are 
appointed for the rendezvous of the companies upon an 
alarm or the appearance of danger, and will give orders 
relatively to the mode of their proceeding in such exi- 
gencies as the situation of the companies respectively 
call for. When mischief is done by the Indians in any 
of the settlements, they must be pursued, and the officer 
nearest to the spot, if the number of men under his 
command is not inferior to the supposed number of the 
enemy, is to commence it as soon as he can collect his 
men. If his force should be too small he is to send for 
aid to the next officer to him, and in the meantime to 
take a position capable of being defended, or watch the 
motions of the enemy, as circumstances require. The 
pursuit must be conducted with vigor, and the officer 
commanding will be held responsible for making every 
exertion in his power to overtake the enemy. Upon his 
return, whether successful or not, a particular account 
of his proceedings must be transmitted to the com- 
mander-in-chief and a copy of it to the colonel of the 
regiment. 

"The commander-in-chief recommends it to the citi- 
zens on the frontiers of Knox county, from the Wabash 
eastwardly across the two branches of the White river, 
those on the northwest of the Wabash and those in the 
Driftwood settlement in Harrison, to erect blocked 
houses or picketed forts. It will depend upon the dis- 
position of the Delawares whether measures of this 
kind will be necessary or not upon the frontiers of 
Clark, Jefferson, Dearborn. Franklin or Wayne. Means 
will be taken to ascertain this as soon as possible and 
the result communicated. The Indians who profess to 
be friendly have been warned to keep clear of the set- 
tlements, and the commander-in-chief is far from wish- 
ing that the citizens should run any risk by admitting 
any Indians to come amongst them whose designs are 
in the least equivocal. He recommends, however, to 
those settlements which the Delawares have frequented 
as much forbearances as possible toward that tribe, be- 
cause they have ever performed with punctuality and 
good faith their engagements with the United States, 
and as yet there is not the least reason to doubt their 
fidelity. It is also certain that if they should be forced 
to join the other tribes in war, from their intimate 
knowledge of the settlements upon the frontiers they 
would be enabled to do more mischief than any other 
tribe. 

"By the commander-in-chief. 

"A Hurst, Aide-de-camp." 



Blockhouses. — As the war came on and the 
dangers became more threatening, a great many 
of the settlers forsook their farms and betook 
themselves to more protected territory. Others 
remained, however, and Dillon tells us that "in 
the course of the spring and summer of the year 
1812 blockhouses or picketed forts were erected 
throughout the Indiana Territory." The follow- 
ing year more were built by the military authori- 
ties. Of many of these no specific record re- 
mains but in various local chronicles a number 
are mentioned and the localities of some of them 
given. The very outpost of them all, if we ex- 
cept Fort Wayne, which was entirely isolated 
from the frontier, was Fort Harrison. In Sul- 
livan county there was one about midway be- 
tween New Lebanon and Carlisle, and one near 
the Wabash river some distance above Merom. 
In Knox county, we are told, forts were erected 
in every neighborhood, and five are specified in 
Widner township. In Daviess county ten are 
mentioned, and in Jackson three, one of them at 
Vallonia. In the north part of Union were two 
and in Wayne three or four, one of these being 
about four miles west of Richmond and another 
a mile north of Washington. We also find tradi- 
tion of several in Jefferson county. 

An anecdote or two will show that amid these 
preparations for grim war the American sense 
of humor was not wanting. One of the stockades 
in Knox county was known as "Fort Petticoat," 
because, the men being absent in the army, its 
defense depended chiefly upon the women. In 
Jackson county when one of the forts was build- 
ing four or five practical jokers, pretending to be 
Indians, tried to scare a green "Dutchman" in 
the woods but he showed fight in such deadly 
earnest that the jokers ignominiously fled. 

The Rev. W. C. Smith, a settler of the White- 
water region, father of the historian W. H. 
Smith, describes in an interesting book of rem- 
iniscences ("Indiana Miscellany") the old log 
forts. The stockade consisted of "two rows of 
split timber, twelve to fourteen feet long, planted 
in the ground two-and-a-half or three feet deep. 
The timbers of the second row were so placed 
as to cover the cracks of the first. Small cabins 
were erected inside of the stockades for the ac- 
commodation of the families. Usually one 
blockhouse was built in each fort. The block- 
houses were two stories high, the upper story 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



65 



projecting over the lower, say two feet, with 
portholes in the floor of the projection so that 
the men could see to shoot the Indians if they 
succeeded in getting to the walls of the block- 
house." Sometimes two of these blockhouses 
were built at opposite corners of the stockade in 
such a manner that the projecting story of each 
commanded two of the outer walls. Many of 
the blockhouses, built for temporary refuge in 
emergencies, had no stockade but were simply 
two-story buildings with portholes and the second 
story overhanging. Many of the residence 
cabins, also, were provided with portholes and 
built strongly for defense. 

Rangers of 1813. — In 1813 Acting-Governor 
John Gibson called into service several com- 
panies of mounted rangers each consisting of 
about one hundred men. These were in the em- 
ploy of the United States. The accoutrement 
consisted of a rifle, knife and tomahawk and each 
man carried with him his own supply of pro- 
visions (Dillon). The office of these rangers 
was. seemingly, the same as that of the frontier 
patrol of 1807, described in another place. 

INDIAN CAMPAIGNS 

Attack on Ft. Wayne. — After the attack on 
Fort Harrison and the Pigeon Roost Massacre 
there were several offensive campaigns directed 
against the hostile tribes of northern Indiana. Be- 
fore the two events mentioned about five hundred 
warriors surrounded Fort Wayne, which was 
garrisoned with something less than a hundred 
men, under a Captain Rhea. The Indians ar- 
ranged for a conference inside the fort, their 
object being treachery, but they were frustrated. 
Then they laid siege to the place and, aided by 
some ingenious British, made a "bluff" of having 
artillery by constructing two wooden cannon, re- 
inforced by hoopiron, which promptly burst when 
fired. Meanwhile General Harrison, who had 
relinquished his civil duties for military service, 
was advancing northward with an army of more 
than a thousand men (Dunn), and this force 
reached Fort Wayne on September 12, raising 
the siege. Detachments of these troops scoured 
the surrounding country, and destroyed several 
deserted Indian villages besides quantities of food 
supplies growing in the cultivated places. 

Hopkins' Expedition. — Early in November 



General Samuel Hopkins, after a previous at- 
tempt at a campaign in Illinois which resulted in 
mutiny and a premature return, started up the 
Wabash with three regiments of Kentucky mili- 
tia and one company each of regulars, rangers 
and scouts, the objective being the old "Prophet's 
Town" at the mouth of the Tippecanoe and va- 
rious villages in that locality. The town named, 
which was destroyed after the battle of Tippe- 
canoe, had been rebuilt and now consisted of 
about forty huts. This and two other towns of 
the Kickapoos and Winnebagos, were destroyed, 
along with what corn was found, leaving the 
Indians, at the beginning of winter, without 
shelter or provisions. This expedition continued 
its operations throughout November, and the 
chief loss suffered was that of sixteen men killed 
in an ambuscade. 

Mississinewa Expedition. — The most notable 
expedition of this period as estimated by results 
was that of Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell with 
about six hundred mounted men against the Mi- 
ami villages on the Mississinewa river. This 
campaign was conducted, virtually, in the heart 
of winter, the troops moving from Dayton, Ohio, 
on December 14, 1812. After three days of hard 
riding one of the villages was surprised, eight 
warriors killed, forty-two prisoners taken and 
the place burned. Following this three other 
villages were destroyed. Campbell then debated 
the advisability of returning without further of- 
fensive operations, owing to the hardships to 
which the men were subjected, the weather being 
severe, and at four o'clock on the morning of 
the 18th had convened his officers for a con- 
ference, when they were suddenly and furiously 
attacked by a body of Indians. The fight that 
followed, by Campbell's official report, was well- 
nigh as fierce and stubbornly contested as was 
that at Tippecanoe. After an hour's engagement 
the assailants drew off, leaving fifteen of their 
dead on the ground and, probably, carrying others 
off with them. Of the whites, eight were killed 
and forty-two wounded. The exact number of 
the attacking Indians was never known, though 
Campbell in his official report estimates them at 
"not less than three hundred." This eiiL; 
ment, known as the Battle of The Mississinewa, 
occurred within the bounds of the present Grant 
county, on the bank of the Mississinewa river, 
about a mile from the village (if Jalapa. The 



66 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



field is privately owned and is unmarked by any 
memorial. 

Bartholomew's White River Expedition. — 
During the earlier part of the war the Delaware 
Indians on White river professed to be friendly 
to the United States, and were so regarded, but 
in the numerous forays made against the settlers 
in 1813 there was evidence that this tribe at 
least harbored hostile bands. In March of 1813 
John Tipton, then in command of militia that was 
guarding the frontier of Harrison . and Clark 
counties, pursued a party of marauders that had 
killed one man and wounded three others near 
Vallonia, Jackson county. At an island on the 
Driftwood river he overhauled the band and after 
a "smart skirmish" killed one and routed the 
rest. In April he pursued another party that 
had killed two men and stolen some horses and 
recovered the horses and "other plunder." Tip- 
ton was convinced that these miscreants made 
directly for the Delaware towns. He expressed 
the opinion that "while the government is sup- 
porting one part of that tribe the other part is 
murdering our citizens," and added that "those 
rascals, of whatever tribe they may be harboring 
about those towns, should be routed.* 

In June of that year a force of about one hun- 
dred and thirty-seven mounted men under Col. 
Joseph Bartholomew rode to the Delaware towns 
to discover and surprise, if possible, hostile In- 
dians who, it was believed, operated from there. 
By Bartholomew's report these towns all seem 
to have been deserted and three of them had been 
already burned, though why or by whom is not 
recorded. Considerable corn was found and some- 
thing like eight hundred or one thousand bushels 
destroyed. f 

Russell's Expedition. — Following hard upon 
Bartholomew's raid a much larger force under 
Col. William Russell circled the Indian country 
with an expedition covering upward of five hun- 
dred miles. Russell started from Vallonia, as did 
Bartholomew the month before, with five hun- 
dred seventy-three men (Dillon), and his route 
took in the Delaware towns on White river, 
the Mississinewa towns, and all those on the Wa- 
bash below the Mississinewa, bringing up at 
Fort Harrison, on the northwestern frontier. No 
encounters are spoken of in Colonel Russell's 



* Tipton's report to Governor Gibson. 

t Bartholomew's report to Governor Posey. 



report of this long march. It was a campaign of 
destruction based on the theory (or knowledge) 
that the surest way to prevent depredations on 
the borders was to break up the nesting places 
nf those who committed the depredations. 

End of Indian Hostilities. — Colonel Russell's 
expedition was the last one against the Indians. 
These drastic visitations of vengeance reduced 
the victims of them to destitution and starvation, 
and when a series of American successes, cul- 
minating in the defeat of the British and Indians 
in the battle of the Thames, still further dis- 
couraged them, they were ready to sue for peace 
on pretty much any terms. In January of 1814 
something like a thousand starving Miamis as- 
sembled at Fort Wayne for food and ammuni- 
tion for hunting, from the government ; these 
were soon followed by the Potawatomies, and the 
United States was in a position to dictate terms, 
so far, at least, as the Indiana tribes were con- 
cerned. For a year after, indeed, the border was 
not entirely safe from depredations from de- 
tached, irresponsible bands, but these were not 
serious and threatening enough to stem the re- 
turning tide of settlers who began to fill up the 
new country. 

Intemperance Among the Indians. — Gover- 
nor Harrison repeatedly deplored the disastrous 
effects of intoxicating liquor among the Indians 
and its continual introduction by unscrupulous 
traders. In a letter to the Secretary of War, un- 
der date of July 15, 1801, he states that "the In- 
dian chiefs complained of the enormous quantity 
of whisky introduced by the traders," there be- 
ing, according to report, upward of six thousand 
gallons brought annually among the Indians of 
the Wabash, who numbered perhaps six hundred 
warriors. The result was that the Piankeshaws, 
Weas and Eel river tribes had almost exter- 
minated their chiefs by murder. Little Beaver, 
a Wea. was killed by his own son, and another 
chief, Little Fox, was slain by his own people in 
the streets of Vincennes. The drunken savages 
so terrorized the citizens of Vincennes that Har- 
rison solicited a garrison at Fort Knox for pro- 
tection. In the letter the Governor says: "I 
can at once tell by looking at an Indian whom I 
chance to meet whether he belongs to a neigh- 
boring or a more distant tribe. The latter is 
generally well-clothed, healthy and vigorous ; the 
former half-naked, filthy and enfeebled with in- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



67 



toxication, and many of them without arms ex- 
cept a knife which they carry for the most vil- 
lainous purposes." The chiefs earnestly desired 
the prevention of the evil. Some of these wished 
the introduction among their people of agricul- 
tural implements and domestic animals. 

In his message to the first general assembly 
( 1805) the governor said : "The interests of your 
constituents, the interests of the miserable In- 
dians, and your own feelings will sufficiently urge 
you to take it into your most serious considera- 
tion and provide the remedy which is to save 
thousands of our fellow creatures. You are 
witnesses to the abuses ; you have seen our towns 
crowded with furious and drunken savages ; our 
streets flowing with their blood; their arms and 
clothing bartered for the liquor that destroys 
them, and their miserable women and children 
enduring all the extremities of cold and hunger. 
So destructive has the progress of intemperance 
been among them that whole villages have been 
swept away. A miserable remnant is all that re- 
mains to mark the names and situations of many 




Map of Indiana at Time of Admission in 1816. 
—By E. V. Shocklcy. 

numerous ami warlike tribes. In the energetic 
language of one of their orators, it is a dreadful 
conflagration which spreads misery and desola- 



tion throughout the country and threatens the 
annihilation of the whole race." 

At one time a law existed forbidding the sale 
of liquor to savages, but no law and no appeal 



"»-«i 




The First Published Map of Indiana State, 1817. The 
same territory is occupied as at the time of the ad- 
mission, but by this date seven more counties were 
created by subdivision. 



was sufficient to counteract the cupidity of those 
who flourished by the traffic. 

The Passing of Governor Harrison. — For 
twelve years Governor Harrison sustained a most 
intimate relation to the affairs of Indiana Terri- 
tory, he being by far the most conspicuous figure 
of that period of our history. By virtue of his 
military experience and ability he logically be- 
came a leader in the western country when the 
outbreak of war threatened the frontier. In 
August, 1812, he was asked by Kentucky to take 
chief command of all the troops raised there, and 
this, in view of the military talent and ambition 
existing in Kentucky, Harrison regarded as the 
most flattering appointment he had ever re- 
ceived.* 



Autobiographical letter. 



68 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



A little later he was made a brigadier-general 
in the Lhiited States army and on September 17, 
1812, he was appointed to the command of the 
whole army of the northwest with large discre- 
tion as to his military plans and movements. This 
ended his civil relation to Indiana, Secretary 
John Gibson succeeding him as acting-gover- 
nor until the appointment of Governor Posey in 
February of 1813. The part he subsequently 
played in the war, culminating in the brilliant 
victory at the Thames which secured safety to 
the northwest, belongs to the larger history of 
the country. He retired from military service in 
1814 and became a citizen of Ohio. 

Militarism. — In this chapter it has been 
shown that during the first twelve or thirteen 
years of the territory's existence the element of 
danger and violence from without was a factor 
in the territorial life. This danger, arising from 
the hostility of the Indians, and which culmi- 
nated in the war of 1812, was a deterrent to set- 
tlement and growth, especially in the war period, 
when many who were already on the ground 
temporarily forsook their homes. This situation, 
following the militarism of the revolutionary 
times, kept alive the question of a militia system 
for self-defense. This was Governor Harri- 
son's most famous hobby. In his advocacy of 
schools for popular education, he pleaded that 
military branches, to be connected with such 
schools, be not forgotten. His theory was that 
even the masters in the lower schools should be 
obliged to qualify themselves to give instructions 
in military evolutions, while the Vincennes Uni- 
versity should have a professor of tactics, "in 
which all the sciences connected with the art of 
war may be taught" (Dillon). He also recom- 
mended, at another time, that camps of discipline 
be established "for instructing those who are al- 
ready capable of bearing arms ;" that there should 
be professors of tactics in all seminaries, and 
that "even the amusements of the children should 
resemble the Gymnasia of the Greeks, that they 
may grow up in the practise of those exercises 
which will enable them to bear with the duties of 
the camp and the labors of the field."* 

* Harrison's letter to Governor Scott, of Kentucky. 



The first statutes passed in the territory (1807) 
include an elaborate militia law covering thirty- 
eight pages. By its provisions, every able-bodied 
white male citizen (with certain exemptions), be- 
tween the ages of eighteen to forty-five years, 
was compelled to be of the militia and to provide 
himself with "a good musket, a sufficient bayonet 
and belt, or a fusee, two spare flints, a knapsack 
and a pouch, with a box therein, to contain not 
less than twenty-four cartridges ... or a 
good rifle, knapsack, pouch and powder-horn, 
with twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle, 
and a quarter of a pound of powder." A dragoon 
was to furnish his own horse, saddle and bridle, 
and holster with pistol. Officers were to have a 
sword or hanger and "espontoons," and to wear 
"some cheap uniforms at musters." The militia 
equipment was exempt from seizure in cases of 
debt. Company musters were to be held every 
two months ; battalion musters once a year, and 
regimental musters once a year. For failure to 
attend these musters, officers were subject to a 
fine of two to twenty dollars and privates to one 
that might range from one to six dollars, though 
these could be remitted for good cause shown. 
The fines were to be applied to the purchase of 
drums, fifes and colors and to the pay of offi- 
cers. The military training was to be by "the 
rules and instructions" of Baron Steuben, the 
famous drill-master of Revolutionary days. The 
exempts from this militia service were the judges 
and clerk of the Supreme Court, the attorney- 
general, ministers of the gospel, keepers of jails 
and "such other persons as are exempt by the law 
of the United States." By the incorporation act, 
establishing Vincennes University, the faculty 
and students of that institution were exempted. 

Notwithstanding Governor Harrison's views 
as to the importance of military training, and the 
aim at efficiency implied by the long law cited 
and others that were passed, the people did not 
run to military zeal. During the war with Eng- 
land, indeed, the spur of necessity developed the 
military spirit, but prior to that crisis, the status 
of the militia fell far below the governor's ap- 
proval, and after the period of actual danger 
passed the whole system dwindled in effectiveness 
until it became a laughine-stock. 



CHAPTER VI 



THE XEW STATE 



General Conditions in 1815. — When, on the 
14th of December, 1815, the Territorial Legisla- 
ture laid before Congress a memorial praying 
that the way be opened for its admission into the 
Union of States, it had a population of 63,897, 
distributed over thirteen counties. There were 
arguments for and against statehood, the ques- 
tion of an increased tax upon the citizens being 
an offset to the advantages of independent self- 
government, and the memorial was not a direct 
request for admission but for a convention of 
delegates from the several counties, to be elected 
by order of Congress, such convention to deter- 
mine "whether it will be expedient or inexpedient 
to go into a State government," and be em- 
powered to form "a Constitution and frame of 
government" if deemed expedient. 

The Enabling Act. — The result of this re- 
quest was an act of Congress, known as the "En- 
abling Act." As no existing history of Indiana 
includes, to our knowledge, the text of this im- 
portant and formative instrument, we here pre- 
sent it in full : 

"An act to enable the people of the Indiana Territory 
to form a Constitution and State government, and for 
the admission of such State into the Union on equal 
footing with the original States. (Approved April 19, 
1816.) 

"Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House 
of Representatives of the United States of American 
ress assembled, That the inhabitants of the Terri- 
tory of Indiana be, and they are hereby authorized, to 
form for themselves a Constitution and State govern- 
ment, and to assume such name as they shall deem 
proper; and the said State when formed shall be ad- 
mitted into the Union upon the same footing with the 
original States, in all respects whatsoever. 

"Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the said 
State shall consist of all the territory included within 
the following boundaries, to-wit : Bounded on the ea^t 
by the meridian line which forms the western boundary 
of the State of Ohio; on the south, by the river Ohio, 
from the mouth of the Great Miami river to the mouth 
of the river Wabash ; on the west, by a line drawn along 
the middle of the Wabash, from its mouth to a point 
where a due north line drawn from the town of Vin- 
cennes would last touch the northwestern shore of the 
said river ; and from thence, by a due north line, until 
the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn 
through a point ten miles north of the southern extreme 
of Lake Michigan ; on the north, by the said east and 
west line, until the same shall intersect the first men- 
tioned meridian line, which forms the western boundary 
of the State of Ohio; provided, that the convention 
hereinafter provided for, when formed, shall ratify the 
boundaries aforesaid; otherwise, they shall be and re- 
main as now prescribed by the ordinance for the govern- 



ment of the territory northwest of the river Ohio; pro- 
vided, also, that the said States shall have concurrent 
jurisdiction on the river Wabash, with the State to be 
formed west thereof, so far as the said river shall form 
a common boundary to both. 

"Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That all male 
citizens of the United States, who shall have arrived 
at the age of twenty-one years, and resided within the 
said Territory at least one year previous to the day of 
election, and shall have paid a county or territorial tax ; 
and all persons having in other respects the legal quali- 
fications to vote for representatives in the General As- 
sembly of the said Territory, be, and they are hereby 
authorized to choose representatives to form a conven- 
tion, who shall be apportioned amongst the several 
counties within the said Territory, according to the ap- 
portionment made by the Legislature thereof, at their 
last session, to-wit : From the county of Wayne, four 
representatives; from the county of Franklin, five rep- 
resentatives; from the county of Dearborn, three rep- 
resentatives ; from the county of Switzerland, one 
representative ; from the county of Jefferson, three rep- 
resentatives ; from the county of Clark, five representa- 
tives ; from the county of Harrison, five representatives; 
from the county of Washington, five representatives ; 
from the county of Knox, five representatives ; from 
the county of Gibson, four representatives; from the 
county of Posey, one representative; from the county 
of Warrick, one representative, and from the county 
of Perry, one representative. And the election for 
the representatives aforesaid shall be holden on the 
second Monday of May, one thousand eight hundred 
and sixteen, throughout the several counties in the said 
Territory, and shall be conducted in the same manner 
and under the same penalties, as prescribed by the laws 
of said Territory, regulating elections therein for the 
members of the House of Representatives. 

"Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the mem- 
bers of the convention, thus duly elected, be, and they 
are hereby authorized to meet at the seat of the govern- 
ment of the said Territory, on the second Monday of 
June next; which convention, when met, shall first de- 
termine, by a majority of the whole number elected, 
whether it be or be not expedient at that time to form 
a Constitution and State government for the people 
within the said Territory; and if it be deemed more 
expedient, the said convention shall provide by ordi- 
nance for electing representatives to form a Constitu- 
tion or frame of government, which said representatives 
shall be chosen in such manner, and in such proportion, 
and shall meet at such time and place, as shall be pre- 
scribed by the said ordinance ; and shall then form, for 
the people of said Territory, a Constitution and State 
government : Provided, That the same, whenever 
formed, shall be republican and not repugnant to those 
articles of the ordinance of the thirteenth of July, one 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, which are 
declared to be irrevocable between the original States 
and the people of the States of the territory northwest 
of the river Ohio; excepting so much of said articles 
as relates to the boundaries of the States therein to be 
formed. 

"Sec. 5. And be it further enacted. That until the 
next general census shall be taken, the said State shall 
be entitled to one Representative in the House of Rep- 
resentatives of the United States. 

"Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the follow- 
ing propositions be. and the same are hereby offered to 



69 



70 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the convention of the said Territory of Indiana, when 
formed, for their free acceptance or rejection, which, 
if accepted by the convention, shall be obligatory upon 
the United States : 

"First. That the section numbered sixteen, in every 
township, and when such section has been sold, granted, 
or disposed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and most 
contiguous to the same, shall be granted to the inhabi- 
tants of such township for the use of schools. 

"Second. That all salt springs within the said Ter- 
ritory, and the land reserved for the use of the same, 
together with such other lands as may, by the President 
of the United States, be deemed necessary and proper 
for working the said salt springs, not exceeding in the 
whole the quantity contained in thirty-six entire sec- 
tions, shall be granted to the said State, for the use of 
the people of the said State, the same to be used under 
such terms, conditions and regulations as the Legisla- 
ture of the State shall direct : Provided, The said 
Legislature shall never sell or lease the same, for a 
longer period than ten years at any one time. 

"Third. That five per cent, of the net proceeds of 
the lands lying within the said Territory, and which 
shall be sold by Congress from and after the first day 
of December next, after deducting all expenses incident 
to the same, shall be reserved for making public roads 
and canals, of which three-fifths shall be applied to 
those objects within the said State, under the direction 
of the Legislature thereof, and two-fifths to the making 
of a road or roads leading to the said State under the 
direction of Congress. 

"Fourth. That one entire township, which shall be 
designated by the President of the United States, in 
addition to the one heretofore reserved for that pur- 
pose, shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of 
learning and vested in the Legislature of the said State, 
to be appropriated solely to the use of such seminary by 
the said Legislature. 

"Fifth. That four sections of land be, and the same 
are hereby granted to the said State, for the purpose of 
fixing their seat of government thereon, which four sec- 
tions shall, under the direction of the Legislature of said 
State, be located at any time in such township and 
range as the Legislature aforesaid may select, on such 
lands as may hereafter be acquired by the United States 
from the Indian tribes within said Territory: Pro- 
vided, That such location shall be made prior to the 
public sale of the lands of the United States, surround- 
ing such location : And, provided always, That the five 
foregoing propositions herein offered are on the condi- 
tions, that the convention of the said State shall provide 
by an ordinance irrevocable, without the consent of the 
United States, that every and each tract of land sold by 
the United States, from and after the first day of De- 
cember next, shall be and remain exempt from any tax, 
laid by order or under any authority of the State, 
whether for State, county or township, or any other 
purpose whatever, for the term of five years from and 
after the day of sale." 

Analysis. — A comparison between the En- 
abling Act and the Ordinance of 1787 is not with- 
out interest, as both instruments establish certain 
relations between the State and the Nation. The 
< irdinance determines for all time the general 
form of government, the civil rights of citizens 
and an educational policy, and it defines certain 
boundaries for States that may be carved out of 
the Northwest Territory. The Enabling Act 
fixes the boundaries of the proposed State, mod- 



ifying in two instances the definition as set forth 
in the Ordinance. The latter made the west 
boundary the Wabash river from the Ohio to 
Vincennes and a straight north and south line 
beginning at Vincennes. As by this the mean- 
ders of the river northward from Vincennes were 
west of the line, a long, irregular tract, broadest 
in Sullivan and Vigo counties was thrown into 
Illinois. The modification was that this line, in- 
stead of extending to Vincennes, begins at the 
river at a point in Vigo county where it finally 
leaves the line, thus making the stream the bound- 
ary from that point to the Ohio. 

I hi the north the Ordinance had designated the 
southern extremity of Lake Michigan as the lat- 
itude for the dividing east and west line should 
a State to the north be erected. The later act 
fixed this dividing line ten miles farther north. 
The reason for this, doubtless, was for the pur- 
pose of giving this State the opportunity of lake 
ports. 

The good will of the ordinance, which stipu- 
lated that "schools and the means of education 
shall forever be encouraged," was substantially 
and generously backed by the act which donated 
outright one-thirty-sixth of all the land in the 
Territory for the general use of schools, besides 
one entire township for a seminary of higher 
learning. It also donated all the salt springs with 
certain adjacent lands, and four sections for a 
site for the capital. Finally, it donated five per 
cent, of the proceeds from the sale of all lands, 
to be applied to the building of roads and canals. 
On the whole, it looks like a pretty liberal dower, 
and the chief return exacted was that the lands 
sold by the government should be tax-free for 
five years. 

Ordinance of Acceptance. — The convention 
authorized by this act decided that the contem- 
plated statehood was "expedient," and under date 
of June 29, 1816, it submitted to Congress the 
following ordinance of acceptance : 

"Be it ordained by the Representatives of the people 
of the Territory of Indiana, in convention met at Cory- 
don, on Monday, the tenth day of June, in the year of 
our Lord eighteen hundred and sixteen, That we do, for 
ourselves and our posterity, agree, determine, declare 
and ordain that we will, and do hereby, accept the prop- 
ositions of the Congress of the L'nited States, as made 
and contained in their act of the nineteenth day of 
April, eighteen hundred and sixteen, entitled, 'An act to 
enable the people of the Indiana Territory to form a 
State government and Constitution, and for the admis- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



71 



sion of such state into the Union, on an equal footing 
with the original States.' 

"And we do, further, for ourselves and our posterity, 
hereby ratify, confirm and establish the boundaries of 
the said State of Indiana, as fixed, prescribed, laid down 
and established in the Act of Congress aforesaid ; and 
we do also, further, for ourselves and our posterity, 
hereby agree, determine, declare and ordain, that each 
and every tract of land sold by the United States, lying 
within the said State, and which shall be sold from and 
after the first day of December next, shall be and re- 
main exempt from any tax laid by order, or under any 
authority of the said State of Indiana, or by or under 
the authority of the general assembly thereof, whether 
for State, county or township, or any other purpose 
whatsoever, for the term of five years from and after 
the day of sale of any such tract of land; and we do, 
moreover, for ourselves and our posterity, hereby de- 
clare and ordain that this ordinance, and every part 
thereof, shall forever be and remain irrevocable and in- 
violate, without the consent of the United States, in 
Congress assembled, first had and obtained for the 
alteration thereof, or any part thereof. 

"Jonathan Jennings. 
President of the Convention. 

"Attest : 

"William Hendricks, Secretary. 

"June 29. 1816." 

The State was formally admitted to the Union 
December 11, 1816, though the State government 
actually began with the qualifying of the State 
officers on November 7. 

Federal Acts Relating to Indiana. — The Fed- 
eral acts relating to the territory now including 
Indiana, up to the Enabling Act, which concerns 
Indiana alone, were, the Ordinance of 1787; two 
supplementary acts respecting the government, 
l>as>ed in 1789 and 1792; an act to divide the 
territory in 1800, and another for further divi- 
sion in 1809 ; and, finally, the Enabling Act. The 
Ordinance of 1787 was the great formative in- 
strument of the whole territory, out of which five 
States were made. The acts of 1789 and 1792 
are of minor historical importance. The acts of 
division have a historical bearing of interest to 
one who wishes to trace the preliminary stages 
through which we have passed. The Enabling 
Act is distinctive as revealing the attitude and 
policy of the nation toward statehood. Th<r full 
text of these and of Virginia's acts relative to 
the cession of the territory to the United States 
may be found in the "Legislative and State Man- 
ual for 1899-1900." For some reason, probably 
oversight, the legislative memorial asking for the 
Enabling Act is not included in this volume, but 
it may be found in large part in Dillon, p. 554. 
These references are given because more acces- 
sible than the Federal and State documents. 



THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 

Members of the Convention. — The spectacle 
in history of a group of men entrusted to create 
an instrument that is to give shape and direction 
throughout the future to a sovereign State, is 
an interesting one. For the purpose of framing 
a constitution (if deemed desirable) Indiana 
elected forty-three delegates from the thirteen 
counties that were stretched across the southern 
part of the State from Knox to Wayne. These 
delegates represented a mixed population of 
about 64,000, hailing from a number of States 
east and south. Like the population, the dele- 




Seal of the State. (See page 193.) 

gates were also of mixed character. At least a 
few of them were men of education and notable 
ability ; of the major part of them we know but 
little today, and some, we know, were unedu- 
cated, but men of sturdy intelligence and good 
sense. The most trustworthy characterization of 
them that we have is by John B. Dillon, who. 
when he wrote, was more than a half century 
nearer to that generation. He says : 

"The convention that formed the fust consti- 
tution of the State of Indiana was composed, 
mainly, of clear-minded, unpretending men of 
common sense, whose patriotism was unquestion- 
able and whose morals were fair. Their famil- 
iarity with the theories of the Declaration of 



72 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



American Independence, their territorial experi- 
ence under the provisions of the Ordinance of 
1787, and their knowledge of the principles of 
the Constitution of the United States were suffi- 
cient, when combined, to lighten materially their 
labors in the great work of forming a constitu- 
tion for a new State."* 

A list of these men and the representation of 
the various counties may here be given : 

Wayne county, four members — Jeremiah Cox, 
Patrick Baird, Joseph Holman and Hugh Cull. 

Franklin county, five members — William H. 
Eads, James Brownlee, Enoch McCarty, Robert 
Hanna, jr., and James Noble. 

Dearborn county, three members — James Dill, 
Solomon Manwaring and Ezra Ferris. 

Switzerland county, one member — William 
Cotton. 

Jefferson county, three members — David H. 
Maxwell, Samuel Smock and Nathaniel Hunt. 

Clark county, five members — Jonathan Jen- 
nings, James Scott, Thomas Carr, John K. Gar- 
ham and James Lemon. 

Harrison county, five members — Dennis Pen- 
nington, Davis Floyd, Daniel C. Lane. John 
Boone and Patrick Shields. 

Washington county, five members — John De- 
Pauw, Samuel Milroy, Robert Mclntire, William 
Lowe and William Graham. 

Knox county, five members — John Johnson, 
John Badollet, William Polke, Benjamin Parke 
and John Benefiel. 

Gibson county, four members — David Robb, 
James Smith, Alexander Devin and Frederick 
Rapp. 

Warrick county, one member — Daniel Grass. 

Perry county, one member — Charles Polke. 

Posey county, one member — Dann Lvnn.f 

Jonathan Jennings, delegate from Clark 
county, was chosen president of the convention, 
and William Hendricks, of Jefferson county, not 
a delegate, was made secretary. 

Distribution of Population. — This representa- 
tion indicates the distribution of population in 
the State. In round figures this was as follows : 
Knox, 8,068; Franklin, 7,370; Washington, 
7,317; Clark, 7.150; Harrison. 6,975; Wayne, 
6,407; Gibson, 5,330; Dearborn, 4,424; Jefferson, 
4.270; Switzerland, 1,832; Perry, 1.720; Gibson, 
1,619; Warrick, 1,415; total 63,895 (official 



Dillo 



t lb., p. 556. 



returns in 1815). This brought Corydon, the 
capital, near the center of population, but a little 
to the west, there being, not counting Harrison 
county itself, 25,469 to the westward and 31,451 
eastward. 

Elements of the Constitution. — The e'ements 
that were to enter into the constitution are in- 
dicated by the various questions that were re- 
ferred to a dozen or more special committees, 
these questions being relative to 

1. A bill of rights. 

2. The distribution of the powers of govern- 
ment. 

3. The legislative department of the govern- 
ment. 

4. The executive department. 

5. The judicial department. 

6. Impeachments. 

7. General provisions. 

8. Revision of Constitution. 

9. Change of government from territorial to 
State, preservation of laws already existing, 
court questions, etc. 

10. Education. 

11. Militia. 

12. Elective franchise and elections. 

To this list of committees appointed by Pres- 
ident Jennings at the beginning of the convention, 
was added, later, one on prisons and another on 
general revisions. 

Glancing over the completed constitution, cer- 
tain features may be noticed. The bill of rights 
is but a re-statement of principles that are the 
sacred inheritance of all Americans and which 
appear in numerous instruments. The "rights" 
as they are set forth in the Ordinance of 1787 
here reappeared in an amplified form. Liberty 
of conscience and freedom from all religious 
domination ; the right of trial by jury ; the rights 
of the individual to security of person and prop- 
erty against "unreasonable searches and seiz- 
ures" ; freedom of the press and free communi- 
cation of thoughts and opinions ; the right to full 
and fair hearing in the courts ; the right to "as- 
semble together in a peaceable manner" and to 
be heard of the governing powers when griev- 
ances exist are the chief guards against encroach- 
ments on the free status of the citizen. 

The separation of the government into three 
distinct departments, the legislative, the execu- 
tive and the judicial ; the division of the legisla- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDI AN \ 



73 



tive authority into two branches, a Senate and 
a House of Representatives ; a Governor, with 
a wide range of powers, a Lieutenant-Governor, 
and a Secretary, Treasurer and Auditor of State 
as the chief executive officers ; the division of the 
judiciary into Supreme, Circuit and inferior 
courts — in brief the general framework of gov- 
ernment — was in conformity with an established 
system. 

A provision that became a dead letter in the 
days of this constitution, although it was also 
inserted in the one of 1851, was compulsory mi- 
litia service by all free, able-bodied white citizens 
between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, 
barring certain exempts. 

The franchise, which in the territorial period 
had been restricted to freeholders, was extended 
to "every white male citizen of the United States, 
of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who 
has resided in the State one year." 

In the educational provision it was enjoined 
upon the General Assembly "to provide by law 
for the improvement of such lands as are or 
hereafter may be granted by the United States 
to this State for the use of schools, and to apply 
any funds which may be raised from such lands 
or from any other quarter to the accomplishment 
of the grand object for which they are or may 
be intended." Also, "the General Assembly shall, 
from time to time, pass such laws as shall be cal- 
culated to encourage intellectual, scientifical and 
agricultural improvement by allowing rewards 
and immunities for the promotion and improve- 
ment of arts, sciences, commerce, manufactures 
and natural history, and to countenance and en- 
courage the principles of humanity, honesty, in- 
dustry and morality." That the framers of the 
instrument were progressive and far-sighted in 
this direction is especially shown by this section : 
"It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, 
as soon as circumstances will permit, to provide 
by law for a general system of education, as- 
cending in regular gradation from township 
schools to a state university, wherein tuition shall 
be gratis and equally open to all." Provision was 
also made for public county libraries, the funds 
for the same to be derived from the sales of town 
lots in county seats, not less than ten per cent. 
to be reserved from such sales. 

A notable departure from certain drastic crim- 
inal laws that had previously existed was a pro- 



vision for a penal code "founded on the princi- 
ples of reformation and not of vindictive justice," 
and another step in the direction of humaneness 
was the provision for poor farms as asylums 
where the unfortunate might "find employment 
and every reasonable comfort, and lose by their 
usefulness the degrading sense of dependence." 
The question of slavery was set finally at rest by 
the declaration that "there shall be neither slav- 
ery nor involuntary servitude in this State, other- 
wise than for the punishment of crimes, whereof 
the party shall have been duly convicted." Fi- 
nally, the possible inadequacy of this constitution 
to the future needs of the State was clearly rec- 
ognized and it provided that every twelfth year 
thereafter the question of a new constitutional 
convention should be submitted to the people. 

All in all, the constitution of 1816 was an ad- 
mirable starting point for a State that was 
headed in the direction of civil and humanitarian 
progress and much credit is due to the intelli- 
gence and enlightenment of the men who laid 
this foundation, particularly in the moral provi- 
sions. 

BEGINNING OF STATE GOVERNMENT 

First Election; The Machinery Set in Mo- 
tion. — On the first Monday in August, 1816, 
the time being set by the constitution, a general 
election was held and Jonathan Jennings, per- 
haps the most conspicuous man in the State at 
that time, was chosen governor over Thomas 
Posey, his only competitor. Jennings had been 
the territorial delegate to Congress and Posey 
was the last territorial governor. Christopher 
Harrison was made lieutenant-governor and 
William Hendricks was elected congressman. 
Harrison was one of the picturesque characters 
of our history who, prior to his advent into po- 
litical life, had dwelt in hermit solitude in his 
cabin on the hills of the Ohio, near where Han- 
over stands. William Hendricks, afterward gov- 
ernor, is regarded as one of the ablest men of 
early Indiana. 

The Legislature, consisting of ten senators and 
twenty-nine representatives, convened on No- 
vember 4, 1816, with John Paul, of Madison, 
presiding over the Senate and Isaac Blackford, 
of Vincennes, as Speaker of the House. The 
governor's message was general in character and 
a reflection of the principles set forth in the con- 



74 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



stitution, revealing no particular initiative. The 
Legislature elected James Noble and Waller Tay- 
lor United States Senators ; Robert New, Sec- 
retary of State ; William H. Lilley, Auditor, and 
Daniel C. Lane, Treasurer, and with this person- 
nel the ship of State was launched. 

Conditions and Needs as Shown by Jennings' 
Messages. — Jennings, during his tenure as 
Governor, delivered six messages to the Legisla- 
ture. A review of these as an index to the con- 
dition and needs of the State shows that the 
questions uppermost were : Revenue and finances, 
internal improvement, education and the State 
militia. 

Of the first item he says in his message of 
December 7, 1819: "The system under which the 
revenue is assessed and collected requires a thor- 
ough change to insure an impartial collection, as 
well as prompt payment into the treasury," and 
adds : "The embarrassed situation of our circu- 
lating medium has produced effects distressing 
to the community, especially to the farming in- 
terest and those who are in debt to the United 
States for the purchase of lands"; the particular 
explanation of this being that national bank pa- 
per only was received at par by the government, 
whereas the circulating medium that came to 
hand was a depreciated paper currency, and this, 
when paid for lands, was at a loss of from 5 
to 10 per cent. The explanation given of pre- 
vailing hard times was that the war with England 
had thrown upon the country "a greater quantity 
of circulating medium than we have been accus- 
tomed to witness," with the result that there had 
followed much speculation and debt, while the 
suspension of specie payment had given rise to 
speculation in bank paper, which had been "prac- 
ticed upon the unwary and unadvised to an enor- 
mous extent." In his message of 1820 he speaks 
of the difficulty in collecting taxes and states 
that the average annual revenue from taxation 
since 1816 had been $13,000, whereas the ex- 
penditures had averaged $17,000, and it had been 
necessary to meet the deficit by making loans, 
while for the year past $5,000 remained unpaid. 
In 1821 the Legislature was convened a month 
earlier than the set time on account of financial 
troubles, the bank of Vincennes, from which the 
money had been borrowed, making a demand for 
the payment of $20,000 of the public debt, to- 
gether with interest due on the whole debt for 



that year. This institution had, in 1817, been 
made the State bank, from which the State was 
to secure its loans, but its mismanagement was 
such that the Legislature of this year (1821-2) 
authorized legal proceedings to cancel its charter. 

In the matter of internal improvements, the 
first necessity was for more roads, but as early 
as 1817 the Governor urged the importance of 
a canal at the falls of the Ohio, and the next 
year he indulged the "flattering hope of a speedy 
commencement" of that enterprise, the Ohio 
Canal Company having been incorporated. For 
revenue he advocated the selling of a township 
of land known as "French Lick," which had been 
"reserved and vested in the State for the use of 
a saline," but which had proved of no value for 
salt. In this message we find the first germ of 
the idea for an internal improvement system. It 
was in the power of the Legislature, he argued, 
"to lay the foundation of a system of internal 
improvement co-extensive with the State." The 3 
per cent, fund if judiciously saved and invested 
might, he maintained, come to yield $30,000 an- 
nually for the making of roads and canals, and 
he suggested "substantial leading roads" from 
the permanent capital that was to be established 
to "important points on the limits of the State." 

In the message of 1819 we find the first sug- 
gestion for the institution that afterward became 
Indiana University. The constitution stipulated 
that it should be the duty of the General Assem- 
bly to apply the funds from all school lands to 
school purposes, and the plan contemplated a 
system of ascending from township schools to 
a state university. In accordance with this, the 
governor expressed the view that "the seminary 
township, situated in Monroe county, would af- 
ford a site combining the advantages of fertility 
of soil with a healthy climate, as well as a posi- 
tion sufficiently central to the various sections of 
the State." The enabling act of 1816 had given 
a township for a State seminary. When the Con- 
stitutional Convention was in session a committee 
was appointed to select the township and the 
one in the present Monroe county was chosen. 
The law establishing the seminary was passed 
January 20, 1820. 

Contemporary Legislation. — Reviewing the 
legislation that followed these several messages, 
we find, virtually, the same questions directly 
dealt with. One of the first laws of interest sets 



C CXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



75 



the schedule of official salaries for that clay. The 
governor was allowed $1,000 per year, to be paid 
quarterly ; the judges of the supreme court and 
the presidents of the circuit courts received $700 
each ; members of the General Assembly were 
given $2 per day for each and every day's attend- 
ance, ami $2 for each twenty-five miles traveled 
bv "the most usual road," the same being allowed 
the president of the Senate and the speaker of 
the House. The secretary of the Senate was to 
have $4 per day, and the clerks of the House 
$3.75. Doorkeepers' pay was $2, and the mem- 
ber- of the Constitutional Convention, important 
as their services would seem to lie, were allowed 
no more than the doorkeepers plus $2 for each 
twenty-five miles traveled. 

In the matter of internal improvements, there 
was legislation on the Ohio Falls canal, the "Ohio 
Canal Company" being incorporated the first leg- 
islative session. An act of January 22, 1820, em- 
bodied an elaborate scheme for permanent roads, 
which are specified as follows: Madison to Ver- 
non ; Lawrenceburg to Brookville, thence to Con- 
nersville, Waterloo, Centerville and Winchester ; 
from the Ohio line to Brookville, thence to seat 
of government (the permanent capital, presum- 
ably, though not yet located) ; Lawrenceburg to 
Napoleon, thence to seat of government; New 
Albany to Salem; McDonald's Ferry to Browns- 
town ; Bethlehem to Brownstown ; Rising Sun to 
Versailles ; Brownstown to Bloomington, Madi- 
son to Brownstown ; Rockport to Vincennes ; 
( i irydon to Salem ; New Albany to Corydon, 
thence to Mount Sterling and Princeton ; Madi- 
son to Versailles ; Vevay to Versailles ; Evans- 
ville to Princeton, thence to White river; Poke 
Patch through Boonville and Springfield to Har- 
mony ; the Ohio line to Richmond, Salisbury and 
Centerville to west boundary of Wayne county ; 
( harlestown to Corvdon ; Brookville to Versailles 
and Vernon ; New Albany to Charlestown. thence 
to seat of justice of Scott county and to Vernon ; 
Xew Albany through Palestine to Bloomington; 
New Albany to Fredericksburg, Paoli and Hin- 
dostan; the Ohio line to Fairfield and Conners- 
ville. thence to seat of government ; New Lon- 
don to seat of Scott county. 

Education was not forgotten, though the con- 
ditions were unfavorable to the development of 
anything like a system, one great obstacle being 
a lack of funds to build schoolhouses and pay 



teachers. As said above, the State Seminary was 
established in 1820. The same year the Madison 
Academy was incorporated, and provisions made 
for sundry county libraries. During the first 
four years several laws, indeed, were passed for 
the incorporation of academies, seminaries and 
library associations. As early as 1816 steps were 
taken to judiciously administer the school sec- 
tions, these being section 16 of each township. 
Superintendents were appointed to lease these 




Map of Indiana in 1820. showing first county organiza- 
tion of the purchase of 1818. 

lands and each lessee was required to increase 
their value by setting out, each year, twenty-five 
apple and twenty-five peach trees, until one hun- 
dred of each had been planted. In 1821 a com- 
mittee was appointed to draft a bill for a general 
system of education, being instructed to guard 
particularly against "any distinction between the 
rich and the poor." This bill did not appear in 
the statutes until 1824. 

The system of land assessment and taxation 
at first adopted was essentially different from 
that adopted later. The assessment was so much 
per acre, and the adjustment to values was made 
bv dividing the lands into first, second ami third 



76 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



classes. The rate of assessment was very low, 
running, in different years, from 80 cents to $1.50 
per hundred acres on first-class land, and from 
40 to 62^4 cents on the poorer classes. 

The legislation in a moral direction aimed at 
various evils. There was a law against dueling, 
and one against gambling, directed against cer- 
tain games and gaming appliances, even forbade 
the bringing of playing cards into the State as 
merchandise under penalty of $3 fine and for- 
feiture of the cards. A drastic law against may- 
hem was aimed at the brutal fighting so much in 
vogue with the rougher element. Some of the 
criminal laws retain the severity of the territorial 
statutes. For rape or commerce with a girl un- 
der ten years of age, the penalty was death. For 
sodomy the maximum penalty was $500, impris- 
onment for five years and one hundred stripes on 
the bare back, besides which the culprit was ren- 
dered "infamous and incapable of giving evi- 
dence." Barratry incurred a fine not exceeding 
$500 and imprisonment not exceeding three 
months, a "barrator" being defined as one who 
"frequently excites and stirs up suits and quar- 
rels, between citizens of this State, at law or oth- 
erwise." An act for establishing a State prison 
at Jeft'ersonville, with an appropriation of $3,000 
for a building, was passed January 9, 1821, and 
a poor law of the second session (1817-18) pro- 
vided for overseers of the poor, and for the 
"farming out of the poor" at public vendue or 
outcry! The brutal feature of this is somewhat 
relieved when we reflect that in the absence of 
poorhouses the only other thing was to place pau- 
pers, at public expense, with those who would 
assume their charge. They were handed over to 
the lowest bidders, who were entitled to the la- 
bor of the able-bodied, but provisions were made 
against ill-treatment, and in case of suit the poor 
were to be defended gratis. 

A law of the second session (Special Acts, 
1817-18) also established medical districts and 
a board of medical censors to be appointed "for 
the purpose of examining and licensing physi- 
cians to practise in the State ;" and in 1819 the 
"State Medical Society of Indiana" was author- 
ized, with "power to settle finally all differences 
between the district medical societies and also 
between individuals and the respective societies, 
in cases of appeal, and to assign to each district 
society their geographical limits." 



An act to authorize the choosing of a site for 
the permanent capital was enacted in 1820. One 
of January 9, 1821, authorized the survey, in con- 
nection with Illinois, of the line between the two 
States. 

A census of 1820 showed that the population of 
the State had increased within four years from 
about 64,000 to 147,178, and the inhabitants of 
the new State "began to open new farms, to 
found new settlements, to plant new orchards, to 
erect schoolhouses and churches, to build hamlets 
and towns, and to engage, with some degree of 
ardor, in the various peaceful pursuits of civ- 
ilized life. A sense of security pervaded the 
minds of the people. The hostile Indian tribes, 
having been overpowered, humbled and impov- 
erished, no longer excited the fears of the pioneer 
settlers, who dwelt in safety in their plain log 
cabin homes, and cultivated their small fields 
without the protection of armed sentinels. The 
numerous temporary forts and blockhouses, 
which were no longer required as places of ref- 
uge for the pioneers, were either converted into 
dwelling houses or suffered to fall into ruins" 
(Dillon). 

The New Purchase. — Perhaps the most im- 
portant event that occurred during the Jennings 
administration was the acquisition of territory 
that virtually doubled the area for settlement. 
This was the tract since known as the "New Pur- 
chase," though formerly the Harrison purchase 
of 1809 was called by that name. It was secured 
by several treaties with different tribes held at 
St. Mary's, Ohio, in October, 1818, with Jona- 
than Jennings, Lewis Cass and Benjamin Parke 
as the purchasing commissioners. The Miamis, 
Delawares and Potawatomies were the chief 
tribes treated with and the lands they relinquished 
comprised the central and choicest portion of the 
State, extending from the old frontier to a line 
north and northwest of the fertile Wabash val- 
ley.* The land thus gained has been estimated 
as about eight million acres, out of which has 
since been carved more than a score of coun- 
ties. The amount paid for it was, to the Miamis, 
as chief owners, a perpetual annuity of $15,000, 
the building of a grist and sawmill, the support- 
ing of a blacksmith and a gunsmith, the provid- 
ing of such implements of agriculture "as the 
proper agent may think necessary," and one hun- 



See map of Indian land cessions, p. 31. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



// 



dred sixty bushels of salt annually. Out of the 
tract twenty-one grants, amounting in all to forty- 
nine sections, were granted in fee simple to as 
many Indians, and there were six reservations, 
the largest, afterward known as the "Miami re- 
serve," containing approximately one thousand 
square miles. To the Delawares, who laid claim 
to the White river valley, was allowed other ter- 
ritorv west of the Mississippi river, the "value of 
their improvements," one hundred twenty horses, 
enough pirogues to transport the tribe, together 
with provisions for their journey, and $4,000 
perpetual annuity. To the Potawatomies, for 
a tract of about sixteen hundred square miles 
northeast of the Wabash and the relinquishment 
of all the claims they might have to the rest of 
the total purchase, was given a perpetual annuity 
of $2,500. It may be of interest to note that these 
annuities in the aggregate equaled 3 per cent, in- 
terest on about $717,000. All the other items, 
liberally estimated, would bring the total cost well 
within the $800,000 mark, or about 10 cents per 
acre. As the government subsequently sold the 
land for $1.25 per acre it can be seen that, con- 
sidered as a transaction in real estate, it was by 
no means bad.* 

The statement is made by various local histori- 
ans that the Delaware Indians reserved the right 
to continue in possession of the country until 
1820 or 1821. The authority for this we are un- 
able to trace, there being no such provision in 
any of the treaties above mentioned. As a mat- 
ter of fact, the first surveys were made in 1819. 
As early as January, 1820, the new territory was 
organized, parts of it along the southern and 
eastern edge being attached to the counties of 
Jennings, Jackson, Franklin, Fayette, Wayne and 
Randolph, all the rest being formed into two large 
new counties, Delaware and Wabash. The older 
counties above named were given "concurrent 
jurisdiction" in civil cases in Delaware county, 
and Vigo, Owen and Monroe were given like 
jurisdiction over Wabash county. An interest- 



* i hie of the rare documents in the State library is the parch- 
ment copy of the treaty made with the Miamis. This was the 
duplicate instrument that was given to Chief Richardville for the 
tribe. In course of time it came into the hands of Mr. Charles 
B. Lasselle, of Logansport, who was a zealous collector of relics 
relating to the history of the Wabash valley. Attached to the 
parchment are the signatures of thirteen representatives of the 
I States besides the three commissioners, and sixteen Mi- 
ami chiefs (by mark). Among the former are Joseph Barron, 
\\ illiam Conner and Antoine Bondie, as interpreters. The treaty 
bears the date of October 6, 1818. 



ing item among the laws of 1820-21 is the ap- 
pointment of John Vawter to take the census of 
"all the white male inhabitants above twenty-one 
vears of age within said counties of Wabash and 
Delaware, and return a list of the same to the 
office of Secretary of State, on or before the sec- 
ond Monday in November next." 

Search through the legislative documents fails 
to disclose any further reference to this first 




Map of Indiana in 1824, When the Capital Was Moved 
to Indianapolis. — By E. V. Shockley. 



census of the New Purchase, which was prob- 
ably ordered in anticipation of the influx of immi- 
gration that would follow the locating of the 
capital. 

The Squatter Population. — The New Pur- 
chase was organized and provision made for 
"civil cases" (as noted above) a year and a half 
before the first land sales were made. Whether 
or not this had any reference to the unauthorized 
"squatter" occupancy of the territory, such occu- 
pancy existed, just as it had existed throughout 
the southern part of the State before the various 
land purchases by the government. The first 
permanent white settler in central Indiana of 
whom we have record was William Cornier, who 
in 1802 established a trading post on White river. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



about four miles below the present site of No- 
blesville. In 1819 a little colony, led by John 
Finch, settled on a small prairie beside the river, 
nearly opposite the Noblesville site. This spot, 
afterward known as the "Horseshoe Prairie," 
from a curve of the river at that point, was, in 
August of the year mentioned, taken possession 
of by seven or eight families, an advance party 
having the previous spring put in crops and built 
houses.* Another group was located at the 
"Bluffs" of White river, where the village of 
Waverly now stands, about eighteen or twenty 
miles below Indianapolis. Jacob Whetzel, a 
brother of Louis Whetzel, the famous Indian 
fighter of Virginia, located here in March, 1819, 
having, the year before, employed his son Cyrus 
and four other axmen in cutting out a rude road- 
way between the Bluffs and Franklin county, 
which was afterward known as the "Whetzel 
Trace." Other families joined the Whetzels, and 
before the opening of the lands there seems to 
have been quite a settlement at that point. f Also, 
about fifteen families, most of whom are said 
to have come from the Whitewater valley, settled 
in the vicinity of the mouth of Fall creek, where 
several Indian trails converged, and where, ac- 
cording to J. H. B. Nowland, a sandbar deposited 
by the waters of the creek formed a much-used 
fording place in the river. The extent of the 
squatter occupancy beyond these settlements is 
probably greater than is generally supposed from 
the records that exist. John Tipton, one of the 
commissioners to locate the capital, speaks of 
people up and down the river, giving the impres- 
sion that there were scattered residents. Judge 
Banta gives the names of men who located within 
the present bounds of Shelby, Bartholomew and 
Johnson counties before the lands were put on 
the market, some of them as early as 1818; and 
if this were true of the localities Banta knew of 
it was doubtless true over a wider area. 

Locating the Capital. — By an act of January 
11, 1820, the General Assembly appointed a com- 
mission of ten men from as many different coun- 
ties to select the four sections of land that had 
been donated in the enabling act for a permanent 
capital of the State. The commissioners were : 
George I hint, of Wayne county; John Conner, 

* For best account of this settlement see "Reminiscences of 
Judge Finch," in Ind. Mag. Hist., December, 1911. 

tD, 1). Banta's "Historical Sketch of Johnson County," p. 9. 



of Fayette; Stephen Ludlow-, of Dearborn ; John 
Gilliland, of Switzerland ; Joseph Bartholomew, 
of Clark ; John Tipton, of Harrison ; Jesse B. 
Durham, of Jackson; Frederick Rapp, of Posey; 
William Prince, of Gibson, and Thomas Emmer- 
son, of Knox. They were to meet on a specified 
day at the house of William Conner (the trad- 
ing post on White river) and, after due oath, to 
"proceed to view, select and locate among the 
lands of the United States which are unsold a 
site which in their opinion shall be most eligible 
and advantageous for the permanent seat of gov- 
ernment of Indiana, embracing four sections, or 
as many fractional sections as will amount to 
four sections." Provision was made for a clerk 
"who shall keep a fair record of their proceed- 
ings herein, which shall be signed by each and 
every of them, and attested by their clerk, a 
copy of which they shall file in the office of 
Secretary of State." If this "record of proceed- 
ings" was ever kept and filed as ordered it has 
gone the way of other valuable documents, due, 
perhaps, to the criminal carelessness, or at least 
culpable stupidity, which led an irate citizen, 
ninety years ago, to denounce certain officials 
who had cleared the old Corydon state house of 
"useless papers," as "no more fit for their busi- 
ness than hogs for a parlor." At any rate, the 
only record we have of the work of the commis- 
.sion, aside from the bare report of results, is 
the private journal of John Tipton, the member 
from Harrison county. This document, which 
may be found in full in the Indiana Magazine of 
History, vol. i, pp. 9 and 74, is here given in brief. 
The writer states that on Wednesday, the 17th 
of May, 1820, he set out from Corydon in com- 
pany with Governor Jennings to meet with the 
other commissioners in the New Purchase. They 
had with them a black servant boy, a tent and 
"plenty of baken and coffy." At Vallonia they 
picked up two other members of the commission, 
Colonel Durham and General Bartholomew, and 
also two unofficial persons who were "going out 
to look at the country." On Monday, the 22d. 
after five days' traveling, they reached William 
Conner's, the prescribed meeting place, which is 
described as a prairie of about two hundred fifty 
acres of the White river bottom, with a number 
of Indian huts near the house. By noon of the 
next day all the commissioners except William 
Prince, of Gibson county, were present, and they 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



79 



proceeded with their work. The probabilities are 
that they viewed Conner's prairie as a possible 
site, and also the Finch settlement, three miles 
above. The Journal does not say so, but Fabius 
M. Finch, in the "Reminiscences" cited above, 
States that they visited his father's place. From 



•»■■£ 






Old Constitutional Elm Tree at Corydon, still standing. 
Under this tree it is said the first constitution of 
Indiana was adopted, on June 29, 1816. 

Conner's they followed the river down to the set- 
tlement at the mouth of Fall creek, and after 
viewing that place, passed on down to the Whet- 
zel settlement. The commissioners and the visit- 
ing members of the party, of whom there were 
several besides Governor Jennings, seem to have 
prospected to and fro between these points in 
separate groups, but finally they all met again on 
Saturday, the 27th, at the cabin of John McCor- 
mick, which stood below Fall creek on the high 
ground just above where Washington street meets 
the river, and agreed upon the Fall creek location. 
As the government survey was not completed, 
however, the tract could not be specifically de- 
scribed. Judge William B. Laughlin, the sur- 
veyor, was sent for to finish his work, and after 
a delay of eleven days the commissioners fin- 
ished theirs. 

The statement that has been made and re- 
peated that only five commissioners voted on the 
question of location and that two of those voted 
for the "Bluffs," and the oft-repeated newspaper 
story that the commissioners visited and consid- 
ered the site of Strawtown, above Noblesville, 
has not the slightest documentary support. The 
reasons for the selection that was made are given, 
in a brief and general way. in the commissioners' 



report to the Legislature on June 7, 1820, which 
reads : 

"The undersigned have endeavored to connect 
with an eligible site the advantages of a navi- 
gable stream and fertility of soil, while they have 
not been unmindful of the geographical situation 
of the various portions of the State ; to its politi- 
cal center as regards both the present and future 
population, as well as the present and future in- 
terest of the citizens."* This is signed by all the 
commissioners except William Prince. 

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER 

Sketch of Governor Jennings. — As Indiana's 
first executive, Governor Jonathan Jennings de- 
serves, perhaps, a consideration that we can not 
give to his successors in the gubernatorial office. 
Jennings came from Pennsylvania to Indiana 
Territory in 1806, settling first at Jeffersonville, 




Old State House at Corydon.1 

then at Yincennes, where he was admitted to the 
bar and began the practise of law in L807. The 

"practise," however, seems to have been little 



* House Jour., 1820-21, p. 25. 

t This structure, erected in 1811-12, as !■ as car 

termined, was built by Dennis Pennington for the Hai 
county courthouse. It was never owned by the State, but was 
rented for legislative use. For documentary research into this 
question by Miss Ethel Cleland see Ind. Mag. Hist., vol. ix. 



80 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



more than nominal, as he drifted into clerical 
work in connection with the territorial Legis- 
lature, and this employment turned him in the 
direction of politics. His first appearance in the 
political field was as a candidate for the office of 
territorial delegate to Congress in 1809. The 
issue on which the campaign was waged was 
that of admitting slavery into the territory, and 
Jennings, as the anti-slavery candidate, was 
elected after a bitter contest. During the rest of 
the territorial period he remained in Congress, 
as he was returned in 1811 and 1813, and this 
fact, doubtless, contributed greatly to the anti- 
slavery movement which in 1816 succeeded in 
bringing in the State free. It was Jennings who 
laid before Congress the memorial asking for an 
act to enable the Territory to become a State, 
and with the passing of that act and the subse- 
quent Constitutional Convention, he was chosen 
president of that body, being also a delegate from 
Clark county. In the subsequent campaign for 
State officers he ran for governor against Thomas 
Posey, the territorial governor, and won by a 
large majority. 

Of his peculiar task as the first governor one 
of his biographers (Woollen) says: "The mak- 
ing and putting into motion of the machinery of 
a new State requires ability of a high order. Rev- 
enue is to be created, laws for the protection of 
life and property to be drawn and passed, and 
divers other things to be done that the founda- 
tions of the government may be properly laid. 
The governor proved himself equal to the task." 
It must be said that this latter laudation is not 
too strongly put. Jennings was one of the com- 
missioners who, at the treaty of St. Marys, Ohio, 
secured from the Indians the large tract of terri- 
tory, covering the central part of the State, after- 
ward known as the "New Purchase," and in 
1820 he personally accompanied the commission- 
ers who had been appointed to select a site for 
the permanent capital. In 1822 he was elected a 
representative to Congress and resigned the gov- 
ernorship to accept that office, the remainder of 
his term being filled out by Ratlin; Boon. He re- 
mained in Congress eight years, then, being de- 
feated in the race for another term, retired to 
private life. His one other public service was 
as a commissioner, in 1832, to treat with the In- 
dians for lands in northern Indiana and southern 
Michigan. He died July 26, 1834, at his home 



about three miles west of Charlestown, and lies 
buried in the Charlestown cemetery, where, for 
many years, his grave lay neglected and un- 
marked, though it now has a fitting granite mon- 
ument. 

In an appreciation of Jennings written by John 
H. B. Nowland, who knew him personally, he is 
described as a man of great personal magnetism, 
free-handed, generous of nature and kind of 
heart, with much simplicity of character. During 
his service in Congress, Mr. Nowland says, "No 
letter was ever addressed to him on the most 
trivial, as well as important matter, that was not 
promptly answered and his business attended to ;" 
and the biographer further adds that the honest 
discharge of every official duty entrusted to him 
won for him wide esteem. 

Throughout his political career, Jennings had 
his bitter enemies, who were unescapable then as 
now, but many of the fulminations against him 
are at this day their own condemnation. For 
example, Waller Taylor, a pro-slavery opponent 
of territorial days, tried to provoke him to a quar- 
rel and a duel for no particular reasons except 
political ones, and disgustedly dubbed him a cow- 
ard because he persisted in being amiable and 
friendly. In 1816, Elihu Stout, editor of The 
Western Sun, and a coterie of Harrison sup- 
porters, raged because he was back of a (to them) 
nefarious scheme to introduce a rival news- 
paper, The Centinel, in Vincennes. The humor 
of this did not seem to strike them. 

According to Mr. Nowland, Governor Jen- 
nings' salary of $1,000 per year was paid in treas- 
ury notes worth about $600, and his expenditures 
more than doubling this depreciated salary, left 
him involved in debts which he never got free 
from.* 

The Jennings-Harrison Incident. — During 
the administration of Governor Jennings occurred 
an incident that is unique, at least in the history 
of this State. In 1818 President Monroe ap- 
pointed Jennings one of three commissioners to 
negotiate a treaty with the Indians for a new 
tract of territory. This placed Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor Christopher Harrison in the position of 
acting governor. The constitution contained the 
provision that "no member of Congress, or per- 



* For fuller sketches of Jennings, see Woollen's "Biographical 
and Historical Sketches," Nowland's "Prominent Citizens" and 
Dunn's "Indiana." 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



81 



son holding any office under the United States, 
in- this State, shall exercise the office of governor 
or lieutenant-governor." As Harrison rather in- 
geniously construed this. Jennings, by accepting 
a commission from the United States, had abdi- 
cated his office as governor and the lieutenant- 
governor had become governor instead. Wool- 
len ( "Biographical and Historical Sketches") 
thus describes the situation : 

"Governor Jennings refused to accept this in- 
terpretation of the law and demanded possession 
of the executive office. The lieutenant-governor 



committee which may be appointed on the part 
of the House of Representatives to wait on the 
lieutenant-governor, and late acting governor, 
and inform him that the two houses of the Gen- 
eral Assembly have met, formed a quorum, and 
are now ready to receive any communications 
which he may please to make relative to the exec- 
utive department of government, and request a 
similar committee be appointed on the part of 
the House of Representatives, and that on the 
part of the Senate Messrs. Boon and De Pauw 
were appointed that committee.' " 




Indianapolis, "The Capital in the Woods," in 1820. — From an ideal painting by Alois E. Sinks. 



left the room he had been occupying, and, taking 
with him the State seal, opened an office else- 
where. The State officers were in a quandary 
what to do. Two men were claiming to be gov- 
ernor, and they did not know which to recognize. 
Such was the condition of affairs when the Leg- 
islature of 1818 convened. On the 10th of De- 
cember of that year Ratliff Boon, then a senator 
from the count}- of Warrick, appeared upon the 
floor of the House and said : 

' 'Mr. Speaker, I am directed by the Senate to 
inform this House that the Senate has appointed 
a committee on their part to act with a similar 



The requested committee was formed in the 
House, and the joint committee waited on Harri- 
son, but was told that he had no communication to 
make unless it was to be received as coming from 
the governor. Then came a committee to investi- 
gate the troubles in the executive department, and 
this committee reported as their opinion "that His 
Excellency, Gov. Jonathan Jennings, did. in the 
months of September and October last, accept an 
appointment under the government of the Lhiited 
States, by virtue of which he, together with oth- 
ers, did repair to St. Marys, and then and there 
did negotiate and conclude a treaty with various 



82 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



tribes of Indians in behalf of the United States; 
and that he did sign said treaty as the agent or 
officer of the United States, and he did thereto 
subscribe his name with others." The next step 
in the solemn red-tape process was Governor Jen- 
nings' notification as to the investigation, and a 
request that he appear before the committee in 
his own defense ; but he declined to do so in per- 
son, appointing, instead, Charles Dewey to rep- 
resent him as counsel. The upshot of it all was 
that after the committee had taken the testimony 
of various persons to prove that Jennings had 
acted as a United States commissioner (which, 
of course, everybody knew beforehand), and 



after this was duly reported to the Legislature, 
that body passed a resolution that it was "inexpe- 
dient to further prosecute the inquiry into the 
existing difficulties in the executive department 
of the government of the State," thereby recog- 
nizing Jennings as the rightful governor. This 
resolution, however, was carried by only two 
votes and our first administration came just that 
near to a sudden and rather ignominious ending. 
Lieutenant-Governor Harrison resigned his of- 
fice in a pique, and in the next gubernatorial cam- 
paign ran for the governorship against Jennings, 
but received less than a fifth of the total vote 
cast. 




Greasy Creek, Brown County. — Photograph by Frank M. Hohenberger. 



CHAPTER VII 



THE STATE'S DEVELOPMENT TO 1836 



Explanation of This Period. — Any division 
of the State's history into distinct periods is apt 
to be more or less arbitrary. Some division, how- 
ever, facilitates grouping of the elements to be 
dealt with, and helps to an understanding of the 
social development and the chronological order. 
The period between the admission to the Union 
and the year 1836 may for these purposes be con- 
sidered as a distinct chapter in the development, 
because the growth of activities up to that date 
are a continuous and normal unfolding, and be- 
cause the internal improvement law of 1836 in- 
augurated a new departure and introduced an- 
other very distinctive chapter. 

General Character of Period. — The period 
comprised the administrations of Governors 
Jonathan Jennings (1816-1822)*, William Hen- 
dricks (1822-1825), James B. Ray (1825-1831). 
and part of that of Noah Noble, who served 
from 1831 to 1837. This span of our history, 
offering little that is spectacular or conspicuous, 
has not particularly invited the researches of the 
historian, and hence it is rather an obscure pe- 
riod and the source material is limited. Finances, 
a taxing system, internal improvements, educa- 
tion and local politics were the questions that 
engaged public attention, and the dealing with 
these were noticeably in the experimental stage. 

The various messages of the governors and the 
contemporary legislation afford us glimpses of 
conditions and of questions that were uppermost. 
As late as 1825 there was complaint of serious 
financial depression. Governors Hendricks and 
Ray agree in attributing the condition to the re- 
cent war with England. The extensive consump- 
tion of European goods and the want of a market 
for surplus produce, says Hendricks, "has put 
the balance of trade largely against the western 
country and produced general and individual dis- 
tress." 

Ray On Hard Times. — Governor Ray. at 
the close of 1825, gives a graphic explanation of 
the trying times the young State had been pass- 



* Jennings went to Congress before the expiration of his term, 
which was filled out by Ratliff Boon. 



ing through. "In consequence of the war," he 
affirms, "large disbursements of public money 
were made by the general government in every 
part of the country; a general rage for specula- 
tion was excited ; numerous banks with fictitious 
capital were established ; immense issues of pa- 
per were made and the circulating medium of the 
country was increased fourfold in the course of 
two or three years. A natural consequence of 
this great increase of what was then deemed 
equivalent to money was that a fictitious value 
was placed upon labor and every species of prop- 
erty. . . . Money, as it was then called, was 
easily acquired, and the people too generally and 
too easily indulged in visionary dreams of wealth 
and splendor. Then the extraordinary flow of 
money from our treasury was discontinued ; our 
army was reduced ; the newly created banks be- 
gan to fail ; specie disappeared ; the fictitious cir- 
culating medium of the country became trash in 
the hands of the people ; wages and every species 
of property suffered an unprecedented depres- 
sion in their value, and the industry of the coun- 
try suffered a shock from which, in many places, 
it has not yet recovered." In addition, he says 
that the lack of markets for surplus produce 
"operates as a dead weight upon the industry and 
enterprise of the State." 

The State's Revenue ; Taxing System. — 
Along with this general depression went the dif- 
ficulties of raising the State's revenues. The 
country was poor, taxables few, and the taxing 
system crude. Hendricks speaks of the methods 
of collecting the taxes as "attended with uncer- 
tainty and delay" and practically every message 
refers to the difficulties in this line. The manner 
of collecting was for the sheriff or his deputy to 
advertise, giving ten days' notice of the time 
when he would be present at the place of elec- 
tion in each township for the purpose of receiv- 
ing the taxes. If the taxpayer failed to attend at 
the time set and pay, then he was to discharge his 
debt at the house of the sheriff or deputy on or 
before the 1st of September of that year, under 
penalty of having his property levied on. The 



83 



84 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



indications are that very many failed to meet the 
collector, either at the advertised place or at his 
house, for Ray, in his first message, alludes to 
accumulated delinquencies amounting to $12,000, 
out of which, it was thought, the treasurer might 
realize $3,000. In 1825 the law was modified by 
the provision that the collector call at "the most 
usual and best known place of residence" of the 
citizen, but too much was not expected of this, 
evidently, for of the $40,000 income that was due 
that year it was calculated that there would be a 
shrinkage from delinquency and commissions, of 
$8,000. The poll tax of 50 cents per head was 
so unpopular that Ray advised its reduction "be- 
cause a poll tax seems to be most odious to the 
people, being often viewed in no better light than 
as a remaining badge of British vassalage." 

Tax Schedule. — The tax and revenue prob- 
lem was the subject of repeated legislation. The 
law as it stood in 1824 appraised first-class land 
at $1.50 per hundred acres; second-class at $1, 
and third-class at 75 cents ; lands to be rated ac- 
cording to quality, local advantages and contigu- 
ity to towns and navigable rivers, etc. Each $100 
in bank stock was assessed 25 cents, and there 
was a poll tax of 50 cents on each male over 
twenty-one years of age who was sane and not 
a pauper. This was the State tax. For county 
revenue every horse, ass or mule over three years 
old was assessed not to exceed 37*/? cents ; a 
stallion was rated at the price at which he served ; 
work oxen, not over 18^4 cents ; two-wheeled 
pleasure carriages, $1 ; four-wheeled carriage, 
$1.50; brass clock, $1; gold watch, $1; silver 
watch, 25 cents ; license for retailing spirituous 
liquors, not less than $5, nor more than $25 ; 
license to vend foreign merchandise, not less than 
$10 nor more than $50; ferry privileges, not less 
than $2 nor more than $20 ; each original suit or 
complaint commenced and prosecuted in the cir- 
cuit courts, 50 cents. 

Increase of Revenue from Lands. — Lands 
sold by the United States were exempt from tax- 
ation for five years after purchase, and one grow- 
ing source of income was the increase of taxable 
acreage as the five-year limit expired. Accord- 
ing to Ray's estimate in 1825, the following year 
would see 500,000 acres added to the State's tax- 
ables, and elsewhere we find it estimated that the 
annual average increase of taxable land amounted 
to 400,000 acres. By the treasurer's report of 



1822 and 1830, respectively, the State's annual 
income increased in the eight years from $41,- 
085.29 to $65,344.48. 

Banking. — During most of the third decade 
Indiana had no system of banks, though the early 
twenties saw the close of an interesting chapter 
of banking history. During the territorial period 
money affairs were chaotic ; private "wildcat" 
banks prevailed, along with the dangers incident 
to those irresponsible institutions. In 1814 the 
Legislature took steps toward helping the situa- 
tion by chartering the Bank of Vincennes and 
the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, of Madison. 
In 1817 the Legislature made the Bank of Vin- 
cennes a State institution, in which the State was 
a stockholder, and which was to have fourteen 
branches in as many districts. The capital stock 
was increased from $500,000 to $1,500,000. This 
extensive scheme was quite out of proportion to 
the wealth and circulating requirements of the 
State, and only three branches organized. The 
Vincennes bank, under the State's wing, had 
its vicissitudes, was fraudulently managed, and 
finally, in 1822, went out in a blaze of disrepute 
that stirred up the State. The Madison bank, 
which was to have been included in the State's 
branch scheme, but declined the alliance, made 
a reputable record for itself, but it also had its 
difficulties and ceased business some time after 
the collapse of the Vincennes bank. From then 
until the inauguration of a new banking era in 
1834 the circulation of the State was supplied 
chiefly by the Bank of the United States. 

State Bank of 1834. — The Legislature, by an 
act that was signed January 28, 1834, created the 
State Bank of Indiana. It was chartered for 
twenty-five years with a capital stock of $1,600,- 
000, of which the State took one-half, assuming 
supervisory powers and retaining the right to 
select some of the more important officers. The 
institution was, in reality, a system consisting of 
ten branches, to be afterward added to and lo- 
cated at different points in the State. These 
branches were more or less independent, but sub- 
ject to a certain supervisory control by a central 
board consisting of a president and four members 
chosen by the Legislature, besides one member 
chosen by each of the branches. This board and 
the branches were required to make an annual 
report to the Legislature, which retained full 
powers of investigation at any time. The orig 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



inal brandies were located at Indianapolis, Law- 
renceburg, Richmond, Madison, New Albany, 
Evansville, Vincennes, Bedford, Terre Haute and 
Lafayette. In 1835 another branch was estab- 
lished at Fort Wayne, and in 1838 two more at 
South Bend and Michigan City, respectively. On 
January 1, 1835, the loans were $520,843.75 ; cir- 
culation, $456,065; deposits, $127,236.30; specie, 
$751,083.29, and capital paid in $800,000. In 
1836 the capital stock was increased to $2,500,000, 
and this was divided equally among the various 
branches. For two or three years this institution 
prospered ; then with the panic of 1837 and in 
the financial distress brought on the State by the 
sorry collapse of the internal improvement 
scheme, it suffered with things generally. Recov- 
ering from this period of adversity it prospered 
again from about the middle forties to the expira- 
tion of its charter in 1859.* 

Population. — The population of the State 
grew from about 63,000 in 1816 to 147.178 in 
1820 and 341,582 in 1830. The tide of immigra- 
tion swelled particularly throughout the latter 
half of the twenties, and in 1829 Ray wrote: 
"For months past we have daily seen from twenty 
to fifty wagons, containing families, moving 
through this single metropolis (Indianapolis), 
most of whom have fixed their abodes in the 
White river country and in that bordering upon 
the Wabash." By the census tables of 1830, 
showing the distribution of population through- 
out the sixty-three counties then existing, Wayne 
was far in advance of all the others with 23,344 
inhabitants. Dearborn followed with 14,573, 
and Washington, Jefferson, Clark, Harrison and 
Franklin came in the order named, this being the 
total number of those running over 10,000. Knox, 
once the must populous, was now but 6,557. By 
this, certain of the older southern and eastern 
counties still held the ascendency and as yet had 
not suffered by the pressure northward in search 
of new lands. Of the central counties located in 
the newer part of the State, Rush led with 9,918, 
followed by Putnam, Fountain, Parke, Mont- 
gomery. Marion and Tippecanoe, all running 
over 7,000. These majorities indicate the direc- 
tions in which the currents of immigration set 
strongest. They bore no relation to priority of 
settlement and the attracting causes are a matter 



for speculation. In the case of Rush county, the 
most populous, it was doubtless the lay and qual- 
ity of the land, and perhaps its contiguity to the 
older settlements of the Whitewater. The capi- 
tal of the State, of course, drew many to Marion 
county. Tippecanoe and Fountain were undoubt- 
edly beholden to the Wabash river, but why Put- 
nam, Parke and Montgomery should have so far 
outstripped some other counties that seemed to 
have equal advantages, is a matter of inquiry for 
the curious student. 











.".:-" ~ ^ f 












• . ■ 
< 






* i - t 




( 


} 

1 

..... 
>■ — 

r 

J—K- " j 









* For studies on banking see Esarey's Hist. Ind., Smith's 
Hist. Ind. and Harding's "State Bank of Ind." in Journal of 
Political Economy. December, 1895. 



Map of Indiana, 1827. 

Politics. — During the first years of the State 
partisan interests and partisan virulence were not 
m evidence in Indiana as they were a little later. 
The standard of self-government did not. how- 
ever, seem to be particularly elevated 1>\ that fact. 
The scrambling for public office went on just the 
same, without regard to fitness or honesty of can- 
didates, and the acrimony of opposing individuals 
or their little supporting cliques were only equaled 
l>\ the unctuous truckling to voters. In the be- 
ginning as now public service was sometimes en- 
trusted to incompetency and rascality, proving, 
perhaps, that this shortcoming is inseparable 



86 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



from our political system. More than once Ray 
complained of failures from many counties to 
make proper election returns, and ever and anon 
in the House and Senate Journals we find reports 
of proceedings against minor public officials for 
maladministration of their office. 

Beginning of Party Politics. — For more than 
a dozen years after the admission of the State 
political issues in Indiana were local and the for- 
tunes of an aspirant to public life devolved upon 
his personal standing rather than on allegiance to 
a party. The presidential campaign of 1828, 
with its intense partisanship, introduced a new 
political era. This was not felt here at once but 
Governor Ray's last message, delivered on his 
retirement in 1831, is notable for its protest 
against party ascendency and party discipline as 
assailing "the vitals of the first principles of the 
republic." A country's happiness and honor, he 
affirmed, was "about to be periled upon the self- 
ish basis of alternate triumphs and defeats." 
Noah Noble, a Whig, was the first Indiana gov- 
ernor elected along national party lines, but a 
local issue, that of internal improvement, was 
a prominent factor in his ascendency. The three 
successive governors from 1831 to 1843 — Noah 
Noble, David Wallace and Samuel Bigger, were 
Whigs. 

Industries and Trade. — Industry throughout 
this period was confined almost entirely to agri- 
culture and home products of manufacture, such 
as fabrics for clothing. Occasionally some mill 
or factory with a sounding name was incorpo- 
rated under the law, but as yet they cut little 
figure in the activities of the commonwealth. 
Trade developed quite as rapidly as could be ex- 
pected considering the serious handicap conse- 
quent upon the wretched transportation facilities. 
There was much surplus produce in the shape 
of horses, cattle, swine, flour, sugar and whisky, 
for export, and as early as 1828, before the days 
of the Wabash canal, it was affirmed that ten 
counties along the Wabash valley, from Knox 
to Tippecanoe, had been receiving annually from 
the east 385 tons of dry goods, while from Terre 
Haute alone went 2,800 barrels of whisky and 
7,000 barrels of pork.* The most of the export 
trade went southward by way of the Mississippi 
river, and the localities most favored were those 
that had easiest outlet by streams that could be 



navigated. The Ohio and Wabash permitted of 
egress at all times of the year, but most of the 
watercourses that threaded the interior afforded 
outlet at high water only, and advantage was 
taken of the freshet season to send down flat- 
boats laden with the produce of the country. 
These rude craft required comparatively little 
skill to build and the Indiana forests supplied 
an abundance of timber for their construction. 
They were from forty to a hundred feet in 
length and from fifteen to twenty feet wide and 
had great carrying capacity, one estimate being 
500 dressed hogs for a sixty-foot boat. 

The Ohio and lower Wabash had the advan- 
tage of steamboat transportation at an early day, 
but what is claimed as the first vessel of this 
kind on White river did not come until 1829 or 
the early part of 1830, when the "Traveler," cap- 
tained by William Sanders, carried a load of salt 
as far as Spencer.* For many parts of the State 
the flatboat traffic continued until the advent of 
the railroads. 

EDUCATION 

Constitutional Provision. — The ninth article 
of the constitution had taken this stand on behalf 
of the education of the State's future citizens : 

"Knowledge and learning generally diffused 
through a community being essential to the pres- 
ervation of a free government, and spreading 
the opportunities and advantages of education 
through the various parts of the country being 
highly conducive to this end, it shall be the duty 
of the General Assembly to provide by law for 
the improvement of such lands as are, or here- 
after may be granted by the United States to this 
State for the use of schools, and to apply any 
funds which may be raised from such lands, or 
from any other quarter, to the accomplishment 
of the grand object for which they are or may 
be intended ; but no lands granted for the use 
of schools or seminaries of learning shall be sold 
by the authority of the State prior to the year 
eighteen hundred and twenty; and the moneys 
which may be raised out of the sale of any such 
lands, or otherwise obtained for the purpose 
aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for the 
exclusive purposes of promoting the interest of 
literature and the sciences, and for the support 
of seminaries and public schools. It shall be 



* Ray's message, 1828. 



* Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist.. June, 1906. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



87 



the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as 
circumstances will permit, to provide by law for 
a general system of education, ascending in a 
regular gradation from township schools to a 
State university wherein tuition shall be gratis 
and equally open to all. And for the promotion 
of such salutary end, the money which shall be 
paid as an equivalent by persons exempt from 
military duty, except in times of war, shall be 
exclusively, and in equal proportion, applied to 
the support of county seminaries; and all fines 
assessed for any breach of the penal laws shall 
be applied to said seminaries in the counties 
wherein they shall be assessed." 

This was an admirable foundation on which 
to rear the educational structure, but as a matter 
of fact it was a good while before the citizenry 
could work to the program with any degree of 
efficiency, and during this period the actual edu- 
cational status was very crude. 

County Seminaries. — What is known as the 
"County Seminary Law of 1818" marks the first 
step toward a system. This, conformably to the 
constitutional provision, established a seminary 
in each county, the public funds for which were 
to be derived as specified. How inadequate this 
fund was is shown by the fact that in 1825 Dear- 
born, one of the most populous counties, raised 
but $71 N I, while only seven had in excess of $200 
and eight had less than $50 each.* These pit- 
tance*, in many instances, were eked out by pri- 
vate aid from public-spirited citizens, and as a 
matter of fact some of the seminaries became 
not only educational but social centers of con- 
siderable importance at that day. As schools 
they were, in some places, mixed and ungraded, 
with pupils ranging, as Professor Boone says, 
from "four to thirty years of age," though where 
the township schools existed they were confined 
to the higher grades. A table of these seminaries 
and their location given by Boone shows eighteen 
to have been established up to 1830. 

School Law of 1824; Distinctive Character. 
— In 1824 an act was passed to establish a general 
m of township schools, and this law was no- 
table a* compared with the legislation existing 
elsewhere at that day. In most States the idea 
prevailed that public schools were to be for those 
whd could not otherwise afford them, whereas 



the Indiana law was thoroughly democratic and 
framed "to guard against any distinctions . . . 
between the rich and the poor." By this law 
any three residents of a congressional township 
could call a meeting of the other residents to take 
steps in school organization by the election of 
three school trustees for the township. After 
taking the prescribed steps the inhabitants should 
"be a body corporate politic" in whom the six- 
teenth section of school land should be vested. 
The trustees as the agents of this corporation 
were to divide the township into districts and 
appoint for them sub-trustees who, by calling 
meetings in their respective districts, were to as- 
certain the public sentiment as to the establish- 
ment of public schools. Those districts that fa- 







m 




\aj\'^j*^£ 






SAM 


.1 ' 



"Education in Indiana." the most comprehensive 
study we have on this subject. 



Typical Log Schoolhouse Erected in Indiana 
Under the Law of 1824. 



vored such establishment were called upon to 
build a schoolhouse, so much free labor being 
exacted of each free-holder. The length of term 
and questions of expenditure were also submitted 
to the voters. The moneys accruing to the town- 
ship from the school lands were to be equitably 
divided among the various districts. The town- 
ship trustees were to examine the teachers and 
grant licenses. That the actual operations of the 
system thus established was, in the earlier days 
at least, very crude, is indicated by the fact that 
efficient teachers were scarce, and that their con- 
tracts for teaching specified "what part of their 
wages should be in produce, when and where de- 
livered, what part should he paid in money, and 
in what instalments, and whether the teacher 
should be boarded among his employers" 
(Boone i. 

Public Schools Not "Free." — While tin 



88 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



schools were designated as "public," they were 
not free, the returns from the school lands, partly 
through mismanagement, being entirely inade- 
quate, and patrons usually had to pay for tuition, 
as in any private school. The school term was 
usually three months. Boone states that the law 
was ''doomed to failure for lack of funds to main- 
tain the system." It remained in force until 
1833, but as a matter of fact a large proportion 
of the townships in the organized counties made 
no attempt to establish schools. 

Private Schools. — That public sentiment and 
support in matters educational moved too slowly 
for the more advanced element is indicated by 
the establishment of sundry private seminaries 
and academies, of which twenty-two prior to 183G 
are on record. This class of schools is cited by 
Professor Boone as having rendered an invalu- 
able service to education throughout the State.* 

College Beginnings. — Three permanent in- 
stitutions of learning date back to the period we 
are considering — the State Seminary, afterward 
Indiana University; Hanover Academy, after- 
ward Hanover College, and the school that be- 
came Wabash College. 

State School. — The first of these, as the name 
implied, was fostered by the State and was part 
of the State system. Opened in 1825 as the 
"State Seminary" it became "Indiana College" in 
1828 and "Indiana University" in 1838, though 
the year after the conferring of this latter dig- 
nity the faculty consisted of only three members 
and the students were but sixty-four. 

Hanover College. — This institution was the 
first of the private denominational schools, and 
its earlier history is one of the most inspiring 
chapters in our cultural struggles. Founded by 
the Presbyterians for the cardinal purpose of pro- 



* The list of these twenty-two schools, their location and dates 
of opening are as follows: Corydon Seminary, 1816; Vincennes 
Academy, 1817; Martin's Academy (Livonia), 1819; New Albany 
School, 1823; Manual Labor School (location not given), 1824; 
New Harmony Seminary, 1826; Cambridge Academy (Lawrence- 
burg), 1826; Beech Grove Seminary (Liberty), 1827; Hanover 
Academy, 1827; Eel River Seminary (Logansport), 1829; Eugene 
Academy, 1829; Female Seminary (Greencastle), 1830; Teach- 
ers' Seminary (Crawfordsville), 1830; West L/nion School (Mon- 
rovia), 1832; Blue River Academy (Salem), 1832; Christian Col- 
lege (New Albany), 1833; Western Union Seminary (locality 
not given), 1833; Female Seminary (Salem), 1835; Carlisle 
School (Sullivan county), 1835; Olive Branch School (Lafay- 
ette), 1835. — (Boone.) By 1851 these private schools had in- 
creased to seventy-two in total number, though before that some 
had gone out of existence. The list compiled by Mr. Boone is 
not complete, as his text intimates. For reference to William 
Maclure's part in education at New Harmony see "The Story of 
New Harmony." 



ducing an educated ministry it began as "Han- 
over Academy" in 1827 and was chartered as a 
college in 1833. As early as 1829 it was adopted 
as a synodical school by the Presbyterian Synod 
of Indiana, and a theological department was 
established. Its struggle for existence w;is 
heroic, and as a means to its ends it attempted a 
manual labor experiment, whereby moneyless 
students could pay their way by work Coope^ 
cabinet, carpenter and printing shops were in- 
stalled, bricks were made and wood was chopped. 
By 1835 this venture had proved a failure, partly 
by reason of a difficult market for the products. 
Nevertheless it had drawn students from as 
many as eight or nine States and its attendance 
during this manual-school period was the largest 
in its history, being two hundred forty in 1833. 
Soon after, through various misfortunes, it de- 
clined almost to the point of perishing, but recov- 
ered by the determined efforts of its promoters 
and took an honored place among the State's edu- 
cational institutions. The Scotch-Irish stock that 
stood back of this school was notable for 
strength of character and sturdy moral fiber and 
formed an important element in our early popu- 
lation. 

Wabash College. — As has been said in a pre- 
vious section the Presbyterians of Indiana stood 
pre-eminently for education, and as the Hanover 
school was established for the promoting of an 
educated clergy so was the original of Wabash 
College founded for the training of teachers. 
This school, under the name of "The Wabash 
Manual Labor College and Teachers' Seminary," 
was opened at Wabash on the 3d of December, 
1833, with an attendance of twelve pupils and 
with Prof. Caleb Mills at its head. Like Han- 
over this embryo college languished for want of 
support and struggled under debt, to which was 
added the misfortune of a fire in 1838 that all but 
wiped it out. During this decade it can be re- 
garded as a heroic beginning only (W. H. 
Smith). 

Lyceums. — As an educational factor mention 
should be made of a law of 1831 whereby twenty 
or more citizens of any county could incorporate 
lyceums "for mutual improvement in the arts 
and sciences." 

Libraries. — The constitution contained a 
provision that whenever a new county should be 
created at least ten per cent, should be reserved 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND lIANDUuoK OF INDIANA 



89 



out of the proceeds from the sale of town lots in 
the seat of justice and applied to the establish- 
ment of a library for the county. As early as 
1816 and again in 1818 laws were passed to carry 
this provision into effect, and thus throughout 
the legislation of the twenties we find repeated 
measures for the founding of these libraries. To 
just what extent they were used and what part 
tlu-y played in the education of the people, there 
is perhaps, no way of learning now. An auxili- 
ary to this system was another system, pri- 
vately promoted, of Sunday school libraries, 
which undoubtedly had much influence, especially 
with the younger generation. In 1827 it was esti- 
mated that there was in the State a Sunday school 
membership of two thousand children, and while 
this was but a small percentage of even the juve- 
nile population, it made an excellent seed bed, 
and one writer on the subject affirms that to these 
libraries "may safely be ascribed much of the in- 
telligence and much of the virtue of the people 
of later generations."* 

State Library. — The State Library was es- 
tablished by an act of February 11, 1825. The 
first official word touching such a library is to 
In- found in the Journal of the first constitutional 
convention, where, under date of June 28, 1816, 
it is "Resolved, That it be recommended to the 
General Assembly of the State of Indiana, to ap- 
propriate the money voluntarily given by the 
citizens of Harrison county to the State, to the 
purchase of books for a library for the use of 
the Legislature and other officers of government ; 
and that the said General Assembly will, from 
time to time, make such other appropriations 
for the increase of said library as they may deem 
necessary." After a lapse of nine years the pro- 
posed library materialized, largely through the 
efforts of Judge Benjamin Parke, to wdiom is 
given the credit of being one of our earliest and 
most ardent promoters of all matters pertaining 
to education. Its original purpose, as specified 
in the Journal, was to serve the various officers 
of the State, and it included what afterward be- 
came the Supreme Court Library. The humble- 
ness of its beginning is indicated by the fact that 
for sixteen years it did not even have a separate 
librarian, hut was in the hands of the Secretary of 
State, who received the munificent sum of $15 
per year extra for taking care of it, and the an- 

* J. P. Dunn, "The Libraries of Indiana." 



nual appropriation up to 1831 was but $30. 
For a good many years the State Library was 
something of a joke, and the librarianship one 
of the minor political plums, but its scope grad- 
ually broadened until it has become a large and 
valuable reference library for the use of all citi- 
zens. 

RELIGION 

General Character. — During the earlier pe- 
riod of the State's history it was, in its religious 
phase, largely a missionary field. According to 
a study of this subject by Prof. C. B. Coleman* 
"it is scarcely too much to say that Indiana Prot- 
estant churches were not a natural development 
produced by the settlers who came here, so much 




First State House in Indianapolis, Built in 1832. 
(See page 109.) 

as they were a planting made by ministers and 
missionaries from the older sections of the 
country." These ministers and missionaries, 
in large part, represented prior to 1830 the 
Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian denomi- 
nations. The Baptists, though at first the 
leaders, did not keep pace with the other 
two, and those sects are pre-eminently conspicu- 
ous in our early religious history. Broadly speak- 
ing they represented two types of religionists — 
one the intellectual and educated class, the other, 
the masses who were swayed largely by their 
feelings. 

Presbyterianism. — Of the Presbyterians it 
has been said that they "build schoolhouse and 
church side by side;" and that "of Indiana it is 
almost literally true that there were no schools 
until the Presbyterian minister arrived." These 

* Some Religious Developments in Indiana: Ind. Mag. Hist., 
vol. v, No. 2. 



90 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBuOK OF INDIANA 



ministers were among the first school teachers 
and among the first to bring private libraries into 
the territory. The denomination was the first 
by several years to establish a higher school for 
the education of a clergy native to the west, who 
could better meet the requirements of pioneer 
life. This was the Hanover school, sketched on 
a previous page. To illustrate the zeal and devo- 
tion of the ministry Mr. Coleman cites, as typical, 
the Rev. John M. Dickey, whose average salary 
for sixteen years was $80, and who eked out 
a living for his family by farming, teaching sing- 
ing classes, doing clerical work, surveying land, 
teaching school and mending shoes, while his wife 
managed the household, spun and made all the 
woolen and linen garments of the family, ex- 
tended to numberless visitors the hospitality due 
from a preacher's wife, and reared a large family 
of children. This sketch is but a sample of many 
that may be found in the Presbyterian annals. 
The Salem Presbytery, the first in Indiana, was 
formed in 1823 and the first synod in 1826. 

Methodism. — The church that made the 
deepest impress on the pioneer population was the 
Methodist with its zealous proselyting and its 
playing upon the emotions with a drastic the- 
ology and a fervent appeal that ofttimes swept 
through communities as a sort of emotional con- 
tagion. The open-air camp meeting, given over 
to religious demonstrations and attended by large 
numbers drawn thither by the excitement, made 
Methodism "catching," and the extraordinary 
zeal of the clergy, rude men of the rank and file, 
for the most part, who carried the gospel to the 
people far and near in the face of hardship and 
privation, won a membership to the sect that 
soon outranked all others in point of numbers. 
No more interesting biographies can be found 
than those that have been preserved of many of 
the itinerant preachers or circuit riders, and no 
narratives afford more intimate glimpses of the 
lives of the people. 

Catholicism. — The Catholic church is by far 
the oldest religious institution in the State, as it 
dates back to the days of the French occupancy. 
For many years the history of the Vincennes 
church seems to be virtually the history of the 
church within this territory, but the Catholic di- 
rectory of 1837 designates about thirty stations 
in various parts of the State that were visited 
more or less regularly by priests. The diocese 



of Vincennes, comprising Indiana and about 
one-third of Illinois, was created in 1834, with 
the Rev. Simon G. W. Brute as its first bishop. 

Christian or Disciples' Church. — This sect in 
Indiana may be said to have had its beginning 
about 1819. It was a breaking away from the 
superabundance of "man-made" creeds and doc- 
trinal points that were cumbering the Protestant 
faith, and the reaction in favor of a simpler form 
of belief, based on "the Bible as the living creed," 
was crystallized by the influence of a few men, 
into a movement that in time became one of the 
strongest churches in the State. 

Religious and Moral Societies. — The reli- 
gious element in this period did not confine it- 
self to church organization, but promoted vari- 
ous societies in the name of religion and morals. 
The Indiana Sabbath School Union, a branch of 
the American Sabbath School Union, was formed 
at Chariest own, Clark county, in 1826. Bible 
societies, auxiliary to the American Bible Socie- 
ties, were formed in different parts of the State, 
and were instrumental in distributing thousands 
of Bibles either free or at cost price. The or- 
ganized crusade against intemperance began with 
the formation in 1830 of the Indiana Temper- 
ance Society. Another movement that may be 
classed as moral, though it had its economic and 
social side, was that of removing the free negroes 
from America and colonizing them in Liberia, 
Africa. The Indiana Colonization Society, 
formed at Indianapolis in 1829, was a branch of 
a national organization. It continued in active 
existence for years, with many of the leading 
men of the State back of it, and in 1846 it 
launched a monthly publication, "The Coloniza- 
tionist," knowledge of which is so meager that 
no Indianapolis historian makes mention of it. 

The Press. — Prior to 1820 ten or a dozen 
newspapers had sprung up in Indiana, most of 
them after the admission of the State. In a gazet- 
teer of 1833 we find what is perhaps the first pub- 
lished list of papers, which shows twenty-nine 
to be in existence at that time. As some are 
known of before that date that are not included 
in the list it is probable that an uncertain number 
were short-lived. That the newspaper at that 
day and for a good while after commanded a 
precarious living is evidenced by the papers them- 
selves as they occasionally voiced their discour- 
agements and difficulties. To "owe the printer" 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



91 





92 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



was a common dereliction that seemed to bother 
nobody's conscience, and the editor, in many 
cases, was glad to get his pay in commodities of 
any kind from corn to cordwood. The local news 
that was published was very meager, the con- 
tents of the columns revealing that popular inter- 
est ran largely to national politics and foreign 
news, with an infusion of State matters that grew 
as internal affairs developed. 

An occasional rare book or pamphlet bears the 
date of the twenties and the imprint of some In- 
diana press. The Rappites, at Harmonie, did 
some printing, and their successors, the com- 
munity of Robert Owen, had a well-equipped out- 
fit. In 1825 they launched a periodical, the "New 
Harmony Gazette," which was quite distinct in 
character from any other publication in the State, 
being devoted to social propaganda and the philo- 
sophical discussion of moral principles.* 

Medicine. — February 12, 1825, a law was 
passed to "incorporate medical societies for the 
purpose of regulating the. practice of physics and 
surgery in the State." By it authority was given 
to doctors of the various counties to meet at the 
seat of government and organize into a corporate 
body, to be known as "The Medical Society of 
the State of Indiana." The circuit court circuits 
were to comprise so many medical districts, "to 
be known as first, second or third medical dis- 
tricts, according to the name of the circuit." 
Within these areas district societies were to be 
formed. The State society was to be composed 
of delegates from the district societies, and cen- 
sors from the districts were to examine all can- 
didates for license and grant diplomas. Persons 
of bad moral character could not be licensed. 

Militia. — By the adjutant-general's report 
for 1828 we find that the aggregate number of 
officers and men in the State militia is estimated 
at 40,000. but the real status of this establishment 
is indicated by the fact that only 16,657 had re- 



* For article on "Early Newspapers of Indiana" see Ind. Quar 
Mag. Hist., vol. ii, No. 3. 



ported for muster, which was 12,184 less than 
in 1826. The complaint of trouble in getting re- 
ports is also indicative of the waning interest. 

Benevolence; Paupers and Negroes. — Gov- 
ernor Ray was, in many instances, in advance of 
his times. One of his efforts was for reform in 
the treatment of paupers. In his messages of 
1825 he said : "It is the poor and needy that can 
justly claim more of our deliberations than the 
affluent. . . . These unhappy objects of pub- 
lic charity are sold like merchandise or cattle in 
a public market to persons who are generally 
induced to become their purchasers from motives 
of gain and avarice. . . . To me this practice 
seems degrading to our character as a Christian 
people." His suggestion was that the State be 
divided into districts of counties or larger areas, 
and that in each of these districts an asylum be 
established. A committee report on public 
asylums* does not, however, coincide with the 
governor's opinion. This report reads : "Com- 
paratively speaking we can scarcely be said to 
have any paupers. The proportion is less than 
one to one thousand of our population." The 
existing system, it thought, was wisely adapted 
to the situation of the country, and therefore it 
believed that the establishment of asylums was 
not then expedient. 

It is interesting to note that as early as 1829 
Ray deplores the excessive influx of negroes into 
Indiana. These, he said, added an uneducated 
and "immoralized" element, most of whom were 
paupers on society. As a remedy for this he ad- 
vocated the colonization scheme which tor a num- 
ber of years many regarded as the solution of 
the negro problem. As illustrating a peculiar 
twist of his moral perceptions he advocated the 
exportation of whisky because the wealth of the 
country would be increased and because "the 
moral condition of our society would lie greatly 
improved and ameliorated. " + 

* House Journal, 10th session, p. 135. 
f Ray's message, 1829. 



CHAPTER VIII 



THE STORY OF NEW HARMONY 



The Rappites. — Two notable intrusions into 
Indiana's early history were the successive social 
settlements of George Rapp and Robert Owen at 
New Harmony (first called Harmonie), in Posey 
county. As early as L815 the '"Rappites," or 
"Harmonists," a German religious sect under the 
leadership of George Rapp, located on the Wa- 
bash, having purchased there a holding of nearly 
thirty thousand acres. This they owned in com- 
mon.' anil there was not even a separation into 
families, as one of their doctrines was that of 
strict celibacy. They were intensely religious, 
docile to their leader, inoffensive, industrious and 
thrifty with many skilled workmen among them. 
The little town of Harmonie that they built up 
had many brick buildings, some of them the larg- 
est and most imposing to be found in the State 
at that time. They established a cocoonery and 
silk factory, a woolen mill, oil mill, saw mill, 
brick yard, brewery and distillery, and the wil- 
derness in which they settled was, within the 
years of their occupancy, converted into well- 
tilled, productive farms, with orchards and vine- 
yards. The yield of their fertile acres and their 
various industries begat a trade of no mean pro- 
portions which extended down the Mississippi 
to New Orleans, while two or three prosperous 
stores were maintained at Vincennes and else- 
where. As a result they acquired a wealth and 
a comfort of living far in advance of the pioneer 
conditions of their American neighbors, from 
whom they were altogether removed in spirit and 
in sympathies. 

The unfriendly attitude of the native Ameri- 
cans toward these strange people is given as one 
of the reasons why, in the course of time, they 
desired to leave the Wabash region. At any rate 
after ten years spent here they did desire to leave, 
and to that end offered for sale all their estate 
with its improvements, including the village of 
Harmonie with its dwellings, factories and indus- 
trial machinery all ready for use. 

Robert Owen, Philanthropist, Buys Rappite 
Estate. — By one of those happy coincidences 
which sometimes occur in the course of event-. 



there dwelt at Lanark, Scotland, an altogether 
unusual man with aspirations and dreams into 
which the opportunity offered by the Rappites 
fitted as if by a prearranged plan. This man, 
Robert Owen, was a large and successful manu- 
facturer whose desire to benefit humanity 
amounted to a passion. His efforts to ameliorate 
the hard conditions of the ignorant, over- 
worked and underpaid laboring class of Great 
Britain, and the greed and stupidity against 
which he contended make one of the touching 
chapters in the history of philanthropy. As a 
philanthropist of lofty ideals he had established 
lor himself a reputation that extended over Eu- 
rope, but the hindrances to his plans were, none 
the less, insurmountable. When an agent of the 
Rappite society came to him with a proposition 
to purchase their great estate with all its improve- 
ments on the far-away Wabash it opened up a 
new vista that glowed with promise. There, in 
a new country where all things were yet to be 
formed, he could work out the grand idea of a 
social reform that should prove new truths to the 
world.. The opportunity was too fascinating to 
be resisted, and the outcome was that Owen, for 
something like $150,000, secured a tract of land 
considerably larger than an entire congressional 
township, on which labor in excess of that value, 
doubtless, had already been expended, to say 
nothing of a village of substantial buildings ca- 
pable of comfortably housing perhaps a thousand 
people and of the industrial equipments. 

Owen's Scheme. — His first work after the 
purchase was to arouse interest in America by 
promulgating his plans, and to that end he came 
to this country and delivered several public ad- 
dresses, the first two being in the national capital 
before large audiences in which were many of 
the most distinguished people of the country. 
These addresses which, after their oral delivers', 
were published, advertised broadcast the scheme 
of a new social experiment about to be tried, in 
which all who were in sympathy were invited to 
share as members. The arguments of the 
founder were alluring and plausible, and when 



93 



94 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the time came to actually form the community it 
was found that there was no lack of material. 

Rappites Succeeded by the Owen Community. 
— The Rappites left Harmonie in 1824, going to 
Pennsylvania, where they established for them- 
selves a new community home which they called 
Economy. Early in 1825 Owen and his followers 
took possession of the Wabash village, which 
was re-named New Harmony. Even before 
Owen himself arrived on the ground the place 
was filled with people of many kinds. Some were 
philanthropists, entitled to all respect; some were 
cranks full of hobbies and eccentricities who 
never were born to work together with anybody 
to any end. When Owen arrived he set forth 
his views once more to this mixed assemblage ; 
the "Preliminary Society of New Harmony" was 
formed and a constitution establishing a social 
starting point was adopted. 

Owen's Ideals. — The society was called "Pre- 
liminary" because it was regarded as but the first 
step toward a more ideal organization to which 
people were to be educated. The constitution 
adopted announced that the object of the society 
was to secure for its members "the greatest 
amount of happiness," and to "transmit it to 
their children to the latest posterity." All mem- 
bers of it were to be of the same rank, with no 
artificial inequalities, and all were to be "willing 
to render their best services for the good of the 
society, according to their age, experience and 
capacity." The official name of the society was 
to be "The New Harmony Community of Equal- 
ity," and its social program was long and elab- 
orate, covering, or aiming to cover, the many and 
variable relations that must exist in any society. 
One feature of the general plan, which was de- 
scribed in the Owen address above referred to, 
was a series of ideal villages, as the community 
grew, each of which was'to consist of solid rows 
of dwellings or apartments something like a mod- 
ern tenement, but arranged around a hollow 
square one thousand feet long. The village was 
to have, besides these living apartments, a pri- 
mary and high school, public dining hall and 
kitchen, common nursery for the children, and 
rooms for community purposes, such as lectures, 
dances, concerts, etc. 

This "model village," as it was designated, 
along with other plans and ideas, never got be- 
yond the ideal stage, and it may be added here 



that in the character of the people attracted by 
the experiment, and in their diversity of views 
when brought to the test of a definite social 
scheme, was the fatal obstacle to any kind of 
success. 

The Scientific and Educational Circle; Will- 
iam Maclure. — The most notable acquisition of 
the Owen colony was the addition of a group of 
men who took high rank among the scientists 
and educators of the day. Conspicuous among 
these as a leader was William Maclure. of Phila- 
delphia, a man of wealth and both scientist and 
educator. As the former he came to be known 
as "The Father of American Geology." by vir- 
tue of his pioneer labor in that field, and he was 
a principal founder and for many years presi- 
dent of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural 
Sciences. As a promoter of education he intro- 
duced into America the Pestalozzian system and 
his ardor in educational matters was second only 
to his interest in science. Like Robert < Kven he 
was by nature, and sincerely, a philanthropist, 
and their essential kinship drew the two men 
together. In some directions Maclure did not 
share Owen's social theories, but the famous ex- 
periment was one to interest him, especially as 
it opened up possibilities for the fulfilment of his 
cherished ideas ; and hence, when Owen solicited 
his co-operation he readily affiliated by putting 
in to the scheme, as a copartner, about the same 
amount as the other had applied to the original 
purchase. 

Maclure's Dream. — The dream that took pos- 
session of Maclure was the establishment of a 
great school which should be the center of learn- 
in" in the west of the future and of a system of 
"free, equal and universal schools for feeding, 
clothing and instructing all the children of the 
State." Several years before he had brought to 
this country, from Switzerland, Joseph Neef, a 
disciple of Pestalozzi, who opened at Philadel- 
phia the first Pestalozzian school in the United 
States. Neef and this school he now plucked up 
bodily, as it were, to transfer them to the Wa- 
bash. 

Maclure's Co-Workers. — Along with Neef 
Maclure's prestige and influence enlisted a group 
of brilliant and able men, some of them of na- 
tional reputation, who were to contribute their 
talents to the proposed school of higher educa- 
tion. Notable among these were Thomas Say, 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



95 



Charles A. Lesueur, Gerard Troost and John 
Chappelsmith. 

Say, a pioneer in zoology as Maclure was in 
geology, was perhaps the greatest American zo- 
ologist of his day ; Lesueur was a naturalist of 
high repute and an artist ; Troost was a geologist, 
at a later date State geologist of Tennessee. Chap- 
pelsmith, of lesser fame, was an artist and en- 
graver. Say and Neef are both buried at New 
Harmony, and the former, during his life there, 
was the author of important works on natural 



their scientific and intellectual accomplishments, 
added to the fame of New Harmony through a 
period of many years, and made it a center of 
interest to scientists, philosophers and travelers 
abroad. Conspicuous among them were the four 
sons of Robert Owen, Robert Dale, William, Da- 
vid Dale and Richard Dale, all of whom had been 
highly educated in the schools of Europe. Rob- 
ert Dale Owen, the best known of these brothers in 
the history of Indiana, was widely in touch with 
the affairs of the State and did notable service 




Harmonie, 1816. 



history. That men of this stamp should have left 
iln- great centers and buried themselves in the 
remote wilderness is an evidence of the lofty 
hopes inspired by the social experiment. 

The Boatload of Knowledge. — A literatesque 
feature of this scientific exodus from the east 
was that a good-sized party of men and women, 
with their equipment, traveled from Pittsburg to 
New Harmony in a keelboat, and to this da)- the 
outfit is humorously spoken of as "The Boatload 
of Knowledge." 

Other Characters; the Owen Family. — Aside 
from the Maclure group there was a list of men 
and women, too long to be dealt with here, who by 



as a statesman both at home and as a representa- 
tive at Washington. As a pioneer in the move- 
ment for the extended rights of women that class 
owe him a debt of gratitude, which they acknowl- 
edged a few years since by placing a bronze bust 
on the grounds of the State Capitol. As a mem- 
ber of the constitutional convention of 1850 he 
was, perhaps, the ablest contributor to that instru- 
ment, and left his strong impress upon it. In 
the cause of science he, more than any other man, 
brought about the establishment of the Smith- 
sonian Institute at Washington. 

William Owen is less known than his trio of 
distinguished brothers, but he figured, until his 



96 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



death in 1842, as an able, versatile and helpful 
citizen of New Harmony. 

David Dale Owen, of the first rank as a scien- 
tist, was in 1837 appointed United States geolo- 
gist, and during his services as such the govern- 
ment geological survey was established at New 
Harmony, which gave the place additional impor- 
tance. He was the first State geologist of Indi- 
ana, having previously occupied the same office 
for Kentucky and Arkansas. He died while ge- 
ologist of this State and was succeeded to the 
office by his brother Richard, who throughout a 
long life was identified with scientific and educa- 
tional development in this State. It may be added 
here that E. T. Cox, another product of New 
Harmony, was our State geologist for twelve 
years, and perhaps a half-dozen other men of this 
group were identified with geological surveys 
in other States. Among the able men in other 
lines may be mentioned Josiah Warren, inventor 
and social philosopher whose ideas for the solu- 
tion of certain social problems have not yet been 
exploded, nor has the interest in them ceased. 
Constantine Raffinesque, one of the celebrated 
early naturalists, was a frequent visitor to New 
Harmony, and among other visitors attracted 
thither by the famous resident coterie were John 
James Audubon, Sir Charles Lyell and Prince 
Maximilian, of Prussia, who with a corps of 
scientists, was touring the United States. 
Frances Wright, one of the most intellectual 
women of her day, and conspicuous as an advo- 
cate of the rights of women, was intimately iden- 
tified with the Owens colony. 

Failures of New Harmony. — The monu- 
mental and general failure of the New Harmony 
experiment and the various causes of it make a 
fascinating study in social principles. When com- 
pared with the community success of the Rap- 
pites a perfect contrast is afforded. The latter 
were bound together by a common religious belief 
and subservient to a common leader. There was 
no questioning, no dissent and no intellectual un- 
rest. The Owen colony, on the contrary, was in 
no sense a unit, unless it be in the general dis- 
satisfaction with the established order of things. 
Because they did not agree with the established 
order and had no resting place they segregated 
in hopes of finding one, but only to find, instead, 
that they agreed no better among themselves. 



General Dissension. — Before the end of the 
second year disintegration was well under way. 
Almost in the beginning there set in what might 
be called subsegregations — birds of a feather 
flocking together until instead of one society 
there were several distinct communities. As some 
wit happily intimated, "New Harmony" became 
a misnomer — it was, more properly, New Dis- 
cord. One of the serious discords arose between 
the two heads of the experiment, Owen and 
Maclure. The latter, who was to have had en- 
tire control of the school scheme, was one of the 
first to secede from the original colony, and 
Owen set up a system of his own, and so in lieu 
of the proposed great school there were several 
minor ones, with more or less hostility between 
them. One of these under the auspices of Mac- 
lure, was an industrial school, the second one to 
be established in the United States. 

Maclure and Robert Owen Leave; Estimate 
of the Two Men. — Maclure spent, all told, only 
about two years at New Harmony, though his 
interest in the place continued till his death. 
Robert Owen did not stay there much longer, 
and by 1827 the social experiment was an ac- 
knowledged failure. 

In their moral zeal and in their philosophies 
these two leaders were much alike. Both com- 
bined with worldly wisdom and great ability 
ideas so at variance with common observation as 
to seem puerile. Owen's fundamental mistake 
was in assuming that environment and instruction 
wholly made the man, and that human beings 
could be molded like putty to a theory. The in- 
dividualistic element did not seem to enter into 
his calculations. It was even a part of his plan 
that children should be separated from their par- 
ents and be virtually owned by the community. 
Maclure's educational theory, along with main 
ideas that are to-day regarded as the best, advo- 
cated an extreme utilitarianism. What we call 
cultural acquirements, including literature and 
art, had no place in his scheme. "A plain, simple 
narrative of facts got by evidence of the senses" 
was the only literature needful he held, and the 
thing to be most guarded against was the "exag- 
gerated delusions of the imagination." The play 
of children was to be directed to useful ends, 
and "nothing but positive knowledge ought to be 
taught to children." Utility was "the only scale 




Scenes in Turkey-Run, Parke County. 



98 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



by which the value of everything is to be meas- 
ured." As these ideas were also shared by Owen 
it seems very likely that they would have met 
serious obstacles to success even had the leaders 
proceeded in perfect harmony with each other. , 
The Successes of New Harmony. — George 
B. Lockwood, in his very thorough study of this 
whole subject, speaks in happy paradox of "the 
failure of George Rapp's success" and "the suc- 
cess of Robert Owen's failure," and among the 
successes of the Owen regime he particularly 
specifies the educational influences that emanated 
from there. The ideas of Pestalozzi, introduced 
by Maclure and Joseph Neef, made their impress 
in time on the educational history of the State. 
It was a nursing place for "first things," the first 




Home of George Rapp, Harmonie, 1824. 

infant school and kindergarten in the country, 
the first distinctively trade school, the first real 
public-school system and the first school to offer 
equal advantages to boys and girls, all being ac- 
credited to the New Harmony experiment. 

Robert Owen's Successors. — Nor was this 
all by any means. When Robert Owen, discour- 
aged, retired from the field he left able men 
established permanently on the ground, and 
though the "social experiment," as such, ceased 
to be, their activities did not cease. It became 
later, as previously said, a scientific center of 
wide reputation and influence, and the town took 
on a character that is to the present day quite 
distinctive and superior, while through some of 
its citizens, particularly Robert Dale Owen, its 
most distinguished public man, and a direct prod- 



uct of the original New Harmony idea, it exerted 
no small influence in the affairs of the State. 

Status of Women at New Harmony. — One 
development that should not be overlooked is 
that of the status of women. Owen stood for 
equality of the sexes at a day when such an idea 
had little lodgment in the public mind, and the 
arduous devotion to the emancipation of her sex 
by Frances Wright, one of the remarkable women 
of her times, did much to create an enlarged 
sphere for her sisters. These ideas found prac- 
tical issue when Robert Dale Owen, as legislator 
and member of the second constitutional con- 
vention stood as a champion for rights of women, 
securing for them a recognition for which they 
have not been ungrateful in later days. 

The Maclure Libraries. — As before said, 
though William Maclure's scheme for a great 
school at New Harmony failed and he was only 
a temporary resident of that place, his educa- 
tional interest did not cease, and his will created 
a fund for the establishment, under certain condi- 
tions, of libraries over the State for the benefit of 
"the working classes who labor with their hands 
and earn their living in the sweat of their brows." 
It should be added that Maclure's desire to help 
this class amounted to a passion, and his ani- 
mosity to the class "who live by the ignorance 
of the millions," was inveterate. The library be- 
quest met with legal hindrances and it was not 
until 1855, fifteen years after the donor's death, 
that the fund was applied. By it $500 was to be 
given to any club or society of laborers in the 
United States who would establish a reading and 
lecture room with a library of at least one hun- 
dred volumes. The result of this benefaction 
was 144 libraries in Indiana, distributed through 
eighty-nine counties. J. P. Dunn, in his mono- 
graph, "The Libraries of Indiana," does not at- 
tribute a very wide influence to the libraries, for 
various reasons, but they were, to say the least, 
a notable contribution to the culture of the State 
and an interesting forerunner of the extensive 
Carnegie system of the present day.* 



* The fullest and best account of the New Harmony experi- 
ment is the elaborate study by George B. Lockwood, "The New 
Harmony Movement." 



CHAPTER IX 

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT MOVEMENTS PRELIMINARY 

TO LAW OF 1836 



PRELIMINARY HISTORY 

Early Conditions. — The famous internal im- 
provement plan of 1836 by which Indiana inau- 
gurated a huge paternalistic scheme for supply- 
ing an elaborate system of roads and canals can 
not be presented intelligently unless we also con- 
sider the movement antecedent to that culmina- 
tion. The absurdity of the undertaking borrows 
palliation from the desperate necessities that ex- 
isted and is in a measure explained by them. 

From the beginning, and in proportion as the 
settlements pushed northward from the Ohio 
river, the problem of getting in and out increased 
in seriousness, and by the time the central por- 
tion of the State was taken up as far north as 
the upper Wabash the problem became a most 
pressing one. The new capital was eighty-five 
miles from the nearest market outlet and many 
points were considerably farther, with one vast 
forest intervening. The natural outlets, the 
streams, were, with few exceptions, unreliable, 
and at best served only certain communities, and 
intercommunication generally was practically im- 
possible until a system of highways was made 
through the wilderness. 

Early Roads. — Thus it was that in the twen- 
ties the question of internal improvements as a 
live issue was largely confined to roads, and the 
road legislation during that period is so frequent 
and so complicated in its overlappings as to be 
confusing. Every new locality, as it was opened 
up to settlement, had to be accommodated in vari- 
ous directions and the road making was not con- 
fined to local initiative, but an elaborate system 
of State highways was projected and added to 
and altered, one year after another.* The 
scheme generally, in its results, seems to have 
demonstrated the general inefficiency that usu- 
ally, or perhaps always, accompanies paternal- 



istic attempts. Ray, in his first message, speak- 
ing of the roads authorized in 1821-2, with an 
appropriation of $100,000, says : 

"It is well worthy of inquiry whether the large 
expenditures that have already been made have 
answered the expectations of the public ; whether 
large sums have not been paid to numerous com- 
missioners for services that could as well have 
been rendered by one-third of the number em- 
ployed and at little more than one-third of the 
expense; whether a number of the roads opened 
under the provision of the law are not entirely 
useless to the public and even suffered to become 
altogether impassable by a second growth and 
neglect to keep them in repair." 

In a report of 1826 we find thirty-eight State 
roads listed and $78,319.53 was apportioned to 
them from the three per cent, fund, which was 
one of the very important sources of road rev- 
enue.* Other sources of maintenance were, a 
road tax levied upon real estate and compulsory 
road labor on the part of male adults under fifty 
years of age. 

Road Conditions. — The general result of 
this expenditure and labor was crude in the ex- 
treme. The so-called "improvement" was little 
more than the opening of wagonways through 
the wilderness and they were hardly more prac- 
ticable than the drift-choked streams. Of their 
atrocious character much has been said and yet 
the subject, seemingly, has never been done jus- 
tice. From the hills of the southern counties to 
the prairies beyond the Wabash the State was, 
for the most part, a level plain covered with a 
forest that shut out the sun from the rank mold, 
and this, like a sponge, held the accumulated 
waters. Vast areas were nothing but swamps, 
which the streams never fully drained. f Most 



* It should be stated that the funds for these roads was not a 
direct tax upon the people, as under the internal improvement 
law of 1836. They were largely derived from the "3 per cent, 
fund," which was donated by the federal government out of the 
sale of public lands. 



• See report of B. T. Blythe, agent of 3 per cent, fund. House 
Journal, 11th session, p. 21. 

t Mr. William Butler, a pioneer of southern Indiana, has told 
the present writer of a trip he made to Indianapolis in the thir- 
ties. He stopped over night with a settler in Johnson county, 
and, inquiring as to the country east of them, was told that there 
was no other residence in that direction for thirty miles. "And 



99 



100 



(IIXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



of the year a journey over the roads was simply 
a slow, laborious wallowing through mud ; the 
bogs were passable only by the use of "cordu- 
roy," and this corduroy of poles laid side by side 
for miles not infrequently had to be weighted 
down with dirt to prevent floating off when the 
swamp waters rose. In a book called "The New 
Purchase," which purports to depict life in cen- 
tral Indiana in the early twenties, the wagon trip 
to Bloomington is described in the author's pe- 
culiar, half-intelligible style. He speaks of the 
country as "buttermilk land," "mashland," "root) 
and snaggy land," with mudholes and quicksands 
and corduroys, "woven single and double twill," 
and there are fords "with and without bottom." 
In the early spring, he says, the streams were 
brimful, "creeks turned to rivers, rivers to 
lakes, and lakes to bigger ones, and traveling by 
land becomes traveling by mud and water." As 
one proceeded he must tack to right and left, not 
to find the road, but to get out of it and find 
places where the mud was "thick enough to bear." 
The way was a "most ill-looking, dark-colored 
morass, enlivened by streams of purer mud (the 
roads) crossing at right angles," and these 
stream-, were "thick-set with stumps cut just low 
enough for wagons to straddle." Innumerable 
stubs of saplings, sharpened like spears by being 
shorn off obliquely, waited to impale the unlucky 
traveler who might be pitched out upon them, 
and the probability of such accident was consid- 
erable as the lumbering wagon plunged over a 
succession of ruts and roots, describing an "ex- 
hilarating seesaw with the most astonishing alter- 
nation of plunge, creak and splash." Ever and 
anon the brimming streams had to be crossed, 
sometimes by unsafe fording and sometimes bv 
rude ferries. In the latter case the ferrykeeper 
was apt to be off at work somewhere in his clear- 
ing, and the traveler had to "halloo the ferry" 
till he could make himself heard. 

How serious the road question was as affect- 
ing public welfare is evidenced by our legisla- 
tion. From 1820 there was scarcely a session but 
road laws were enacted, adding to or modifying 
the system, and, in many instances repealing stat- 
utes that seem to have been experimental and ill- 
advised. 



The National and Michigan Roads. — In the 
road history of Indiana these two thoroughfares 
stand distinct from the system of State roads, 
though the one last named was constructed by 
the State. The National road, as the name im- 
plies, was the work of the Federal government, 
designed as a great highway to connect the west 
with the east. It began at Cumberland, Md. 
(from which fact it at first bore the name of the 
"Cumberland road"), and was to reach St. Louis 
after traversing parts of Pennsylvania and West 
Virginia and the central portions of Ohio, Indi- 
ana and Illinois. As originally planned it would 
have passed south of Indianapolis and near Co- 
lumbus, in Bartholomew county, but through the 
efforts of Oliver H. Smith, when a congressman, 
the route was changed. The first Federal legis- 
lation regarding this road dates back to 1806 and 
its extension toward and into the western coun- 
try was a matter of lively interest for many years. 
It reached the Indiana line in 1827, the first work 
in this State being in Wayne county that year, 
In 1831 there was an appropriation of $75,000 
for work that included the bridge over White 
river at Indianapolis. Throughout the thirties, 
as lie fore, its completion and improvement was 
an ever-recurring theme for the newspapers, but 
the improvement in the west was comparatively 
inferior, the expenditure on it here being but 
about $3,000 per mile as against $6,000 on the 
eastern end. The money for this road was de- 
rived from the sale of lands in the public do- 
main, two per cent, being reserved for internal 
improvements under the direction of Congress.* 

The Michigan road, from Madison on the Ohio 
river to the mouth of Trail creek on Lake Michi- 
gan, was a work of the thirties. It traversed the 
central portion of the State from south to north 
as the National road did from east to west, the 
two forming a pair of trunk lines that gave en- 
trance to the different sections of the State. The 
southern terminus was determined, as the south- 
ern terminus of the first railroad was a little later, 
by the political influence then existing at Madi- 
son. The northern terminus was determined by 
the chance of a good lake harbor at the mouth 
of Trail creek, and this also determined the loca- 
tion of Michigan City, It ran from Madison "al- 



vvhat's more, there never will lie," the informant added, his rea- 
son being that the submerged laud was irreclaimable. It may 
lie remarked, incidentally, that the swamp in question has long 
ago been converted into tine farms. 



* For long paper on National road, and additional matter re- 
lating to the road in Indiana, see Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist., vol. 
iii. "The Old Pike," by T. B. Searight, is the fullest work on 
the road as a whole. 



( T.XTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



101 



most due north through Jefferson and Ripley 
counties to Greensburg in Decatur. Thence, by 
a direct line, it led across Shelby county to the 
capital. The important sections of the road were 
those. from Indianapolis across Hamilton, Boone. 
Clinton and Carroll counties to Logansport, and 
from that place due north again across Cass, 
Fulton and Marshall to South Bend, and thence 
west to Michigan City. During eight months of 
the year it was an open, passable highway, but 
during the winter it was an endless stream of 



makers, was, of course, largely farcical. The 
value of the lands about balanced the cost of the 
road, which, up to 1840, was something like 
$242,000. 

CANALS 

Ohio Falls Canal. — The first canal agitation 
in Indiana was for a waterway around the falls 
of the Ohio river, which were a serious impedi- 
ment to navigation. This concerned Kentucky 
and Ohio quite as much as Indiana, and one of 




I >ld National Road Bridge Over White River, Indianapolis.— Sfeefr/i by Alois E. Sinks. 



black mud and almost useless. Its importance 
may be estimated from the fact that one-half of 
the pioneers of the northwest quarter of Indiana 
reached their homes over it" (Esarey). The 
fund> fur this work were derived from lands that 
were given by the Potawatomie Indians through 
whal is known as the Mississinewa treaty, made 
in < Ictober, 1826. These donated lands con- 
sisted of one section for each mile of the pro- 
posed Highway, granted to the State "as an evi- 
dence of the attachment which the Potawatomie 
tribe feel toward the American people, and par- 
ticularly to the soil of Indiana" — which fine sen- 
timent, evolved and framed by the white treaty- 



the propositions in the twenties was a joint work 
by < »hio and Indiana, but nothing came of it. 

As early as 1805 a company was formed in this 
State, composed largely of Clark county citizens, 
and $120,000 subscribed for the canal in qui 

arey ). Soon after the admission of the State 
the Legislature chartered "The < Ihio Canal Com- 
pany," which aimed to raise a capital of $1,000,- 
000, but failed to do so. A reorganized company 
with a new charter was authorized in 1818 to 
raise money by lottery, the State itself to be a 
stockholder, and the following year work was 
begun. Like much of the subsequent canal w 
however, the capital and labor expended 



102 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



a sheer loss. Support was inadequate and prog- 
ress slow. In 1825 Kentucky took up the work 
on its side. The cut could be made much cheaper 
there. The Kentucky enterprise had the back- 
ing of the Federal government, and the Indiana 
effort, that had persisted stubbornly for twenty 
years or more, received its death-blow. That 
Louisville became a metropolis and Jeffersonville 
and New Albany sank into desuetude was no 
doubt largely determined by the canal as a com- 
mercial factor. The Indiana scheme seems to 
have died hard, for as late as 1836 there was a 
flicker of revival when a company obtained an- 
other charter for the renewal of work on our 
side. This, however, never got farther than the 
first movement. 

Whitewater Canals ; East and West Forks. 
— The Whitewater canal that traversed the val- 
ley of the West Fork as far north as Hagers- 
town, Wayne county, connecting it with the Ohio 
river at Lawrenceburg and Cincinnati, was part 
of the State internal improvement scheme of 
1836, but as early as 1822 the question of a 
canal through that important region was agi- 
tated. It need be only mentioned here. For 
"Completion of the Whitewater Canal" see chap- 
ter xii. 

The work up the east fork, known in its day 
as the Richmond and Brookville canal, was never 
finished, but it was begun and from 1834 to the 
close of that decade it was a lively hope, consid- 
erable energy and money being spent on it. 

The Wabash and Erie Canal. — The question 
of a canal to connect the waters of the Wabash 
and Maumee rivers, which ultimately became the 
famous Wabash and Erie, began to be agitated 
in the early twenties. This, Governor Hen- 
dricks urged, would open an inland navigation 
from New York to New Orleans (via the Erie 
canal of New York) and would be the great 
agent in enhancing the value of vast quantities 



of public lands. Indiana alone was too poor to 
attempt the work, and after repeated appeals for 
Federal aid and much debating of the subject, 
Congress, in 1827, made liberal grants of land 
along the proposed route amounting to three 
thousand two hundred acres for each lineal mile. 
Construction was begun in 1832 and in 1836 the 
work was merged in the State's plans for gen- 
eral improvement.* 

Other canal propositions that never got beyond 
talk, claimed public attention during these earlier 
years, and by the early thirties the agitation of 
railroads became pronounced. In a word, the 
fermentation that resulted in the famous internal 
improvement law was for ten years or more gath- 
ering form and becoming a part of public thought. 
It became a factor in politics and the men rode 
into popular favor who mounted the hobby of 
State improvements by the paternalistic plan. 
Governor Ray was an example of this. His ad- 
vocacy of the growing sentiment made his politi- 
cal fortune, and an excerpt from his message of 
1826, couched in his characteristic swelling style, 
indicates that he made the most of it. "The 
whole country," he says, "as if by one impulse, 
is moved by the master spirit that is abroad. 
. . . On the construction of roads and canals 
we must rely as the safest and most certain State 
policy, to relieve our situation, place us among 
the first in the Union, and change the cry of hard 
times into an open acknowledgment of content- 
edness." In 1829 we find him arguing for a gen- 
eral system of State improvements, including a 
railway, canals and turnpikes — a scheme not un- 
like the one that the State adopted in 1836. In 
view of all this it is perhaps safe to say that the 
great paternalistic experiment, however ill-ad- 
vised it may seem in the light of history, was 
inevitable, being but a logical sequence. 



* For "W'abash and Erie Canal and Commercial Development" 
see chap. xii. 



CHAPTER X 



AX EXPERIMENT IX PATERNALISM 



The Problem. — At this point the question 
of progress as determined by the internal im- 
provement movement becomes secondary to an 
interesting and profitable study of influences and 
conditions that made for retrogression, and 
which resulted in the most disastrous financial 
set-back in the State's history. 

To understand the great paternalistic experi- 
ment that distinguished the fourth decade of In- 
diana's history we must consider it as a part of 
a much wider movement. The conditions in the 
interior of America with its vast distances and 
its isolated inland centers made the problem of 
transportation particularly acute and particularly 
difficult because of the enormous cost and the in- 
adequate wealth of a thinly scattered population. 

Federal Aid. — Nothing short of State aid, 
it seemed, could help the people to the facili- 
ties they needed. Federal aid (as in the building 
of the National road) was early invoked, but all 
that could be hoped for from that source was 
trivial as compared with the relief demanded by 
the various sections of many States. The most 
substantial help afforded by the general govern- 
ment was the gift of three per cent, out of the 
sales of public lands. This yielded in Indiana, 
altogether, $575,547.75. which was applied to the 
opening of numerous "State" roads. By the mid- 
dle thirties these roads pretty well covered the 
State, but were the rudest of thoroughfares, and 
owing to the nature of most of the country, were 
virtually untravelable in the bad seasons. 

The Seeming Solution. — The only solution of 
the transportation question was in expensive im- 
proved turnpikes or yet more extensive canals 
or railroads ; the construction of such works by 
private enterprise at that day was out of the 
question, and thus the tide turned to the notion 
of the one agency big enough to accomplish the 
desired results — the State. This idea prevailed 
and bore fruit in a number of states, Indiana be- 
ing but one of these to project and attempt a 
system of public works for the purpose of trans- 
portation. The sentiment in Indiana for such 
a scheme was a growth of several years, as has 
already been shown. It had its opponents, who 



saw the dangers ahead, but the advocates in- 
creased till they took possession of the day. The 
politicians who championed the idea were the 
ones who rode into power ; arguments grew by 
what they fed upon, and these plentifully bol- 
stered up by figures convinced the people that 
roads and canals, at whatever cost, were a colos- 
sal money-making proposition. The increase of 
commerce and the tolls from canals would not 
only pay for the canals but return a surplus that 
would relieve the citizen from tax-paying. 

Difficulties of Fixing on a System. — The 
detriment to final legislation was the difficulty 
of elaborating a system that would benefit every- 
body. Of course no taxpayer wanted to con- 
tribute to improvements that would give his 
neighbors all the benefit and leave him still in 
the woods, and a system that could touch every 
county in the State was manifestly impossible. 
Also, there was a division of opinions as to the 
values and practicability of different kinds of 
improvements — turnpikes, canals and railroads. 

The Internal Improvement Bill. — These dif- 
ferences kept the Legislature jockeying for two 
or three sessions, but finally, in January of 1836, 
the internal improvement bill, famous in our an- 
nals, was passed, to the great joy of the people, 
who made bonfires and jubilated wildly in honor 
of the event. The bill provided for eight differ- 
ent works, including turnpikes, canals, railroads, 
and the improvement of the lower Wabash, the 
scheme as it originally stood, together with the 
separate appropriations, being : 

1. A canal down the valley of the Whitewater 
from the National road to the Ohio, and a canal 
or railroad to connect the upper Whitewater 
with the Central canal at some point in Madison 
or Delaware county, if possible. Appropriation, 
$1,400,000. 

2. A canal, to be known as the '"Central," 
from some point on the upper Wabash to Indian- 
apolis via Muncie, and down White river to the 
forks ; thence to Evansville. Appropriation, 
$3,500,000. 

3. An extension of the Wabash and Erie 
canal from Tippecanoe river to Terre Haute. 



103 



104 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



thence by Eel river to the Central, or to the mouth 
of Black creek at the Central, in Knox county. 
Appropriation, $1,300,000. 

4. A railroad from Madison, via Columbus 
and Indianapolis, to Lafayette. Appropriation, 
$1,300,000. 

5. A macadamized turnpike from New Al- 
bany, by way of Greenville, Fredericksburg, 
Paoli, Mt. Pleasant and Washington to Vin- 
cennes. Appropriation, $1,150,000. 

6. A macadamized road or railroad from Jef- 
fersonville to Crawfordsville, by way of New Al- 
bany, Salem, Bedford, Bloomington and Green- 
castle. Appropriation, $1,300,000. 

7. The improvement of the Wabash river 
from Vincennes to its mouth. Appropriation, 
$50,000. 

8. A survey of a canal or railroad from the 
Wabash and Erie canal at or near Fort Wayne 
to the lake at Michigan City, by way of Goshen, 
South Bend and Laporte. 

These various works, all of which the State 
pledged itself to build as expeditiously as pos- 
sible, totaled about one thousand two hundred 
miles and the total estimated cost was $20,000,- 
000 ( W. H. Smith), $10,000,000 of which was 
borrowed at once for twenty-five years at six 
per cent., with the works themselves and all 
grounds, rents, tolls and profits given as security. 

First Effect of the Bill; Speculation. — One of 
the first effects of the passage of this bill was a 
universal boom. In the conditions that were to 
follow everybody foresaw a chance to get rich 
quick. To quote one writer, "a period of wild 
speculation ensued. Those who owned farms 
bought others, and those who owned none went 
into debt and purchased them." Old towns be- 
gan to swell and to advertise lots for sale at in- 
flated prices, and new towns began to spring up 
on paper. This craze soon got its setback, but 
ii lasted long enough to ruin many a plunger and 
tn lie followed by a wake of hardship and <lis- 
tress. 

State Control and How It Worked. — The 
writer who has searched most fully into the de- 
tails of this subject (Logan Esarey) makes some 
interesting statements as to the workings of the 
Stated great enterprise. A "Board of Internal 
Improvements," the members of which, sepa- 
rately, were put in charge of the various works to 
be placed under contract, met in Indianapolis. 



March 7, 1836, and, says Mr. Esarey, "the scram- 
ble for the lion's share of the money began as 
soon as the first meeting was called to order. 
Each commissioner seemed to be interested alone 
in getting his work completed as soon as pos- 
sible." Then came jealousy and chicanery after 
the contracts were let, between the sections to 
be benefited. Some of the works did not pro- 
gress as rapidly as others, and none of them fast 
enough to suit the citizen who was eager for re- 
turns. Labor was scarce, and the contractors 
were pitted against each other, one trying to lure 
away another's workmen. Some of the improve- 
ments that were not definitely settled on by the 
law still remained unsettled. When the State 
borrowed money, it is stated, it made no provi- 
sion for interest, as, according to the "System 
orators," the tolls were to take care of all that, 
so when interest fell due it was paid out of bor- 
rowed money instead of taxes, as the people had 
been assured there would be no increase in tax- 
ation. 

One corollary is that interest on $10,01)0,000 
at six per cent, amounts up appallingly. More- 
over the $10,000,000 were only part of the sum 
to be borrowed, according 'to the original esti- 
mates of total cost, and in 1838 another estimate 
by the head engineer ran the sum up to $23,- 
000,000. 

The Collapse. — llv the end of 1837 there w a-- 
plenty of reason for grumbling and distrust, and 
the administration at that time was whistling 
optimistically to keep up its courage, but by an- 
other year even the governor (Wallace), who 
had been elected because of his advocacy of the 
internal improvement movement, began to ex- 
press misgivings. The Legislatures tinkered in 
a helpless way with the situation, making experi- 
mental changes here and there. Then in 1839 
came the collapse and all work was stopped after 
an expenditure of vast sums, for much of which 
there was never the least return, to the State, 
while contractors were bankrupted and thou- 
sands of laborers thrown out of employment 
without pay for work they had done. The fin- 
ished work 'to show for the millions of dollars 
expended were a part of the Whitewater canal 
in operation ; an indefinite amount of work on 
the Wabash and Erie (the funds for this canal 
being also derived from the sales of government 
lands that had been granted for it) : about twenty- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



105 



eight miles of the Madison railroad and a neg- 
ligible amount of turnpike improvement — the to- 
tal of the completed work, according to Dillon, 
being two hundred eighty-one miles and the cost 
for same $8,164,528.21. The returns from the 
twenty-eight miles of railroad, the partially fin- 
ished Whitewater canal and the Wabash and Erie 
barely took care of the upkeep, and all the State 
got for the $1,820,026 it had put into the Central 
and crosscut canals was a few miles of completed 
ditch between Indianapolis and Broad Ripple 



far to find the fundamental reasons for this mon- 
umental fiasco, the legislative warrant for which 
was characterized as pre-eminently a "people's 
measure." In the first place the sagacity of the 
orator-fed people in judging the probabilities of 
a colossal piece of business that called for busi- 
ness insight of a high order, was practically nil, 
as the sequel amply proved. The proposition 
that the commerce of a thinly populated back- 
woods State could safely float a twenty-million- 
dollar enterprise was hardly one to commend 




Belle Fountain & Ind. Depot. 



Cine i nnati.Lawrc nceburg & Ind Dcpoc 




First Railroad Depots in Indianapolis 1854 



that for a while was utilized for floating cord- 
wood down to the capital and eventually went 
into the hands of the Indianapolis Water Com 
pany. The Madison railroad and the White- 
water canal were taken over and completed by 
private companies. The Wabash was retained for 
several years, and finally became the State's sal- 
vation, it being transferred, in 1846. to her cred- 
itors in liquidation of the disastrous debt that hail 
brought the commonwealth almost to the point 
of repudiation. 

The Elements in the Case. — Accepting the 
study of this movement made by the authority 
previously mentioned, one does not have to seek 



itself to a shrewd business man. The orators 
who rode on the rising tide of public sentiment 
made a business of hypnotizing the masses, and 
the masses moved by a sort of mob psycho 
in the direction of their desires. 

Again when it came to the actual tesl of 
forming the business it was tin- old governmental 
evil of purely perfunctory administration made 
worse by innumerable temptations to graft, 
Millions of dollars at hand with more to e; 
follow as the demand arose was fatal to all r 
idea> of economy that the business man weighs 
when he realizes that the business must make- 
good or he pay the penalty. The public work be- 



106 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



came a great feeding-crib, and as none of the 
"higher-ups" had anything at stake the job- 
hunter, if he had any influence, was apt to fare 
well. We hear of surveying parties that seemed 
to be, largely, hunting and fishing parties, and 
of the "Eating Brigade" which, for services 
largely unrendered, received annually about 
$54,000. Besides resident engineers there was 
an engineer-in-chief for canals and another one 
for railroads, and so on. The broad-gauge ideas 
of the men who had nothing financially to lose 
is illustrated by the work done on the Madison 
railroad. For this the best was none too good ; 
the latest improved T rail was imported from 
England at $80 per ton, and the twenty-eight and 
a fraction miles were built at a cost of $1,624,- 
603, or $58,000 per mile. When a private com- 
pany finished it later the style of construction 
was fitted to the probable returns, and the cost 
was something less than $11,000 per mile. 

Nor was this all nor the worst feature of the 
sorry business. Still drawing upon the above- 
cited study as authority, the finances of the enter- 
prise, though in the hands of reputable men, 
were worse than poorly managed. The State 
government paid little attention to the financial 
board ; the business was attended to in a careless, 
slovenly way, and reflection is cast upon the hon- 
esty of the administration. Transactions were 
had with irresponsible "wildcat" institutions by 
which the State lost outright many thousands of 
dollars, while it is intimated that those who ma- 
nipulated the funds came out of it with nests 
well lined. Of one of them it is said that "he 
received $103,880 from these people on whom 
the State lost several millions." 

The Panic and Script Issues; "Red Dog" 
and "Blue Pup." — One factor in the general 
distress that followed the internal improvement 
boom was a financial panic that swept the coun- 



try in the latter thirties. The enormous running 
expenses had to be met, but it became impossible 
to secure the expected loans from the sales of 
bonds. Contractors could not be paid, and this 
of course involved the thousands of laborers and 
the people at large. As an escape from this 
dilemma the Legislature in January of 1840 au- 
thorized an issue of State scrip to the amount 
of $1,200,000 (Esarey. Other writers say 
$1,500,000). This served the purpose for a 
while, then depreciated to half its value and even 
less. It was printed on red paper, and the sense 
of derisive humor that has always distinguished 
the Hoosier fastened upon it the name of "Red 
Dog." This was carried farther when private 
companies that took over certain of the public 
works were also authorized to issue scrip to help 
out their undertakings, and this scrip from be- 
ing mostly printed on blue paper, became known 
as "Blue Pup" (W. H. Smith). Elbert Jay Ben- 
ton, in his "Wabash Trade Route" (p. 60), says 
"Blue Pup" was a sort of shinplaster currency 
based on "Blue Dog," and that both these and 
"White Dog" were land scrips secured by the 
lands of the Wabash and Erie canal. All the 
scrip suffered depreciation, but eventually the 
State's "Red Dog" arose again to par, plus ac- 
crued interest. During the days of its discredit 
its greatest value was for the payment of State 
taxes, and speculators made a business of buying 
it up cheaply in some sections where it was most 
plentiful and selling it in other parts still below 
par, to taxpayers (Smith). The inference is that 
the State accepted it at face value.* 



* For excellent original studies from documentary sources of 
this subject see "The Wabash Trade Route in the Development 
of the Old Northwest," by Elbert J. Benton, in the Johns Hop- 
kins University studies, and "Internal Improvements in Early 
Indiana," by Logan Esarey, vol. v, No. 2, of Ind. Hist. Soc. 
publications. The latter in a somewhat modified form reappears 
in Esarey's History of Indiana. W. H. Smith's History of In- 
diana also devotes a chapter to this theme. 



CHAPTER XI 



OTHER DEVELOPMENTS PRIOR TO 1840 



Expansion of Territory. — Various treaties 
with the Indians between 1830 and 1840 added to 
the area for settlement upward of 3,000,000 
acres, exclusive of the final cession of the "Mi- 
ami reserve" (now partly comprising Grant. 
Howard and Tipton counties), which was pur- 
chased in 1840. The erection of twenty-two new 
counties brought the total number up to eighty- 
seven, and this meant a multiplication of towns, 
a growing urban population, and a corresponding 
development of activities. 

Business Expansion. — During this period 
we find capital, for the first time, virtually, seek- 
ing investment in business enterprises. That the 
State bank had considerable to do with this is 
evidenced by the fact that after its establishment 
there were numerous incorporations of various 
kinds, the list including railroad, turnpike, bridge, 
steam mill and insurance companies. The busi- 
ness expansion generally is best shown by the 
Federal census of 1840, according to which the 
total capital invested in the manufactures of the 
State at that time amounted to $4,132,040. This 
does not include eleven commercial houses in 
foreign trade ; twenty-six commission houses, 
with a total investment of $1,207,400; 1,801 re- 
tail stores, with a capital of $5,664,687; a pelt 
and fur trade amounting to $220,883 ; the news- 
papers with their allied printing, representing 
$58,505, and other industries not classed as man- 
ufactures. As measured by the capital repre- 
sented, the saw, grist and oil mills, scattered over 
the State, led with a total investment of $2,077,- 
018. Next in importance came the tanneries and 
leather industries with $647,176. The meat- 
packing establishments of fifteen counties, with 
Jefferson leading, represented $582,165. Next 
came the distilleries and breweries, 323 of the 
former and 20 of the latter, with $292,316. The 
production of bricks and lime, lumber, cotton 
and wool manufactures, and the making of 
wagons and machinery had by 1840 assumed con- 
siderable importance, Xew Albany leading in the 
last-named industry, and Indianapolis in wagons. 
The making of furniture in forty-eight counties 
involved an investment of $91,022; that of hats 



and straw bonnets, $69,018, and the manufac- 
tured products of tobacco, $65,659. Soap and 
candles, pottery, salt, the working of iron mined 
within the State, the mining of coal and quarrv- 
ing all figured in the industries of the State. 
There were three paper mills, located at Brook- 
ville, Madison and Richmond, with an output 
valued at $155,196. From eleven counties along 
the rivers water craft to the value of $107,223 
were reported. At Michigan City, our only lake 
port, commerce by water amounted to 272,400 
bushels of grain and 10,368 barrels of flour, pork, 
etc., shipped out, and 1,850 tons of merchandise 
and 9,000 barrels of salt received at the docks. 

The manufacturing and commercial industries 
of the State gave employment to 23.666 men. 

Growth of Agriculture. — That the popula- 
tion of the State in 1840 was still largely rural is 
briefly shown by the fact that the number en- 
gaged in agricultural pursuits were 148,806 as 
against 23.666 in the manufactures and commerce 
and a comparative few in miscellaneous busi- 
nesses. New Albany, then the largest town in 
the State, had only 4,220 inhabitants, and Indi- 
anapolis but 2,692. 

With all the activity in the work of internal 
improvements the transportation facilities during 
this decade were not materially improved, and 
the market problem was still a deterrent in de- 
velopment. Agricultural methods were crude, 
though an advance upon those of an earlier pe- 
riod. The wooden mold-board plow and the 
home-made harrow with wooden teeth were still 
in general use. The sickle was still the common 
implement for reaping grain. The threshing was 
done with the flail or by tramping out with horses, 
and the winnowing of the chaff from the grain 
was accomplished by the use of a waving sheet 
and a hand sieve. The hay was cut with a scythe 
and gathered with a hand-rake. 

Notwithstanding these handicaps the agricul- 
tural showing of the State by the census return^ 
of 1840 was no mean one. By reason of trans- 
portation difficulties the raising of live stock thai 
could be taken to market afoot, was the conspicu- 
ous farming industry. Swine led all the rest for 



107 



108 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the reasons that hogs not only could be taken in 
droves to the Madison, Lawrenceburg or Cincin- 
nati slaughter-house, or be slaughtered at home 
and shipped in barrels to the southern market by 
every stream that would float a flatboat, but they 
could be raised at a minimum of cost, as they fed 
largely on the forest mast which then abounded. 
The proportion of different kinds of live stock in 
1839, as shown by the following census figures, 
was: Hogs, 1,623,608; sheep, 675,982; cattle, 
619,980; horses and mules. 241,036. 

It naturally followed that the leading crops 
would be tin ise for stock feeding, and accord- 
ingly we find corn far in the lead with a total of 
28,155,887 bushels.* The oats crop follows, 
with a return of 5,981,605 bushels. Wheat comes 
next with a yield of 4.049,375 bushels, Laporte 
county far in the lead, owing, it may be surmised, 
to shipping facilities from Michigan City. Rye, 
buckwheat and barley figured among the cereals, 
and the potato crop amounted to 1,525,794 bush- 
els, while Imps were cultivated to some extent, 
particularly in Ripley county. The hay tonnage 
amounted to 178,029, with Dearborn county lead- 
ing, but flax, an important crop for fabrics in 
earlier years, seems to have fallen off. as from 
twenty-nine counties there are no returns at all. 
Of wool there were 1,237,919 pounds, and this 
probably supplanted flax in the manufactures of 
the home loom, as these were still largely in ex- 
cess of the factory products, being valued at 
$1,289,802. Products of the dairy were valued at 
$742,269, and those of the orchard at $110,055. 
Sugar, presumably all maple, and which may 
therefore be classed as a product of the forest, 
amounted to 3,727,795 pounds in total output, 
with Rush county far in the lead. The most sur- 
prising crop was tobacco, of which not less than 
sixty counties made returns, the aggregate growth 
being 1,820,306 pounds. 

Agricultural Societies. — One sign of the in- 
creased interest in agricultural matters was the 
passage of a law in 1835 for the encouragement 
of county and township societies, and the crea- 
tion of a State Board of Agriculture. This lat- 
ter institution seems not to have cut much figure, 
and we hear little more about it,f but the local 



* In 1837 David D. Owen, the first State geologist, said of the 
Wabash country: "It is emphatically a corn country; ... so 
soon as the Wabash boats get out with their corn the southern 
States become so fully supplied that it immediately affects the 
whole grain market of the South." 

t The present State Board of Agriculture dates from 1852. 



societies flourished and were stimulating in their 
effect. There had been an act to incorporate such 
societies in 1829, and in 1835 Covenior Noble 
stated that "fairs and exhibitions have been held 
and a spirit of emulation and generous competi- 
tion has been superinduced, the happy effects of 
which are witnessed in the improved culture and 
stock of many of the farms throughout the coun- 
try." The contemporary account of the first fair 
of Marion county, held October 30-31. 1S35. 
bears out the governor's laudatory remarks ( )f 
live stock twenty-four classes were entered for 
premiums. For some reason no premiums were 
offered for agricultural products, though the fol- 
lowing year these figured liberally. Articles of 
home manufacture, such as flannels, jeans, linen 
and carpeting were encouraged, and also essays 
on grasses and on the culture of mulberries and 
the production of silk. The cash premiums 
awarded amounted to $169.* 

< Ine object of this society was to promote 
through its members the cultivation of some ar- 
ticle for export, and the commodity decided on 
was tobacco. By an article of its constitution the 
requirement from each member was "the raising 
of one hogshead, or 1,000 pounds, of tobacco, or 
the cultivation of one acre in said article, or the 
1 laying of one dollar in specie." Nothing note- 
worthy came of this tobacco movement. 

Growth of Schools. — At the end of the thir- 
ties the percentage of illiteracy was still large, it 
being estimated that more than 72.000 of the 
population could not read or write. The illiter- 
ates in 1840 were about one in seven of the adult 
population, and in 1850 the conditions, as to ra- 
tio, were not improved. "More than sixty per 
cent, of the State's children were not in school 
a single day for the year 1846-47." we are told, 
and universal free education, maintained by 
taxes was as yet but a dream of the advanced 
few, although the school fund in 1849 was esti- 
mated at $1,890,215.08. To the list of private 
schools of the academy, seminary and small-col- 
lege class, more than thirty were added during 
the decade. In higher education the Catholics 
established the University of Notre Dame, at 
South Bend, in 1842, and the Baptist school, es- 
tablished at Franklin. Johnson county, in 1837. 
became Franklin College in 1845. The libraries 



Ind. Journal, Oct. 16, 1835. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



109 



of the State other than private numbered 151, 
with a total of 68,403 volumes. 

MISCELLANEOUS DEVELOPMENTS 

Newspapers. — By the federal census there 
existed in Indiana in 1840, seventy-three news- 
papers, sixty-nine of which were weeklies and 
four semi- or tri-weeklies. Three "periodicals," 



work and the first geological survey of the State 
was made in 1837 and 1838, Owen submitting a 
report for each of these years. The record of 
these may be found in the Documentary Journal 
for 1838, and both were subsequently published 
in one volume, as the "Report of a Reconnais- 
sance of the State of Indiana." After this the 
office of geologist seems to have been discon- 
tinued and the next we hear of it is in connection 




Becks' Mill. Washington County. The first mill on this site was built of logs in 18U8. The building shown in 
tin picture was erected in 1861 and was used to grind flour as late as 1905. It is now used mainly to crush 
grain for feed. 



presumably literary papers, had also appeared 
upon the field, though what these three publi- 
cations were is now probably lost to human 
knowledge. 

Geological Department. — In 1836 the firsl 
Step was taken looking toward a geological sur- 
vey of the State by a joint resolution proposing 
to ( >hio and Kentucky a joint survey. Nothing 
came of this, and a law of February 6. 1837, 
authorized the Governor to appoint a State Ge- 
ologist at a salary not exceeding $1,500 per year, 
with an additional sum not exceeding $250 for 
expenses. David Dale < )\ven. a son of Robert 
Owen, oi New Harmony, was secured for the 



with the State Board of Agriculture in the earl) 
fifties. 

Increase of Official Salaries. — The first in- 
crease of official salaries was made by a law of 
1837, which set the following schedule: Goa 
ernor, $1,500 per year; judges of superior court. 
$1,500 each; presidents of circuit courts, $1,000 
each; members of the General Vssembly, $3 per 
day for each day's attendance and $3 for ever} 
twenty-five miles traveled "by the most usual 
road." 

New State House. — from 1825 to 1834 
Legislatures held their session- in the Marion 
county courthouse, but by 1830 these quarters 



110 



CKNTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



began to be too restricted for the State's business. 
The Legislature took the first step toward build- 
ing a new capitol by an act of February 10, 1831. 
Plans were advertised for, to include Senate and 
Representative chambers and quarters for the 
Supreme Court, Secretary of State, Auditor of 
State, State Library, Law Library, six committee 
rooms and six clerk's rooms. The contract was 
given to Ithiel Town and Andrew J. Davis, New 
York architects of high standing, and the work 
of construction was begun in 1832 and finished 
in time for the Legislature of 1835-6. The total 
cost of the building was restricted to $60,000.* 

Change in Taxing System. — In 1835 a change 
was made in the taxing system. Prior to that 
land was classed as first, second and third rate. 



See p. 89. 



The new law provided for an appraisement based 
on actual market value. Buildings were also ap- 
praised ; there was added to the taxables a long 
list of chattels, including household articles, and 
business capital, corporation stock and money at 
interest were included. A poll tax was fixed of 
3/J/2 cents for State and 37y 2 cents for county 
for each male citizen over twenty-one years of 
age (Laws of 1835). 

Improvement in Housing. — The extent to 
which the typical log cabin of pioneer days was 
being supplanted by brick, stone and frame 
houses is indicated by the following statistics. 
The total number of brick and stone houses in 
1840 was 346, and of "wooden," presumably 
frame, 4,270. Of the former kind Marion 
county led with 35. All but sixteen counties re- 
turned frame buildings, Green leading with 344. 




Foot of Waltman Hill, Brown County, between Helmsburg and Nashville. 



CHAPTER XII 



1840 TO 1850- 



-CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT 
DURING DECADE 



The State's Financial Dilemma. — While the 
general suspension of the public works in 1839 
did not quite banish the hope that, somehow, the 
system would be completed, it proved to be the 
final collapse of the governmental scheme. For 
a few years the State continued to operate and 
slowly extend the Wabash and Erie canal, but 
the returns from it did not balance the expenses. 

The aftermath of the disastrous business fell 
heaviest upon the next decade, and on Governors 
Bigger and Whitcomb and the Legislature of 
their administrations devolved the perplexing 
task of extricating, as best they could, the com- 
monwealth from financial ruin and discredit. An 
official report made in 1842 shows a disgraceful 
tangle of affairs. Out of a bond issue of $15,- 
000.000, "$4,000,000 was represented by worth- 
less securities," and $2,000,000 had been "em- 
bezzled by various State officers and agents." 
The interest on the public debt was far greater 
than the State could keep up, from 1840 it accu- 
mulated, adding to the principal at an appalling 
rate, and how Indiana was ever going to take 
care of her enormous obligation was not appar- 
ent. In the face of this desperate outlook it is 
hardly surprising, perhaps, that a disposition to 
throw over the most galling part of the burden 
by repudiation should have cropped out. Just 
how widely such a disposition actually prevailed 
among the rank and file is not clearly traceable, 
but it is generally implied by our historians that 
at this crisis the State narrowly escaped that blot 
on her fair name. 

The Butler Bill Compromise. — The way of 
at least partial escape from this dilemma opened 
up by a compromise which in 1846 took form in 
what is known as the "Butler Bill." The holders 
of the State's bonds, whose interest was now far 
in arrears, employed a New York attorney, 
Charles Butler, to visit Indiana and effect some 
settlement with the Legislature. The settlement 
agreed upon was that the bondholders who 



wished could become part owners of the Wabash 
and Erie canal and its unsold lands and acquire 
a lien on its earnings. More specifically, one 
could surrender his bonds and receive for each 
$1,000 two $500 certificates of stock. One of 
these would be canal stock and the other State 
stock. The former had back of it the canal prop- 
erty, and the latter was to be taken care of by a 
tax levy (Benton). A part of the agreement was 
that out of the sales of the remaining lands the 
canal was to be completed to Evansville. The 
State was to still retain a supervisor}- interest, 
and the property was to be put into the hands of 
three trustees, two to be appointed by the cred- 
itors and one by the State. 

This compromise was embodied in a long bill 
of thirty-five sections, covering many complicated 
points, which became a law January 19, 1846, 
after considerable opposition that seems to have 
had no reason other than petty politics.* It did 
not prove satisfactory to the creditors, and after 
another fight Butler secured in 1847 the passage 
of another long bill amending the first. 

The result of this compromise legislation was 
that the State luckily escaped from one-half of 
its internal improvement debt, thus cutting it to 
$6,732,880 (Esarey). This reduction enabled the 
State to save itself, but the rest of the debt re- 
mained a heavy burden for years. The result to 
the creditors was that they got what they could 
out of a bad situation. Eventually they suffered 
loss that brought, in many cases, ruin and dis- 
tress, for the canal, after continuing in operation 



* A letter from Butler to his wife during his legislative cam- 
paign (see History of Union Theological Seminary) gives an in- 
teresting glimpse of his difficulties. "The prospects," he says, 
"are altogether discouraging, and almost everybody says that noth- 
ing can be done. Politicians are afraid to move. It is really 
amazing to see what a paralysis hangs upon this people. . . . 
The governor is a prominent candidate for the United States 
Senate and dare not open his mouth as he should, lest it might 
affect his election to that office. . . . My mission is a hard 
one and no mistake. ... It is certain that if the question 
is not now settled it never will be; the people will go into re- 
pudiation." 



Ill 



112 



( I'XTKXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



for a few years was killed by the incoming rail- 
roads. Finally, in 1877, it was sold by order of 
court for the benefit of the bondholders, who 
"received from the sale about 9y 2 per cent, of 
their investment" (Benton). The work was 
completed to the Ohio river at Evansville in 
1852, after a long series of misfortunes and set- 
backs, but the part from Terre Haute down 
proved worse than profitless, the cost being far 
in excess of returns. 

"Thus closed the story of the old Wabash and 
Erie. The State and bondholders had expended, 
all told, $8,259,244. They had received from 
lands and tolls, $5,477,238. A magnificent land 
grant by the federal government had been squan- 
dered. The total amount of land donated was 
1,457,366 acres, or 2,277 sections; an area equal 
to the five largest counties or the ten smallest. 
["his was twice as much as the whole donation 
for the common schools" (Esarey). 

( )f this canal in its relation to the commerce 
and population of the State we will speak in an- 
other section. ( See next page. ) 

Completion of Whitewater Canal. — As part 
of the State system the Whitewater canal was 
completed from Lawrenceburg to Brookville. the 
hist boat between those points arriving at Brook- 
ville June 8, 1839 (James M. Miller). In 1842 
it was sold to Henry S. Vallette, a capitalist of 
( iiuinnati. It reached Laurel in 1843, Conners- 
ville in 1845 and boats were running to Cam- 
bridge City by 1846. For the Whitewater val- 
ley and for each of its towns as they became, in 
turn, heads of navigation, the canal made an era 
i if prosperity. Cambridge City, we are told, be- 
came a shipping port for Henry, Randolph and 
I lelaware counties as well as for Wayne and 
northern Rush, and Brookville and Laurel drew 
wheat, hogs and other agricultural exports for 
many miles to the west, north and east. In 1847 
a Hagerstown company continued the canal to 
that town, but nut much profit was derived from 
the extension ( Young's Wayne County). 

Ihe beginning of the decadence of the White- 
water canal was the damage clone by two disas- 
trous floods in 1847. which damage, it was esti- 
mated, amounted to not less than $180,000. 
Other disasters followed, and the final one, so 
far as the canal was concerned, was its sale in 
1865 to the Whitewater Valley Railroad Com- 
pany, which paralleled the ditch with a railroad. 



DEVELOPMENT OF BENEVOLENT IN- 
STITUTIONS 

The first benevolent institutions other than 
county asylums for the poor, date from this 
decade. In article nine of the constitution there 
was a provision for asylums "for those persons 
who by reason of age, infirmity or other misfor- 
tunes may have a claim upon the aid and benefi- 
cence of society on such principles that such per- 
sons may therein find employment and every 
reasonable comfort, and lose, by their usefulness, 
the degrading sense of dependence." It was fif- 
teen years until this took shape in county infirm- 
aries for the indigent and twenty-eight years un- 
til it included in its broadened scope unfortunates 
other than paupers. The deaf and dumb, the 
blind and the insane all became the objects of 
State aid at this period. 

School for the Deaf and Dumb. — This insti- 
tution was the first to receive consideration, 
when the Legislature of 1842-3 laid a "tax of 
two mills on each one hundred dollars' worth of 
property in the State for the purpose of support- 
ing a deaf and dumb asylum." The first form of 
this support was an appropriation of $200 to one 
James McLean, who was conducting a small 
school in Parke county. Then William Willard, 
attracted by the tax levy, established a school in 
Indianapolis, in 1844, and at the beginning of its 
second session this school was taken over by the 
State. Between 1844 and 1849 the attendance 
increased from 16 to 99. Tuition and board 
were furnished free to deaf-mutes of the State 
1 iet ween the ages of ten and thirty years, the edu- 
cation including the teaching of a trade. The 
large building for the school east of the city, 
which served for more than fifty years, was first 
occupied October 2, 1850. The original cost was 
$30,000, but it was subsequently added to. 

School for the Blind. — The desirability of 
Mime provision for the education of blind chil- 
dren was first brought to the attention of the 
Legislature and the people in 1844 through the 
zeal of (antes M. Ray, a public-spirited citizen of 
Indianapolis. Mr. Ray had witnessed in Louis- 
ville an exhibition of children from the Ken- 
tucky school for the blind under the charge of 
William II. Churchman, a blind instructor, and 
by invitation of Ray, Mr. Churchman brought 
his pupils to Indianapolis and gave an exhibition 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



113 



for the benefit of our Legislature. The result 
was the levying of a tax of two mills on the hun- 
dred for educational aid to the blind. In the be- 
ginning it was proposed to send Indiana children 
to the Kentucky and Ohio schools, pending the 
establishment of our own institution, paying 
their tuition out of the tax levy, but when the 
pupils were advertised for there were only five 
applicants, all told. Then Mr. Churchman, as 
one experienced in the business, was secured to 
take the work in hand. In the fall of 1846 he 
personally canvassed the State, traveling about 
1,520 miles through thirty-six counties, and as a 



of 1843, by Dr. John Evans, an authority on 
mental diseases. That address was part of a leg- 
islative plan for gathering information on the 
subject, and the following session a law was 
passed authorizing a special levy of one cent on 
each hundred dollars for the establishment of 
an asylum. One hundred and sixty acres just 
west of Indianapolis were purchased and a build- 
ing for the accommodation of 200 patients was 
ready for occupancy in 1848. The total original 
cost was estimated at $72,069. 

Enlargement of State Prison. — The State's 
prison at Jeffersonville. which dated from 1822, 



*A, 




The First "Crazy Asylum." Built in Indianapolis in the early thirties. It was located in the southwest section 
of the block bounded by Alabama, New York, Ohio and New Jersey streets. The buildings had been orig- 
inally occupied by early settlers. — From sketch by C. Schrader. 



result twenty pupils were enlisted and placed in 
the institutions of the above-named States, at a 
cost of $100 each. In 1847 our own school was 
established, with Mr. Churchman at its head, on 
a salary of $800 per year. The term began with 
only nine pupils, but these increased to thirty the 
first year. The entire equipment of books and 
apparatus cost but a little over a hundred dollars 
and the total expense of that year was a little 
more than $6,000. The building which, with 
some additions, still stands, was first occupied in 
1853. Its cost was about $68,000.* 

Hospital for the Insane. — The first legis- 
lative step toward the establishment of an asylum 
for the insane followed an address in December 

* For sketch of William H. Churchman and his work for the 
blind of Indiana see Ind. Mag. Hist., vol. x. p. 77. 



was rebuilt and much enlarged in the early for- 
ties. Its outer wall of brick, thirty inches thick 
and twenty-eight feet high, covered an area of 
about four acres. Within this enclosure were 
guard-house, cell-house, workshops, ware and 
store houses, grist-mill and a hospital. The aver- 
age number of prisoners from 1840 to 1850 was 
133 (Merrill's and Fisher's gazetteers). 

WABASH AND ERIE CANAL AND COM- 
MERCIAL DEVELOPMENT 

The greatest developing factor in the State 
during this period was the Wabash and Erie 
canal. It not only gave access to the fertile 
Wabash valley, the choicest portion of the State, 
but by opening up a new and direct water route 



114 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



to the East by way of Lake Erie and the Erie 
canal of New York, but it brought into the State 
a new and distinct tide of immigration that gave 
its character to the population of the northern 
counties. These counties that bordered on the 
canal increased in population much more rapidly 
than counties off the line that, in some cases, of- 
fered far better natural advantages (Benton), 
and land values, of course, were enhanced ac- 
cordingly. It gave a vast impetus to agriculture, 
which heretofore had virtually no market. Large 
farms, we are told, began to take the place of 
small clearings ; improved farm machinery began 
to be introduced, and the crops to pay for it all 
found their way eastward in large quantities. 
In 1844, says Benton, 5,262 bushels of corn 
passed through Toledo, increasing in 1846 to 
555,250 bushels and in 1851 to 2,775,149 bushels. 
This is but a conspicuous example of various 
agricultural exports, the shipments of wheat and 
flour being also very heavy. A broad belt of 
country extending up and down the river and 
extending over "thirty-eight counties in Indiana 
and nearly nine counties in Illinois" was tribu- 
tary to the canal, and not only farm stuffs but 
stone from the quarry, lumber from the forest 
and other bulky raw material in large quantities 
sought cheap transportation to the market that 
was now made possible. Of the magnitude of 
the trade we get some idea from the statement 
that in a single day in 1844 four hundred wagons 
unloaded at Lafayette and that "it was a com- 
mon occurrence to see as many as four or 
five hundred teams in that place . . . un- 
loading grain to the canal." This export business 
begat a trade in imports and the returning boats 
bore westward, besides the immigrants and their 
possessions, merchandise of all kinds, the ship- 
ments of salt alone amounting in 1851 to 88.191 
barrels. 

The increase of population and wealth gave 
rise to new towns all along the route, and created 
new industries. The renting of water power 
from the canal was one of the sources of reve- 
nue, and numerous mills of various kinds sprang 
up, as did also grain elevators, shops, ware- 
houses and other establishments resulting from 
increasing trade and seeking shipping facilities. 
This business prosperity in turn developed social 
features that would furnish peculiarly quaint and 
literatesque material for the story-writer. Peo- 



ple began to travel, not only because there was a 
growing class who could afford to, but because 
the new passenger transportation by boat was a 
luxury compared with travel by coach over rough 
wilderness roads. Passenger packets, less bulky 
and more speedy than the freight boats, ap- 
peared, and these, hauled at a sharp trot, could 
make, under favorable conditions, about eight 
miles an hour. Of pleasant summer weather the 
travelers, lolling about the roomy decks of the 
smoothly gliding packet, played games, con- 
versed, sang in chorus or otherwise cultivated the 
social amenities as it fitted their holiday mood. 
At the locks where the boats were delayed ro- 
mantic couples could stroll on ahead, if they 
wanted to, gathering wild flowers as they went. 
The approach to a town was heralded by a 
great blowing of the boat's horn that brought 
out the townsmen, and at dock the two crowds, 
mingling, fraternized genially and exchanged in- 
formation till the boat's horn again gave warn- 
ing of departure. 

This, however, was not the only side of the 
picture, for we have other accounts of stuffy 
cabins, wretched food, millions of mosquitoes 
that had to be fought all night, and pestilential, 
miasmatic vapors. Notwithstanding these draw- 
backs, however, people in the Wabash valley 
moved about as they never had since their resi- 
dence there. This brought the isolated rural life 
that much nearer to the social life of the town, 
and that it had its educative effects is a safe sur- 
mise. 

This canal era, while it was most conspicuous 
in the forties by reason of its having no competi- 
tor north of the Ohio river, as a great highway, 
continued to increase in its freight transportation 
till 1856, when it reached its maximum with 308,- 
667 tons. After that it waned year by year, un- 
able to hold its own against the competing rail- 
roads, especially the Toledo & Wabash, which 
paralleled it as far down as Lafayette. Of this 
the State's creditors, who had taken over the 
canal, bitterly complained, the granting of fran- 
chises to competitive utilities, they maintained, 
being a breach of honor, since they, the creditors, 
had accepted the canal in good faith as a prop- 
erty of value and as an earnest of the State's de- 
sire to make good its debt. 

With all the seeming prosperity of the Wabash 
and Erie during the score or so years in which 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



115 



it flourished, its great value was as an incidental 
developing factor. As a paying investment it 
was a failure, because during the winter season 
its traffic was suspended and because of the heavy 
expenses for repairs. In many places through 
the lowlands the canal was built up instead of 
being excavated. That is, it ran between stretches 
of levees or dikes and the springing of a leak 
through these not infrequently resulted in a 
washout which would empty the ditch, leaving 



40,000 less than the increase of the last pre- 
ceding decade, and the falling off was largely 
due, doubtless, to the State's heavy debt. In 
1841 that debt in its totality amounted to $15,- 
088,146; there was no prospect of any equiva- 
lent returns, and the affairs of the commonwealth 
generally were not such as to invite citizenship. 
Hence of the great tide of immigration pouring 
westward by way of the National road much 
that might have stopped here passed on to re- 




Neals' Mill on Eel River, near Clay City. This was one of the stations of the "Underground Railroad," used 
for the purpose of hiding fugitive slaves during the early '50s. — Photograph by Bert Weedon. 



boats, freight and passengers stranded in the 
mud until the breach was repaired and the canal 
re-filled. Floods had their dangers, and in 1844 
the liberated contents of a mill-dam broke 
through adjacent levees so swiftly that a packet 
boat, the Kentucky, was carried bodily through 
the gap into the river bottom and broken to 
pieces among the trees, three passengers being 
drowned. 

STATISTICAL SURVEY 

Population. — The population during this dec- 
ade grew from 685.866 in 1840 to 988,416 in 
1850. This increase of 302,550 was more than 



gions farther west. Of the aberrant classes there 
were estimated, in 1850, to be 81 convicts. 861 
paupers, 278 blind, 517 deaf and dumb and 1,059 
insane persons and idiots. 

Agriculture. — During the decade about one- 
fourth of the total area of the State, or 5,019,- 
822 acres, was farmed, and the assessed value 
of farm lands was $128,325,552. There was a 
general and pronounced increase of agricultural 
wealth, in both produce and live stock. The 
staple crop of corn, for example, advanced from 
28,155,887 bushels in 1840, to 52,877.564 bushels 
in 1850, and swine increased by nearly a million 
head. The farmers' long-standing problem of 



116 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



getting to the larger markets was vastly helped 
out by three transportation outlets of great 
value — the Madison & Indianapolis railroad, the 
Whitewater canal and the Wabash and Erie 
canal. The railroad was a crude affair, by the 
modern standard, with its strap rails, and its di- 
minutive locomotives and cars, but in capacity 
and speed it was a marvelous advance over the 
old, laborious teaming. As the road slowly crept 
northward its business increased, and by the 
time it reached Indianapolis, in 1847, it was en- 
tering upon a fat prosperity. 

What the Madison & Indianapolis railroad 
was to the south-central part of the State the 
Whitewater canal was to the Whitewater valley 
and the Wabash and Erie canal was to the Wa- 
bash region, as set forth in a previous section. 

Church Statistics. — In 1850 the religious de- 
nominations in the State had multiplied to six- 
teen, besides sundry minor sects, with a total 
membership of 709,655, and with 2,032 churches. 
The church property was valued at $1,529,585. 
The Methodists were far in the lead with 778 
churches and 266,372 members. The Baptists 
came second with 138,783 members and the 
Presbyterians third with 105,582, followed in 
order of strength by the Christian, with 65,341 ; 
Friends, 60,355; Roman Catholic, 25,115; Lu- 
theran, 19,050; Moravian, 18,250; Episcopal, 7,- 
300; Universalist, 5,050; Tunker, 3,000; Free, 
2,750; Congregational, 1,400; Dutch Reform, 
1,275; Union, 1,250; German Reform, 1,150; 
Unitarian, 250 ; minor sects, 2,822. As compared 
with previous periods, Catholicism had spread 
rapidly during this decade, there being in 1849 
upward of 63 churches distributed over 35 coun- 
ties, Franklin county leading in membership. 
They also supported a theological seminary at 
Vincennes. 

Increase of Professions. — While agriculture 
was still far in the ascendency as compared with 
other industries, there was by 1850 a large in- 
crease in the number of professions and trades, 
the census list showing nearly 200 of these. 

MEXICAN WAR PERIOD 

From the spring of 1846 to the middle of 1848 
Indiana, along with the rest of the country, suf- 
fered the distraction incident to war. Eight days 
after the declaration of hostilities with Mexico 



(May 13 J Governor Whitcomb received a 
requisition for three regiments of volunteers and 
on May 22 he issued a proclamation calling for 
this quota. The military conditions of the day 
and the response to the call are thus set forth in 
"Indiana in the Mexican War," a collection of 
documents compiled in 1908 by Adjutant-General 
Oran Perry : 

Military Conditions. — "At the outbreak of 
the Mexican war the martial spirit of the people 
of the State was at the lowest ebb. There was 
no State organization of militia, no arms, no 
equipment, and apparently not a soldier in sight. 
The probability of war and the necessity of pre- 
paring for it had occurred to the minds of but 
few. The position of adjutant-general was 
looked upon as a compliment, a peg on which to 
hang a title. He was paid a salary of $100 per 
annum, provided his own office, fuel and sta- 
tionery, and was blissfully ignorant of every de- 
tail of the position. Fortunately for the reputa- 
tion of the State the incumbent, General David 
Reynolds, was a man of superior executive abil- 
ity, dauntless in all emergencies, a tireless 
worker and blessed with an abundance of com- 
mon sense, which largely offset his lack of ex- 
perience. His success in rapidly organizing the 
State's quota for the war had no parallel at that 
time, and in 1847 a grateful Legislature recog- 
nized the fact by adding $150 to his salary for 
that year. 

"At that time there was but one railroad in the 
State, running between Madison and Edinburg. 
There were but few improved highways and no 
telegraphs. All communication was by mail, 
mostly carried by men on horseback and over 
bad roads. There were no daily papers, the press 
services being rendered by small weekly sheets, 
one or two to the county." 

Governor's Proclamation; Response of the 
People. — "In spite of these handicaps the war 
news traveled fast. The governor issued his 
proclamation on the 22d of May and the ad- 
jutant-general his General Order No. 1 of the 
Fourth of July, directing the companies to as- 
semble at the rendezvous (old Fort Clark, be- 
tween Jeffersonville and New Albany) as soon 
as possible by the shortest route, and at their 
own expense for transportation and subsistence. 



118 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



"As if by magic the roads were filled with 
marching men, helped on by patriotic farmers, 
who furnished teams for transportation and 
whose kind-hearted wives fed the hungry volun- 
teers. Notwithstanding these drawbacks the con- 
centration was quickly made, and by the 10th of 
June, nineteen days after the call, thirty com- 
panies had reported at camp and been mustered 
into service, while an overflow of twenty-two 
companies reported from their home stations, 
clamoring for acceptance. 

"No less remarkable than the uprising of vol- 
unteers was the patriotic action of the banks in 
volunteering to supply the governor with the 
needful funds and take the chance of reimburse- 
ment by the State or general government, and 
this at a time when the State was almost hope- 
lessly in debt." 

Indiana Regiments ; Battle of Buena Vista. — 
Indiana sent, all told, about 5,000 men into the 
field, the three regiments in response to the first 
requisition being followed in 1847 by the fourth 
and fifth. This number included also 326 who 
joined the United States regiment of mounted 
riflemen. 

At the battle of Buena Vista the disorderly 
retreat from the field of the second regiment 
fixed a stigma on the name of Indiana that long 
remained. This disrepute was but one illustra- 
tion of the truth that the judgments of the world 
are not based on either charity or reason. The 



facts seem to be that comparatively a handful of 
raw recruits were fronted by an overwhelming 
force of the enemy ; that there was a confusion 
of orders ; that those who started the retreat 
thought they were doing so under order. Some 
were rallied and led anew to the fight under the 
colors of another regiment, and that some, under 
the circumstances, were panic-stricken beyond 
rallying was no earthly reason why the charge of 
dishonor should be visited upon a State. 

The Part of Politics. — A feature of the Mexi- 
can service not to be overlooked is the fact that 
here, as elsewhere, according to one writer 
(Esarey) petty politics played their part at the 
expense of efficiency. "Indiana," we are told, 
"had competent men trained for war, but through 
political juggling not one of them was called into 
service. Of the three colonels and one brigadier- 
general, not one could have led a company 
through the manual of arms." This is the sin- 
ister evil that crops out all along the line of our 
political history, and one wonders if the common 
sense of the people will ever take home the les- 
son that it teaches. 

The published roster of Indiana troops with 
accompanying brief data (see "Indiana in the 
Mexican War") shows a loss by death of 542. 
The mortality from disease and exposure was 
heavy, though statistics do not give the propor- 
tion. Another detriment to the State was a de- 
lay in the federal improvement of rivers, har- 
bors and the National road, on account of a de- 
pleted treasury. 



CHAPTER XIII 



PERIOD FROM 1850 TO 1860 



Developments of Decade. — The conspicuous 
developments of this decade were the adoption 
of a new State constitution ; the beginning of a 
transportation system that was to revolutionize 
the economics of the State, and the marked ad- 
vancement by agitation and legislation of a gen- 
eral system of public schools. A change in the 
banking system, the establishment of a State fair 
and a permanent agricultural society are also 
notable features of the period. 

THE NEW CONSTITUTION 

Constitutional Provisions for Change. — 
The framers of the constitution of 1816, recog- 
nizing the uncertainties of it as an instrument for 
future years and future conditions, provided that 
"every twelfth year after this constitution shall 
have taken effect . . . there shall be a poll 
opened in which the qualified voters of the State 
shall express by vote whether they are in favor 
of calling a convention or not." If a majority fa- 
vored it, then provision was to be made by law 
for an election of delegates who, when met, 
should have the power to revise, amend or change 
the constitution, with the one restriction that no 
alteration should ever sanction slavery in the 
State. 

This twelfth-year proviso gave rise to consid- 
erable argument before the adoption of another 
constitution, some maintaining that it should be 
followed strictly, as the fundamental law, while 
others held that the Legislature had the right to 
submit the question to the people whenever de- 
sired. As a matter of fact the proviso was not 
followed strictly. Esarey calls attention to the 
fact that as early as 1822 a law directed that at 
the next election the voter should indicate on the 
bottom of his ballot whether or not he favored 
calling a convention. In 1828, the end of the 
first twelve years, the vote was taken on the 
question, but evidently there was little interest 
in it for only ten out of fifty-eight counties were 
heard from, and these voted almost two to one 
against it. When the referendum was again ex- 
ercised, in 1840, fourteen counties out of sixtv- 



nine made no returns, and the fifty-five that did 
vote stood overwhelmingly against the proposi- 
tion. Nevertheless the minority sentiment for 
a change was growing more urgent, for six years 
later another vote was taken which gave a ma- 
jority of those cast on the question in favor of 
the convention. It was not, however, a majority 
of the total vote and the election of delegates was 
not held. Three years later it was tried again. 
Hitherto a large percentage of the voters had 
refrained from voting at all on the convention 
question and the attempt was now made to catch 
these non-voters by a provision in the law direct- 
ing the inspector of election to verbally put to 
each one, as he presented his ballot, the query: 
"Are you in favor of a convention to amend the 
constitution?" The answer was recorded by the 
clerk of election in a special poll book. Even 
by this unusual method the special vote fell short 
of the total by more than 10,000, but the required 
majority for the convention was gained and a 
law for the election of delegates was passed on 
January 3, 1850.* It may be noted that this ref- 
erendum was three years before the twelfth year 
as specified in the constitution. 

Reasons for Change. — The argument for sup- 
planting the old constitution was that under it 
certain conditions had sprung up that in time be- 
came evils. Chief of these was legislation of a 
purely local or even personal character. Divorces, 
special privileges to individuals, the incorpora- 
tion of towns and the improvements of local roads 
were some of the matters that absorbed the 
legislative energy to the exclusion of general and 
important business. The General Assembly, we 
are told, "was constantly being beset to pass hun- 
dreds of such personal and local acts," until "the 
local laws became six or seven times more 
voluminous than the general laws" (Woodburn). 
Under the old regime the Legislature met each 
year and it was thought that every other year 
would do as well and be much less expensive. The 
old constitution did not impose restrictions on 
the creation of public debt, and the evil of that 



1 J. A. Woodburn, Ind. Magazine of History, vol. x, p. 237. 



119 



120 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



was apparent after the colossal plunging of the 
State in 1836. Also, the appropriating of public 
funds needed a stricter safeguard. These were 
among the reasons specified by Governor Whit- 
comb in his message of 1848. Other reasons that 
existed were that there should be opportunity for 
a more general banking law ; that judges and the 
State officers should be elected by the people in- 
stead of being appointed by the governor, as the 
judges were, or elected by the General Assembly 
as were the secretary, auditor and treasurer ; that 
the appointive power of the governor should be 
curtailed. Also, the court system was unsatis- 
factory and court practice costly. 

The Convention. — The second constitutional 
convention met in Indianapolis October 7, 1850, 
with 150 delegates,* among whom were a num- 
ber of men whose names were, or afterward be- 
came, well known in our political history. Ex- 
Governor David Wallace, Schuyler Colfax, 
Thomas A. Hendricks, Robert Dale Owen, W. 
S. Holman, Alvin P. Hovey, William McKee 
Dunn and William H. English are, perhaps, the 
ones best remembered to-day. The convention 
spent eighteen weeks at its work and was the 
great event of the day. One writer speaks of it 
as "an eighteen weeks' course in political science 
for the citizens of the State," and both press and 
people showed a lively interest in the work as it 
progressed. When the new constitution was 
completed it was not only published abroad by 
the newspapers but 50,000 copies in English and 
5,000 in German were printed for distribution. 
At the next election, which was in August of 
1851, it was submitted to the people for ratifica- 
tion and it was approved by a majority of 85,- 
592. It went into operation November 1, 1851. 
and in the transition there was no noticeable dis- 
arrangement in the machinery of government. 
The cost of the convention was $85,043.82 (Es- 
arey). 

Changes Effected. — The principal changes 
brought about by the new constitution were those 
indicated above. The nuisance of special legisla- 
tion was corrected by the following section oi 
article four : 

"Section 22. The General Assembly shall not pass 
local or special laws in any of the following enumerated 
cases, that is to say : 

"Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of 
the peace and of constables ; 



' There were 42 delegates in the convention of 1816. 



"For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors; 

"Regulating the practice in courts of justice; 

"Providing for changing the venue in civil and crim- 
inal cases ; 

"Granting divorces ; 

"Changing the names of persons; 

"For laying out, opening and working on highways, 
and for the election or appointment of supervisors; 

"Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public 
squares ; 

"Summoning and impaneling grand and petit juries 
and providing for their compensation ; 

"Regulating county and township business ; 

"Regulating the election of county and township 
officers and their compensation ; 

"For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, 
county, township or road purposes ; 

"Providing for supporting common schools, and for 
the preservation of school funds ; 

"In relation to fees or salaries ; except that the laws 
may be so made as to grade the compensation of officers 
in proportion to the population and the necessary serv- 
ices required ; 

"In relation to interest on money; 

"Providing for opening and conducting elections of 
State, county or township officers, and designating the 
places of voting; 

"Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to 
minors or other persons laboring under legal disa- 
bilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or 
trustees." 

This rather lengthy list of negative provisions 
indicates the variety of special legislation that 
had sprung up under the old constitution, and to 
further guard against such misuse of the legis- 
lative power another section specifies that "all 
laws shall be general and of uniform operation 
throughout the State." 

By the old constitution the number of legis- 
lators was fixed by the General Assembly and 
was to vary with the voting population. In the 
House there were to be not less than twenty-five 
nor more than thirty-six so long as the number 
of voters was less than 22,000. The number in 
the Senate was to be not less than one-third nor 
more than one-half of that in the House. In the 
new instrument the Senate was not to exceed fifty 
nor the House one hundred members. 

The secretary, auditor and treasurer of State 
were to be elected by the voters of the State for 
a uniform term of two years, whereas they had 
been elected by joint ballot of the General As- 
sembly, the secretary for four years and the 
other two for three years. 

Among the changes in the judiciary was the 
popular election of judges instead of appointment 
by the governor. Under the old system the State 
was divided into three circuits, and the circuit 
courts were under the jurisdiction of a president 
and two associate judges. These latter were 
local officials elected bv the voters of their sev- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



121 



eral counties, and they sat with the president 
judge as he traveled the rounds of the circuit. 
In the change they were done away with. There 
was no constitutional limit to the number of ju- 
dicial circuits, and one judge was elected by the 
voters of each circuit. The new instrument pro- 
vided for the appointment of three commission- 
ers to "revise, simplify and abridge the rules, 
practice, pleadings and forms of the courts of 
justice," and "for abolishing the distinct forms 
of action at law now in use." A duty of these 
commissioners was "to reduce into a systematic 
code the general statute law of the State." 

The safeguard against excessive State debt was 
thus embodied (section 5, article x) : "No law 
shall authorize any debt to be contracted on be- 
half of the State, except in the following cases : 
To meet casual deficits in the revenue ; to pay the 
interest on the State debt ; to repel invasion, sup- 
press insurrection, or, if hostilities be threat- 
ened, provide for public defense." Section 1 of 
article xiii also places a restriction upon the in- 
debtedness of "political or municipal corpora- 
tions," limiting such indebtedness to two per cent, 
on the value of taxable property within the cor- 
poration. 

A drastic provision that was ratified in 1851 
but stricken out in 1881 was one that "no negro 
or mulatto shall come into, or settle in the State 
after the adoption of this constitution." All con- 
tracts made with any negro coming into the State 
was to be void and any one who employed or 
otherwise encouraged such negro to remain here 
was subject to a fine of from $10 to $500 and 
fines so collected were to be set apart and ap- 
propriated to the colonization of negroes already 
in the State who might be willing to emigrate. 
The negro was explicitly forbidden all right of 
suffrage. 

Comment on the Constitution. — Logan Es- 
arey, in his "History of Indiana," has this com- 
ment on the new constitution : 

"Taken as a whole, it is not a great constitu- 
tion. It suffers by comparison with the one it 
displaced. Its departure from that instrument in 
most cases are of very doubtful value. Its jus- 
tification rests on the substitution of biennial for 
annual assemblies and abolishment of private and 
local legislation. On the other hand its critics 
rightly insist that the judiciary was weakened 



and a vast field opened for sinister party 
politics." 

Whether or not one agrees with this estimate, 
the fact remains that there seems to have been 
considerable dissatisfaction with the new consti- 
tution. Soon after its adoption there was agita- 
tion for amendments, and in 1859 there was an 
effort to bring about another convention or at 
least secure a series of amendments. The ques- 
tion of calling a convention was submitted to the 
people at the regular election in October of the 
year mentioned, but was voted down. In subse- 
quent years there was further agitation and in 
1881 sundry amendments went through, among 
them the elimination of the provision forbidding 
negroes coming into the State. 

BANKING CHANGES 

Passing of the Old State Bank; "Wildcat" 
Banks. — The charter of the State Bank of In- 
diana, which dated from 1834, ran till January 
1, 1859. The State was a part owner in that 
bank, but though the institution ranks well in our 
history as a reputable one, objections to it had 
sprung up. In the new constitution was inserted 
a section forbidding the State to be a stockholder 
in any bank after the expiration of the charter 
then existing. There was also the provision that 
no bank should be established otherwise than 
under a general banking law, except that there 
might also be chartered a bank with branches 
without collateral security, the branches to be 
mutually responsible for each other's liabilities 
upon all paper credit issued as money. If the 
General Assembly should enact a general law it 
was to "provide for the registry and countersign- 
ing, by an officer of State, of all paper credit de- 
signed to be circulated as money ; and ample col- 
lateral security, readily convertible into specie, 
for the redemption of the same in gold or silver," 
was to be required, such collateral security to be 
under the control of the proper officers of the 
State. 

The immediate result of this was a general law 
authorizing "free banks." passed by the firsl 
Legislature after the convention, and the "free 
bank era" that followed would seem to be one 
of the lessons of history. Within six months 
after the passage of the law fifteen banks had 



122 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



been organized and seventy-four others followed 
(Esarey). In spite of the constitutional safe- 
guards as to "ample collateral security" under the 
control of State officers many of the bankers 
were irresponsible adventurers and a goodly per- 
centage of these seem to have been deliberate 
rascals and grafters. According to one writer, 
"a thousand or two of cash only was needed to 
start a bank in those halcyon days of paper cur- 
rency. All that was needed was enough to pay 
for engraving the bills. An embryo banker 
would go to New York with a thousand or two 
dollars, order an engraver to make a plate and 
print him $50,000 in bills. He would then visit 
a broker and negotiate for $50,000 worth of the 
bonds of some State. The next step was to send 
the printed bills to the State auditor of Indiana 
and instruct the broker to forward to the same 
place the bonds negotiated for, to be paid for on 
receipt at the auditor's office. The auditor would 
countersign the new money, pay for the bonds, 
and a new bank would be set going, and the en- 
terprising banker would receive the interest on 
the $50,000 worth of bonds. Thus one man, with 
$10,000 in money, bought bonds and established 
banks until he had in circulation $600,000 of 
paper, and was drawing interest on that amount 
of bonds" (W. H. Smith). 

This may be drawing it a little strong so far 
as the general conditions were concerned, but at 
any rate the "wildcat" banks and the speculators 
who made the most of them brought about a gen- 
eral derangement of money affairs and the dis- 
tress that goes with an inflated, depreciated cur- 
rency. 

Bank of the State of Indiana; Changes In- 
volved. — This was the situation in 1855 when a 
bill was passed chartering a new bank to be known 
as the Bank of the State of Indiana. The State sus- 
tained no relation to it, though its name conveys 
the idea that it was a State bank. Conformably 
with article xi, section 2, of the constitution, it 
was a bank with branches that were mutually 
responsible, but otherwise it was unrestricted. 
There was considerable opposition to it by rea- 
son of the possibilities for abuse that the charter 
offered, and from the first there were charges 
of chicanery and corrupt politics. Governor 
Wright was bitterly opposed to it, and vetoed the 
bill, but it was passed over his veto. In his mes- 



sage of 1857 he attacked it anew in drastic lan- 
guage. "The means and appliances brought to 
bear to secure the passage of this charter," he 
said, "would, if exposed to the public gaze, ex- 
hibit the darkest page of fraud and corruption 
that ever disgraced the Legislature of any 
State." This severe arraignment, amplified by 
further detailed charges, resulted in an investi- 
gation by a select committee of the Senate. The 
report of the examination of numerous witnesses 
in the case make a good-sized book.* The con- 
clusions of the committee were that there had 
been chicanery and that the investigation 
"clearly uncovers to the public gaze a fraudulent 
and successful encroachment upon the rights of 
the people. ... A great franchise of the 
State," the report says, "which the constitution 
intended to be granted only for the public good 
and to be equally open to all, has been scrambled 
for, won, and sold to the highest bidder." In 
short, the committee thoroughly discredited the 
bank as a colossal instrument of graft ("Bank 
Frauds" report, pp. 432-436) and advanced ar- 
guments for the revocation of the charter, but 
no such step was taken. Its management, after 
the stirring up, passed into good and competent 
hands, with the noted financier Hugh McCul- 
loch, as its president, and James M. Ray, one of 
the best citizens of Indianapolis, as cashier. It 
ran successfully until 1865, when it was sup- 
planted by the national banking system, most of 
its branches becoming national banks (W. H. 
Smith). Its branches were at Lima, Laporte, 
Plymouth, South Bend, Fort Wayne, Lafayette, 
Logansport, Indianapolis, Richmond, Conners- 
ville, Rushville, Madison, Jeffersonville, New Al- 
bany, Bedford, Vincennes, Terre Haute, Muncie 
and Lawrenceburg (Esarey). 

THE NEW EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT 

Educational Status in Latter Forties. — In 

spite of the constitutional provisions, the various 
school laws and the private seminaries, acad- 
emies and other schools that sprang up over the 
State the educational status in Indiana through- 
out the period of the first constitution was very 
low. To quote Professor Boone ("Education in 



# "Bank Frauds: Journal, Testimony and Reports." Pub- 
lished by Joseph J. Bingham, 1857. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



123 



Indiana") : "As yet [prior to 1849] there was no 
system. . . . Elementary education was chiefly 
conspicuous through neglect of it, while all other 
was more or less antagonized. Free schooling 
of any grade was thought by many to be danger- 
ous to the State and subversive of the highest 
individual good." Nor was this condition on 
the mend, for whereas in 1840 the State stood 
sixteenth in the scale of literacy "in less than 
ten years it fell to the twenty-third place," and 
among the free northern States it stood lowest. 
About one in every seven was unable to read or 
write, taking the State over, while some counties 
reported one-third of their adults as illiterates. 

Caleb Mills. — The most notable pioneer edu- 
cator to wage a crusade against this benighted 
condition was Caleb Mills, a New Hampshire man 
and a graduate of Dartmouth college and An- 
dover Theological Seminary, who came to Craw- 
fordsville in 1833 to take charge of the school 
that was to become Wabash college. It was not 
until thirteen years later that he began his fa- 
mous systematic campaign that entitles him to 
an honored place among those who have truly 
served Indiana. 

Mills' "Messages." — The feature of this 
"campaign" was a series of appeals to the Legis- 
latures and to the constitutional convention which 
extended over a period of six years. They be- 
came known as "messages" to the Legislature by 
"One of the People," the identity of Mills being 
concealed under that signature. Presented as 
the gratuitous or volunteer messages of a lay- 
man on the one subject of education they ap- 
peared in the Indiana State Journal in 1846, 1847. 
1848, 1849, at the beginning of the legislative ses- 
sions of those years. Four letters to the members 
of the convention appeared in the Indiana States- 
man in 1850. and the sixth and last "message" 
was laid on the desks of the legislators of 1852 — 
the first to convene under the new constitution. 

In these various addresses Professor Mills 
dealt with the problem of illiteracy and what it 
meant to the State, dwelling analytically and ex- 
haustively upon facts that previous Legislatures 
had ignored. "Shall we," he asked, "dig canals 
and build railroads to transport the products of 
our rich soil to market, and leave the intellect of 
the rising generation undeveloped and undis- 
ciplined ? Is matter more valuable than mind ? 
W e have borrowed," he said, "millions for the 



physical improvement of our State, but we have 
not raised a dollar by ad valorem taxation to 
cultivate the minds of our children." He cited 
statistics to show the increased industrial effi- 
ciency that resulted from education, and pointed 
out the benefits from the viewpoint of material 
prosperity alone. He also discussed the question 
of ways and means — of resources and taxation 
and methods, and made clear the inadequacies 
of the existing system with its low standards, its 
poor teachers and its lack of equipment. In 
brief, he threshed out the question from every 
side with the masterful power of an expert in a 
field where experts were few, and his unwearying 
persistence made an impression that was the be- 
ginning of a new educational order. The effect 
on Governor Whitcomb, indeed, was immediate, 
and following Mills' first address he spoke for the 
first time in his own message of the educational 
needs. "One of the People" was widely read 
and discussed, and by the time the last of the six 
appeals was laid before the Legislature that body 
thought enough of it to order 5,000 copies printed 
for distribution. 

Effect of the Addresses. — Mr. Charles W. 
Moores* says that "the six messages have long 
been considered the basis of the Indiana system 
of common schools. Their influence, although 
they were published anonymously, was felt at 
once, and that influence is still a controlling one 
in the educational growth of the State." 

Contemporary with these addresses and largely 
inspired by them, seemingly, there sprang up a 
general agitation of the educational question. On 
May 26, 1847, there was a school convention 
held at Indianapolis which was in session for 
three days and in connection with which we find 
the names of a number of well-known citizens of 
the State. This was the first of a series of such 
meetings which worked on public sentiment, and 
helped clear the way against ignorance and the 
opposition of false notions for a better law, 
which finally, in 1849, found its way into the stat- 
ute book. The distinctive feature of this law 
was that it authorized, for the first time, a direct 
and general tax levy for the support of public 
schools, whereas previously the reliance had been 
on the inadequate returns from the permanent 



* "Caleb Mills and the Indiana School System," by Charles 
W. Moores; Ind. Hist. Soc. publications, vol. iii. The fullest 
and best study we have of this chapter in our educational his- 
tory. 



124 



CRNTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



school fund. It also changed the machinery of 
school administration, as organized, and intro- 
duced more of a system.* 

The free school principle which, under the old 
constitution, was subject to the shifting notions 
of public opinion and of successive Legislatures, 
was fixed in the new constitution by a mandatory 
provision that there should be "a general and 
uniform system of common schools, wherein tui- 
tion shall be without charge, and equally open 
to all." This was an immense advance gained 
by the advocates of free and universal education, 
and one step toward the "general and uniform 
system" was the further provision for election 
by the voters of the State of a State superintend- 
ent of public instruction as head of the whole 
educational plan. 

Law of 1852; Beginning of New Regime. — 
The first Legislature under the new constitution, 
that of 1852, passed a law that went a step 
farther in the direction of a uniform and efficient 
system, though in the general re-arrangement 
under new conditions it had many problems to 
contend with. It has been said that "the dawn 
of our present common school system began in 
1852. . . . The law embodied the principle 
that the property of the State should educate the 
children of the State and that all the common 
schools should be open to pupils without charge. 
. . . It provided for the consolidation and gen- 
eral management by the State of all the per- 
manent school funds . . . and for the better 
investment of the school funds" (W. H. Smith). 
It also provided for the election of a State super- 
intendent of public instruction and for the estab- 
lishment of a State Board of Education. 

A distinctive feature of the law that proved to 
be, virtually, its undoing was the authorization 
of school corporations in cities and towns inde- 
pendent of the township corporations that had 
previously comprehended the whole system, and 
the further authorization of local taxation at the 
option of the people supplemental to the general 
fund. This opened the way in the centers of 
population for graded, superior schools, and un- 
der the stimulus of it many cities levied the extra 

* Prior to the Legislature of 1849 a popular vote was taken on 
the free school question and it carried by more than 16,000, but 
the forty-three counties constituting the south half of the State 
returned a majority of 1,634 against free schools while the forty- 
seven counties north of an east and west line drawn along the 
south boundary of Marion county gave a favorable majority of 
18,270. (Boone.) 



tax and proceeded to develop something larger 
and better than the country schools of the town- 
ship system. 

The Perkins Decision. — In 1855 this new prog- 
ress received a serious check. Many still opposed 
taxation for educational purposes as a coercive 
policy. The constitutionality of the law was 
questioned, and in a suit brought in the city of 
Lafayette by one William M. Jenners, which 
found its way to the Supreme Court, the conten- 
tion of the plaintiff was sustained by Judge Sam- 
uel Perkins, and the law overthrown. The result 
of this court decision was a discouraging set- 
back to the cause of education. Professor Boone 
says that "most city schools were classed as pub- 
lic schools, the houses rented to private parties 
and superintendents and teachers dismissed, not 
a few of the best of both classes leaving the 
State ;" and again : "This condition gave Indiana 
through a decade of years, a reputation that re- 
quired another decade to wipe out." In other 
words, the restricting of the educational work 
to the returns from the permanent fund and the 
general State tax of ten cents on each hundred 
dollars' worth of property, threw the schools 
back on a revenue so insufficient that the school 
term was reduced to two or three months, or less, 
and in 1859, for example, "the entire school rev- 
enue of every kind, distributed to the schools, 
averaged but 94 cents per child — only $68 to each 
of the 6,500 schools" (Boone). 

The detrimental effects of this adverse decision 
of Judge Perkins was felt for a dozen years, dur- 
ing which time a revival of private schools of va- 
rious kinds was the educational salvation of the 
State. In 1867 another local tax law was passed 
and public sentiment, by this time, was so favora- 
ble to it that its constitutionality was not ques- 
tioned until eighteen years later. In 1885 a test 
case was made in the Switzerland county circuit 
court, similar to the one in Lafayette thirty years 
before. It went to the Supreme Court and this 
time Judge Byron K. Elliott laid the ghost by de- 
claring constitutional the controverted section of 
the law. 

AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENT 

A New Impulse. — During this decade there 
was a very decided movement toward agricul- 
tural advancement. From the beginning, indeed, 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



125 



farming had been considered as the mainstay of 
the country, but attempts to improve its status 
by organized effort had been, at the best, spo- 
radic. As early as 1835 a State Board of Agri- 
culture had been created, but for years it had 
only a nominal existence ; and the same seems to 
have been true of various county societies. The 
first step toward a more efficient order may be 
found in the message of Governor Wright, de- 
livered December 31, 1850. Wright, although 
fun has been poked at him, and his political op- 
ponents facetiously accused him of advising the 
farmers to buy hydraulic rams for the purpose 
of improving the breeds of sheep, is nevertheless 
justly honored among the governors as a patron 
saint, of husbandry. 

State Board of Agriculture. — In his message 
referred to he advised the re-establishment of a 
State Board of Agriculture and suggested feat- 
ures of a plan that were incorporated in a law 
which followed. This law, "An Act for the En- 
couragement of Agriculture," approved February 
14, 1851, and re-enacted with some modifications 
on February 17. 1852, provided, in the first place, 
for the formation of county societies, for the en- 
couragement of which, under certain conditions, 
there was granted all moneys collected as licenses 
for the exhibitions of menageries, circuses, the- 
atrical performances or other shows. It also 
"created a body corporate, with perpetual suc- 
cession . . . under the name and style of the 
'Indiana State Board of Agriculture,' " which 
was to receive reports from the various country 
societies, deliberate with delegates from such 
societies "as to the wants, prospects and condi- 
tions of the agricultural interests throughout the 
State." and to make an annual report to the Gen- 
eral Assembly. This board was given "power to 
hold State fairs at such times and places as they 
may deem expedient" and, having entire con- 
trol of the same, could fix the amount of the va- 
rious premiums offered. 

The Board of Agriculture organized and held 
its first meeting May 28, 1851, with Governor 
Wright as president ; John B. Dillon, secretary, 
and Royal Mayhew, treasurer. The question of 
a State agricultural fair was discussed, some 
members urging such an exhibition, and others 
holding that the conditions, both as to transporta- 
tion facilities and public sentiment were not yel 
quite ripe. In deference to the latter argument. 



it seems, the fair project was postponed for a 
year and a half. 

County Societies. — The formation of county 
societies progressed from the first, and by 1852 
there were forty-five of them in existence, and 
the reports of these organizations incorporated, 
along with other matter, in the annual report of 
the State board, present, from 1852, an excellent 
record of the agricultural progress of the State. 

First State Fair. — There doubtless was a re- 
lation between the establishment of a State fair 
and the existence of the railroads which made 
practicable the transportation of live stock and 
exhibits from various parts of the State. The 
first of these fairs was held in Indianapolis, Oc- 
tober 20, 21 and 22, 1852, on the grounds now 
known as Military park, west of West street. It 
was an event of great popular interest. The 
newspapers devoted a quite unusual amount of 
space to it and the people, both exhibitors and 
visitors, rallied to make it a success. It was re- 
garded as an important forward step in the 
State's progress. To quote from a paper of the 
day : "A just pride in the utility and greatness 
of their pursuits will be generally infused among 
our farmers, mechanics and manufacturers. 
Standards of excellence in stock, of utility in 
machines, and of true taste in the elegant articles 
of comfort and luxury will be fixed in the minds 
of all. Progress in their respective pursuits will 
take the place of indifference in their minds. A 
laudable ambition to have the mantel decorated 
with a silver cup will actuate all, and thus feel- 
ing and acting, who can calculate the ultimate re- 
sult?" 

There were 1,365 entries, with quite a showing 
of improved agricultural machinery, and a large 
exhibit of live stock, chiefly hogs, sheep and cat- 
tle. Of the latter the Durham were most in evi- 
dence, though Devons, Herefords and Ayreshires 
were also represented. As shown by the treas- 
urer's report, premiums to the amount of $1,026 
were distributed among about 160 entries. The 
out-of-town attendance taxed the capacity of 
both the fair grounds and the city's facilities for 
accommodations,* and the total gate receipts at 
20 cents a head amounted to something over 
$4,600, which, according to the local papers, de- 



* The estimated attendance the first day was 15,000; on the 
second, 25.000, while on the third there were "more people in 
town than the grounds could hold." 



126 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



frayed expenses and allowed the return of $2,000 
that had been borrowed from the State. 

Fair Week in Indianapolis. — Incidentally, 
this was undoubtedly the liveliest week that In- 
dianapolis had ever known. The place was filled 
with side-shows and catch-pennies. A vaudeville 
troupe, under the management of the once-fa- 
mous "Yankee" Robinson, gave three perform- 
ances daily in a tent near the fair grounds. 
Wells' minstrels were another attraction. A man 
named Diehl put up what he advertised as an 
"enormous pavilion" near the State House, where 
he gave pyrotechnic displays, and there was a 
"grand exhibition of the world's fair," being 
illuminated views of the London Crystal Palace 
exposition ; also "Beard's Hoosier Panorama of 
Paradise Lost," showed at one of the churches. 
Then P. T. Barnum came along with his museum 
and menagerie, and, added to all, the Democrats 
had a big torchlight procession which was to close 
with speaking at the Wright House, where the 
New York store now stands, but the whigs gath- 
ered to howl down the speakers, thus contribut- 
ing to the pandemonium which the good citi- 
zens of Indianapolis had to endure for that week. 

Original Policy a Shifting Fair. — The orig- 
inal intention, out of deference to the other 
leading towns of the State, was to shift the fair 
from place to place, giving Indianapolis every 
third year. In accordance with this idea 
Lafayette had it in 1853 and Madison in 1854. 
At both these places it was a financial failure. 
Then it was kept at Indianapolis for four years. 
In 1859 New Albany tried it, but again it was a 
financial failure, and after that it remained per- 
manently at the capital, the grounds being 
changed from Military park to a thirty-six-acre 
purchase at the north edge of the city, now built 
over and known as Morton Place. 

ROADS 

The Plank Road Era. — An innovation in road- 
making during the fifties constituted what is 
sometimes called the "plank road era." 

The plank road appears to have originated 
in Russia, to have found its way thence into 
Canada, and from there into parts of the United 
States lying contiguous to Canada. In a country 
where timber was not merely abundant, but an 
actual encumbrance, the conversion of this tim- 



ber into a solid road as smooth as a floor was 
a captivating proposition, and the fever caught 
and spread. In no place was there better reason 
for its spreading than in Indiana, and accord- 
ingly for nearly ten years (through the fifties) 
we had the plank road era. The promise of im- 
mediate returns was, presumably, sufficient to 
attract capital, and the State very wisely handed 
over the new movement to the capitalists. From 
1848 we find laws authorizing corporations to 
take possession of the existing roads, to con- 
vert them into plank roads, and to erect and 
maintain toll-houses for revenue along the same. 
In 1850 one of these companies, organized to 
build a plank road from New Harmony to Mount 
Vernon, in Posey county, sent Robert Dale Owen 
to western New York to investigate the roads 
already in operation there, and the result was the 
publication of a small book containing a mass of 
information upon the subject.* There were va- 
rious widths and methods of laying in the con- 
struction of these roads, but that recommended 
by Owen was eight feet wide, formed of planks 
two and one-half to four inches thick laid cross- 
wise on long mud sills, and well spiked down. 
The cost of this material he estimated at $938.08 
to $1,689.60 per mile, according to thickness of 
planks. The labor involved a party of twelve or 
fourteen hands with teams for ploughing, scrap- 
ing, rolling, etc., and these could lay from thirty 
to forty rods per day, at an expense of perhaps 
$200 per mile. The approximate total cost of a 
road built of three-inch white oak planks was 
given as $2,000 per mile. 

While Owen, with the bias of an advocate, per- 
haps, figures that a white oak road would do good 
service for at least twelve years, as a matter of 
fact those constructed in this State would seem 
to be much shorter of life. Within ten years the 
decadence had plainly set in, for a law of 1859 
prohibits the collection of tolls on roads that are 
not kept up, and about this time plank road legis- 
lation disappears from the statutes. The diffi- 
culty was not only decay, but the warping and 
working loose of the planks. 

Introduction of Gravel Roads. — In 1858 we 
find the first statutory mention of gravel roads, 
and the introduction of this material, presum- 
ably about that time, was the beginning of 
a possible permanent excellence. Why it was 



* Owen on "Plank Roads," New Albany, 1850. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



127 




128 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



not earlier used is not easy to learn, but it 
is probable that prior to the clearing up of 
the country, when the drift-choked, forest-en- 
vironed streams flowed with a fuller volume, 
gravel bars were at once much less in evidence, 
and much less accessible than at a later day. Con- 
struction with this new material went on under 
private enterprise, the State became well 
traversed with toll-roads, and the ubiquitous little 
toll-house, with its long sweep pole, is still fresh 
in the memories of most of us. 

The next turn in legislation was a provision 
(as early as 1879) for the county control of free 
turnpikes and the authorization of tax levies for 
that purpose. Under these laws the improved 
roads have, one by one, been bought up by the 
several counties, and the abolishment of the toll- 
gate is becoming general.* 

BEGINNING OF THE RAILROAD ERA 

Strictly speaking the railroad era of Indiana 
began when the Madison & Indianapolis road 
went into operation in 1839, but the sudden de- 
velopment of first roads that grew into the sys- 
tem of later years is a distinguishing feature in 
the history of the early fifties. The Madison 
road was completed to Indianapolis in 1847, and 
its prosperity following that completion was a 
tremendous stimulus to railroad construction.! 
Capital, hitherto timid and distrustful of invest- 
ment in this direction, now flowed freely and by 
the latter part of 1850 six new roads were under 
way with a total of 142 miles built in addition to 
the eighty-six miles of the M. & I.J 

On the maps of 1852 and 1853 we find the 
State traversed in all directions by something 
like a score of roads, some of them then in opera- 
tion, and seven of these centered at Indianapolis, 
while an eighth, the Jeffersonville, was directly 
tributary to it. 

Sketches of First Roads. — Brief sketches of 
these pioneer roads in the order of their begin- 
ning are here given : 

The Indianapolis & Lawrenceburg. — This 



* It has been stated that there are now but two toll-gates in 
the State. 

t As the Madison road was extended into the interior its re- 
ceipts increased from $22,110 in 1843 to $235,000 in 1849, and 
the daily travel from 25 to 200 passengers. Its stock rose until, 
in 1852, it sold for $1.60. (Chamberlain's Gazetteer.) 

% By 1860 this mileage had increased to 2,125.75 (census re- 
port). 



road, afterward known as the "I., C. & L.," se- 
cured its first charter as early as 1832 and in its 
first steps toward actual construction antedated 
the M. & I. by four years. It encountered much 
opposition from the-M. & I., and was not com- 
pleted until 1853. By connecting central Indi- 
ana with Cincinnati and the east this line became 
a formidable competitor of the M. & I. The first 
year after its completion the receipts were $299,- 
433.66; the second year this was nearly doubled, 
and much of this, presumably, drew directly 
from the receipts of the M. & I. Afterward it 
took the name of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & 
Lafayette, and is now one of the "Big Four" 
lines. 

The Jeffersonville Road. — This line, under the 
original name of the Ohio & Indiana Railroad 
Company, was first chartered in 1832, then in 
1837, and again in 1846. Finally, in 1848, its 
promoters secured still another charter more lib- 
eral than the preceding ones, and got to work. 
In 1849 the name was changed to the Jefferson- 
ville Railroad Company. In 1852 it was finished 
to Columbus, where it met the M. & I. Here 
trouble began. The monopolistic M. &. I., then 
under the control of John Brough, afterward 
governor of Ohio, was not disposed to brook any 
rival, and it refused to co-ordinate its running 
schedule with that of the new road. The latter, 
in retaliation, extended its scheme and started 
for Indianapolis, side by side with the M. & I., 
which then capitulated and the two formed a 
junction. Like the camel which, having got its 
nose into the tent, gradually wedged in its whole 
body, the Jeffersonville road soon dominated its 
rival, and in 1866 the two were consolidated as 
the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis, which 
name it retained for many years. It is now a 
branch of the Pennsylvania system. Like the 
Cincinnati road to the east, this one, by opening 
the way to Louisville and the south was a great 
contributory factor to the decadence of the 
State's first road, which, when it reached Madi- 
son, was effectually barred from getting farther. 

The Belief ontaine & Indianapolis. — This road, 
afterward known as the C, C, C. & I., and now 
a part of the "Big Four" system, was the first 
line that opened up a way directly with the east 
and northeast. It was begun in 1848, being the 
second road running out of Indianapolis, and in 
1852 reached Union Citv, at the State line, where 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



129 



it connected with an Ohio line and with eastern 
points. Before making that connection its traf- 
fic, draining toward Indianapolis, contributed to 
the prosperity of the Madison road, but after- 
ward it was a formidable competitor, diverting, 
as it did, the commerce of the interior toward the 
east. Its chief promoter and first president was 
( >liver H. Smith, well known as lawyer, politi- 
cian and United States senator. 

The Peru & Indianapolis. — The next road out 
of the capital was the Peru & Indianapolis. It 
was running to Noblesville by the spring of 1851 
and reached Peru in 1854. It is said that "in its 
earlier days, it brought into Indianapolis immense 
quantities of lumber, and, at a later day. much 
grain and produce." For a while the Peru and 
the Madison roads were consolidated, the aim 
being to establish a through route from the Ohio 
river to the Wabash & Erie canal and thence, by 
water, to the east. This, it was thought would 
put the M. & I. on a footing with its rivals that 
were affording outlets eastward, but for some 
reason the merger did not last long. The Peru 
& Indianapolis subsequently became the Indian- 
apolis, Peru & Chicago, and is now the Lake 
Erie & Western. 

The Terre Haute & Indianapolis. — This road 
was to have bisected the State east and west, with 
Terre Haute and Richmond as its two termini. 
The idea originally agitated was that it should 
be one link in a larger railroad scheme that would 
extend without break from St. Louis to Cincin- 
nati. This plan, however, was evidently too am- 
bitious for that day and generation and it settled 
down to a line connecting Terre Haute with Indi- 
anapolis. It was finished in 1852, and, like the 
other roads centering at Indianapolis, was, in the 
beginning, a feeder for the M. & I. It is now 
called the "Vandalia." 

The Indiana Central. — This road, for many 
years known as the "Panhandle," and now as a 
link in the Pennsylvania lines, connected Indian- 
apolis with Richmond, Ind., and was the fulfil- 
ment of the preceding plan for a Terre Haute 
and Richmond road. It was begun in 1851 and 
completed in 1853, being the first line to estab- 
lish (by way of Cincinnati) a connection with 
the east. It paralleled the National road and was 
a large factor in reducing the travel over that 
thoroughfare. 

The Indianapolis & Lafayette. — As the Indi- 
9 




130 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ana Central carried out the scheme of connecting 
Terre Haute with Richmond, so the Indianapolis 
& Lafayette road completed the original idea of 
a Madison, Indianapolis and Lafayette line, as 
contemplated in the internal improvement law of 
1836. It was finished in 1852, and was especially 
important as forming a link in a connection be- 
tween the Ohio river and Chicago. In 1866 it 
was consolidated with the Cincinnati road and 
the two took the name of the Indianapolis, Cin- 
cinnati & Lafayette. The line, now known as 
the C, C, C. & St. L. (Big Four), connects Cin- 
cinnati with Chicago. 

Ohio & Mississippi. — This road, crossing the 
southern part of the State, was the first to form 
a link in a continuous route that connected the 
Mississippi river with the seaboard. The com- 
bination consisted of the Ohio & Mississippi, the 
Marietta & Cincinnati, and the Baltimore & Ohio, 
which, together, reached from St. Louis to Bal- 
timore. When completed it was the longest con- 
tinuous route in the world, and the opening in 
1857 was signalized by a great railroad celebra- 
tion. The first train over the road was a "Cele- 
bration Train," filled with railroad dignitaries 
and government officials, which was greeted with 
display and popular enthusiasm all along the 
way.* 

Other Roads. — Other roads of this pioneer 
era, beside those centering at the capital, were 
the New Albany & Salem, traversing the length 
of the State from New Albany to Michigan City ; 
the Northern Indiana (Michigan Southern) ; the 
Toledo, Wabash & Western, completed in 1857, 
which, traversing the Wabash valley, supplanted 
the Wabash and Erie canal, and the Pittsburgh, 
Fort Wayne & Chicago, finished in 1856, which 
became an important factor in the development 
of northern Indiana. The "Junction" (C, H. & 
D.) was built from the eastern State line to Rush- 
ville, but did not reach Indianapolis until the lat- 
ter sixties, and the Vincennes road was finished 
about the same time, though promoted much 
earlier. Besides these there were various short 
lines of the kind facetiously known as "jerk- 
water," though they have all long since been 
merged in the great system and taken other 
names. 

Beginnings of a System. — Before the end of 



* A good-sized illustrative book descriptive of this occasion 
may be found in the State Library. 



the fifties the various Indiana roads with their 
interstate connections had begun to take the form 
of a system much more extensive than the one 
that had been contemplated by the internal im- 
provement law of 1836. Not only were the vari- 
ous sections and principal cities of the State put 
into communication with each other, but a num- 
ber of the lines reached much farther by the inter- 
state connections. The Terre Haute, Cincinnati, 
Indiana Central, Bellefontaine, the Ohio& Missis- 
sippi, the Toledo, Wabash & Western and the 
Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago roads became 
links in roads leading to the east ; the New Al- 
bany & Salem connected the Ohio river and the 
great lakes, and this knitting and extending proc- 
ess carried on continuously from that time has 
created the vast and complex railroad system of 
the present day. 

Influences of the Railroad. — Much interest- 
ing matter pertaining to the railroads belong to 
this period. Within the decade Indiana was 
fairly transformed, not only by the vast stimulus 
given to commerce and by the multiplication of 
industries, but by the sharp turn — the new trend 
given to the State's development. For example, 
the radical change in transportation methods de- 
termined a new arrangement of population cen- 
ters. Before that the streams were a great fac- 
tor in the locating of settlements but with the 
advent of the new order these were left to dwin- 
dle in isolation, and many a one that started out 
with glowing hopes and good reasons for them 
are now but a memory. On the other hand, the 
railroads straight across country supplied a new 
reason for the location of towns, and the local 
histories will show that a vast percentage of 
these date their origins from the coming of the 
railroads. Navigable streams and water power 
for mill seats no longer cut a figure. It is said 
that old James B. Ray, who is credited with be- 
ing our most erratic governor, as far back as the 
twenties had a vision, and preached it, to the 
effect that one day, along a system of railroads 
radiating from Indianapolis as from a hub, there 
would be villages or towns every five miles, 
while every twenty there would be a city. He 
was, of course, laughed to scorn, but that was 
exactly what came to pass. In a word, but for 
the introduction of railroads the distribution of 
population throughout the State would have been 
vastly different from what it is, not only as re- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



131 



gards the location of centers, but also in the 
growth of centers as determined by industries 
and commercial wealth. 

The effect of the railroad upon manufactures 
is illustrated by the fact that from the output 
value of $19,199,681 as given by the Indiana Ga- 
zetteer of 1850, there was a sudden increase that 
for the next ten years averaged $41,840,434 per 
year, with 20,755 persons employed in manufac- 
turing industries and also heavy investments in 
the places with railroad facilities. 

The "Erie War." — The important relation of 
the railroad to commercial prosperity is shown 
by what is known in history as the "Erie War," 
which occurred in 1853. At that time the rail- 
roads had not established a uniform gauge, or 
width between the rails, so that rolling stock 
could not, as now, travel over any and every 
road. At Erie, Pa., one gauge from the east 
met another gauge from the west, in consequence 
of which all through passengers and freight traf- 
fic had to be transferred from one road to the 
other. This meant great inconvenience and ex- 
pense to travelers and shippers, and great profit 
to Erie. The latter came to regard her transfer- 
ring industry as a vested right — so much so. in- 
deed, that when an attempt was made to unify 
the gauges her citizens forcibly interfered with 
the laying of rails in the streets. The wrath in 
the west at Erie's hoggishness, and the execra- 
tions heaped upon the town by/ the press and in 
indignation meetings were loud and universal. 
The Indianapolis Journal for December 17, 24, 
25 and 28, 1853, gives glimpses of the public 
feeling. 

The Railroads and Madison. — The influence 
of the railroad as a factor in the making and un- 
making of localities is well illustrated by the rise 
and decline of Madison. Throughout the forties, 
when the one railroad in the State brought the 
business of the interior to the favored city on 
the Ohio, she became, as one of her citizens ex- 
pressed it, "the first city of Indiana — first in com- 
merce, population, wealth, literature, law. reli- 
gion, politics and social enjoyment." The Ohio 
river traffic here made connection with the rail- 
road traffic, and we hear stories of the big river 
steamboats lying in lines beside the wharves, 
where the bags of wheat were piled high and the 
warehouses were filled to their roofs with mis- 
cellaneous freight, while countless barrels of mess 



pork packed for shipment to the south as far as 
the gulf, and to the east as far as Europe, occu- 
pied all the river front and reached up into the 
by-streets. As a pork market it was second only 
to Cincinnati, and there is record of 200,000 
hogs being slaughtered and packed there in a sin- 
gle month. Because of its importance as an 
entrepot it became known as the "Gateway to the 
State." The wealth that accumulated there has 
left its traces in the quaint old mansions that 
stand to the present day, and the long list of able 
men who formed a galaxy there have left their 
impress on Indiana history — such men as Joseph 
G. Marshall, Jeremiah Sullivan, Jesse D. and 
Michael G. Bright, J. F. D. Lanier, and others. 

This prosperity of Madison continued to in- 
crease so long as the M. & I. road had no corn- 




Old Union Depot at Indianapolis, built in 1853. 
(See next page.) 

petitors. The first roads to reach out from Indian- 
apolis, into near territory, such as the Bellefon- 
taine, the Peru and the Terre Haute lines, were 
feeders rather than rivals to the M. & I., but 
when the Bellefontaine and the Indiana Central 
made connections with the east the tide began 
to turn, while the connections with Cincinnati and 
the falls cities by the Indianapolis & Lawrence- 
burg and the Jeffersonville roads was the begin- 
ning of a swift decline for the M. & I. It fought 
desperately against its fate, and one of the curi- 
osities of railroad literature is a report of 1854 
in which it complained that the State was instru- 
mental in inflicting serious damage on it by pass- 
ing a law which "opened the door for the con- 
struction of other railroads." Its most damaging 
competitor was the Jeffersonville road, which 
finally swallowed it, and after the consolidation 
the part from Columbus southward was simply 
the Madison branch. The city of Madison suf- 
fered proportionately, and, from being the first 
city in the State it has long since taken rank far 
down the scale as an Indiana center — its chief 



132 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



fame now being that of a quaint and charming 
place, speaking of a picturesque past. 

The Railroads and Indianapolis. — The capi- 
tal, from the beginning of the new era was re- 
garded as a logical railroad center and in the 
construction of the early fifties the city was made 
the focusing point of not less than eight lines, 
connecting it with other points in all directions. 
Prior to that it was but a small country town, 
with few industries. Of the change wrought in 
the place by the new order we have this account 
in "Holloway's Indianapolis :" 

"Manufacturers appeared ; stores that had for- 
merly mixed up dry goods, groceries, grain, hard- 
ware, earthenware and even books on their stock, 
began to select and confine themselves to one or 
two classes of their former assortment. . . . 
Business showed its growth in its divisions ; the 
prices of property advanced ; a city form of gov- 
ernment was adopted ; a school system was inau- 
gurated. Everybody felt the impulse of pros- 
perity. . . . New hotels, manufactories and 
business houses also appeared. The Bates house 
and Sherman house were built ; Osgood & 
Smith's peg and last factory; Geisendorff's 
woolen mill, Drew's carriage establishment, Shel- 
lenbarger's planing mill and Macy's pork house 
swelled our industries, and various blocks, school- 
houses, railroad shops and other buildings were 
added to our improvements." A glance at the 
local press of the fifties confirms this description 
of prosperity and hustle. Three-fourths of the 
space, at a guess, are taken up by advertisements ; 
the columns are dotted with little cuts of engines 
and cars, with accompanying time-tables ; pictures 
of trains are incorporated in the newspaper heads, 
and a semi-literary weekly, the first of its kind 
in the city, saw fit to take the name of "The Lo- 
comotive." 

The Union Depot.* — The early creation of a 
railroad center at Indianapolis resulted in the 
first "Union Depot" in the country. The orig- 
inating of this structure, and the particulars of 
it by one who knew at first hand, is worth giving. 
It was written by Mr. William N. Jackson, of 
Indianapolis, and was first published in the "In- 
dianapolis Journal" for July 29, 1900. Mr. Jack- 
son savs :f 



* See preceding page. 

f William N. Jackson, whose memory is revered in Indianap- 
olis, was identified with the railroad business from pioneer days. 
"Jackson Place," adjacent to the Union S a'.ion, is named for him. 



"Chauncey Rose, of the Terre Haute & Rich- 
mond ; John Brough, of the Madison & Indian- 
apolis, and Oliver H. Smith, of the Bellefontaine 
line, met in their office in the middle of the Cir- 
cle in 1850, and planned and carried into execu- 
tion soon after a union station at Indianapolis, 
and erected the first one that was ever built. 
For this a union track was needed from the mid- 
dle of Tennessee street northeasterly to the mid- 
dle of Washington street at Noble street, and the 
right of way for which was taken by the Terre 
Haute & Richmond (now Vandalia) to Pennsyl- 
vania street, and from there onward and north- 
easterly to the center of Washington street by the 
Bellefontaine and Peru roads. A few miles of 
each road had been made previous to this. The 
right of way from the Madison & Indianapolis 
depot on South street to Meridian street was 
given by Austin W. Morris. The right of way 
from Pennsylvania to New Jersey streets was 
purchased from Mrs. McCarty. The Union 
Station was opened September 20, 1853, the 
building being finished at that period. Mr. 
Chauncey Rose was president of the company and 
Mr. W. N. Jackson secretary, treasurer and 
ticket agent. 

"The Lawrenceburgh & Upper Mississippi 
railroad entered this station in the spring of 1854 
as the Indianapolis & Cincinnati Railroad Com- 
pany ; the Indiana Central at the same time, and 
the Lafayette a little later, followed by the Indian- 
apolis & Vincennes ; the Indiana, Bloomington & 
Western ; the Indianapolis, Decatur & Spring- 
field ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis, 
and the Monon branch of the Louisville, New 
Albany & Chicago road." 

The Union Company owned all the tracks in 
the city and the Union Depot independently of 
the various roads. The building, which was 
planned by Gen. T. A. Morris, was 420 feet long 
by 120 wide, but in 1866 it was widened to 200 
feet. It was replaced by the present building in 
1888 (Dunn). 

Equipment of the Pioneer Roads. — When 
the Madison & Indianapolis road was begun by 
the State in 1836 the T rail had been invented. 
It then ran, we are told, about forty-five pounds 
to the yard, or less than half the weight of the 
best rails to-day. In a previous section mention 
has been made of the extravagant construction 
plunged into by the State, one feature of which 




Scenes in "Shades of Death," Parke County. 



134 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



was the importation from England at a high cost, 
of these improved rails. When the road went 
into the hands of a private company the cost of 
construction was reduced from $58,000 per mile 
to about $11,000, and the primitive style of it was 
the same as was adopted by the other roads of 
the fifties. This may be briefly described. The 
foundation of the road was long, heavy hewn 
timbers, known as "mudsills," laid end to end 
and bedded in the earth. On these were laid 
crossties three or four feet apart, and on the 
ties, in turn, were laid parallel lines of oak string- 
ers, about 6x6, which were secured in place by 
stout wooden pins driven through auger-holes 
that ran through the ends of the stringers and 
into the ties. The inner edges of the stringers 
were chamfered off, or sloped so as to allow for 
the flanges of the wheels, and along the cham- 
fered edge were spiked the rails, which con- 
sisted simply of bars of iron about two and a half 
inches wide by five-eighths of an inch thick. 

This crude equipment was anything but safe 
beneath the wear and tear even of engines and 
cars that now seem diminutive. The yielding 
flat bar would crush into the wooden stringer, 
the spikes would work loose, and the loosened 
rails curling up at the ends formed what the local 
humorists dubbed "snake-heads," doubtless from 
the appearance, which suggested a snake with its 
head raised. These up-raised ends, threatening 
the moving train with puncture and derailment, 
increased the dangers of traveling by rail. 

The rolling stock was correspondingly primi- 
tive. The development of the locomotive was 
retarded, doubtless, by the frail character of the 
rail and roadbed. At first it weighed but ten to 
fifteen tons as against the hundred-ton engine of 
to-day, and had neither cow-catcher nor cab, the 
latter, indeed, being objected to by the engine- 
man as a dangerous trap in case of accident. It 
would haul twelve or fifteen freight cars capable 
of carrying about three tons each, and twenty 
miles an hour for passenger service was good 
speed. A not uncommon occurrence was the 
stopping of the train till a trainman went ahead 
with a sledge-hammer to spike down "snake- 



heads." The water supply was replenished by 
stopping at some wayside stream and dipping up 
with leathern buckets, a number of which were 
carried on hooks at the side of the tender. The 
term "jerkwater," as humorously applied to 
cheap, out-of-date roads no doubt had its origin 
in this custom. 

Statistical Survey. — An agricultural survey 
by the census of 1860 shows that at that period 
about one-half of the available land of the State 
was improved, its cash value being estimated at 
$344,902,776, as against $136,385,173 for 1850.* 
That there had been a great advance in the 
methods of farming is indicated by the appraised 
value of farm machinery in use, which was given 
at $10,457,897. The value of live stock within 
the ten years had almost doubled, with a great 
many working oxen (117,687) still in use, but 
far outnumbered by horses and mules for draft 
purposes. Swine were still the leading animal 
product, as corn was still the principal crop prod- 
uct, amounting in 1860 to 71,588,919 bushels, 
which was far in advance of any previous yield. 
Crops generally showed a corresponding in- 
crease, and sorghum had been introduced as a 
new crop in this section of the country, the out- 
put of syrup in 1860 being 881,049 gallons. 

Manufactories had greatly increased, there be- 
ing 5,110 establishments of various kinds with a 
total investment of $17,881,586 and an output 
valued at $41,840,434. The leading manufactur- 
ing counties were Wayne, Jefferson, Tippecanoe, 
Vigo, Marion, Vanderburg, Fayette, Montgom- 
ery, Floyd, Dearborn, Tipton and Putnam, all of 
which had railroads. 

In the census of 1850 no satisfactory figures 
as to manufactures are given, but the invested 
capital in 1860 is about ten times more than the 
amount given for 1840. 

The population of the State had grown to 
1,350,428 as against 988,416 in 1850, and 685,866 
in 1840, showing a tolerably uniform rate of in- 
crease over the twenty years. 



* According to a statement in the census report, it was "not 
too much to say that one-half this increase has been caused by 
railroads." 



CHAPTER XIV 



THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD 



Antecedent Conditions. — The overshadow- 
ing fact of the sixties was the great Civil War, 
which during its continuance, dominated public 
thought and action and put a corresponding 
"check upon the State's development. Preceding 
the final outbreak, and part and parcel of our 
war history, was a period of turmoil and fierce 
conflict of opinion which, while it prevailed over 
the country, playing about the ever-agitated ques- 
tion of slavery, was particularly acrid here. Our 
mixed population with its large element from 
the south that was southern in its sympathies, im- 
periled our standing as a union and anti-slavery 
State. As an evidence of the anti-negro sen- 
timent that existed the constitution of 1850 had 
in it a clause prohibiting all negroes or mulattoes 
from coming into or settling in the State.* The 
democratic party of the State was for years in 
the ascendency, and its endorsement and support 
of federal legislation that made for the exten- 
sion of slave territory was so pronounced, and, 
from the northern viewpoint, so flagrant, that 
many, after fruitless protests seceded from its 
ranks. Conspicuous among these seceders was 
Oliver P. Morton, who. at a democratic State 
convention, held in Indianapolis in 1854, walked 
out amid taunts and hisses, after taking a stand 
against the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which gave 
those two great States over to the slave power. 

Throughout the early fifties, owing to this 
vexed slavery ghost that would not down, the 
elements of a new party, not yet crystallized, 
were segregated under such names as "Free 
Soilers." "Abolitionists," "Free Democracy," 
"Barnburners," and the "People's Party," which 
latter "was the preliminary organization of the 
republican party" in this State.f Other parties, 
such as the prohibition and "Know-nothing" or- 
ganizations were in the field, but the political 
movement at the times of greatest historical im- 
port was the one that was feeling its way toward 



* This provision stood until 1881, when it was stricken out and 
an amendment substituted. 

t William Dudley Foulke's "Life of Morton," one of the best 
books on the war period in Indiana. 



alignment on the nation's greatest problem, that 
of slave versus free labor — a problem that in- 
volved both economics and morals. 

These various currents finally merged in the 
organization that was destined to work out the 
country's salvation — the republican party, which 
took definite form at a convention held in Pitts- 
burgh on the 22d of February, 1856. That year 
O. P. Morton, as candidate of the "people's 
party" for governor of Indiana, canvassed the 
State, and during the campaign, according to his 
biographer (Foulke, p. 58), he "organized the 
republican party in Indiana." 

The new party rapidly became a power in the 
land and in the State. This first campaign Mor- 
ton was beaten by Ashbel P. Willard, a democrat, 
but four years later, as running mate with Henry 
S. Lane, he was elected, along with a republican 
majority in the General Assembly. 

The wrangling between the parties during the 
latter fifties was a discredit to the State. Through 
their refusal to act together they failed, in the 
Legislature of 1857,' to make an appropriation 
for the expenses of the State government, and 
Governor Willard borrowed enough to pay the 
interest on the public debt, while the State insti- 
tutions had to be temporarily closed. Also the 
democrats, by an irregular proceeding, elected 
Jesse D. Bright and Graham N. Fitch to the 
United States Senate. The next Legislature, the 
republicans being then in the ascendency, de- 
clared the previous irregular proceedings ille- 
gal and elected Henry S. Lane and William M. 
McCarty, but the United States Senate, which 
was democratic, did not recognize these repub- 
lican contestants. 

In a word the irreconcilable antagonism be- 
tween the free and the slave States which grew 
more and more bitter as the great issue was re- 
peatedly forced upon the people, found in Indi- 
ana full expression. 

The Secession Issue and Morton's Stand. — 
When the brewing storm between the north and 
-until threatened the division of the nation by 
the secession of the southern States, men found 



135 



136 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



themselves fronted by an issue not to be shunted 
off for future solution — an issue sharp and im- 
mediate, and so far-reaching in its consequences 
that the vast majority were at sea as to what 
policy ought to be pursued. Ought the rebellious 
States, resting on the sacred doctrine of State's 
rights, be allowed to withdraw in peace ; or 
should the preservation of the Union and the 
nation's future be the paramount consideration? 
Leaders were timid, temporizing and uncertain, 
and there was need of strong men to take the 
positive and unequivocal stand. Such a man in 
Indiana was Oliver P. Morton. At a meeting 
held in the Marion county courthouse on Novem- 
ber 22, 1860, he delivered a speech which stamped 
him as the man of the hour and revealed the 
qualities that were to make him famous as Indi- 
ana's great "war governor." He was then the 
newly-elected lieutenant-governor. Henry S. 
Lane, the governor-elect, who was noted as an 
orator, also spoke and was, presumably, regarded 
as the headliner of the- occasion, but what he 
said was, in view of the temper of the times, in- 
consequential as compared with Morton's ad- 
dress. There was no shilly-shally in the latter. 
The speaker stood, first of all, for the right of 
the nation to preserve its existence and integ- 
rity, and he analyzed the situation point by point. 
To grant one State the right to secede at this 
crisis was to grant the same right to any State at 
any time, and that meant the dissolution of the 
nation whenever such States might see fit. To 
quote : 

"The right to secede being conceded, and the 
way to do it having been shown to be safe and 
easy, the prestige of the republic gone, the na- 
tional pride extinguished with the national idea, 
secession would become the remedy for every 
State or sectional grievance, real or imaginary, 
and in a few short years we should witness the 
total dissolution of that mighty republic which 
has been the hope and the glory of the world. 
. . . We must, then, cling to the idea that we 
are a nation, one and indivisible, and that, al- 
though subdivided by State lines for local and 
domestic purposes, we are one people, the citi- 
zens of a common country, having like institu- 
tions and manners, and possessing a common 
interest in that inheritance of glory so richly pro- 
vided by our fathers. We must, therefore, do 



no act, we must tolerate no act, we must concede 
no idea or theory that looks to or involves the dis- 
memberment of the nation."* 

This speech, the effect of which, according to 
Foulke, "was of incalculable effect, not only in 
the State but over the entire country, was deliv- 
ered shortly before South Carolina took the first 
step in actual secession. Exactly in line with 
the firm stand of Lincoln it foreshadowed the un- 
wavering support which, as governor of the 
State, he was to extend to the nation's chief ex- 
ecutive in the trying years to follow, and it re- 
vealed the strong hand which was to deal with 
internal difficulties during those times of danger. 
Fortunately the office of lieutenant-governor was 
the stepping-stone to the governorship. On the 
15th of January Governor Lane was made 
United States senator, and Morton succeeded to 
the gubernatorial chair. 

Condition at Beginning of the War; Mor- 
ton's Activity. — When, with the assault on 
Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, the smoldering fires 
of hostility burst into living flames and the war 
was on us, Indiana's state of unpreparedness was 
about as bad as it could be. She had neither 
money nor munitions, the latter, according to 
Adjutant-General Terrell's statement, consisting 
of "perhaps less than five hundred stands of ef- 
fective first-class small arms, besides eight pieces 
of weather-worn and dismantled cannon and an 
unknown number of old flint-lock and altered-to- 
percussion muskets, the most of which were scat- 
tered throughout various counties in the hands 
of private individuals and members of disbanded 
companies of militia. "f Also, such militia sys- 
tem as the State once maintained, had virtually 
gone to pieces ; the military reputation we had 
carried over from the Mexican war on account 
of injurious reports as to the conduct of our sol- 
diers at Buena Vista, was not good : our credit 
was not good, and "there was a certain evil re- 
pute which everywhere hung over the name of 
'Hoosier' " (Foulke). Added to all was the 
strong hostile element within our borders ready 
to throw every obstacle in the way of an aggres- 
sive loyal policy. Notwithstanding this discour- 
aging situation Morton, on the 15th of April, 



* For full text see Foulke's "Morton," pp. 87-96. 
f Adjutant-General Terrell's reports, vol. i — a valuable history 
of the war period in Indiana. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK < >F INDIANA 



137 



and on the heels of the news that Sumter had 
fallen, telegraphed to the president this message : 

"To Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States: 
"On behalf of the State of Indiana I tender to you, 
for the defense of the nation, and to uphold the author- 
ity of the government, ten thousand men. 

(Signed) "Oliver P. Morton, 
"Governor of Indiana." 

The thing that made possible such an offer was 
the temper of a majority of the people. The 
Union sentiment was at a white heat and over- 



discharged. Indianapolis had been designated as 
a place of rendezvous, and the State fair grounds, 
a recently-acquired tract of thirty-six acres, then 
at the north edge of the city but now far within 
it and known as "Morton Place," was christened 
"Camp Morton" and put at the service of the 
troops. The problem sometimes presented of 
insufficient volunteers was reversed, the question 
being to choose out of the many that presented 
themselves. To quote the adjutant-general's ac- 




Old State House. From Photograph taken April 30, 1865, the day Lincoln's body lay in state. 



whelmingly dominated the adverse minority. The 
firing on Fort Sumter banished all uncertainty 
from the minds of those who had hitherto wa- 
vered, and those who had differed before were 
now one for the preservation of the nation. The 
forming of companies proceeded at once. The 
daj after the first call for troops there were 500 
in camp at Indianapolis, and within three days 
2,400, with new arrivals coming by every train. 
By the seventh day there were 12,000, which was 
far more than were required. The Indiana 
quota was fixed at six regiments of infantry or 
riflemen, making 4,683 officers and men, who 
were to serve for three months unless sooner 



count, the response was as gratifying as it was 
universal, and left no doubt as to the entire and 
lasting devotion of Indiana to the fortunes of 
the Union. . . . The 'old flag' at once became 
sacred and was proudly displayed in every breeze 
from the highest peaks of churches, school- 
houses and private dwellings. The presentation 
of a stand of national colors by patriotic ladies 
to each company was rarely omitted, and. when- 
ever practicable, brass bands were provided to 
escort them to the general cam])" (Terrell). The 
people generally, among the Unionist element, 
rallied to the occasion. Volunteers were freely 
furnished with such supplies as the authorities 



138 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



could not at once provide, and in many instances 
the men were carried free by the railroads ; pri- 
vate citizens and local authorities contributed 
money to aid the cause, while banks and capital- 
ists offered to advance whatever money might be 
required. 

Extra Session of the Legislature. — Governor 
Morton, to meet the exigencies, called a special 
session of the Legislature, which convened on 
the 24th of April. By his recommendation it 
authorized a war loan of $2,000,000, to be ap- 
plied as follows : For general military purposes, 
$1,000,000; for the purchase of arms, $500,000; 
for contingent military expenses, $100,000; for 
organizing and supporting the militia for two 
years, $140,000. Laws were also passed to or- 
ganize the Indiana militia ; to provide for six regi- 
ments of State troops ; to provide for a State 
paymaster; to authorize counties to appropriate 
moneys for the protection and maintenance of 
the families of volunteers, for the purchase of 
arms and equipments, and for raising and main- 
taining military companies ; to provide for the 
punishment of persons guilty of giving material 
aid and comfort to the enemies of this State or 
of the United States in time of war (Terrell). 

Six First Regiments. — The consecutive num- 
bering of our regiments dates from the Mexican 
war. The first five were in that war, and conse- 
quently the Sixth was the first Indiana regiment 
to go into the civil war. The six regiments above 
mentioned, constituting the first Indiana quota, 
were commanded as follows : 

Sixth, Col. Thomas T. Crittenden ; Seventh, 
Col. Ebenezer Dumont ; Eighth, Col. William P. 
Benton; Ninth, Col. Robert H. Milroy ; Tenth, 
Col. Joseph J. Reynolds; Eleventh, Col. Lewis 
Wallace. 

These regiments made up the First Brigade of 
Indiana Volunteers, with Thomas A. Morris as 
brigadier-general. By the 27th of April they 
were fully organized and after being well armed 
and equipped they went under General McClel- 
lan's command in western Virginia. That they 
acquitted themselves well is testified by a com- 
munication from General McClellan to Governor 
Morton when they returned from their three- 
months' service. "I have," he wrote, "directed 
the three-months' regiments from Indiana to 
move to Indianapolis, there to be mustered 
out and reorganized for three years' service. I 



can not permit them to return to you without 
again expressing my high appreciation of the dis- 
tinguished valor and endurance of the Indiana 
troops, and my hope that but a short time will 
elapse before I have the pleasure of knowing 
that they are again ready for the field." 

The First Brigade was at once reorganized for 
the three-years' service. 

Organization of State Troops; Subsequent 
Regiments. — The next six Indiana regiments, 
from the Twelfth to the Seventeenth, inclusive, 
may be specifically mentioned because their or- 
ganization serves to illustrate the initiative and 
forehandedness of Governor Morton. As said 
above, the response to the first call for troops 
was far in excess of the quota requested by the 
federal government, which was less than 5,000 
men. Considerably more than that, after the five 
regiments were formed, were still anxious for the 
opportunity to enlist, and out of this material 
Morton, on his own responsibility, and under the 
power vested in him as commander-in-chief of 
the militia of the State, formed five other regi- 
ments, ostensibly for the State's defense, but 
really in anticipation of a further call when, as 
bodies already organized and in process of train- 
ing, they would be acceptable to the United 
States. To further insure their probable future 
usefulness the men were enlisted for a year and 
the governor retained the authority to transfer 
them to the government service, or to tempo- 
rarily retire them, if advisable, after they had 
been sufficiently drilled and disciplined, with the 
power to recall them to active service when 
needed. Of these regiments, the Twelfth, Thir- 
teenth and Seventeenth rendezvoused at Indian- 
apolis, the Fourteenth at Terre Haute, the Fif- 
teenth at Lafayette and the Sixteenth at Rich- 
mond. As a matter of fact these regiments were 
hardly organized until there was a demand for 
four of them at the front and they entered serv- 
ice for three years, while the other two (the 
Twelfth and Sixteenth) were transferred by the 
middle of the summer and served out their year 
in the Army of the Potomac. 

A detailed account of the origin and services 
of Indiana regiments does not come within our 
scope. Suffice it to say, in this connection, that 
during the first year at least, the patriotic fervor 
of the people made recruiting easy, and though 
the calls came repeatedly as the conflict grew in 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



139 



magnitude, the volunteers were in excess of the 
demand. In 1861 more than fifty infantry regi- 
ments, besides three of cavalry and twelve of ar- 
tillery batteries were put in the field and most of 
these prolonged their services by re-enlistments. 
As the war progressed with fluctuating for- 
tunes, alternate reverses and successes, combined 
with other influences, affected volunteering here 
as elsewhere. Here as elsewhere, there was some 
drafting when, in emergencies of the conflict, 
large quotas were demanded, but the figures of 
Adjutant-General Terrell show that while cer- 
tain of the townships in the State fell short in 



fought in every seceding State, except Florida, 
and in every other State that was invaded. 
"Three Indiana regiments took part in the first 
battle of the war, and an Indianian was the first 
to yield up his life, on the battlefield, for the 
Union. . . . The last battle of the war was 
fought by Indiana troops ; the last gun fired at 
the enemy was by an Indianian, and the last 
Union soldier killed in battle was John J. Will- 
iams, of Company B, Thirty-fourth Indiana Reg- 
iment" (W. H. Smith). 

The Hundred-Days' Troops. — Eight regi- 
ments of Indiana infantry (132d to 139th, in- 




Morton Monument on State House Grounds. 



their quota of volunteers, the others were in ex- 
cess, and the State as a whole, at the close of the 
war had offered an excess. 

Altogether Indiana contributed to the war a 
larger proportion of her population of the mili- 
tary age than any other State, except Delaware 
(J. P. Dunn), the grand total, after deducting 
11,718 re-enlistments, being 197,649. Of these 
24,416 were killed or died of diseases, and 13,779 
were "unaccounted for" (Terrell). There were 
151 infantry regiments,* fourteen cavalry regi- 
ments, twenty-seven artillery companies, and va- 
rious miscellaneous organizations (adjutant-gen- 
eral's statistics). During the service they were, 
as one writer affirms, more widely distributed 
than the soldiers of any other State and they 



* The first infantry regiment formed was the 6th and the last 
the 156th. 



elusive) organized in 1864, and known as the 
"Hundred-Day" men, because their enlistment 
was for that period, were somewhat distinctive 
in their origin. Campaigns on a huge scale 
against Atlanta and Richmond were intended, 
and the demand for men exceeded the response. 
Both Grant and Sherman were urging more sup- 
port, but the country had been drained by re- 
peated calls. In this contingency the governors 
of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, 
led, it is claimed, by Morton, met in conference 
and devised a plan for raising volunteers on short 
enlistment who might aid the proposed campaigns 
by guarding railroads, depots, and fortifications 
in the rear of the armies, or doing similar serv- 
ice, thus relieving disciplined troops who could 
be used at the front. By arduous effort Morton 
succeeded in raising 7.415 men, and these served 



HO 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



in Tennessee and Alabama by releasing veterans 
for duty on the firing line, thus materially 
strengthening the army in the Atlanta campaign. 

The Indiana Legion. — What was known as 
the "Indiana Legion" was the active militia or- 
ganized within the State for internal defense. 
Our proximity to Kentucky which, even if not a 
seceding State, promised to be troublesome terri- 
tory, warranted a fear of invasion — which fear, 
as we shall see, was justified. Moreover, the 
dangers within from the disaffected element, that 
made its presence known before the war was very 
far advanced, rendered imperative a home mili- 
tary force under the command of the governor. 

The State militia, though an institution of long 
standing, had become decadent, but an act of May 
11, 1861, re-established it, dividing it into two 
classes — the sedentary and the active. The first 
consisted of "all white male persons subject to 
bear arms under the constitution of Indiana, and 
who do not belong to the active militia." The 
latter was made up of volunteers between the 
ages of eighteen and forty-five years, and was 
organized into nine brigades, though this repre- 
sented an uncertain number of men, as the or- 
ganization of companies in many localities was 
incomplete and impermanent. The southern 
counties, particularly those along the Ohio river, 
had greatest need for efficient defensive or- 
ganization, while those in the north, having less 
need, ^vere correspondingly slack. As this im- 
plies, the brigades as units represented different 
groups of contiguous counties. The history of 
the Legion seems to be largely a history of the 
southern regiments, which protected the interior 
from the guerrillas of Kentucky much as the old 
frontier farther north had, in an earlier day, 
guarded the river counties from Indian forays. 
Many companies that were organized in the 
northern sections were not even supplied with 
arms and paid little attention to military drilling. 
The "sedentary" militia was never called upon. 
Indeed, the Legion as a whole in its inequalities, 
corresponding to the degree of stress, illustrate 
strikingly what had been illustrated before — 
namely, that our people have so little taste and 
aptitude for militarism that only dire emergency 
can arouse them to it. But the times also proved 
that when once thoroughly roused the military 
zeal burned fiercely. One service of the Legion 
where best organized was as a training school 



and a feeder to the quotas that went to the front 
as Indiana responded to the numerous calls from 
the government. 

Invasions of the State ; Johnson and Hines. 
— In the course of the war there were three 
raids into Indiana that might be called invasions 
of the State, though the first two were little more 
than forays. 

On the 18th of July, 1862, Adam R. John- 
son, a citizen of Kentucky, who had been terror- 
izing Union sympathizers in this State, crossed 
the Ohio river with about thirty men to the town 
of Newburg in Warrick county, some fifteen 
miles above Evansville. The citizens were taken 
by surprise, the place was pillaged, considerable 
plunder was sent across the river, and after re- 
maining a few hours the marauders returned to 
the Kentucky shore. They were aided in this 
exploit by rebel sympathizers living in Newburg, 
and two of these were afterward killed by their 
outraged fellow townsmen. As a result of this 
freebooting expedition a good-sized militia force 
from Indiana, by the initiative of Governor Mor- 
ton, invaded Kentucky to clear the country of 
guerrilla bands that were harassing Kentucky 
Unionists and threatening our borders. 

On the 17th of June, 1863, Capt. Thomas 
H. Hines, with sixty-two men, crossed the river 
at a point eighteen miles above Cannelton. This 
"invasion" might be called a horse-stealing raid, 
and it was not lacking in humorous features. 
With a monumental audacity he represented to 
the Hoosiers that his little force was a detach- 
ment from the army of General Boyle, the Union 
commander of the District of Kentucky, and that 
he was in search of deserters. Incidentally he 
needed better horses, and he took his pick from 
the countryside at liberal prices, giving vouchers 
for the same upon the federal quartermaster at 
Indianapolis. This, presumably, was better than 
the risk of having to fight for them, but the ruse 
did not work long, and by the second day the 
alarm spread through the adjacent counties and 
the local companies of the Indiana Legion were 
soon on the trail. Hines marched northward 
through three counties to a point about seven 
miles northwest of Paoli, in Orange county ; 
thence he turned east into Washington county 
and made southward again toward the Ohio 
river, deeming it high time to be getting home. 
Meanwhile one body of militia was following the 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK < >F INDIANA 



141 



marauders ; another, apprised of their move- 
ments, cut across from the west to intercept them 
at the Ohio ford, and an armed steamboat pushed 
up the river to prevent the escape across. As a 
result they were closed in on at the fording place 
at Blue River Island, about three miles above 
Leavenworth, and the entire force captured with 
the exception of four or five who were killed and 
drowned and three who escaped, one of the latter 
being Captain Hines himself. 

The Morgan Raid. — The raid of John Mor- 
gan was the one invasion of the war which is 
famous in our annals. It was on a much larger 
scale than the visitation of Hines. The size of 
the invading force is not agreed upon, but it 
probably was not less than 2,500 men. The 
object of the leader was to create a diversion 
that should be of aid to the southern army in 
Tennessee, and he counted on the rallying of the 
disaffected population to his support. Had the 
plan carried the whole State would have been in 
imminent peril. It was a bold dash that threat- 
ened disaster or promised brilliant success to the 
executor, but. as the sequel showed, the risk was 
far greater than he had counted on. 

Morgan was a dashing, reckless leader, whose 
mounted command, composed of men after his 
own heart, had already cut a romantic figure in 
other campaigns. His spectacular invasion of 
Indiana was contrary to the orders of his su- 
perior officer, General Bragg. On the 7th of 
July, 1863, he appeared at Brandenberg, Ky., a 
town on the Ohio, opposite Harrison county, and 
two miles above Maukport, Ind. Here he cap- 
tured two steamboats, and in the face of opposi- 
tion from the Indiana shore and from river craft 
he transferred his troop. The opposition melted 
away and Morgan struck northward, heading 
first for Corydon, where a showing of raw mili- 
tia, hastily got together, put up a brisk fight in 
which twelve men lost their lives and thirty-five 
were wounded, most of these being the invaders. 
The odds, however, were overwhelmingly against 
the defenders, and after acquitting themselves 
thus gallantly they surrendered to the number of 
345. Then followed an orgy of looting. Stores 
were raided ; levies of money were laid on the 
three flouring mills of the town under penalty of 
burning if refused; the county treasury was 
robbed of its money; private houses were pil- 
laged and the women compelled to prepare meals 



for the unwelcome visitors. Also, not less than 
five hundred fresh horses were gathered up in 
the vicinity and appropriated as the spoils of war. 

From Corydon, Morgan, leaving his wounded 
men behind him, proceeded still northward to- 
ward Salem, Washington county, dividing his 
force so as to better sweep the country and strike 
the railroads and telegraph lines. The entire 
troop reached Salem on the morning of July 10. 
and after a skirmish with "minute men" took 
possession of the town. Here the depredations 
were worse than at Corydon. The railroad 
tracks were torn up, the depot and bridges 
burned and pillage ran riot. Basil W. Duke, one 
of the raiders, thus writes of it : 

"This disposition to wholesale plunder ex- 
ceeded anything that any of us had ever seen be- 
fore. The great cause for apprehension which 
our situation might have inspired seemed only to 
make the men reckless. Calico was the staple 
article of appropriation. Each man who could 
get one tied a bolt of it to his saddle, only to 
throw it away and get a fresh one at the first 
opportunity. They did not pillage with any sort 
of method or reason. It seemed to be a mania, 
senseless and purposeless. One man carried a 
bird-cage with three canaries in it, two days. 
Another rode with a chafing dish, which looked 
like a small metallic coffin, on the pommel of his 
saddle until an officer forced him to throw it 
away. Although the weather was intensely 
warm another, still, slung seven pairs of skates 
around his neck and chuckled over his acquisi- 
tion. They pillaged like boys robbing an orchard. 
I would not have believed that such a passion 
could have been developed so ludicrously among 
any body of civilized men."* 

Meanwhile, even before Morgan had crossed 
the Ohio Governor Morton was apprised of the 
danger, and, with characteristic vigilance took 
steps to forestall it. Indiana was practically 
stripped of experienced troops, those that she 
ought to have had being sent, by his request. 
to General Boyle, commander >>i the District of 
Kentucky. With the first intimation of Mor- 
gan's intentions, Morton telegraphed three times 
to Boyle for official information of the situation, 
requesting that defensive steps be taken by 
Boyle, as he had all our regular troops. The first 
two messages were not answered, but the third 



* "History of Morgan's Cavalry." by Basil W. Duke. 



142 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



elicited the cheering information that the enemy 
was on Indiana soil and that "your cities and 
towns will be sacked and pillaged if you do not 
bring out your State forces." Morton proceeded 
to bring them out. Under date of July 9 he is- 
sued the following "General Military Order:" 

"Satisfactory evidence having been received that the 
rebels have invaded Indiana in considerable force, it is 
hereby ordered and required that all able-bodied white 
male citizens in the several counties south of the Na- 
tional road forthwith form themselves into companies 
of at least sixty persons, elect officers and arm them- 
selves with such arms as they may be able to procure. 
Said companies will perfect themselves in military drill 
as rapidly as possible, and hold themselves subject to 
further orders from this department. It is desired that 
they should be mounted in all cases where it is possible. 
The people in all other parts of the State are earnestly 
requested to form military companies and hold them- 
selves subject to orders. Prompt reports of the forma- 
tion of companies should be forwarded by telegraph. 

"All officers of the Indiana Legion are charged with 
the execution of this order, and all United States of- 
ficers are requested to render such assistance as may be 
in their power." 

The news of the invasion had spread like wild- 
fire, the whole State was in excitement, and 
within two days after the governor's call 20,000 
men were mustered at Indianapolis and 45,000 
more were reported as ready for service. "The 
farmers left their grain to rot in the field, me- 
chanics dropped their tools, merchants aban- 
doned their stores and professional men their 
desks ; clerks forgot their ledgers, and students 
their textbooks, and young and old alike all 
swarmed in constantly thickening throngs to the 
capital or the nearest place of rendezvous, as if 
there were no duty or interest of that hour but 
the safety of the State" (Terrell). Beside the 
mustering at Indianapolis there was rapid organ- 
ization at various points in the south part of the 
State, and, in addition, General Hobson, from 
Kentucky, with a force of United States troops, 
was giving a stern chase, having crossed the Ohio 
at Brandenberg about eighteen hours after the 
raiders. 

By the time Morgan reached Salem he began 
to realize, apparently, the hornets' nest he was 
running into, and turning abruptly eastward the 
invasion became a flight and a forced march to- 
ward some crossing point on the Ohio, though he 
took time to destroy more or less railroad prop- 
erty and telegraph lines, and to forage on the 
country as he went along. His route lay by way 
of Vienna, in Scott county, where a depot and 
bridge were burned ; thence to Lexington ; thence 



northward to Vernon in Jennings county, with a 
view to destroying important railroad property, 
but which was prevented by armed resistance ; 
thence southward to Dupont on the Madison rail- 
road, where tracks were torn up, two bridges and 
a warehouse burned and a pork house and sun- 
dry barns robbed ; thence to Versailles, in Ripley 
county, where he captured about three hundred 
"minute men" and $5,000 of public funds ; 
thence, by way of Osgood and Sunman in two 
divisions to Harrison, on the State line, where 
they arrived on July 13 after being on Indiana 
soil for five days. 

Morgan's erratic course during these five days 
was in large part determined by the uprising 
local militia that sprang up at numerous turns, 
and which, particularly at Vernon, presented an 
opposition that thwarted his purpose. His object, 
apparently, was to avoid fighting as much as pos- 
sible. On the other hand the uncertainty and 
rapidity of his movements by the aid of fresh 
horses constantly supplied from the countryside, 
confused and thwarted the pursuers, mostly un- 
mounted infantry, who sought to close in on 
him, else he probably would never have got out 
of the State. His men rode night and day to the 
point of exhaustion, and finally most of them 
were captured in southern Ohio at a point where 
they had hoped to recross the river into Ken- 
tucky. Morgan himself with part of his men es- 
caped this time, but was followed up and caught 
a few days later. 

The loss to the citizens occasioned by this raid, 
as measured by claims presented and allowed, 
was $413,599.48 (Terrell).* 

The Disloyal Element. — As has been stated 
there was in Indiana a strong element who did not 
sympathize with the North in its effort to coerce 
the seceding States. During the patriotic fervor of 
the first year or so of the war this disaffected mi- 
nority was not much in evidence, but with the 
dragging out of the conflict and with its reverses, 
making the ultimate success of the North more 
and more doubtful, the opposition began to be 
expressed both in the anti-administration news- 
papers and among the people. Public utterances 
that were not only critical but hostile to the point 
of treason became common and active opposition 

* A careful study of Morgan's raid by Margrette Boyer may 
be found in vol. iv, No. 4, of the Ind. Quar. Mag. of Hist. 
See also Terrell's report, vol. i, and Basil W. Duke's account. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



143 



was manifested by the encouragement of deser- 
tion from the ranks and by armed resistance 
when the authorities sought to arrest runaways. 
So common did this abandonment of the stand- 
ard become by reason of this encouragement that 
it is said "no less than 2,300 desertions were re- 
ported in the single month of December, 1862." 
Acts of violence in defense of these deserters, in 
resistance to the draft, and against loyal neigh- 
bors were by no means uncommon in some locali- 
ties, where, indeed, the conditions came little 
short of internal warfare on a small and disor- 
ganized scale. The governor's life was threat- 
ened and once an attempt was made to assassi- 
nate him as he was leaving the State House. By 
the fall of 1962 Morton's vigorous war policy 
was so out of favor that at the election in No- 
vember the democrats got a majority of the Leg- 
islature, and the session that ensued was one of 
opposition and obstruction. The governor's an- 
nual message, which, this year, was of unusual 
importance, was denied the courtesy of a hear- 
ing, and he was otherwise treated with con- 
tumely. An attempt was made to take from him 
his authority as commander-in-chief of the State 
militia, which would have fatally crippled him in 
his efforts to support the national administration. 
His policy was fought inveterately at every turn, 
and the crowning embarrassment was to leave 
him without any appropriations for State or mili- 
tary expenses. In short, a weaker and less deter- 
mined man than Morton would have been smoth- 
ered completely by his political enemies during 
these darker war days. He triumphed over all 
such opposition, however. He borrowed all the 
money he needed on the credit of the State, and 
with a strong hand took autocratic control of the 
situation generally. The next Legislature was in 
harmony with him. and took over the obligations 
to which their predecessors had been false. 

Treasonable Organizations ; the "Sons of 
Liberty." — The opposition element in Indiana 
may, in fairness, be divided into two classes — 
those who simply were not in sympathy with the 
war and with the policy of the North in prevent- 
ing secession by force of arms ; and those who 
were distinctly pro-southern in their sentiments. 
These latter, to whom the opprobrious names of 
"copperhead" and "butternut" were given, made 
a treasonable and dangerous element in the popu- 
lation. They were regarded as a useful leaven 



by the South, and it is affirmed that John Mor- 
gan, when he invaded the State, confidently 
counted upon the active support of such citizens. 
Prior to the war there existed in the South a 
secret order known as the "Knights of the 
Golden Circle" which had for its object the exten- 
sion of slavery. With the outbreak of the war 
chapters of this society were organized among 
southern sympathizers, first in the border States, 
then spreading northward into Ohio, Indiana. 
Illinois and Missouri. Here they took the name, 
"Sons of Liberty," and the order secretly grew 
till in 1862, according to the report of an investi- 
gating grand jury, it had something like fifteen 
thousand members in Indiana, with local "cas- 
tles" or lodges, and an elaborate system of signs, 
grips, words and signals for mutual identifica- 
tion and communication. The investigation 
above referred to made by the Grand Jury of the 
LJnited States Circuit Court, was the result of 
repeated interference with enlistments, the en- 
couragement of desertion and protection of the 
deserters, resistance to the draft of 1862, and 
other manifestations of violence that awakened 
alarm. The report of the jury gave new cause 
for alarm as to what might be expected in the 
way of outbreak, but no active steps against the 
order were then taken. One good effect of Mor- 
gan's raid the following summer was to stir up 
anew all the patriotism of the State, and this, in 
connection with important successes to the north- 
ern arms and Governor Morton's vigilant sur- 
veillance of the society discouraged the "Sons of 
Liberty."* 

Their secret signs and passwords were di- 
vulged and the name of the order became so 
odious that it assumed, or tried to assume a new 
name, the "Order of American Knights," though 



* Morton's remarkable talent for taking a situation in hand 
and getting in touch with its details is illustrated by an inci- 
dental event that is usually spoken of as "the battle of Pogue's 
Run." On May 20, 1863, "Sons of Liberty" and their sympa- 
thizers came to Indianapolis ostensibly to attend a Democratic 
rally, but really with the intention of making an armed demon- 
stration, the weapons being concealed on their persons. Morton, 
fully apprised of their purpose, overawed them with a few armed 
soldiers on the streets. As a train full of them were leaving 
the depot, homeward bound, some one in a spirit of bravado 
made the first "demonstration" by firing a pistol from the car 
window. In response a company of soldiers, on their own in- 
itiative, held up and boarded the train. The panic-stricken vis- 
itors threw revolvers and knives into the waters of Pogue's Run 
that flowed beside the tracks, anil many more 1 I v 

the soldiers. The contempt and ridicule brought upon the "Sons" 
by this fiasco went far toward banishing the fear of them as 
actual revolutionists. 



.144 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



this name has found no lodgment in the public 
mind or in history. 

The snake, though scotched, was by no means 
killed, however. Treasonable sentiment and ef- 
fort continued to work beneath the surface, 
though to this day it is a matter of surmise just 
how treasonable the secret order was and what 
the scope of its intent. One writer (J. P. Dunn) 
affirms that the majority of those connected with 
these secret organizations "never had any idea 
that anything treasonable was intended." It is 
generally believed, however, that the order was 
sinister and dangerous and that it aimed at noth- 
ing less than an organized insurrection through- 
out several States, including Indiana, and the es- 
tablishment of a "Northwestern Confederacy" 
that was to separate from the Union. At any 
rate a quantity of arms and ammunition con- 
cealed in packages or boxes and marked "Sun- 
day-school books" were found in the establish- 
ment of Harrison H. Dodd r Grand Commander 
of the Sons of Liberty of Indiana. He was ar- 
rested on the charge of conspiracy against the 
United States, and then followed the famous 
"treason trials" by a military tribunal at Indian- 
apolis. This trial began on the 22d day of Sep- 
tember, 1864, and the commission that conducted 
it was composed of General Silas Colgrove, Col. 
William E. McLean, Col. John T. Wilder, Col. 
Thomas J. Lucas, Col. Charles D. Murray, Col. 
Benjamin Spooner, Col. Richard P. De Hart and 
Col. Ambrose A. Stevens. A number of men be- 
sides Dodd were implicated, and the examinations 
of witnesses brought out much sensational evi- 
dence bearing on an intended uprising, the re- 
leasing and arming of rebel prisoners, the as- 
sassination of Governor Morton and other revo- 
lutionary plans. In the course of the trial Dodd 
himself escaped and made his way to Canada. 
The court found him, William A. Bowles, Lamb- 
din P. Milligan, Stephen Horsey and Andrew 
Humphreys guilty' of treason. Bowles, Milligan 
and Horsey were sentenced to death and Hum- 
phreys to imprisonment, but all were subse- 
quently pardoned. 

Senator Bright's Disloyalty. — In connection 
with this phase of our history may be mentioned 
the expulsion from the United States Senate of 
Jesse D. Bright. Bright was a Madison man, a 
leading Democrat, and what in this day would be 
called a political "boss." In 1862 he commended 



a friend who had an improvement in firearms to 
Jefferson Davis, whom he addressed as "His Ex- 
cellency, Jefferson Davis, President of the Con- 
federation of States." This was regarded as 
treasonable and Bright was unseated, ex-Gov- 
ernor Joseph A. Wright taking his place. 

The Draft. — Despite the overwhelming ap- 
plications for enlistment in the earlier days of 
the war and the free response of Indiana 
throughout, as compared with other States, some 
counties failed to contribute their proportion to 
the State's quota in the course of the seven dif- 
ferent calls that were issued before the war was 
over. Consequently these localities fell subject 
to the conscription system that the government 
was obliged to adopt. The drafts that operated 
in Indiana were those of 1862, 1864 and 1865, in 
which, altogether, nearly 18,000 men were drawn. 

The draft included in its plan an enrolment in 
each county of every able-bodied white male citi- 
zen between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. 
When a new call was made for troops if a State 
did not fill out its quota the draft was resorted to, 
the names of the enrolled citizens being written 
on ballots and placed in a wheel or box. From 
these a person who was blindfolded drew enough 
ballots to complete the deficient local quota. The 
persons whose names were drawn were then 
served with a notice by the marshal and required 
to report at the county seat within five days. 
Those who did not report were classed as desert- 
ers (Terrell). One effect of a draft was to 
stimulate volunteering, many regarding conscrip- 
tion as a disgrace. One provision of the drafting 
system that caused much dissatisfaction was that 
by the payment of $300 the conscript was re- 
lieved from serving. By this, it was complained, 
the rich man was virtually exempt, whereas for 
the poor man there was no escape. At one time 
there was a provision, also, that those who were 
conscientiously opposed to bearing arms should, 
if drafted, be considered non-combatants and be 
assigned to hospital or some similar service, un- 
less they preferred to pay the $300 commutation. 

Bounties. — Local bounties paid by the vari- 
ous townships of the State, to stimulate enlist- 
ment and also for the purpose of benefiting the 
families of those who volunteered for the serv- 
ice, should be noted. These local bounties ranged 
at different periods from $10 to $500, and in the 
aggregate amounted to $15,492,876. 




State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Lafayette. 1. Gateway and Entrance. 2. Commandant's Residence and 
Executive Building. 3. Adjutant's Residence and Offices. 4. Main Dining Room. 5. Old People's Home. 
6. Old Men's Home. 7. Hospital. 8. Assembly Hall. 

10 



146 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



A large proportion of the townships paid these 
bounties when it became difficult to fill out the 
local quotas, and one of the causes of the system 
was the desire to avoid the drafts. Abuses grew 
out of the plan, one of which was the practise by 
unprincipled floaters of recruiting and securing 
the bounty money, then deserting and, under as- 
sumed names repeating the process over and 
over, perhaps, in different localities. This was 
the nefarious business known as "bounty jump- 
ing," and it proved so profitable that it developed 
into an art or system with the collusion, it is said, 
of a class of "brokers" who took contracts to fill 
out quotas, and even with corrupt recruiting offi- 
cers who thus found a short and easy cut to un- 
earned gains. 

Steps were taken to abate this evil, and several 
culprits, after trial by court martial, were pub- 
licly shot at Indianapolis, which had a salutary 
effect. 

Indiana's Care for Her Soldiers. — The dan- 
gers of battle were not the only and, perhaps, not 
the most trying of the evils our soldiers had to 
suffer. The hardships of the field were particu- 
larly taxing to a citizen soldiery uninured to 
rigor and exposure. Add to that the government, 
an unmilitary nation, was not prepared to care 
adequately for the comfort and health of its rap- 
idly augmenting armies. In consequence there 
was much suffering and a vast amount of disease. 
This was relieved, in part, personally by such 
comforts and helps as friends at home could 
send, but the need of some more systematic and 
more dependable help soon became apparent. 
Governor Morton, with a solicitude for his sol- 
diers that was almost paternal, early gave this 
need attention. In 1861, as the winter ap- 
proached, he issued an appeal to "The Patriotic 
Women of Indiana" calling for contributions of 
articles in addition to those furnished in the reg- 
ular army supplies — extra blankets, warm, strong 
socks, woollen gloves or mittens, woollen shirts 
and underwear. 

The "Military Agency." — With the generous 
response that followed this appeal arose the ne- 
cessity of an adequate plan for distribution, and 
out of this grew the "General Military Agency 
of Indiana," which is said to have been the first 
organized effort of any State to supplement the 
government's provisions for its soldiers. This 



agency, created in 1862, with Dr. William Han- 
naman, of Indianapolis, as its head, had in charge 
the supervision of all matters relating to the re- 
lief of soldiers, and the organizing of ways and 
means. Local agents in field and hospital re- 
ported to the head of the General Agent who 
was thus kept apprised of existing needs, and 
who saw that they were relieved. Field agents 
were expected to interest themselves in the men. 
individually, to write letters for them when nec- 
essary, to take charge of commissions to rela- 
tives and friends, or of relics consigned to them 
by the dying, to see that the dead were decently 
buried, and to keep record of all facts that might 
be of interest to the families of the dead. Books, 
newspapers and other reading matter for both 
hospital and field were secured, and soldiers both 
sick and well, both in and out of the ranks, were 
helped in numerous ways, not least of the services 
being the looking after bounty claims and back 
pay, whereby many thousands of dollars were 
saved to the beneficiaries. In short, the Military 
Agency seems to have been the forerunner of the 
modern Red Cross, only its functions were wider 
than those of the latter famous organization. 

The "Sanitary Commission." — The organiza- 
tion for the relief of the State's soldiers soon 
created the need for supplies to relieve them 
with, and the raising of these supplies in a de- 
pendable way also called for an organized plan. 
Out of this came the "Indiana Sanitary Commis- 
sion," which was created by Governor Morton in 
February, 1862, with Dr. Hannaman as presi- 
dent and Alfred Harrison, of Indianapolis, as 
treasurer. The commission was organized to 
thoroughly ca'nvass the State for needed clothing, 
kinds of food not included in the government ra- 
tions, delicacies for sick soldiers, bedding, books, 
and whatever would contribute to the comfort of 
the men at the front. The organization, as a 
whole, consisted of a central office or clearing 
house at the capital, and a large number of auxil- 
iary societies, located, usually, at the various 
county seats. These were the central local socie- 
ties, and, in addition to them, smaller contrib- 
uting societies were established in neighborhoods. 
These reached the public far and wide, and the 
contributions thus gathered in were forwarded to 
the Indianapolis office. To stimulate the gen- 
erosity of donors, particularly in the matter of 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



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148 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



cash contributions, soliciting agents were em- 
ployed, who traveled over the State urging the 
support of the movement and setting forth the 
existing needs. 

By way of still further aid numerous local 
"sanitary fairs" were held over the State, and 
with the co-operation of the State agricultural 
fair of 1863, a "State sanitary fair," held at In- 
dianapolis, raised about $40,000. Altogether the 
commission secured in contributions, including 
cash and the estimated value of goods, $606,- 
570.78 (Terrell). Including contributions by 
counties, townships, cities and towns in their cor- 
porate capacity, the sum given for the relief of 
soldiers and their families amounted to over 
$5,000,000, besides gifts of which no definite 
record was kept. 

Relief of Soldiers' Families. — The relief of 
soldiers individually and directly was not the 
only expression of appreciation and generosity 
on the part of the citizens of Indiana. As was 
previously said the large sums paid locally 
for bounties were in part for the benefit of sol- 
diers' families — not altogether for the purpose of 
inducing, but to enable men to enlist. The relin- 
quishing of one's business and the leaving home 
for the pay of a private in the ranks in very 
many cases worked positive hardship on the fam- 
ilies thus left to thus shift for themselves on a 
meager income. The bounties helped out, but, 
particularly when the enlistment was for the 
three-years' service, it by no means sufficed. On 
November 14, 1862, the ever-watchful Morton 
issued "An Appeal to the People of the State of 
Indiana" calling attention to the fact that the 
wages of a common soldier, $156 a year, even if 
it could all come home to the family (which in 
most instances it could not) was a very scanty 
support, and with the oncoming winter with its 
high prices for the necessities of life, there would 
be much actual need. The helping of these fam- 
ilies while their natural providers were braving 
the perils of the battlefield was the solemn duty 
of the patriotic and liberal civilians. In anticipa- 
tion of the argument that these civilians had al- 
ready given largely and sacrificed heavily in re- 
sponse to other appeals, the governor asked : 
"What is the sacrifice of the man living comfort- 
ably at home, even though he give half his in- 
come, to that of the man who has left his family 
and home and gone to the field ?" He urged the 



organization of a State-wide system of aid soci- 
eties and solicited the co-operation of all minis- 
ters of the gospel, township trustees and others. 

The response to this was immediate and liberal, 
the movement rivaling that for the Sanitary 
Commission in aid of the soldiers at the front. 
"Soldiers' Aid Societies" were formed, fairs 
were held, and the contributions poured in. 
Frequently inspired by the local newspaper 
or some energetic citizen of standing, the resi- 
dents of a neighborhood would bring their gifts 
on a fixed day to some central place and give 
what in modern parlance would be called a 
"shower" of donated provisions and clothing. 
Or, the farmers of different neighborhoods 
would "collect together early in the morning and 
at the appointed time drive into the country 
town with wagons loaded with wood, and with 
barrels of flour, or apples, or potatoes heaped 
high on the wood, with their horses decorated 
with flags, sometimes carrying banners ; and as 
the long procession of gratitude and liberality 
marched along the streets the crowded pave- 
ments welcomed it with cheers as for the return 
of a victorious army. Emulation ran wild in ef- 
forts to show the biggest loads and make the 
most striking display" (Terrell, p. 357). 

Another source of help was the "State Bakery" 
established at Indianapolis for the purpose of 
supplying the camps there. In 1864 and 1865 it 
distributed free to soldiers' families 63,540 
loaves, worth 10 cents each. 

All of these aids, however, were hardly ade- 
quate to the increasing needs as the war dragged 
on, and as late as March 4, 1865, an act for the 
"relief of the families of soldiers, seamen and 
marines"* was passed by the Legislature. 

This law, in brief, authorized the collection of 
three mills on each dollar's valuation of prop- 
erty and one dollar on each taxable poll, to be ap- 
plied as specified. The fund thus raised was ap- 
portioned to the various counties in sums ranging 
from $2,278.56 for Benton to $42,605.84 for 
Marion. The total number of beneficiaries (in 
"families" only) were 203,724. The township 
trustee was the disbursing officer and was em- 
powered to determine who came under the pro- 
visions of the act. The law did not operate long, 
as the war ended soon after its passage. 

Temporary and Permanent "Homes." — The 



* This act also included relief for sick and wounded soldiers. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



149 



first thing in the way of a soldiers' "home," 
within the State, was one provided and equipped 
by the general government and the State at Indi- 
anapolis, in 1862. The capital was the central 
and chief rendezvous for the State, and of the 
large numbers of soldiers who came and went 
many, from sickness or other causes, could not 
be cared for at the military camps. The building, 
erected in a grove near White river, was fur- 
nished and managed by the Sanitary Commission, 
and it aimed to be a place where the soldiers in 
transit could get a taste of "home" comforts, free 
of cost. In 1863 a "Ladies' Home" was also estab- 
lished for the benefit of soldiers' wives and fami- 
lies who came to Indianapolis to meet and visit 
with them. 

At the close of the war there were many men 
disabled beyond self-help, to whom aid was justly 
due, and the question arose of a permanent home 
for those who might take advantage of it. Again 
an appeal was made to the people and with the 
funds thus raised by voluntary subscriptions a 
property containing fifty-four acres at Knights- 
town, Henry county, was purchased. It had been 
a resort on account of medicinal springs there, 
and a large hotel building and several cottages 
were on the land. In the spring of 1866 these 
were occupied as a home for soldiers and also 
for soldiers' orphans. On the 4th of July, 1867, 
the corner-stone of a large brick building was 
laid under the auspices of the Grand Army of the 
Republic. Previous to that the State had adopted 
it as one of the public benevolent institutions. 
Subsequently the veterans were removed from 
this place and it became a home and school for 
the orphans of soldiers and sailors. 

By an act of 1890 the United States established 
a branch of the National Soldiers' Home at Ma- 
rion, and another by the State was established 
near Lafayette by a legislative act of 1895. Sev- 
enty-five thousand dollars were appropriated for 
the erection of the main buildings at the La- 
fayette home, and, in addition to these, various 
counties have put up cottages. 

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER 

The "Underground Railroad." — The "Under- 
ground Railroad," a famous feature of the anti- 
slavery crusade for twenty years or more preced- 
ing the Civil war, was a system of transportation 



routes over which fugitive slaves were secretly 
conveyed from the Ohio river into Canada, where 
they were safe from the slavery laws of the 
United States. These routes, as they were estab- 
lished in Indiana, have been traced by Mr. Lewis 
Falley of Lafayette, whose map is here produced. 
Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg, Madison, New Al- 
bany, Leavenworth and Evansville were the 
points where the fleeing slaves could cross the 
Ohio with some hope of finding friends, who 



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Map of the "Underground Railroad" in Indiana. 
—By Lewis Falley, of Lafayette. 



would help them northward, and these friends 
would convey them from one "station" to an- 
other, usually by night, or sometimes concealed 
beneath what seemed to be a wagonload of pro- 
duce on its way to market. The "stations" were 
friendly houses where the fugitives were con- 
cealed until they could be safely forwarded. The 
people most zealous in this risky humanitarian 
work were the Quakers, and the most famous 
of the various routes was the one that traversed 
the chief Quaker settlements in the eastern part 
of the State. Wayne county was the most con- 
spicuous anti-slavery center, and Newport, now 



150 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Fountain City, about nine miles north of Rich- 
mond, was its hub. 

Levi Coffin, the most active and persistent of 
the crusaders against slavery, lived there. As 
early as 1840, Arnold Buffum, an abolitionist 
Friend from Massachusetts, visited Newport and 
started the movement for the organizing of anti- 
slavery societies, and these were formed and 
openly attended, there being no attempt at se- 
crecy. In the Indiana Quarterly Magazine of His- 
tory for September, 1907, an article by Dr. O. N. 
Huff, on "The Unnamed Anti-Slavery Heroes of 



Old Newport," revives the memory of many who 
courageously and actively entered the fight 
against slavery and who helped many a black 
man to liberty. 

An autobiography of Levi Coffin gives much 
information as to the operation of the "railroad" 
in that part of the State, but data as to the other 
routes are but fragmentary.* 



* As late as 1857, it is known that a man by the name of Pur- 
dum, in Hamilton county, bequeathed one thousand dollars, as 
stated in his will, "to be used to assist fugitive slaves to freedom 
in the North." 




View in Brown County, northeast of Nashville. 



PART II 



A Genera] Survey of Indiana as Developed 
Since the Civil War 



CHAPTER XV 

CONDITIONS SINCE 1870— GENERAL SURVEY 

OF PERIOD 



Immediate Influence of the War. — In a study 
of "Indianapolis and the Civil War,"* the author, 
Mr. John H. Holliday, speaks of the influence of 
the war upon the capital city. "The grim era," 
he says, "closed upon a new Indianapolis. The 
quiet town with its simple life was gone forever 
and in its place was the hustling city with new 
ideas, new aspirations, new ways. Much more 
than half the population were newcomers. As 
it had changed materially, it had changed in other 
respects. Its life was different. . . . There 
was more luxurious living and ostentation. The 
inevitable demoralization of war had to be reck- 
oned with and both morality and religion were 
affected. Hundreds of young men had become 
addicted to intemperance and the general moral 
tone had been lowered. Extravagance had in- 
creased in many things and was driving out the 
former simplicity. . . . Without the war In- 
dianapolis would have changed at some time, but 
it would have taken a generation for it instead 
of being hammered out in the white heat of the 
four years' conflict." 

This, with little modification, might be applied 
to the State at large, and the complex results 
make an interesting phase of our history. On 
the one hand, approximately 25,000 men, the 
flower of the land, physically, had been lost to the 
State, and more than that many millions of dol- 
lars had been expended that, if applied to the arts 
of peace, would, it seems, have vastly advanced 
our progress ; and in addition the moral set-back, 
though it can not be calculated, was by no means 
negligible. On the other hand, the stress and 
excitement of those four years appears to have 
been a tremendous awakener — a stimulus that 
engendered new energy and created new condi- 
tions. One writer (Dunn) states that "to many 
men the war experience had been a liberal educa- 
tion. The soldiers had much to do besides fight- 
ing. There were roads to make, bridges to build, 
railroad and telegraph lines to replace during the 
great contest, and there were few soldiers who 



did not return with increased ability to do any- 
thing that came to hand."* During and immedi- 
ately after the war period prices were high, prop- 
erty values rose, there was much paper currency 
afloat, and this begat business activity. In July 
of 1865, we are told, there were in Indianapolis 
"thirty-four wholesale houses running, with five 
more to open up as soon as buildings could be fin- 
ished." Rents rose to unheard-of figures ; "more 
banks and insurance companies were organized, 
railroads were projected, a steamboat built on the 
river, real estate boomed, and expansion was 
everywhere" (Holliday). Not only an expanded 
currency but an increased protective tariff en- 
couraged the growth and multiplication of manu- 
facturing industries, and this not only wrought 
a great change in the industrial character of the 
State, which had previously been largely agricul- 
tural, but by inducing considerable foreign immi- 
gration the character of the population was much 
modified. In 1870 the population exceeded that 
of 1860 by 330,209, and the next four decades 
added something over a million more — a growth 
that could hardly have been approached in that 
period under the old agricultural regime, since 
by 1860 the lands of the State were pretty well 
taken up. 

Politics of the Period. — If Indiana's political 
history following the war had any bearing upon 
the State's real development, the fact is not 
very obvious and hence we give but little space 
to it. The aftermath of the conflict was, of 
course, bitterness and hate between the opposing 
factions that had existed here, and the State cam- 
paigns of 1866 and 1868 were particularly acri- 
monious. The Republicans remained in the sad- 
dle until 1873, and the Republican party in In- 
diana, like that party at large, was not above 
abusing the power and prestige it had gained by 
the successful prosecution of the war. The Dem- 
ocratic minority, being made of the same sort of 
stuff, the resultant "legislation" was a game of 
petty chicanery. For example, when the fifteenth 



Indiana Historical Society Publications, vol. iv. 



' History of Indianapolis. 



153 





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156 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



amendment to the Federal constitution, giving 
the negroes the right of suffrage and overriding 
all State laws on this question came up for ratifi- 
cation the Democratic senators and representa- 
tives resigned in a body blocking not only this, 
but all other legislation. Lieutenant-Governor 
Baker, then acting governor in Morton's absence, 
took proper steps to fill the vacancies. Again the 
amendment came up and again the Democrats 
attempted to bolt but were cunningly overreached 
by locking the senate doors while the recalcitrant 
members were within, thus securing an enforced 
quorum for the business in hand. Tactics of 
pretty much the same complexion were exercised 
in the house, and the votes of the Republicans 
passed the resolution of ratification. The fol- 
lowing session, the Democrats being in the ma- 
jority, an attempt was made to rescind the reso- 
lution. The same irregular methods were 
employed, with the parties reversed, but without 
the same success. Meanwhile the interests of 
the public were a secondary consideration.* 

In the fall of 1872 the Democrats secured their 
first Governor since the election of 1856, Thomas 
A. Hendricks. After that the political forces 
were so evenly divided as to the two controlling 
parties that the years of their respective ascend- 
ency was almost alternate. This frequent shift- 
ing of power continues to the present, and it may 
be said that the uncertainty of tenure of any one- 
party is increased in later years by the weaken- 
ing of the old rigid party loyalty and the growth 
of political independence. 

During this period the State has figured con- 
spicuously several times in national politics. 
In 1876 Thomas A. Hendricks was the unsuc- 
cessful candidate for Vice-President, running on 
the ticket with Samuel J. Tilden. In 1880 Will- 
iam H. English, running with Winfield S. Han- 



* One of the most notable instances of this sort of flagrant 
party strife occurred in 1887. Senator Alonzo Greene Smith 
was president pro tern, of the upper house, Lieutenant-Governor 
Mahlon D. Manson having resigned. As Governor Gray was a 
candidate for the United States Senate the question arose whether 
in the case of his election a pro tern, president of the Senate 
could legally succeed to the governorship, or whether a duly 
elected lieutenant-governor only was eligible to the office. There 
was no provision for such a contingency as existed, and to avoid 
irregularity candidates for the office of lieutenant-governor were 
put on the ticket at the regular election of 1886. R. S. Robert- 
son, a Republican, was elected, but the Democratic Senate re- 
fused to recognize him. The House supported him and admin- 
istered the oath of office. Between the House and Senate arose 
a strife amounting to physical conflict. The House refused to 
act with the Senate, the time of the session was wasted, and the 
public paid for it all. 



cock, was the unsuccessful candidate for Vice- 
President. In 1884 Hendricks again ran, coupled 
with Grover Cleveland, and this time was elected. 
Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the 
United States in 1888, being the only Indiana 
citizen who has ever attained to that high office, 
unless his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, 
be considered an Indianian. In 1902 Charles W. 
Fairbanks, on the ticket with Theodore Roose- 
velt, was chosen Vice-President, and in 1912 
Thomas R. Marshall succeeded to this office as 
running mate with Woodrow Wilson. 

STATISTICAL SURVEY. 

Increase, Distribution and Character of Pop- 
ulation. — As a sort of basis or starting point for 
a study of the State's growth during this devel- 
opmental period we may appropriately consider 
that fundamental factor, the population in its 
various statistical aspects. 

Increase by Decades and Analysis. — When 
Indiana became a State in 1816 the population 
was estimated at about 70,000, having increased 
to this number from 5,641 in 1800. Since that 
it has increased to approximately 3,000,000, the 
last official enumeration, that of 1910, being 
2,700,876. The ratio of increase by decades can 
best be shown by the following table, which 
starts with the census of 1820: 



Census of 



1820. 
1830. 
1840. 
1850. 
1860. 
1870. 
1880. 
1890. 
1900. 
1910. 



Total 
Population 



Increase by Decades 



147,178 

343,031 

685,866 

988,416 

1.350,428 

1,680.637 

1,978,301 

2,192,404 

2,516,462 

2,700,876 



1820 to 1830 95,853 

1830 to 1840 342,835 

1840 to 1850 302,550 

1850 to 1860 362,012 

1860 to 1870 330,209 

1870 to 1880 297,664 

1880 to 1890 214,103 

1890 to 1900 324,058 

1900 to 1910 184,414 



From the table it will be seen that the increase 
ran heaviest from 1830 to 1870. Various causes 
may be assigned as factors. Up to the latter 
forties new lands were being acquired from time 
to time from the Indians and thrown open to 
settlement; hence the rapid increase of the agri- 
cultural population. During the thirties the in- 
ternal improvement movement brought in a for- 
eign element, largely Irish, as laborers upon the 
public works. From 1850 to 1860, the decade 



158 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



of heaviest increase, the railroad labor, like the 
canal work of nearly twenty years before, doubt- 
less played its part. The influx of the forties, 
which fell below that of the preceding and the 
next following decades, evidently suffered some 
check, and this may be accounted for by the fact 
that during that period the State's enormous 
debt following the internal improvement col- 
lapse discouraged immigration. 

Growth of Urban Population.* — In 1860 
only five per cent, of the total population of the 
State lived in cities and towns. By 1870 the 
percentage of urban population had doubled, and 
the increase continued till in 1910 it was 42.4 per 
cent. (U. S. Census reports). At the latter 
time the urban population was contained in 
eighty-one cities and seven incorporated towns. 
Indianapolis, by far the largest of these, had 
233,650 inhabitants ; four — Evansville, Fort 
Wayne, South Bend and Terre Haute — each ex- 
ceeded 50,000; twenty had from 10,000 to 
25,000; twenty-six from 5,000 to 10,000, and 
thirty from 2,500 to 5,000. As a contrast to this 
urban growth the rural population has actually 
decreased. In 1900 it was 1,653,773 and in 1910 
it had fallen to 1,557,041, a loss of 96,732. 

Population as Affected by Manufactures. — 

The reasons for this great change in the char- 
acter of the population must, of course, have 
been industrial ; or, more specifically, an increase 
and multiplication of urban industries. The fig- 
ures show that in 1850 the total manufactured 
products of Indiana were valued at $18,725,000. 
In 1870 they had grown to $100,000,000, and in 
1910 to $579,075,000, the State at the latter date 
ranking ninth in this respect. The manufactur- 
ing industries, as computed in 1910, employed 
218,263 persons, and these, with their families, 
swelled the urban population, particularly in the 
larger cities, where by reason of superior trans- 
portation facilities and various conditions indus- 
tries best thrived. During the era of natural 
gas that resource as a cheap fuel was a great 
factor in swelling the population of the gas belt. 
Today the area of greatest density is a block of 
counties stretching from Marion northeast to 
Allen and eastward to Wayne ; the northern tier 
of counties from Lake to Elkhart ; Vigo on the 
west, and Vanderburg on the Ohio river. The 



* See population charts, pp. 154, 155. 157. 



rank of these counties is largely due to urban 
growth, the only ones that have gained at all in 
rural population for the last ten or fifteen years 
numbering less than twenty, scattered irregularly 
over the State, though mostly south of the Na- 
tional road. 

Elements of Population. — With growth by 
immigration the population of the State has be- 
come more diversified, though the native whites 
of American parentage have always been far in 
excess of any other element and in excess of the 
ratio in many other States. The negroes in 1910 
were 60,320, or 2.2 per cent, of the total. Of 
foreign-born whites there were 159,322, and of 
this total more than fifty per cent, were Ger- 
man, the Irish coming next with 10.4 per cent. 
Altogether upward of a score of foreign nations 
have contributed to our residents, ranging in 
numbers from a few hundreds to as many thou- 
sands. This foreign element is largely segre- 
gated in the manufacturing centers, the ratio be- 
ing largest in Lake county, owing to Gary and 
contiguous industrial towns. 

Inter-State Migration. — A factor that has 
figured in the fluctuations of our population is 
the inter-state migrations. The restless Ameri- 
can with illimitable new fields of promise forever 
opening up before him has been much of a mi- 
grant, and a series of charts of 1890 (Statistical 
Atlas of Eleventh Census) shows some interest- 
ing facts in our population history. By an esti- 
mate based on the places of birth of those then 
residing in the different States it was computed 
that the emigration of native Indianians to other 
States had been more than 550,000, while the 
immigration from other States to ours was under 
450,000. The various Eldorados of our native 
Hoosiers were, first, Illinois, Missouri and Kan- 
sas. In lesser numbers they were scattered to 
Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, 
Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa. Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin and far-away Washington, while 
some were traced to Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia. Flor- 
ida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
Texas, the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, 
Idaho. Oregon and California, making in all 
not less than thirty-eight States with an infusion 
of Hoosier citizenship. This scatters our na- 
tive Indianian from ocean to ocean and from 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



159 



Canada to Mexico and the gulf. On the other 
hand, we have received citizens from no less 
than thirty-one States, the chief contributors be- 
ing Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Tennessee, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. It is a 
rather curious fact that several States that con- 
tributed to Illinois and Ohio and other contigu- 
ous localities sent no emigrants to Indiana. 

The tables of the last census show no change 
in the tendencies of two decades ago. The net 
loss of Indiana by inter-state migration is shown 
to be about 275,000. and the foreign immigration 
has not equaled that number.* 

Centers of Population. — The center of popu- 
lation of the United States, as it moved steadily 
westward since 1790, was located in Indiana in 
1890, or was, at least, then first published, and it 
still rests there. In 1890 it was twenty miles 
east of Columbus, Bartholomew county. In 1900 
it was six miles southeast of Columbus, and by 
the last census (1910) it was in Bloomington, 
Monroe county. 

The center of population of the State of Indi- 
ana was in 1880 at New Augusta, in Marion 
county. After that it moved slowly northward, 
and in 1910 rested at Zionsville, Boone county. 

TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS 

From the war period until the close of the 
century, when the electric railway was intro- 
duced, transportation improvement was directed 
to roads and steam railroads, and an account of 
the development of these logically precedes that 
of the industrial development, since the latter, to 
a great degree, followed as a result of trans- 
portation facilities. 

Wagon Roads. — The o 1 d question of wagon 
roads, with which the State and various counties 
have wrestled from the beginning, still engages 
the citizens of the State as an unsettled problem. 
There are still many miles of bad roads that 
operate as a handicap to the rural population and 
affect the market profits of agriculture, but the 
situation is vastly improved. As has been set 
forth elsewhere in this volume the first system of 
roads that opened up the country consisted of so 
many mere openings through the forests that 
were fairly untravelable for parts of the year. 

From these, road-making progressed to the 
macadam, the plank and the gravel roads. Up 

* The State's gain must be referred to the birth-rate. 



to the time of plank roads all the highways were 
publicly owned and maintained. With the intro- 
duction of the comparatively expensive plank im- 
provement private capital was invested and many 
roads were surrendered to corporations that did 
the improving and got their returns from the 
travel, the mileage being charged and collected 
at toll-gates located at intervals along the way. 
This private ownership of roads continued much 
more extensively after improvement by grave! 
set in. In time, however, the tide of sentiment 
turned once more to free roads maintained at 
public expense, and in 1889 a law was passed 
providing that the toll roads of any township 
could be purchased upon a vote of a majority of 




The Ox-team was a primitive but sure way of 
transportation in the pioneer days. 

the citizens in the township. A petition of fifty 
freeholders to the county commissioners could 
bring the question to vote, and if it carried and 
the purchase was made county bonds were to be 
issued and a special tax levied in the township. 
Since then the roads have been bought up until 
very few remain. Indeed, as far back as 1899 
(the last available statistics on this point) there 
remained but 141 miles of toll roads, this total 
existing in seven southern counties. There were 
at that time 11,027 miles of free gravel road. 

The statistics for 1911 (Fourteenth Biennial 
Report, Department of Statistics) show that the 
total mileage of free gravel roads was 25,289.76 
in addition to 37,235 miles not graveled. The 
total expenses for gravel road repairs, exclusive 
of bridges, that year was $1,555,300.57, and 
for bridges $1,269,644.21. Other costs, such 
as "viewing," surveying, etc., amounted to 



160 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



$21,114.04, making a grand total of $2,846,058.82 
that Indiana spent in one year on her free gravel 
roads, exclusive of the road work exacted from 
the rural citizens for the upkeep of the 37,235 
miles of "unimproved" or common dirt roads. 
The gravel road bonds that were outstanding 
amounted in all to $23,441,332.37. 

An inquiry as to the distribution of this im- 
provement reveals that the expenditures ran all 
the way from $15 in Floyd county to $91,406.72 
in Marion, and the mileage all the way from one 
mile in Steuben to 1,000 in Parke. The counties 
that had progressed farthest in the good-roads 
movement, as measured by the improved mileage 
at that date, were Parke, 1,000; Wayne, 913.75; 
Clinton, 790; Putnam, 741.50; Madison, 732.48; 
Wells, 700; Hamilton, 650; Boone, 626; Grant, 
623 ; Randolph, 600 ; Henry, 525 ; Jackson, 
551.25; Tipton, 550. All other counties have 
a mileage under 500. 

It is worthy of note that there is a lack of 
correspondence between the road expenditures 
in the various counties and their mileage. For 
example, Parke with its 1,000 miles, expended 
for repairs in 1911 $23,125.06, and Wayne's 
913.75 miles cost $8,866.55. On the other hand, 
Marion spent $91,406.72 on 383.02 miles, besides 
$112,257.83 for bridges, and Vanderburg put 
$30,150.64 on 130 miles. Many similar discrep- 
ancies are revealed by the tables and the deduc- 
tion is twofold. The cost of road building varies 
in the various counties owing to the presence or 
absence of road material ; also efficiency and hon- 
esty in the expenditure of road funds varies with 
various county authorities, which proposition 
may be pretty well established by an analysis of 
the tell-tale statistics. 

It is undoubtedly true that one great detriment 
to general and uniform road improvement is the 
lack of State supervision, and at the present 
writing there is a movement afoot looking to leg- 
islation that shall establish such supervision. 

State Geologist Blatchley's report for 1905 
is devoted almost entirely to road-making and 
the distribution of road materials. In it may be 
found much valuable information on this subject. 

It may be added that interest is now turning 
to the comparatively recent proposition of con- 
crete roads, which are being tried in some lo- 
calities. 

Expansion of the Railroad System. — In a 



previous chapter we have dealt with the begin- 
nings of the railroad era and the conspicuous 
impetus this new system gave to the State's de- 
velopment during the fifties. As to that begin- 
ning we need only say here that its phenomenal 
activity was but a promise of the tremendous 
growth to follow. By 1860 there were 2,126 
miles of track laid in the State. The mileage by 
1870 was 3,177; by 1880, 4,963; by 1890, 7,431; 
by 1897, 8,606 (Bureau of Statistics report for 
1897). This meant not only the main but all 
auxiliary tracks. In 1914, by the figures of the 
State Board of Tax Commissioners, the total 
tracks laid amounted to 20,277.90 miles, and the 
mileage covered by main tracks, representing the 
actual distance traversed by the various roads, 
was 7,224.50.* This mileage compassed within 
an area less than 150 miles wide by 250 miles 
long means a network of roads, the entangled 
character of which can best be appreciated by 
reference to a present-day railway map. There 
are only two counties in the State, Switzerland 
and Ohio, on the Ohio river, that are untouched 
by this great modern innovation. In the other 
ninety counties there are few spots that are 
not within wagon-hauling distance of some rail- 
way station, and the great majority of these 
counties are traversed by more than one line. 
More than a score of county seats and other 
towns may be called railroad centers, being the 
meeting points of three or more lines, while four- 
teen lines radiating like spokes from Indianapolis 
make it the railroad hub of the commonwealth. 
As many may be found streaming from various 
directions to the northwest corner of the State to 
focus at Chicago, the great mart of the lakes, and 
this fairly gridirons the counties in that locality, 
particularly Lake and Porter. The multiplication 
of lines has been by far the greatest throughout 
the central and northern parts of the State, and 
this is an index to the localities of greatest devel- 
opment in all directions. 

This alone reveals a growth of the transporta- 
tion system that far outstrips the dreams of the 
most sanguine promoters of fifty years ago, but 
what the map does not show is the tremendous 



* The trunk lines, branches and local roads as severally named 
for appraisement by the State Board of Tax Commissioners num- 
ber something like a hundred and fifty, and the separate mileage 
runs from .30 of a mile for the "Central Railroad Company," 
of Indianapolis, to 391.20 miles for the Chicago, Indianapolis 
& Louisville Railway Co. This road, which traverses the length 
of the State, has also two or three collateral branches. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



161 



advancement in equipment as well as in increased 
mileage. The changes in roadbeds, rails and 
rolling stock are a vast factor in the results ef- 
fected by the railroads. Where a locomotive of 
the fifties hauled perhaps fifty tons over a frail 
rail of strap iron, one of to-day will pull more 
than a thousand tons, exclusive of the weight of 
the cars, over a ponderous T rail laid on an im- 
proved roadbed, and increased speed and greater 
frequency in running are part of the story when 



reached the vast sum of $208,941,570 — certainly 
a very respectable contribution to the taxables of 
the State. As an industrial factor they have been 
of no less importance. With the innovation of 
the locomotive an adverse argument raised was 
that the handling of traffic on a large scale with 
a minimum of manual labor would throw out of 
employment a great many men who teamed for a 
living, and thus ruin an industry. It did not 
take long to demonstrate that the immense stim- 




Washington Street. Indianapolis, 1902. looking east from the corner of Illinois Street. It is interesting to note 
that no automobiles are seen upon the street at that date. 



we consider the shifting to and fro of the State's 
traffic. So rapid are the improvements in this 
respect that the descriptions of a few years ago 
are now obsolete. 

Railroad Valuation. — As a factor in the 
wealth of the State the railroads have figured 
immensely since their introduction. The story 
of the increase in this respect is, of course, the 
story of railway development, and we need only 
note the present status. The property of the 
various roads, including tracks, rolling stock and 
improvements on rights of way, as valued by the 
State Board of Tax Commissioners for 1914, 



ulus to traffic created a labor-employing industry 
beside which the old teaming industry was triv- 
ial. As against the comparatively small class of 
wagoners, office employes, trainmen, yard men, 
station agents, railroad laborers, shop men and 
others came newly into existence as so many 
distinct classes of wage-earners, and these work- 
men have increased steadily in numbers as the 
roads increased until to-day there is an army of 
70,000 in Indiana alone with a total monthly 
payroll running into the millions.* 



• Report Public Service Commission, 1914. In the tables of 
this report 34 "operating roads" are listed. 



11 



162 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. 

Rapid Development of the Interurban. — 
The great and growing rival of the steam rail- 
road is the electrical railway which has had a 
development in Indiana second to that in no other 
State. If the growth of the former has been 
phenomenal that of the latter has been amazing, 
and electricity as well as steam has inaugurated 
its own era of change and progress. As a sys- 
tem of transportation it is, virtually, coeval with 
the century, as the first interurban line entered 
Indianapolis in 1900. That city now has fourteen 
lines, radiating to all points of the compass, and 
is said to be the greatest interurban center in the 
world. At that center one may take a car any 
hour in the day that will take him directly to, or 
reach by connection almost any part of the State. 
Without change of cars he may go as far in the 
four cardinal directions as Dayton, South Bend, 
Terre Haute or Louisville. The total interurban 
mileage in operation April 30, 1914, was 2,168.43 
(Report of Public Service Commission) ; and 
the total assessed valuation amounted to $27,- 
173,747. More than 9,000 persons are employed 
in the system and the aggregate salaries and 
wages of the employes for a year are about five 
and a half millions of dollars. 

The following figures furnished by Mr. Joseph 
A. McGowan, of the T. H., I. & E. Traction 
Company, give some idea of the growth of traffic 
during the first fourteen years of interurban ac- 
tivity : In 1900 the passengers to and from In- 
dianapolis amounted to 378,000, and by 1903 the 
travel had increased to 2,348,000 for the year. 
Other figures were: 3,275,000 for 1904; 4,000,- 
000 for 1905 ; 4,500,000 for 1906, and about 5,- 
000,000 for 1907. In 1913 there were 6,640,433, 
or a daily average of 18,192. The average daily 
number of cars that arrived and departed in 1914 
was 676, and for the accommodation of this huge 
and growing traffic a "terminal" union station, 
the first of its kind in the country, was built at 
a cost of a million and a half of dollars. 

The peculiar advantages of the electrical sys- 
tem of transportation are derived from the abil- 
ity to transmit power over long distances from 
a central plant. This means a greater economy 
in a system of train service, and thus we find 
that the cost of traveling has been reduced at 
least a cent per mile as compared with that 



which formerly prevailed on steam railroads. 
Another important feature is the frequency of 
train service, the schedule being hourly instead 
of bi- or tri-daily, and still another, the greater 
accommodation afforded the traveler, the electric 
car making stops with a frequency that would 
be altogether impracticable in steam train service. 

Social Effects of the Interurban. — The gen- 
eral result of these conveniences has been a no- 
table social modification in various ways. The 
wonderful changes wrought by the locomotive 
have been carried further and multiplied with 
unparalleled swiftness and impetus by the trolley 
car. In the first place the vast increase of travel 
among people who formerly traveled little, means 
a more mobile population, educated as the gen- 
eration before was not to cosmopolitan ideas. 
This means an increase of enlightenment, and 
enlightenment is a stimulus to progress. The 
rural population is brought nearer to the city 
and is the gainer thereby. It has also brought 
the urban population nearer to the country, 
within limits, by opening the way to country resi- 
dence, and the larger element, perhaps, in the 
"back-to-the-land" movement consists of those 
who never would have moved beyond city limits 
but for cheap and convenient transportation to 
and fro. As a consequence of this land along 
the interurban lines is being divided into small 
holdings at greatly enhanced prices. Both the 
steam and the electric railroads have added 
greatly to the revenues of the State by the en- 
hancement of property values, and it has been 
affirmed that between 1900 and 1909 there was 
an increase of more than a million dollars in the 
valuation of farm property, due to the develop- 
ment of the interurban. 

The commercial effects of the new transporta- 
tion system are also notable. Small local ship- 
ments can be sent and received with much 
greater facility where there are points of deliv- 
ery and acceptance all along the nearest line. A 
farmer can, with ease, ship direct to a customer 
in the city, and merchants can receive directly 
and with dispatch commodities from distant 
points. As an illustration of the convenience and 
commercial value of this: New Castle, in the 
eastern part of the State, is in the market for 
roses of superior quality, but the fact that roses 
are fragile and perishable adds to the risk of 
production in proportion, as the market is diffi- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



163 



cult of access. By virtue of the interurban a 
florist in Indianapolis on receiving an order for 
roses can telephone to New Castle, have them 
put on a certain car, meet the car on its arrival 
and thus within two or three hours receive his 
flowers fresh from the soil where they grew. 
That this must be a great aid to the flower in- 
dustrv is obvious, and other industries are sim- 
ilarly stimulated. 

Urban Effects of Electric Transportation. — 



moved outward, old residence sections have 
changed in character, and in the readjustment 
real estate values have fluctuated in a way that 
the shrewdest speculator could not have foreseen 
twenty-five or thirty years ago, while as a social 
factor it has relieved vastly the old-time enforced 
congestion of large centers. In brief, nowhere 
has the new departure in transportation worked 
out a greater revolution than in city life and city 
conditions. 




Indianapolis Traction and Terminal Station. The first and largest union terminal station in the country. 
Opened to the public State Fair week, September, 1904. Building was planned by and built under the di- 
rection of Hugh J. McGowan. 



The interurban electric system dates from the 
discovery or development of what is called the 
"alternating current." whereby the electrical 
force could be transmitted over long distances. 
For ten years or more prior to that this motive 
power was employed in urban transportation, 
and the changes wrought since its introduction 
arc quite an important part of the history of 
cities. In the first instance it has made easily 
accessible the outlying contiguous territory ; this 
has made practicable suburban living, and the 
result has been unprecedented shiftings of urban 
population. A large class of residents have 



One more effect should be noted, and that is 
the shifting of trade as a result of interurban 
conveniences, and to the advantage of tin- larger 
centers. People from the country and the 
smaller towns now go to the cities for their shop- 
ping in large numbers, and it is said that the 
"trading population" of Indianapolis is about 
twice that of its actual residents. On the other 
band, tins is having a retroactive effect, for the 
country tradesman, under the spur of necessity 
and in order to exist, has adopted new methods 
and put new energy into his business. In nu- 
merous cases the country store has vastly im- 



164 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



proved ; their trade is not only coming back to 
them but increasing, and many who once thought 
the interurban spelled ruin for them are finding 
instead that it means prosperity. 

First Electric Lines in Indiana.* — The first 
successful operation of an electric railway in this 
country was in the city of Richmond, Virginia, 
in January of the year 1889. Not long after this 
the railway in the city of Lafayette, Indiana, the 
first in the State, was equipped electrically. Soon 
afterward the Fairview Park line in Indianapolis 
was operated with electric cars, and other elec- 
tric railway plants followed in quick succession. 

The first person to take up the building of in- 
terurban electric lines in Indiana was the Hon. 
Charles L. Henry, former member of Congress. 
He first became interested in electric railways in 
the fall of 1891, in the city of Anderson, and soon 
thereafter began to contemplate the possibilities 
of interurban electric railways. In 1893, he con- 
ceived the idea of building an interurban serv- 
ice between what was then known as the "Gas 
Belt" cities. However, the panic of 1893 brought 
everything to a standstill, and for many months 
nothing was done. In the winter of 1893-94, he 
made the first estimates of cost and prospective 
earnings, together with a blue-print map covering 
the lines from Anderson to Marion, Anderson 
to Elwood, and Muncie via Anderson to Indian- 
apolis, exactly as they were afterward built, ex- 
cept that the line to Elwood was first planned to 
run through Frankton instead of west from 
Alexandria, as it was finally built. Soon after, 
he commenced securing options on land for a 
private right of way for a line from Anderson 
to Alexandria, and from Anderson to Elwood. 
The possibilities of the enterprise constantly grew 
on him, but he could not convince any one able 
to furnish the necessary capital that it would be 
a profitable venture, so that no substantial prog- 
ress had been made when the financial depres- 
sion, incident to the great political campaign of 
1896, spread over the country, paralyzing all 
business enterprises. 

In the meantime the desirability of interurban 
electric railway service had attracted the at- 
tention of many other people. Among these was 
Noah J. Clodfelter, who took up the project of 



* Mr. Henry invented the word "interurban" for this class of 
railroads. Edited by M. R. Hyman from information supplied 
by Hon. Charles L. Henry. 



building a line from Indianapolis, via Anderson, 
to Marion, and was much heard of in the pub- 
lic prints during the next few years, and finally, 
in the year 1898, he did some work toward build- 
ing a line from Marion south to Fairmount. He 
laid rail in the city of Fairmount, which after- 
ward passed, by receiver's sale, to the Marion 
Street Railway Company, and was used as a part 
of the line built by that company from Marion, 
via Fairmount, to Summitville. 

In September, 1897, Mr. Henry organized the 
original "Union Traction Company" and com- 
menced the construction of an interurban line 
from Anderson to Alexandria, and on January 1, 
1898, the first interurban car in Indiana ran 
from Anderson to Alexandria, a distance of 
eleven miles. Early the next year this road was 
extended to Summitville, making a total distance 
of seventeen miles, at which point connection 
was afterward made by the line built from Ma- 
rion, south by the Marion Street Railway Com- 
pany, a like distance of seventeen miles, giving 
a continuous line of thirty-four miles from An- 
derson to Marion, but owned by two different 
companies. 

The successful operation of the cars on this 
first section of the interurban system induced 
him to take up with George F. McCullough, of 
Muncie, who then owned the electric railway in 
that city, the proposition of joining their interests 
and building a line from Muncie, via Anderson, 
to Indianapolis. 

Fortunate, indeed, for the future of electric 
railways in Indiana, there came to Indiana on 
New Year's Day, 1899, Mr. Hugh J. McGowan. 
Coming as the representative of the Dolan-Mor- 
gan Syndicate, which had recently purchased the 
Indianapolis street railways, he at once com- 
menced the development of that system, and 
soon made it the best city railway system in the 
country. To Mr. McGowan, Mr. Henry presented 
the interurban project then under consideration, 
and later, through his introduction, Messrs. 
Henry and McCullough took up the matter with 
Mr. Randal Morgan of Philadelphia, who agreed 
to join with them in the organization of the 
"Union Traction Company of Indiana," a con- 
solidated company, which would embrace the 
electric lines in the cities of Muncie, Marion, 
Anderson and Elwood, and interurban lines con- 
necting, and including the proposed line from 




Map of the Interurban Electric Lines in Operation in Indiana in 1915. 



166 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Muncie, via Anderson, to Indianapolis. The final 
organization of this consolidated company was 
completed in June, 1899, and work was at once 
commenced on the construction of the Muncie- 
Indianapolis line. On January 4, 1901, the line 
was completed and its first car ran into the city 
of Indianapolis. 

In the meantime the line from Alexandria to 
Elwood had been completed and the system as 
planned in 1893, was at last a reality, just three 
years and three days from the time the first car 
ran from Anderson to Alexandria. 

Looking forward to the completion of the line 
into Indianapolis, as early as 1894, Mr. Henry 
took up the subject of a contract with the local 
company for running cars into this city, and in 
February, 1895, secured a contract with the Citi- 
zens' Street Railway Company, then controlled 
by what was known as the McKee & Verner 
Syndicate of Pittsburg. 

The first corporation formed for the building 
of an interurban electric railway was the "In- 
dianapolis, Greenwood & Franklin Railroad 
Company," organized November 9, 1894, under 
the steam railroad law, and being promoted by 
Henry L. Smith of Indianapolis. The road from 
Indianapolis to Greenwood was afterward built 
by this same organization under the ownership 
of Toseph I. and Wm. G. Irwin, of Columbus, 
Indiana, who took charge of the company in 
June, 1899, and it was this road that ran the first 
interurban car into Indianapolis on the first day 
of January, 1900. This company was succeeded 
by the "Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern 
Traction Company," owned and controlled by 
the Messrs. Irwin. 

The Automobile Era. — Any account of mod- 
ern economic development would be incomplete 
without a consideration of the automobile and 
the part it is coming to play as a method of 
transportation that for convenience and as an 
agent of mobility is as far ahead of the trolley 
car as the latter is ahead of the steam cars. 
Mother Shipton's famous prophecy that car- 
riages would go without horses has, like some 
other predictions, been fulfilled far beyond the 
most extravagant dream of the prophet. 

Twenty-five years ago the fact of a "horseless 
carriage" had, indeed, been realized, but it was 
little other than a freakish curiosity, of no prac- 
tical interest to the mass of people. As late as 



1899 it was negligible to the statisticians. At 
that time only 3,897 automobiles were reported 
in the United States, and their manufacture was 
not included as a separate industry in the census 
of 1900. By 1909 the number had increased to 
127,287, with a total value of $249,202,075, and 
the increase since that date has been advancing 
by leaps and bounds. A very large percentage 
of these vehicles are private family conveyances, 
which means that they are, in perhaps a majority 
of cases, merely an added pleasure or luxury, 
but economic effects are various. The inter- 
communication between all parts of the country 
is vastly facilitated, and while this is an advan- 
tage to business generally, it is especially bene- 
ficial to the rural population, which is equipping 
itself more and more with motor cars. As an 
illustration of the gain to agriculture we may cite 
the growing custom of county tours under the 
leadership of "county agents" in which numbers 
of farmers visit the best farms in the county for 
the purpose of practically studying crops, under 
the guidance of a scientific specialist. As an 
educative scheme this promises to be of great 
benefit to the business of farming. 

One of the important results to be looked for 
from the general use of automobiles is that of 
road improvement. Indiana now has a law 
whereby from two to twenty dollars must be 
paid as a State license for every motor vehicle, 
and this money, less the cost of registration, 
numbering plates, etc., is to be distributed as a 
road fund among the counties. Under the first 
year of this law the rather handsome sum of 
$462,609.28 was apportioned out among the coun- 
ties. It is safe to say that this income will an- 
nually increase and when added to the road fund 
from other sources it gives promise of a material 
advance in road improvement. 

OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES 

Express and Transportation Companies. — 
Logically connected with transportation facilities 
are the public utilities that come under the head- 
ing of express and transportation companies. 
The former as public carriers of all kinds of 
smaller commodities have been of incalculable 
service in promoting business by facilitating in- 
terchange. The first of these companies in Indi- 
ana of which we find record was the Adams 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



167 



Express, which opened in Indianapolis in 1847, 
with M. M. Landis as the first agent (Hollo- 
way's "Indianapolis").* 

In other words, their origin was, virtually, 
contemporary with that of the railroad, and their 
development, in extension of service, has kept 
pace with the latter. There are to-day six ex- 
press companies operating in Indiana. These in 
the order of their importance, as measured by 
their assessed valuation, are the Adams Express 
Company, the American Express Company, the 
United States Express Company, the Wells 
Fargo Express Company, the National Express 
Company and the Southern Express Company. 
These, altogether, operate over 8,510.80 miles of 
railway within this State, and their assessment 
on this mileage (not including real estate, office 
furniture, etc.) amounts to $824,044 (Tax Com. 
Rept). 

Of "transportation companies," or carriers of 
special lines of merchandise, there are no less 
than one hundred and twenty-one listed in the 
tax commissioner's report for 1914, and they are 
assessed, collectively, at $1,618,075. 

IMPROVED INTERCOMMUNICATION 

The Telegraph. — Another important commer- 
cial factor that was coeval with the railroad, and 
a wonder that was unique until the advent of the 
telephone, was the magnetic telegraph. The 
Legislature first authorized the incorporation of 
telegraph companies on February 14, 1848 ; a 
line was soon after established between Indian- 
apolis and Dayton, Ohio, and on May 12 of that 
year the first message was transmitted. In June 
a merchants' exchange was formed for the trans- 
action of telegraph business, but there was 
not enough to justify the enterprise (Dunn's 
"Indianapolis"). For several years telegraphy 
seems to have cut very little figure in the business 
of the State, but other attempts were made to 
introduce the service, and by 1856 several lines 
were in existence, among them the since familiar 
Western Union, which in that year made an ar- 
rangement with the Associated Press of Indian- 
apolis whereby the papers were supplied with 
telegraphic news. This was a great innovation, 

* Elsewhere Holloway says 1851, with Blythe & Holland as 
the first agents. The American company, he further says, was 
established in 1852 and the United States in 1854. 



putting, as it did, the reading public in daily 
touch with the affairs of the world. Prior to 
that foreign news was pretty stale by the time 
it reached the editorial sanctum of the west. 

Of the various companies that sprang up in 
the earlier day the Western Union alone re- 
mains. Its present competitors are the Postal 
Telegraph and Cable Company and the Fort 
Wayne Telegraph Company, the latter operating 
locally over but forty-four miles of line. The 
total mileage of telegraph lines within the State 
is 63,684.86, and the assessed valuation amounts 
to $3,336,178. By virtue of this utility, space is 
practically annihilated. The newspaper that is 



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In 1893 Elwood Haynes commenced work on a gaso- 
line motor-driven vehicle which he had originated 
and designed, and which he termed, for want of a 
better name, the "horseless carriage." On July 4, 
1894, he made a successful trial trip on the streets 
of Kokomo in this vehicle, running at a speed of 
seven or eight miles per hour. 

brought to our door before breakfast gives us 
the important happenings of the day before, or, 
indeed, of a few hours before, from the four 
quarters of the globe, and business, particularly 
of a large character, is vastly facilitated by quick- 
communication regardless of distance, to say 
nothing of the countless instances of conve- 
nience, public and private. 

The Telephone. — But the telegraph as an in- 
strument of intercommunication sinks into a 
quite secondary place as compared with the tele- 
phone. Like the automobile in transportation, 
only to a far greater degree, it has become a 
popular luxury and convenience as well as a 
business necessity, and by reason of its intimate 



168 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



and universal uses it has become a great factor in 
social development. By its help the business 
world has acquired a quicker pace ; time and 
countless steps are saved at every turn ; town 
and country are alike served and knit together ; 
the transactions of daily life generally, from the 
private messages between friend and friend to 
the busy messages of the mart are vastly facili- 
tated, and if the telephone were suddenly abol- 
ished the world would find it difficult to adapt 
itself to former conditions. 

The telephone was introduced into Indianap- 
olis in 1877 when three business firms, almost 
simultaneously, ran wires from their offices 
across town to their yards and factories. About 
a year later the "Indiana District Telephone 
Company, of Indianapolis," was organized and 
the council solicited for permission to erect wires 
and poles on the streets. This was at first re- 
fused, but in February of 1879 the right was 
given to hang wires on the fire alarm telegraph 
poles if the company would keep them in repair 
and furnish the city with twenty-two telephones 
for the fire houses, free of charge, with addi- 
tional ones if other houses were put in the serv- 
ice. The conditions were accepted and the new 
company started with something less than a hun- 
dred patrons. It was succeeded in 1880 by the 
Telephone Excliangc Companv, and this, in 



turn, was supplanted by the Central Union Tele- 
phone Company. In those days "the service was 
poor ; the patronage not large ; the charges high." 
When the Legislature of 1885 set the maximum 
charge for telephone service at $3 per month 
the company contested the law in court, and on 
losing its case announced its determination to 
quit. After four years of complications the re- 
strictive law was repealed and the Central Union 
has remained in operation to the present day, 
being by far the most valuable telephone prop- 
erty in the State.* 

The telephone service has expanded until In- 
diana is to-day fairly netted with wires. In the 
tax commissioner's latest report (1914) there 
are listed 429 telephone companies, mostly inde- 
pendent of each other, but co-operative so that 
long-distance service can be had from any point 
in the State to any other point. The distances 
covered by these separate lines range all the way 
from two miles for the Farmers' Mutual Tele- 
phone Company, of Vevay, to 152,296 miles for 
the Central Union, of Indianapolis, and the as- 
sessed values of the properties vary accordingly. 
The Central Union, which runs highest, being 
$5,482,656. The total mileage is 375,471.28, and 
the total value $15,840,115. 

* For fuller sketch of telephone beginnings in Indianapolis, 
see Dunn's History of Indianapolis. 



CHAPTER XVI 



NATURAL RESOURCES* 



FORESTS 

Early Forests. — The forests of the State 
must be considered as a passing resource, as the 
native woods used in the manufactures are grow- 
ing more and more scarce. Originally no region 
in the world, perhaps, surpassed ours for the 
variety of woods that are valuable in the manu- 
factures. The State was virtually covered by 
one vast forest. The late John P. Brown, of 
Connersville, a student of this subject, estimated 
that out of the 35,910 square miles comprising 
the total area of the State, 28,000 square miles 
were forested,! and Professor Stanley Coulter, 
of Purdue University, says that "many of the 
most valuable hardwood timbers reached their 
maximum development, both as to size and num- 
bers, within the limits of the State." In 1836 
Calvin Fletcher, Jr., of Indianapolis, traveled 
northward over the Michigan road, then newly 
cut out, and he speaks of the "enormous con- 
tinuous log heap of white oak" that had been 
cleared off the right of way and piled along the 
sides of the road. 

Variety and Sizes of Trees. — Our trees rep- 
resented a wide botanical range. Charles C. 
Dean, former secretary of the State Board of 
Forestry, in an article descriptive of the "Trees 
of Indiana" (official report for 1911) includes 
139 species that have been reported as native to 
the State. J These are classified in thirty-seven 
families and range from the white pine of the 
north to the pecan of the south. Most of these 
have some and many of them a great economic 
value, the oaks, hickories, ashes, tulip-poplar 
and black walnut being conspicuous among the 
more valuable. Many of these, also, before the 
monarchs of the forest fell victim to the ax, 
were of colossal size, if tradition is to be ac- 



* The most important and most permanent natural resource 
is the soil, but as consideration of the soil becomes primarily :l 
study of the products of the soil this will come under the head 
of "Agriculture." 

t Address before the State Board of Commerce, Feb. 8, 1900. 

% Mr. Dean surmises that the primitive forests contained many 
species of trees that have now disappeared. 



cepted. The late Doctor Arnold, author of a 
history of Rush county, affirmed that there once 
stood in that county a yellow poplar that was 
twelve feet in diameter, a black walnut that was 
ten feet and an oak that was eight. In the same 
county grew a mammoth buckeye which tradition 
made nine feet in diameter, but which, on more 
careful inquiry, seems to have been about four 
and a half feet. At any rate its bole was large 
enough to be made into a "dugout" canoe forty- 
five feet long, which was mounted on wheels and 
drawn by six or eight horses in the parades of 
the famous campaign of 1840, being filled with 
gaily-appareled damsels as an attractive cargo. 
Reliable records from accurate measurements 
made in recent years show that specimens up to 
twenty-two feet in circumference with clear 
boles running up to seventy-five feet or over, and 
total heights exceeding 150 feet, are not uncom- 
mon. A yellow poplar twenty-five feet in circum- 
ference and 190 feet high is reported from the 
lower Wabash valley, and a sycamore tree in 
Daviess county (described in 1880) measured 
forty-eight feet in circumference (State Board of 
Forestry Report, 1911). One nearly the same size 
now standing in Greene county about a mile and 
a half southeast of Worthington is described by 
Dr. W. B. Clarke in the Indianapolis News of 
June 28, 1915. For picture of this tree see 
sketch of Greene county. 

Forest Destruction. — To the pioneers of the 
State the forests were a serious obstacle and of 
value only as they contributed material to the 
cabin, the rail fence and the fireplace. The 
frequent comment on the wholesale destruction 
of valuable timber must be shorn of its criticism 
when we remember that the timber was not valu- 
able then, and that the prime need of the settlers 
was tillable soil. Hence the era of the ax and 
the indiscriminate warfare against trees. They 
were "girdled" and killed as the quickest way of 
getting at the ground ; when down they were cut 
into logs, rolled into heaps and burned, all kinds 
together; preparations for such holocausts by 



169 



170 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



"log rolling" was a social pastime, and "niggerin' 
off," or burning the logs into chunks more han- 
dleable, was an art of the day. As late as the 
sixties the finest white oak trees were made into 
fence rails, and at an earlier day many a choice 
walnut shared the same fate. 

Early Uses of Wood. — With the introduction 
of the sawmill and the substitution of frame 
houses for log ones timber began to be manu- 
factured into lumber, and the output increased 
as the population grew. The pioneer cabinet- 
maker, too, began to draw on the finer woods for 
his uses, particularly the wild cherry and walnut, 
and not a few modern homes retain as their 
prized possessions the elegant and substantial 
furniture made by those early artisans. One of 
the latter, Caleb Scudder, came with the first 
immigrants to Indianapolis and, according to a 
chronicler of that period, the very first sign 
painted in the village advertised "Kalop Skodder, 
Kabbinet Maker" (Nowland's "Prominent Citi- 
zens"). In the flat-boating days when large 
numbers of those craft carried the produce of 
the interior down the streams, much lumber went 
into their construction, particularly yellow pop- 
lar, which was fashioned into broad slabs for the 
sides or "gunnels." The incoming of the rail- 
road created a demand for much timber, the 
early style of construction calling for "mudsills," 
ties and stringers, and the plank roads took heavy 
toll of the finest oak for their miles of solid 
flooring. 

Manufactures and Forest Resources. — With 
the development of manufactures there came an 
increasing demand for woods of various kinds 
and for many purposes, and this grew until the 
forest products became an important element in 
the State's wealth. This reached its high tide 
about 1900. At that time J. P. Brown, above 
cited, wrote : 

"Fifty thousand citizens of Indiana are em- 
ployed in wood industries and each year receive 
$15,000,000 in wages, while a quarter of a million 
of women and children are dependent upon these 
employes for their support. The finished prod- 
uct of this labor brings annually $50,000,000 to 
Indiana manufacturers. Indiana's railway com- 
merce is borne upon 30,000,000 wooden cross- 
ties which must be renewed at the rate of 4,500,- 
000 ties annually, the cost of which is fifteen per 



cent, of the entire operative expenses of the rail- 
ways. Twelve thousand five hundred miles of 
electric wires are strung upon 250,000 poles, 
which require frequent renewals."* 

The foregoing was written in 1900. After that 
time the wood industries began to decline and 
within five years the value of manufactured 
products fell from $20,000,000 to $14,500,000, 
while Indiana retrograded from the seventh to 
the sixteenth place in the production of lumber. 
Even at that, however, wood-working ranked 
fourth among the industries of the State. f 

Since then the depletion of the native timber 
supply has been going on, and the forests to 
that extent have ceased to be one of our great 
natural resources. The industries have not de- 
clined in proportion, as the transportation ad- 
vantages for products more than balance the 
disadvantages of importing raw material. Out 
of 232 concerns from which reports were se- 
cured by Mr. Breeze, the investigator above 
cited, thirty-three used no lumber at all from 
Indiana, while fifty-six used from one to twenty- 
five per cent. only. All of them depended more 
or less upon outside supplies. 

It should be noted that owing to the growing 
scarcity of woods many kinds that were once 
considered as fit for nothing, except, perhaps, 
firewood, are now utilized in the industries. A 
list of those used, as compiled by Mr. Breeze, in- 
cludes twenty-four different kinds, and among 
these are cottonwood, gum, elm, basswood, 
beech and sycamore, none of which were re- 
garded as valuable for saw logs twenty-five years 
ago. Oak, basswood, cottonwood, elm, gum, 
maple, walnut and yellow poplar all are used for 
veneers. Indianapolis is one of the great veneer- 
ing centers of the United States. 

Twofold Effect of Forest Destruction. — The 
destruction of our forests have had this harmful 
twofold result : 

1. The continued drain upon them with no 
attempt to replace the valuable raw material they 
yield has depleted them as a natural resource 
until our manufacturers who depend upon woods 
have to seek their material elsewhere. This is 



* "The Forests of Indiana the Reliance of Her Manufac- 
turers," by J. P. Brown. An address printed by the Courier, 
Connersville, Ind. 

t F. J. Breeze: A Preliminary Report of the Wood-Using In- 
dustries of Indiana. St. Bd. Forestry rept. for 1911. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



171 



an economic evil which the forest conservation- 
ists have in mind in their propaganda for re- 
forestation. 

2. The removal of the forests, it is now be- 
ing discovered, has disturbed the balance of 
nature and affected the climate, the conservation 
of the water supply, the conservation of the soil, 
and the agricultural status as it depends upon 
these. Some of the results discussed are at pres- 
ent hypothetical, but the detrimental changes. 



C. Gobel illustrates the first surface effect by the 
simple idea of an inclined plane covered with 
loose soil. When well sprinkled with water the 
downward wash of this soil by the force of the 
descending water follows as a matter of course ; 
but if it is covered with a layer of cotton batting 
and the batting is sprinkled the force of the fall- 
ing water is taken up by this covering and the 
moisture gently permeates the earth. If in addi- 
tion to this we think of the soil as reinforced by 











{forestry ! 








f"~T^ 








: * % hVpI 







Forestry Building, State Fair Grounds, Indianapolis. This building was erected in the summer of 1915 for the 
purpose of maintaining a permanent exhibit of everything pertaining to forestry and forest products of 
Indiana. The building was dedicated September 7, 1915, Ex-Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks and 
Governor Ralston participating. The names of persons seated reading from left to right are E. A. Glad- 
den, State Forester: Warren T. McCrea, President Indiana State Board of Agriculture: Prof. \V. C. Gobel, 
Nashville ; Charles W. Fairbanks : Curtis D. Meeker. Monticello ; W. A. Guthrie. President Board of For- 
estry. Standing is Governor Ralston. 



whatever their exact relations, are sufficiently 
pronounced to have brought about the conserva- 
tion movement, which is nation-wide. 

Physical Effects of Forest Destruction. — 
In the State Board of Forestry report for 1913 
Professor Glenn Culbertson, of Hanover Col- 
lege, sets forth in an interesting and informative 
article some physical effects of forest destruction, 
which effects are more far-reaching than we 
generally suppose. In the same report Mr. W. 



many interlacing roots the wash will be still fur- 
ther minimized. Moreover, the batting takes up 
a part of the water, retaining it as moisture, 
which affects the underlying soil for some time 
after. This fairly represents the leaf-mulched 
surface of forested areas as contrasted with bare, 
denuded areas which shed the rains before they 
have time to saturate the earth. 

Our local histories repeatedly state that 
marked changes have taken place in the normal 



172 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



flow of our streams since pioneer times. The 
explanation is that the waters instead of being 
feil gradually from the mulched soil, go off with 
a rush, damaging freshets alternating with a 
normal flow that is proportionately small. Pro- 
fessor Culbertson, from a special study of a half- 
dozen hill counties along the Ohio river, cites 
instances of the freshet damages along the 
streams and of landslides and washings on the 
hillsides that have left the lands ruined for agri- 
cultural purposes. 

The estimate has been made that of the total 
annual rainfall over the earth some 6,000 cubic 
miles of water finds its way to the sea by the 
streams, and the further estimate is that the 
"average annual immediate run-off from these 
streams to-day is at least 50 per cent, greater 
than that from the same regions under the for- 
ested conditions of the past." 

One effect of this rapid disposition of the rains 
is the lowering of the water level in the ground. 
The earth does not become thoroughly saturated 
and hence springs fail and wells have to be sunk 
deeper and deeper to find strong, reliable veins, 
while in cases of drought the effects are felt 
much quicker and more severely. 

In a word, under forest conditions the rains, 
which otherwise rush away and in large degree 
are wasted, are conserved and by various natural 
processes made to serve the fullest purpose. The 
extent to which the State has been deforested 
has seriously disturbed the balance of nature, 
and the question of remedy is now being forced 
upon us. 

Supposed Climatic Effects. — The physical 
effects of deforestation as above cited are too 
well established to be speculative. There are 
other more remote effects, not so certain of 
proof, but widely accepted nevertheless, particu- 
larly as they regard the modifying of climate. 
Professor Culbertson's argument, perhaps, fairly 
covers the ground. This is that the evaporation 
in the hot season from a soil and leaf -mulch that 
are saturated is very considerable, and where 
such area is extensive the moisture contributed 
to the atmosphere must be a factor in the pre- 
cipitation. 

Again, the amount of moisture taken up by 
trees in the form of sap and evaporated from 
the leaves is, in the case of a whole forest, some- 
thing enormous, experiment having demon- 



strated that one large tree, under certain condi- 
tions, may give off as much as several tons within 
twenty- four hours. That this must have some- 
thing to do with increased precipitation seems 
altogether plausible. Moreover, this evapora- 
tion, it is said, modifies the temperature of the 
air and creates atmospheric conditions that favor 
precipitation. 

Still another effect to which the forest contrib- 
utes is the gentle "secondary showers," following 
thunderstorms, due to the vast amount of evap- 
oration from wet leaves ; which showers saturate 
the soil much better than the beating storm. 

Forestry Movement in Indiana. — Experience 
and observation have taught in Indiana as else- 
where that the deforestation of the country 
brings about detrimental conditions that affect 
economic welfare so seriously as to demand at- 
tention and attempt at prevention. It stands to 
reason that we can not restore the original for- 
ests with their leaf-mulch as a water conserver, 
and just how and to what extent reforestation 
can be promoted is still a debatable question. 
The theory on which the State is proceeding to- 
day contemplates both conservation, or the pres- 
ervation of remaining forests, and rehabilitation, 
or the re-establishment of woodlands. The the- 
ory is that certain rough areas in the hilly por- 
tions of the State, of little value for agriculture, 
might profitably yield timber for commercial pur- 
poses, and do this continuously by a process of 
scientific forestry. It also holds that through- 
out all parts of the State are scattered small 
areas, practically waste, that should be given to 
trees ; it is figured that wood crops, such as catal- 
pas for fence posts, make a good return, and the 
maintenance of a wood-lot as a feature of every 
farm is encouraged. 

Back of this theory is a practical movement 
for the promotion of reforestation which will be 
briefly described in this connection, though it 
might appropriately come under the head of 
"governmental activities." Some time prior to 
1901 a society, under the name of the "Indiana 
Forestry Association," was formed, with Albert 
Lieber, of Indianapolis, as its president, and 
John P. Brown, of Connersville as secretary. Its 
aim was to create interest in agriculture and pro- 
mote the passage of a forestry law, and in 1901 it 
succeeded in securing such a law. This statute 
established a "State Board of Forestry," consist- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



173 



ing of five members, one to be from the member- 
ship of the Forestry Association, just mentioned ; 
one from the Retail Lumber Dealers' Associa- 
tion of Indiana; one from the faculty of Purdue 
University; one from the woodworkers of the 
State, who is to be a mechanic actively employed 
at his trade, and one who was to have special 
knowledge of the theory and art of forest pres- 
ervation and timber culture and a technical 
knowledge of the topography of the State. This 
last member was to be secretary of the board 



part of Clark county, near the town of Henry- 
ville. The larger part of this was in the wild 
state, but some of it had been cleared and farmed, 
and one use of the reserve was as an experi- 
mental nursery, the cleared portions being 
planted to various kinds of native forest trees. 
The rates of growth and the success of the plant- 
ings under different conditions have been re- 
corded from year to year and the results have 
been put before landowners over the State. 
The work of the forestry office is largely edu- 




Twin Beeches. These twin beeches are on the Purlee 
farm, in Pierce township, Washington county. It is 
said that they were there when the land was entered 
about 1821-22. 

and ex officio State Forester, at a salary of 
$1,200 and an expense allowance not to exceed 
$600.* The duty of the board was "to collect, 
digest and classify information respecting for- 
ests, timber lands, forest preservation and timber 
culture, and for the establishment of State forest 
reserves," while the secretary's office was to be a 
bureau of information on such subjects. 

State Forest Reserve. — In 1903 the State 
purchased, through the forestry board, 2,000 
acres of cheap, broken land in the northwestern 



* The salary was afterward increased to $1,800. 



This poplar tree in Washington county is 18 feet in cir- 
cumference. The first limb is 75 feet from the 
ground. The owner, Mr. Carry Morris, refused $500 
for this monarch of the forest in 1912. 

cational. To quote from one of its reports : 
"The question has been presented to the public 
through the press, public schools, farmers' insti- 
tutes, civic federations, women's clubs, etc., un- 
til now almost every one knows something about 
the forestry movement and many wood-lot own- 
ers are practising scientific forestry." One fea- 
ture of the propaganda is "Arbor Day," estab- 
lished by law "for the purpose of encouraging 
the planting of shade trees, shrubs and vines." 
The third Friday of April in each year is desig- 
nated as a day for general observance, and the 



174 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



governor is to make proclamation of said day 
in each year, at least thirty days prior thereto. 
The observance chiefly holds in the schools, it 
being made the duty of county and city superin- 
tendents to prepare programs of exercise for the 
pupils. In this law Charles Warren Fairbanks 
is especially recognized as "the leading spirit of 
Indiana forestry conservation." 

Conservation of Bird Life. — Closely con- 
nected with arboriculture and of such economic 
importance that it may fairly be considered a nat- 
ural resource, is the bird population. The indis- 
criminate destruction of bird life has been yet 
more wasteful and wanton than that of the trees. 
The result has been an increase of the insect pop- 
ulation that is a standing threat to vegetation. 
Pomology in particular has suffered and fruits 
that once thrived with little protection can now 
be secured only by a continual and systematic 
fight against insect enemies. If unchecked these 
enemies with their amazing reproductive powers 
would doubtless overrun the globe in time and by 
their destruction of plant life indirectly destroy 
animal life. The spread of the San Jose scale, 
the curculio, the codlin moth and other fruit 
devastators is a familiar story. Among the for- 
est trees each has its peculiar enemies and the 
same is true of each plant in the garden ; the 
wheat has its chinch bug and Hessian fly : the 
young corn its cut worm, and so on, ad infinitum. 

In the nice balance of nature birds are the nat- 
ural regulators of the insect population. In the 
ground, beneath the bark of trees, on the foliage 
and in the air they find grubs, eggs and adult in- 
sects to sate their voracious appetites, and ob- 
servation has shown that the amount of con- 
sumption is astonishing. In a word, the wanton 
destruction of birds has seriously disarranged 
nature's scheme of regulation and we are now 
beginning to realize the consequences. 

The first movement looking to the preservation 
of birds was, perhaps, a sentimental rather than 
an economic one. The wholesale slaughter of 
birds for the barbarous decoration of women's 
hats created a revulsion among those of finer 
feelings who loved birds and who saw the heart- 
lessness of the custom prevailing in the name of 
fashion. This sentiment, reinforced, of course, 
by the economic argument, crystallized in the Au- 
dubon Society movement, which has been the 



great educator for the last fifteen or twenty 
years.* The Indiana Audubon Society within that 
time has faithfully pushed its propaganda for 
bird protection with a wisdom that looked to the 
future for results, and with a patience that be- 
spoke permanence it carried into the schoolroom 
its gospel of good-will to birds, and its annual 
meetings held successively in various cities over 
the State have given it State-wide prestige. The 
effects have been beneficent and marked. This 
society, of course, was but a unit in a country- 
wide movement. As a general result there has 
been a notable change in the wearing of bird 
plumage by women, which was the greatest cause 
of bird destruction. Stimulated, doubtless, by 
the growing interest that was based on sentiment, 
the economists have come to the fore and the 
public is being educated to the necessity of bird 
protection as a part of the great conservation 
movement which affects material welfare ; while 
Indiana, along with many other States, now has 
an excellent law protecting insectivorous as well 
as game birds. The State laws, in turn, are rein- 
forced by a Federal law that affords protection 
to migratory birds as they pass beyond the juris- 
diction of protecting States. 

COAL 

Early History. — Knowledge of coal in In- 
diana long antedated its utilization as an impor- 
tant natural resource in this part of the country. 
As early as 1763 George Croghan, an English of- 
ficer who was captured by the Indians and taken 
up the Wabash, makes mention of the mineral. 
The first surveyors of Indiana (1804) also dis- 
covered and made note of it, and in 1812 Robert 
Fulton, who brought his steamboat, the "Or- 
leans" down the Ohio river, found and dug coal 
at a point near Cannelton. The first charter for 
the mining of coal was granted to the American 
Cannel Coal Company, of Cannelton. in 1837. 
The abundance of wood for fuel and the ab- 
sence of manufacturing industries retarded the 
development of the coal industry, but by 1840 it 
was pursued on a small scale in various places, 
partly for export. The chief domestic use was 
for blacksmithing. The earlier mining was 
where the coal outcropped, the first shaft being 



* The Indiana Audubon Society was organized at Indianapolis 
April 26, 1896, with Judge R. W. McBride as president and 
George S. Cottman as secretary. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



175 



sunk in 1850 by John Hutchinson one mile east 
of Newburg, on the bank of the Ohio river. In 
digging a well in Clay county, in 1851, the block 
coal of that region was discovered, and in the fol- 
lowing year this coal was mined and shipped out 
of the county. With the incoming of the manu- 
factories the coal industry rapidly increased and 
in 1879 laws were passed for the regulation of 
mines and a mine inspector was appointed.* 

The Indiana Area. — The Indiana coal area is 
part of a great field of about 47,000 square miles 
that covers a large portion of Illinois and laps 
over into our State and northwestern Kentucky. 
The total Indiana area is estimated at about 
7,500 square miles. It comprises the west and 
southwest part of the State, and a line drawn 
from Benton southeastward to Owen, thence to 
Crawford at Leavenworth on the Ohio, would, 
roughly speaking, enclose our coal field. This 
includes fourteen counties that are wholly and 
twelve that are partly underlain. It has been 
estimated from drillings that reveal the approxi- 
mate extent and thickness of the beds, that be- 
neath the surface of these counties lies something 
like 40,000,000,000 tons of coal. A great deal 
of this is regarded as "unworkable" with our 
present facilities, but by 1898 100,000,000 tons 
had been actually mined out, and by a further 
computation, based on the rate of increasing con- 
sumption for eighteen years, and on area re- 
garded as workable, it is thought "safe to assume 
that the life of the Indiana coal field is at least 
300 years,f and probably more" (Ashley). 

Growth of Coal Industry. — By 1879 the coal 
industry had expanded to an output, that year, 
of about 1,000,000 tons, and by 1898 this had in- 
creased to 5,000,000 tons, in spite of the discov- 
ery and extensive use of natural gas. After the 
collapse of the gas era mining developed yet 
more rapidly. About 11,000,000 tons were taken 
out in 1903 and 13,250,000 tons in 1907. Ac- 
cording to the annual report of the Inspector 
of Mines, James Epperson, for the year 19101 
(35th Geol. Rept.), the "total general average 
for all mines in the State" was 18,125,244 tons 



* See "Coal Deposits of Indiana," by George Hall Ashley. 
Indiana Geological Report for 1898. 

t This, of course, is largely speculative. Elsewhere we are 
told our fields ought to last a thousand years. 

J The last statistics we find on mining, the suhject not being 
included in the later reports of the Department of Statistics. 



and the total number of miners 14,810. The 
total number of mine employes were 21,171 and 
their wages for a year amounted to $15,527,- 
390.72, being an average of $733.42 for each 
employe. Of the output 54.56 per cent, was 
shipped to other States, and the remainder, 
amounting to 8,235,655 tons, was used in In- 
diana. The total number of mines employing 
more than ten men were 182, and these were dis- 
tributed irregularly over fourteen counties, with 
Clay, Greene, Sullivan and Vigo in the lead as 
to numbers. 

Kinds of Indiana Coal. — All the coals of this 
State are bituminous in character, but fall into 
three distinct kinds, known as "bituminous," 
"block" and "cannel." Our cannel, which is lim- 
ited in amount, cuts little figure in the coal mar- 
ket, though it has its peculiar merits, being 
cleanly to handle and remarkably easy to ignite. 
A difference between the bituminous and the 
block is that the former in burning runs together 
or "cokes," which gives it especial value for forge 
work, while the block burns to a clean white ash 
without coking. The especial merit of the latter 
is as a steaming coal. The quantity of bitumi- 
nous mined is far in excess of the block and on 
the market takes various specific names. 

NATURAL GAS 

First Wells. — Conspicuous among the natural 
resources of the State during the period of its 
usefulness, was natural gas. The natural gas era, 
which was in the ascendency here from 1886 to 
1900, may be spoken of as spectacular, so sud- 
denly did it develop as an economic factor and 
so great were the changes it wrought. 

What is frequently spoken of as the "discov- 
ery" of gas in the eighties is an inaccurate use 
of terms, since there is record of it in Pulaski 
county, Indiana, as early as 1865 ; elsewhere, 
long before that, it had been used for lights and 
fuel, and it was so used extensively in Pennsyl- 
vania before it was utilized in Indiana. In 1884 
a well sunk at Findlay, Ohio, yielded a strong 
flow of gas, and the interest in this part of the 
country was stimulated by that find. In 1886 it 
was discovered at Portland, Jay county, that 
Indiana had rock capable of a high-pressure flow. 
The same vear a Kokomo company drilled ami 



176 



CKXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



secured a "gusher," and the utilizing of this well 
for factory and domestic fuel seems to have been 
the beginning of the "gas era" in this State.* 

The commercial opportunities that opened up 
with the application of this new resource created 
an excitement akin to the oil craze of earlier 
days. A cleanly, convenient and labor-saving 
fuel of greater heating value than either wood or 
coal, that could be brought cheaply to one's fur- 
nace or stove, set both manufacturers and pri- 
vate consumers agog, and the capitalists hastened 
to supply them.f Land speculation ran rife 
wherever it was suspected there was gas-bearing 
rock, and in and out of the belt wells were sunk 
till, in the words of a humorist of the day, Indi- 
ana, in spots, was suggestive of a porous plaster, 
and the only way to utilize the wells that never 
found gas was to "saw them into post-holes." 

Natural Gas Area. — The gas area, as finally 
developed, comprised, wholly or in part twenty- 
six counties (Geol. Rept. 1907). The chief field 
may be described as approximately pear-shaped, 
the small end resting in Decatur county, thence 
swelling eastward with the eastern limit at Ran- 
dolph and Jay counties and westward to the east- 
ern part of Clinton. From these east and west 
extremes it rounded northward almost to the 
Wabash river. J Another field in the southwest- 
ern part of the State extends from Vigo to Gib- 
son and Pike, and reaches eastward to Greene. 
These fields combined are said to be much larger 
than those in any other State, and they were 
practically enlarged miles beyond the productive 
limits by the construction of pipe-lines that con- 
veyed the gas to outlying territory. Indianapolis, 
Richmond, Lafayette and many other outside cit- 
ies were thus supplied. 

Industrial Effects of Gas. — The gas area va- 
ried in its yield or strength of flow. The center 
of our greatest supply was Madison and Dela- 
ware counties and the adjacent region, and it was 
here that natural gas, combined with excellent 
transportation facilities, wrought the greatest ef- 
fect. This was industrial. Cheap fuel was a 
tempting bait to the manufacturers that required 
much of it, and the gas belt suddenly found itself 



* Before this, however, gas from weaker wells that had been 
drilled for oil, had been utilized in a small way. 

t In the geological report of 1895 a list of incorporated natural 
gas companies is given, numbering 324. 

+ For chart showing location of wells and pipelines see Geol. 
Rept. 1897. 



in possession of a valuable asset. Its fuel was so 
cheap that it could be given away and many com- 
petitive towns, making a bid for industrial pros- 
perity, offered free gas to establishments that 
would settle in their midst. The general result 
is thus stated by one writer on the subject : 

"In 1886, when gas was discovered, the gas 
belt was an agricultural district. Besides the cus- 
tomary flouring- and saw-mills the factories were 
few and confined almost exclusively to the mak- 
ing of wooden wares. . . . Soon, however, 
all classes of industries were represented. . . . 
About the time the gas was beginning to fail in 
Ohio and Pennsylvania it was discovered in In- 
diana. The field was vast in extent, the supply 
strong. Capitalists were glad to move their in- 
terests to the new field. By 1893 over $300,- 
000,000 had been invested in factories in Indiana, 
and more were constantly being erected. It was 
estimated that at that time not less than three 
hundred factories had been located and put in 
operation as a direct result of the development 
of natural gas. Many of them were very large, 
as the De Pauw Plate-Glass Works at Alexan- 
dria, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1880 
there were seven States manufacturing more 
glass than Indiana. In 1890 only three States 
stood above ours in this product. The value of 
glass products in 1880 was $790,781. In 1892 it 
had risen to $2,995,409. ... In 1890 there 
were twenty-one glass factories valued at $3,556,- 
563, and employing 3,089 men. ... In the 
iron and steel industry there were in 1880 nine 
factories with a value of $1,820,000, employing 
1,740 men. In 1890 the number of factories had 
increased to thirteen, the value to $3,888,254. Two 
thousand six hundred and forty-four men re- 
ceived annual wages of $1,215,702. From 1890 
to 1895 the growth was still more rapid. Janu- 
ary 1, 1895, the number of glass factories was 50 
instead of 21. They were valued at $5,000,000 
and employed 7,000 men, with an annual wage 
of $3,000,000."* 

Decline of the Gas Era; Culpable Waste. — 
It is rarely that nature has given to man a bless- 
ing so freely bestowed as natural gas, and if it 
had been properly appreciated and used with dis- 
cretion it would doubtless have continued its 
service for many years. As it was, never was a 



•"Natural Gas in Indiana," by Margaret Wynn; Ind. Mag. 
Hist., March, 1908. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



177 



natural resource wasted with such senseless 
prodigality and with so little excuse. There was 
hardly a limit to the absurd uses to which it was 
put. The writer recalls one man who kept a big 
flambeau burning over his swill barrel to keep it 
from freezing and had arches of lights over his 
gates from curved perforated pipes ; nor was this 
eccentricity exceptional. In small towns the 
streets were illuminated, torch-like, by the lighted 
gas flowing without check from the mouths of 
two-inch pipes and it was no rare spectacle to see 
the flow from gas wells burning an immense 
flame, day and night. It is said that "in 1889 the 
average daily waste from uncapped wells alone 
was estimated to be 10,000,000 cubic feet" (Mar- 
garet Wynn). 

As there was no replenishing of this fuel this 
waste must before very long have its effect. By 
reason of multiplying wells and the tapping of 
new areas the flow steadily increased from 1886 
to 1900. Since this time it has been declining. 
As expressed in terms of money value, it in- 
creased from $300,000 worth in 1886 to $7,254,- 
539 in 1900, and declined to $1,702,243 in 1910 
(Geol. Rept. 1911). The State geologist pro- 
tested against the waste long before steps were 
taken to check it. By the early nineties the Leg- 
islature adopted restrictive measures, and the 
office of natural gas supervisor was created, but 
it was too late to save the illimitable wastage 
which has been a dead loss to the community 
and which can never be regained. 

Natural Gas.* — The gas of the Indiana part 
of the field known as the Lima-Indiana has been 
failing for the last few years until it has gotten 
so weak in places that it is being replaced by 
gas piped into the State by the Logan Natural 
Gas and Fuel Company, of West Virginia. The 
gas is pumped into the State and reaches it with 
a pressure of about 125 pounds, but is reduced 
to a few ounces before being turned into the city 
lines. The following towns are using West Vir- 
ginia gas : Muncie, Anderson, Elwood, Alexan- 
dria, Fairmount, Hartford City, Marion, New 
Castle. Richmond, Noblesville, Tipton, Lynn and 
Middletown. The gas is now used mostly for 
domestic purposes, very little being used for 
manufacturing, and is sold to the consumer at 
from thirty cents to forty cents per thousand. 

While much gas is being piped into Indiana, 

* Thirty-ninth Annual Report Dept. of Geol. 



there still remain 2,295 gas wells that are produc- 
ing some gas and are supplying a great many of 
the smaller towns and the farmers on whose farms 
they are located. In Tipton and Howard coun- 
ties the Indiana Natural Gas and Oil Company 
has a great many wells, the gas from which is 
being piped to Chicago. There were sixty-four 
new wells drilled in the year of 1914, and 147 
old wells abandoned. 

The Sullivan county oil field produces enough 
gas, in addition to that used in the field for 
power, to supply about eighty consumers in Sul- 
livan. 

The Oakland City oil field produces enough 
gas to supply Oakland City and Winslow with 
gas. 

The remaining gas wells in Indiana have an 
average pressure of 74.4 pounds, and the av- 
erage price per thousand, and for which it is 
sold, is $0,327. The remaining gas wells and 
mains, not including the plants supplied with 
West Virginia gas, represent an original invest- 
ment of about $20,000,000, but in their present 
condition would be worth about $1,000,000. 

PETROLEUM 

First Oil Wells; Development of the Field. 
— While the petroleum industry in the United 
States dates back to 1859 it was not begun in In- 
diana until 1889, when a well was sunk on the 
farm of D. A. Bryson, near the village of Key- 
stone in Wells county. This was done by a cor- 
poration styling itself the "Northern Indiana Oil 
Company" and it was the beginning of an indus- 
try that became one of the great ones of the 
State. Two years later the above-named com- 
pany had fifteen wells and these were multiplied 
by other fortune seekers, who rapidly explored 
and developed the paying oil area. This area. 
which lay northeast of the State's center and 
south of the Wabash was developed to 400 
square miles by 1896. By 1900 it had grown to 
900 square miles, and to 1,350 by 1903. The 
Lima-Indiana oil field for the year of 1914, pro- 
duced 508,987 barrels of oil from 3,796 wells: 
the Princeton and Oakland City field produced 
151.441 barrels from 285 wells, and the Sullivan 
county field produced 859.500 barrels from 415 
wells, making a total production for the State of 
1,519.928 barrels from 4,496 wells, showing an 



12 



178 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



increase over the production of 1913 of 549,848 
barrels. 

The price of oil for the last year has been 
such that it has not offered a very great induce- 
ment to oil operators to try to open any new 
fields, or to properly develop the old ones. 

There are a great many counties in Indiana 
which oil men think arc underlaid with oil, but 
they are waiting for the price to advance a little 
so that the chances for gain will be greater. 
Among other places looked upon with favor is 
the territory around Birdseye, Jasper county ; 
Gentryville, Spencer county ; Foltz, Jefferson 
county, and Wilkinson, Hancock county. Near 
Birdseye and Gentryville there were a few wells 
drilled a few years ago, in which there was a 
good showing of oil, but for the want of capital 
at that time there was no more drilling done. In 
Hancock county, the oil for several years has 
b:en showing up in the old gas wells, and there 
have been several thousand acres leased recently 
with the expectation of drilling deeper for oil. 

In Jefferson county there was a strong gas 
well drilled, considering its depth, near Foltz. 
The rock producing the gas is thought to be the 
Niagara limestone, which in itself may not be 
of much importance but may be an indication of 
something deeper at that point. 

There were a few fair oil wells drilled in 
Shelby county, on the west edge of the old gas 
field in that county. 

Illinois geologists claim to have traced an anti- 
cline southeast through eastern Illinois to the In- 
diana line, and Kentucky geologists claim to have 
traced one northwest through Kentucky to the 
southern Indiana line, and that being the case 
it is very evident that it will cross the southwest- 
ern corner of Indiana, covering some points al- 
ready mentioned as being productive of oil. 

In the territory mentioned, near Bruceville, in 
Knox county, there have been some light gas 
wells producing for several years. The Prince- 
ton field in Gibson county has been a very pro- 
ductive oil field ; the Oakland City and Peters- 
burg fields in Pike county have been producing 
oil for several years, and in Spencer county, near 
Gentryville, several years ago, one oil and one 
gas well were drilled which showed a fair 
flow of oil and a good volume of gas, but were 
not developed further for the want of capital at 
that time. While Warrick county is in line of the 



same anticline, no drilling has ever been done. 
The above counties will doubtless be developed 
as soon as the price of oil is sufficient to offer the 
proper inducement to operators. 

QUARRY STONE 

Quarrying Area. — By far the greater part of 
Indiana is covered by a sheet of glacial drift 
brought from the north and spread over the bed- 
rocks at varying depths. In the counties south 
of the glacial boundary and along the Wabash 
and some other streams, where erosion has cut 
through the drift, the bedrock out-cropping or 
approaching the surface is available for quarry- 
ing. The State has no granite, except in the 
form of boulders that have been transported in 
the glacial drift, but among the various lime- 
stones and sandstones certain kinds have an eco- 
nomic value for building, flagging, lime, whet- 
stones, grindstones and other uses. 

Building Stone; the Oolitic Limestone. — 
It has been said that no State in the Union pos- 
sesses better stone for building purposes than 
Indiana, and the quarry product of particular 
excellence for such purpose is the Oolitic lime- 
stone from Lawrence, Monroe and adjacent 
counties. It is often called "Bedford" stone, 
from the extensive quarries near that city. This, 
again, is said to have "a wider sale and more 
extended use than any other building stone in 
North America, its wide reputation being due to 
its general usefulness in masonry, ornamenta- 
tion and monuments, its abundance, the ease with 
which it can be quarried and dressed, its pleasing 
color and its durability."* 

The Oolitic stone in Indiana extends from 
Montgomery county to the Ohio river, though 
north of White river it largely loses its value as 
a building stone. In the geological report of 1874 
is mention of a quarry in the southwestern part 
of Jackson county, and again, in 1878, we find 
a description of "the well-known Stockslager 
Oolitic quarry" of Harrison county. As an indus- 
try of real commercial value, which gives the 
stone rank as one of the important resources of 
the State, it is, however, chiefly identified with 
Lawrence, Monroe and Owen counties. This area 



* "The Indiana Oolitic Limestone Industry," by Raymond S. 
Blatchley and others; Geol. Rept. 1907. See also long treatise 
on the Bedford Oolitic Limestone of Indiana, by T. C. Hopkins 
and C. E. Siebenthal, Geol. Rept. 1896. 



180 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



has been worked for many years and since the 
close of the civil war vast quantities of stone have 
been taken out. At Bedford, Lawrence county, 
are the largest quarries in the State and among 
the largest in the United States. At the northern 
limit of the worked field is Romona, in Owen 
county, and between it and Bedford are at least 
a dozen districts, each with its group of quarries. 

The output of building stone for 1912, accord- 
ing to the U. S. Geological Survey of Mineral 
Resources, was 10,442,304 cubic feet. There 
was a waste of fifty per cent., of which 18,000 
cubic feet were turned out as crushed limestone 
and 8,500 cubic feet was made into lime. 

Quality of Oolitic Limestone. — The Oolitic 
stone has various merits that give it highest rank 
as a quarry product. Being comparatively soft 
when taken out of the beds it is easily sawed and 
dressed. It is especially adapted for ornamental 
work and is used extensively for monuments, 
rustic gateways, lawn settees and other objects 
calling for the exercise of the stone carver's art, 
its value for these purposes being enhanced by 
the resistance of the stone to weather. 

It is especially famous, however, as a building 
stone by reason of its workableness, appearance, 
weather resistance and crushing strength, its re- 
sistance to pressure equaling 4,500 to 7,000 
pounds per square inch, as tested in experiments 
(Blatchley). For architectural uses it is in de- 
mand all over the country, notably in the con- 
struction of Government, State and county build- 
ings, libraries, churches, etc. 

Other Quarry Stone. — Beside the Oolitic 
output other stone is quarried extensively. A 
hard limestone known as the "Niagara," which 
is worked in Decatur county, is used more or 
less for building and bridge purposes. This 
same stone, where thinly bedded, is especially 
adapted for flagging and curbs and is quarried 
for that purpose in several localities, notably 
near Laurel, in Franklin county. Sandstone of 
excellent quality for building purposes exists in 
a number of the western and southwestern coun- 
ties from Warren to the Ohio river.* 

What is known as the "Mansfield" sandstone 
is a fine dark-brown stone adapted for house 
fronts and for cornices and lintels for brick 
buildings. Gray and buff sandstones are also 

* For treatise and map see Geol. Rept. 1896. 



quarried for building purposes, but the sandstone 
field, about 175 miles in length, considered as a 
commercial resource, is but imperfectly devel- 
oped. 

Lime Industry. — A very important product 
from certain limestones of the State is the lime 
of commerce, the chief use of which is for mortar 
and plaster for building. It is also used in the 
tanning, glass-making, paper-making and cement 
industries, and for various other purposes. 

Good stone for lime-making is quarried and 
so utilized in various parts of the State from 
Clark and Crawford counties on the Ohio to 
Huntington on the upper Wabash. 

THE CLAYS OF INDIANA 

A natural resource closely allied to the rocks 
is clay in its various forms, and few, if any, out- 
rank this one in usefulness. To quote Geologist 
Blatchley : "No mineral resource of the earth 
has been longer used or has been made into such 
various products for the benefit of the human 
race," and it has figured in the manufactures of 
the world from the rude utensils of prehistoric 
races to the multiplied uses of the present day. A 
list of these uses would include domestic wares, 
architectural material, draining tile, sewer tile, 
flue linings, fire brick, ornamental tile and pot- 
tery, and other articles too numerous to mention. 

The clays used in the industries vary in value 
according to purity, fineness, plasticity and other 
qualities, and those in Indiana are adapted to a 
variety of manufactures, from common brick 
and draining tile to pottery and ornamental terra- 
cotta. 

The common yellow clay, used for the cheaper 
building bricks and draining tiles, is found and 
utilized all over the State, but the finer kinds 
are in the western counties and run the length 
of the State. The geological report of 1906 (the 
last one to consider this subject) states that "the 
clays of Indiana rank in value next to coal and 
petroleum among the natural resources of the 
State," but adds that "even yet but few of the 
main deposits are being worked, and there is 
room for five times as many factories as are now 
in operation. According to the census report of 
1910, there were then thirty-one Indiana estab- 
lishments engaged in the manufacture of pot- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



181 



tery, terra-cotta and fire-clay products, and these 
gave employment to 2,373 persons. The value 
of the products amounted to $2,965,768." 

GLASS-SAND 

Sand for the manufacture of glass is a natural 
resource of considerable importance in Indiana, 
as there were, in 1910, forty-four glass factories 
in the State representing an investment of more 
than thirteen million dollars and an output in 
one year valued at $11,593,094. In glass-making 
sand of a certain quality is used in large quan- 
tities, and as transportation is an expensive item 
the proximity of the material to the factories is 
a factor in locating the industry. This sand may 
be loose or in the form of sandstone, in which 
latter case it is crushed and prepared for use. Our 
best loose sand is on the shore of Lake Michigan, 
at Michigan City, in a huge dune, or sand hill, 
which is practically unlimited in quantity. The 
best in the rock form is in the formation known 
as Mansfield sandstone, which extends down the 
west side of the State, and is available inexhaust- 
ibly from Fountain county to the Ohio river. 
There are several plants established for crushing, 
screening and otherwise converting this rock into 
the sand of commerce, but we find no statistics 
of the industry.* 

CEMENT 

Cement Material; "Natural" Cement. — In 
1906 State Geologist Blatchley said : "No min- 
eral industry in the United States has grown 
more rapidly during the last fifteen years than 
that of the manufacture of Portland cement." 
Indiana has shared in that industry, her output 
rapidly increasing in recent years until in 1910 
it was valued at $7,022,000 (U. S. Census), 
while the material for the manufacture of cement 
exists in the State in practically unlimited quan- 
tity. 

The constituents of cement are carbonate of 
lime and clay — about 78 per cent, of the former 
and 22 per cent, of the latter being the propor- 
tions when artificially mixed in the product 
known as "Portland" cement. In some rocks 
both these elements exist and in such proportion 



that a very fair cement may be made by the sim- 
ple process of burning in a kiln and grinding to 
a dust. Great beds of such rock are to be found 
in Clark, Floyd and other counties along the 
Ohio river, and the "natural rock" or "hydraulic" 
cement, as it is called, has been manufactured in 
Clark county for many years. The product 
known to the trade as the "Louisville" cement 
was put out in the year 1890 to the extent of 
more than a million and a half barrels, and by 
1899 this had increased to nearly three million 
barrels. With the development of the "Port- 
land" industry, however, the demand for the 
natural rock production fell off and it now has, 
at best, a very minor place on the market. 

Portland Cement. — In the Portland cement 
as distinguished from the natural rock the clay 
and the lime element are mixed artificially, thus 
securing a more perfect proportion with a su- 
perior cement as a result. The process was in- 
troduced by one Joseph Aspdin, Leeds, England, 
in 1824, and he bestowed the name "Portland" 
because of the resemblance of the cement to the 
Portland oolitic building stone. It was first 
made in Indiana at South Bend, in 1877-8, and 
this is said to have been the first successful manu- 
facture of artificial cement in the United States 
(Geol. Rept. 1900, p. 24). 

The lime for Portland cement may be had 
from two sources — limestone and marl, in both 
of which Indiana is rich. The abundance of 
limestone has been already touched upon in the 
sections on "Quarry Stone." The marl deposits 
are found in the lake region of the State in the 
beds of existing or extinct lakes, the supply being 
practically inexhaustible. An extensive survey 
of the lakes and study of their marls, made in 
1899 and 1900, revealed not less than thirty-two 
deposits extensive enough to justify the erection 
of cement plants, and these would probably be 
multiplied with the improvement of facilities for 
getting at the deeper beds. The lime in marl, ac- 
cording to one theory, has been a long, slow de- 
posit from the waters of springs that well up in 
the lakes.* 

One advantage of marl over limestone in the 
manufacturing process is that the labor of crush- 
ing is obviated. On the other hand there is a 



* For chapter on the "Glass Sands of Indiana," by State 
Geologist Barrett, see report of 1913. 



* For a long treatise on "The Lakes of Northern Indiana and 
Their Associated Marl Deposits," hy W. S. Blatchley and Geo. 
H. Ashley, see Geol. Rept. 1900. 



182 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



vast amount of wastage in the quarrying and 
dressing of limestones for building purposes, and 
this wastage makes a cheap and convenient by- 
product for cement manufacture. In a list of 
eight factories that were operating in 19C6, three 
used marl and five used various kinds of lime- 
stone. The largest factory, located at Mitchell, 
Lawrence county, with a capacity of 5,000 bar- 
rels per day, used "Mitchell" limestone with 
knobstone shale as clay. The largest marl fac- 
tor)-, equal to 1,800 barrels per day, was at Syra- 
cuse, Kosciusko county. 

Uses of Cement. — The uses to which Port- 
land cement is put, continually multiplying, are 
almost beyond enumeration. One of the con- 
spicuous uses is for concrete sidewalks, the 
mileage of which is becoming immense. Con- 
crete highways for country travel are likewise 
coming into service. For building purposes it is 
becoming a formidable rival of wood, stone and 
brick. For massive work, such as bridges, abut- 
ments, piers, etc., it is, to no small degree, super- 
seding stone, and it is taking the place of wood 
in scores, if not hundreds, of articles. The limit 
is by no means yet reached and, in brief, the 
cement resources of the State are destined to 
be productive of great wealth, as there is op- 
portunity for a vast expansion of the industry 
as the demand for this useful article increases. 

OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES 

Iron. — Indiana does not rank high as an 
iron producing State, though that is not because 
she is lacking in this resource. On the contrary, 
the Department of Geology and Natural Re- 
sources lists no less than thirty-two counties as 
having iron ore in sufficient quantity to be of 
economic importance.* Eighteen of these are in 
the region of the lakes and the Kankakee river, 
where bog iron is found, and the others lie west 
and southwest, with Martin and Greene counties 
leading. In former years the iron industry for 
home needs was rather extensively developed, 
but in time other localities with better facilities 
and, perhaps, better grades of ore closed the 
business in Indiana. 

The first plant for smelting and working iron 
in this State was built by A. M. Hurd in St. 



Joseph county, where Mishawaka now stands, in 
1834. Here a variety of articles for pioneer 
use were manufactured and the establishment 
had a wide patronage and a prosperous career. 
Other plants in other localities followed. Four- 
teen blast furnaces are mentioned by Geologist 
Blatchley, of which he says: "Most of them 
have long since gone to ruin, and of those still 
standing the last one went out of blast in 1893." 
The cause he assigns is that the ore in general 
"is too silicious to compete with the richer hema- 
tites of the Lake Superior, Missouri, Tennessee 
and Georgia regions." Nevertheless it is main- 
tained that there is a promising future for the 
abandoned Indiana ores, interest in which must 
be revived by the establishment at Gary of a 
system of blast furnaces and iron mills that rank 
among the greatest in the United States. 

Peat. — While peat has thus far played but 
little part in the economic development of this 
State, it has no small value as a fuel and will 
undoubtedly be utilized in time. It has long 
been used in Europe and is now used in many 
places in the United States. 

Peat is a product of vegetation growing in 
water, and is defined as "a moist, spongy and par- 
tially carbonized vegetable matter." When dug 
out and dried it is inflammable, burning easily 
as a fuel, and, when used in a specially con- 
structed stove, is very desirable for domestic 
purposes. A peat factory molds the material into 
compact "briquettes." It has less heating value 
than coal, but in many regions where peat exists 
lack of transportation facilities makes coal ex- 
pensive, and with the depletion of the wood sup- 
ply there is every reason why peat should take 
its place, as it has done in other countries. 

The lake region of northern Indiana is rich 
in peat beds and a study of the peat area takes 
in about 7,500 square miles. It has been esti- 
mated that peat "briquettes" can be manufac- 
tured at a cost of about eighty-six cents per 
ton.* 

Mineral Paint Rocks and Clays. — These are 
certain shales and clays used for making the 
"mineral paints," such as umber, sienna, ochre, 
etc. Abundant deposits exist in the State and 
have been worked somewhat in Vigo, Owen, 
Greene, Martin and Dubois counties, and per- 



* See "The Iron Ore Deposits of Indiana," 
Shannon. Geol. Rept. 1906. 



hy Chas. W. 



* See "Peat Deposits of Northern Indiana," hy Arthur E. 
Taylor. Geol. Rept. 1906. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



183 



haps elsewhere, but the industry seems thus far 
to have developed but feebly. 

Medicinal Waters. — The medicinal waters of 
Indiana are a more important asset than is gen- 
erally supposed. A study of this resource by the 
Department of Geology, published in 1901, dis- 
closed that there were eighty springs and eighty- 
six wells yielding medicinal waters, distributed 
throughout fifty-two counties of the State. A 
few of these are much better known than others, 
not because of the superiority of their waters, 
but because they have been made resorts and 
have been widely advertised. Medicinal water 
has been discovered in many localities by deep 
borings for natural gas or oil, and for that reason 
the number of wells now exceed the known 
springs. 

The waters vary in their chemical constituents, 
but are classified under the four heads of Alka- 
line, Saline, Chalybeate and Neutral or Indiffer- 
ent. Of these, chalybeate springs, or iron springs, 
are the most common and the saline waters are 
most used for medicinal purposes. Dyspepsia, 
gout, rheumatism, obesity, skin diseases, and 
stomach, kidney and bowel troubles are among 
the ailments that are supposed to be helped by 
these waters. There is a large trade in bottled 
waters shipped for home consumption, but the 
curative fame of mineral waters has been built 
up li\ -anatoriums and resorts at the springs or 
wells where the patients combine plentiful con- 
sumption with a system of bathing. 

A number of these sanatoriums exist in differ- 
ent parts of the State. 

Precious Metals and Stones. — Gold and dia- 
monds in Indiana can hardly be considered as a 
"natural resource," but it is interesting to know 
that both are found here, and, the gold especially, 
over a much wider area than is generally sup- 
posed. In fact, more than once, the Hoosiers 
have experienced a gold excitement, and to the 
present day local gold hunters have the abiding 
fever and expect some time to discover rich 
strikes. 

To one who puts faith in the science of geol- 
ogy, however, such hope is dispelled. No rocks 
in Indiana are either gold- or gem-bearing and 
our limited supply has come with the glacial 
drift from the far north. The rocks containing 
them, deposited here and there, have in the 





184 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



course of long weathering, set free their precious 
but scant burdens. These deposits have been re- 
ported from Brown, Cass, Dearborn, Franklin, 
Greene, Jackson, Jefferson, Jennings, Montgom- 
ery, Morgan, Ohio, Putnam, Vanderburg and 
Warren counties, and in at least two of these — ■ 
Brown and Morgan — it has been sought with 
zeal. Only a few years since a company was 
organized for sluicing in Morgan county, and 
the promoters carried about with them specimens 
of their finds ; but, like preceding companies, this 
one went glimmering. As early as 1850, gold 
was "discovered" in the State, and in the sixties 
there was quite a little flurry over finds in Brown 
county,* and ever since then, perhaps, men have 



* The late John Richards, a pioneer of Brown county who 
lived on Bear creek, some years ago told the writer of leasing 
part of the creek bed to a syndicate from Indianapolis, who pro- 
ceeded to put up "the biggest and best flume ever built in Brown 



made their living washing out dust from the 
sand in the creek beds. One old gold washer, 
"Uncle" John Merriman, claimed that he could 
average $1.25 per day during the panning season. 
The largest nugget he ever found weighed 132 
grains, and was worth $5.50. As he was old 
at the business and correspondingly adept his 
findings may be accepted as about the maximum 
return for gold-hunting in this State. 

In the search for gold occasional diamonds 
have been found, but usually too small to be cut. 
There is record, or tradition, rather, of two 
found years ago that sold respectively for $50 
and $75. Other precious stones have been found, 
but few, if any, of commercial value.* 



county." Just as they finished this flume a heavy storm and 
freshet tore it out and swept it away in pieces — to the utter dis- 
couragement of the builders. This was probably in the sixties. 
* See Geol. Repts. 1888 and 1901. 



CHAPTER XVII 



MANUFACTURES 



Growth of Manufactures. — As stated in a 
previous chapter the manufacturing industries 
of Indiana were almost negligible during the 
earlier decades, the general conditions being a 
fatal handicap. By 1850, these conditions began 
to change, and with that change the manufactur- 



made possible the development of natural re- 
sources. Practically the impetus begins with the 
incoming of the railroad,* and the growth of the 
railroad system and the general industrial move- 
ment have gone abreast. 

Industrial Statistics. — By the census returns 




Convent of Sisters of St. Francis, Oldenburg, Franklin County. 



ing era set in. In 1849, the total value of the 
manufacturing output was $18,725,000. By 1869 
it had increased to $100,000,000, and by 1909 to 
$579,075,000. Within those years the State ad- 
vanced from fourteenth to ninth place in the 
Union, and from the employment of 14,440 wage- 
earners, representing 1.5 per cent, of the total 
population, as estimated in 1850, we have for 
the 1910 estimate 186,984 employes, amounting 
to 6.9 per cent, of the population. This growth 
it attributed by a census writer to the variotis 
natural resources of the State, but, as a matter 
of fact, the greatest of all factors, perhaps, has 
been improved transportation service which has 



of 1910, $508,717,000 were invested in manufac- 
turing industries in Indiana. There were 7,187 
establishments, classified under fifty-five sepa- 
rate industries, besides 772 that were unclassi- 
fied. 

The most important of these, as estimated 
by the capital invested were, in the order named. 
the iron industries, foundry and machine shop 
products, carriages and wagons, artificial gas, ag- 
ricultural implements, lumber and timber prod- 
ucts, automobiles, furniture, and flour and grist 



* It must be remembered, however, that prior to the railroad 
era the Wabash and Erie and Whitewater canals played their 
parts in developing their respective sections. 



185 



186 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND I lAXDIH >< >K OF INDIANA 



mill products. These leading industries repre- 
sent investments ranging from $47,781,000 for 
iron industries, to $15,857,000 for the output of 
flour and grist mills. Of the total capital in- 
volved about one-third is invested in the five lead- 
ing cities — Indianapolis, South Bend, Ft. Wayne, 
Evansville and Terre Haute, these decreasing in 
the order named. Indianapolis is far in the lead 
with $76,497,000. Its largest industry is that of 
foundry and machine products. South Bend 
leads in the manufacture of carriages and wagons 
with a capital of $17,442,000, which is far in 
excess of any other one local industrial invest- 
ment. Evansville leads in furniture. 



The ten leading manufacturing cities, other 
than the five already named, are in the order 
of their investments : Hammond, Mishawaka, 
Richmond, Anderson, Michigan City, Muncie, 
Laporte, Elkhart, East Chicago and Elwood. 

Out of the State's total population of 2,700,- 
873 in 1910, the manufactures gave employment 
to 208,263 persons, including wage-earners and 
employers. Compared with agriculture, as an 
industrial factor, the latter still leads. The num- 
ber of persons employed on farms as owners, 
tenants or managers in 1909 was 215,485. This 
does not include many others who follow agri- 
cultural occupations. 



CHAPTER XVIII 



AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENT 



Comparative Agricultural Values. — It is safe 
to say that whatever the manufacturing and 
commercial future of Indiana may be, it will 
always take high rank as an agricultural State. 
The quality and amount of its cultivable soil in- 
sures that. Among all the States of the Union 
Indiana. Ohio. Illinois and Iowa rank highest in 
the percentage of land area in farms and in the 
average price per acre. In the first — the amount 
of farm land compared with total area — Iowa 
ranks first with 95.4 per cent. Indiana and Ohio, 
coming next, are almost a tie. the former having 
92.3 and latter 92.5 per cent. In the average 
value of farm lands Illinois comes first with 
$95.02 per acre, Iowa follows with $82.58 and 
Indiana comes third with $62.36. This valuation 
includes land, buildings, implements and live 
stock, and the land value alone of Indiana ex- 
ceeds that of Ohio, being $1,328,196,545. 

Statistics of the State. — The approximate 
total area of Indiana is 23,068.800 acres. Of 
this 21,299,823 acres are in farm lands and 
16,931,252 acres are classed as "improved." The 
average size of farms is 98.8 acres.* The im- 
proved acreage has about doubled since the Civil 
war, and the total number of farms now is 
215,485. During the period named the greatest 
land increase was prior to 1880, it dropping 
thereafter to a small per cent., but the increase 
in values has been phenomenal since 1900. As 
against the present average acreage value of 
$62.36 the value in 1900 was $31.81, the increase 
being 96 per cent. 

Distribution of Values. — Land values in In- 
diana range from ten or fifteen dollars per acre 
to a hundred and twenty-five or more. The best 
land, as measured by selling value, is represented 
by a block of counties stretching across the cen- 
tral and north-central parts of the State, reach- 
ing as far south as Johnson. Shelby and Rush, 
and as far north as Newton, Miami and Wabash. 
Of this block Marion and Benton counties rank 



* The average size of farms steadily decreased from 1850 to 
1900, it being in the first-named year 136.2 acres, and in the lat- 
ter 97.4 acres. In 1910, for the first time, there is shown a tend- 
ency to increase. 



highest, the latter, presumably, because of its 
superior soil, and the former because of Indi- 
anapolis and its influence on values. The north- 
ern tiers of counties run uniformly from fifty to 
seventy-five dollars per acre, with the exception 
of Starke, Pulaski and Steuben, which rank 
lower. The Wabash valley, from Parke to 
Posey, runs from fifty to seventy-five dollars; a 
stretch a little farther east, extending from Put- 
nam to Warrick and Spencer on the Ohio river 
are twenty-five to fifty dollars, and most of the 
southeast corner of the State are valued at the 
same figure. The cheapest land reaches from 
Monroe and Brown to Perry and Harrison, on 
the Ohio, and Jefferson and Switzerland are also 
included in this class. The value is placed at ten 
to twenty-five dollars per acre, though it is prob- 
able that but little land in the State is sold at the 
ten-dollar figure.* 

Crops and Their Distribution. — Among the 
crops raised in Indiana we find twenty-one dif- 
ferent kinds that are important enough to be 
considered by the State Department of Statistics 
in its last biennial report (1913-14). These are: 
Corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, water- 
melons, cantaloupes, apples, berries, potatoes, 
onions, tobacco, tomatoes, timothy, clover, al- 
falfa, prairie hay, millet, cow peas and soy beans. 

Com. — Of these, as measured by acreage and 
yield, corn is far in the lead ; the acreage, as com- 
pared with wheat, which ranks next, running 
from about one to three millions more. 

The total yield of the corn crop for 1913 was 
161.276,315 bushels. The ten leading counties 
as to total yield were Tippecanoe, Benton, Rush, 
White, Clinton, Allen, Boone, Shelby, Madison 
and Montgomery; though for the average yield 
per acre Tipton leads the State with an average 
in 1913 of 57.69 bushels per acre. Some of the 
river counties, like Knox, have spots that yield 
phenomenally, but do not hold up when it comes 
to a total estimate. Statistics show that corn is 
grown on nearly nine-tenths of the farms oi the 
State, but what may be called the "corn belt" 



* From charts and tables of Thirteenth Census. 



187 



188 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



occupies the central part of the State from 
Wayne to Vigo, and from Shelby and Johnson 
to the upper Wabash region. 

Wheat. — In wheat the State seems to be fall- 
ing off, the acreage being less in 1912 than any 
time in eight years. It was nearly two millions 
less than it was in 1899. The leading wheat sec- 
tions run up the Wabash from Posey to Sulli- 
van ; Dubois and Floyd, in the south, are good 
counties, as are Shelby, Johnson, Rush, Bartholo- 
mew, Hendricks and Marion in the central belt. 
Among the northern counties Noble, Kosciusko, 
Pulaski, Whitley, Grant, Wabash, Miami, De- 
kalb, Carroll, Cass, Howard, Benton, Boone and 
Clinton all take rank. In 1913 Miami led with 
an average yield of 22.71 bushels and Posey with 
a total yield of 1,143,264 bushels. In the average 
per acre we find the ten leading counties are all 
in the northern group just specified, from which 
it may be concluded that our true wheat belt ex- 
tends across the State from Clinton on the south 
to Kosciusko and Dekalb on the north. 

Oats and Rye. — Next to corn and wheat, as 
considered by acreage, comes oats, of which there 
has been a slow but steady increase for the last 
thirty-five years. The best oats region coincides 
with our best wheat country, being the north- 
central counties. 

Rye has long been a minor crop, but is on the 
increase, the average in 1913 amounting to 
207,680 acres. The northern counties produce 
the most, as they do of barley, which is also a 
crop of minor importance. 

Hay. — The farmers of the State devote con- 
siderable acreage to forage crops other than corn 
fodder, such as timothy, clover, alfalfa, cow peas 
and soy beans. Timothy leads in acreage and 
yield, the production being tolerably uniform 
for the last twelve or fifteen years, with an an- 
nual yield somewhat exceeding a million tons. 
Clover comes next in tonnage, and both these 
hays thrive best in the northern counties. Al- 
falfa is at present regarded as a coming crop and 
has been steadily increasing since 1909, the acre- 
age in 1913 being 36,624, scattered over counties 
both north and south. Cow peas and soy beans 
seem to thrive best in the southern section, Knox 
being the leading county in these productions. 
The total yield for 1913 was 79,317 tons. Be- 
sides the above crops considerable wild or prairie 
hay is harvested and seems to be increasing year 



by year, 90,143 tons for 1913 being in excess of 
any previous year given in the statistics. The 
wild hay counties lie both north and south, but 
the leading section is in the northwest part of 
the state. 

Potatoes, Onions and Tomatoes. — The potato 
crop is on the decrease, as shown by the returns 
for the last thirteen years, the production within 
that period diminishing almost one-half. The 
yield for 1913 was 3,137,228 bushels. This crop 
does best in the northern counties, as does the 
onion crop, which in Indiana runs considerably 
over a million bushels a year. 

The tomato crop is increasing, a yield of 
125,224 tons in 1913 being larger than ever be- 
fore. Tipton county takes the lead. The crop 
is raised chiefly for the canning factories. 

Melons. — A crop of growing importance, par- 
ticularly in the lower Wabash counties, is that of 
melons. In 1913 there were, altogether, 8,057 
acres devoted to this product, the average value 
per acre of which was $62.83. For both water- 
melons and cantaloupes, Knox, Gibson and Posey 
counties stand at the head, and their cantaloupes 
are said to be famed as far east as New York 
and as far west as Colorado. 

Apples. — In orchard fruit, particularly apples, 
Indiana, which once produced a superior quality, 
suffered decadence because of the inroads of 
orchard enemies and the neglect to wage an intel- 
ligent warfare against such enemies. Of recent 
years there has been a revival of interest ; apple- 
growing by scientific orcharding has been pro- 
moted, especially in the southern hill counties, 
where land is at once cheap and adapted to fruit, 
and the results have been shown at apple exhibits 
held annually at Indianapolis the last three or 
four years. These exhibits compare well with 
those of the famous fruit districts of Washington 
and Oregon. If our fruit is somewhat inferior 
in size and showiness, it is superior in flavor, and 
the verdict of those who have investigated is that 
Indiana land costing twenty-five dollars or less 
per acre will make as good return to the investor 
as will Hood River or Yakima land at five hun- 
dred dollars an acre — providing, of course, the 
same care is expended as is necessary there. 

Tobacco. — We hardly think of Indiana as be- 
ing a tobacco State, yet it produced in 1913 no 
less than 10,049,280 pounds. The tobacco "belt" 
is, of course, chiefly in the southern part of the 



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190 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



State, but counties as far north as Tippecanoe 
and Grant figure in statistics, and Randolph is 
one of the ten best. 

Live Stock. — Indiana as a live stock State 
takes high rank. Horses, mules, cattle, hogs, 
sheep and poultry represent the animal industries 
important enough to be considered by the State 
Department of Statistics. 

From the beginning of the State's history hogs 
have been far in excess of every other animal 
product. Ever since the statistics have been kept 
the number on hand each year has been a million 
and a half to two millions, the statistics for 1914 
giving 1,992,819. The loss from disease is a 
heavy tax on the industry, running into the hun- 
dreds of thousands each year. In 1911, 1912 and 
1913 it averaged about a half million a year. The 
greatest number of hogs are raised in a belt cut- 
ting east and west through the central part of 
the State, with Rush in the lead, with 56,016 head 
on hand January 1, 1914. 

Cattle, in number of head, rank next to hogs, 
the returns for 1913 showing 1,076,033 on hand 
.March 1. Of these 40,954,419 were dairy cattle, 
the figures showing beef cattle to be considerably 
in excess. The leading counties for milk cows 
and dairy products are those running across the 
north part of the State, though Hamilton and 
Marion rank high, and Ripley in the south is in- 
cluded among the "ten best." Allen leads. 

The production of horses and mules has in- 
creased year by year, that of 1914 exceeding any 
previous year, being 646,846 horses and 82,575 
mules. The best horse counties lie in the north, 
but the best mule counties are in the southern 
part of the State, with Posey decidedly in the 
lead. 

The cheaper hill lands of the southern coun- 
ties would seem to be the logical section for sheep 
grazing, but all the leading counties lie north, 
with Lagrange and Steuben leading. The statis- 
tics for fourteen years show that the sheep in- 
dustry has been steadily declining. In 1900 there 
were 932,856, with a wool clip of 4,537,975 
pounds. By 1914 the number had fallen to 
481,075. Perhaps the mortality from disease 
among sheep has had something to do with the 
decline. The yearly loss between the years speci- 
fied has ranged from 27,610 in 1913 to 83,754 in 
1901. The sheer loss in 1913 equaled $116,874. 

\\ hen we consider poultry and eggs the figures 



loom up large. In 1910 there were reported a 
total of 13,789,109 fowls, valued at $7,762,015. 
Of these 13,216,024 were chickens. There were 
202,977 turkeys, 121,306 ducks, 139,087 geese and 
57,433 guinea fowls. The increase during the 
ten preceding years was 15.4 per cent, and the 
increase of value 83.8 per cent., these increases 
being in chickens. The egg production is given 
as 80,755,437 dozens, valued at $15,287,205. 

The best poultry counties lie in the north, 
tin mgh Ripley is classed among the ten that 
stand highest. Allen and Kosciusko lead. 

ORGANIZATION OF FARMERS 

The "Grange." — In 1867 a movement to or- 
ganize the farmers of the United States for the 
purpose of protecting themselves commercially 
was initiated by Oliver Hudson Keller, of Wash- 
ington. The organization effected, known as the 
"National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry," 
became, within a few years, the greatest that had 
ever been promoted in this country in behalf of 
the agricultural classes. Subordinate associa- 
tions, called State Granges, sprang up, and by 
1874 there were upward of 21,000 of these, with 
a total membership of about 700.003. 

Tbe central idea of the order was co-operation 
in selling and buying, with a view to eliminating 
the profits of the middleman, and. especially, the 
unrighteous gains of the speculator and mon- 
opolist who preyed off the labor of the producer. 
The Grange established co-operative elevators, 
warehouses, flour mills and purchasing agencies, 
and through these it effected a material saving to 
its members. After 1874 the popularity of the 
order, for some reason or other, declined as rap- 
idly as it had risen.* By 1880 it had dropped 
entirely out of public notice, and for ten years 
little was heard of it. Then it began to recover 
on a sounder basis that was better thought out. 
At present it exists in thirty-one States, one of 
which is Indiana. 

The movement in Indiana was part of the 
wider movement as above sketched, and was or- 
ganized at Terre Haute, February 28, 1872, un- 
der the direction of O. H. Kelley.t The exact 
present status of the order we are unable to 



* It has been said that this decline was "but the inevitable re- 
action from too sudden popularity." 

f Terre Haute Daily Gazette, March 1, 1872. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



191 



gather from the reports that are issued, but in 
1912 we find it stated that since 1911 there had 
been an increase of 1,500 members and an addi- 
tion of twelve new local granges within the State. 
The year preceding September 20, 1914, there 
were added eight new granges and something like 
600 members. 

Farmers' Institutes. — March 9, 1889, an act 
was passed by the Legislature providing for 
county institutes. By this law it was made the 
duty of "the Committee of Experimental Agri- 
culture and Horticulture of the Board of Trus- 
tees, together with the faculty of the School of 
Agriculture of Purdue University, to appoint be- 
fore November first of each year suitable per- 
sons to hold in the several counties of this State, 
between the first day of November and the first 
day of April of each year, county institutes for 
the purpose of giving to farmers and others in- 
terested therein instructions in agriculture, horti- 
culture, agricultural chemistry and economic en- 
tomology." 

This law continues in operation and has been 
a great educative and organizing influence among 
the farmers of the State. In each county is ap- 
pointed a local head or county chairman, who 
assumes responsibility for the meetings of that 
county, and to supply these meetings, held over 
the various counties, something like a hundred 
institute speakers are secured. These include 
practical farmers, horticulturists, stockmen and 
specialists of the Purdue Agricultural Experi- 
ment station. Of late years, in addition to the 
subjects of the original programs, attention is 
given to domestic science for the women and 
girls, to young people's contests in farm produc- 
tions, and to boys' and girls' clubs. 

Throughout the United States these farmers' 
institutes are increasing and broadening their 
scope of work. In the season of 1909-10 (the 
latest figures we have) there were held in Indiana 
354 meetings, or 1.218 sessions, at a cost of about 
ten thousand dollars. All counties of the State 
were included in the system. 

PRESENT AGRICULTURAL TEND- 
ENCIES 

' >f recent years agricultural conditions in In- 
diana have been undergoing changes. From a 
largely preponderating rural population that has 
formerly prevailed that population has decreased 



not only in its ratio to the urban population but 
actually. Between 1900 and 1910 there was a 
sheer loss of 96,732.* 

This must be accounted for, in large part, by 
the drifting from the country to the cities, but 
another factor undoubtedly is the seeking of 
cheaper lands in the newer States, f As a coun- 
ter-balance to this reduction of the farming pop- 
ulation the wider introduction of labor-saving 
machinery and other facilities has reduced the 
necessity for manual labor. The shifting of the 
population city-ward seems not to have affected 
production, and it may be accounted for in part 
by decreased need for farm labor. 

"Back to the Soil" Movement. — On the other 
hand there is a certain "back to the soil" move- 
ment of which we see frequent mention, but a 
study of this movement over the country at large 
by George K. Holmes, of the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture, shows that in character 
it is by no means an equivalent for the exodus 
from the farms, and would not be even if the 
interchanging elements were equal in number. 
Those who are turning country-ward are not as a 
rule experienced farmers, and Mr. Holmes, after 
collecting data from forty-five thousand crop cor- 
respondents, classifies them as follows : Those 
\\ ho move to the country but hold to their occu- 
pations in town ; those who occupy their farms 
when the season suits and go back to the town in 
winter; those who take to the soil as an escape 
from city conditions and the hard struggle for 
existence there ; merchants and many others who, 
having failed in the city, fancy they can succeed 
in the country ; those who, having forsaken the 
country in their youth, fondly return to it as a 
matter of sentiment after they have spent their 
lives making money elsewhere ; and, finally, the 
moneyed man indulging in a fad or luxury, who 
spends lavishly on his country place, upsets the 
wage scale of the neighborhood and operates as 
a disturbing influence generally. 

This study of Mr. Holmes applies to Indiana 
as elsewhere, and it is obvious that none of the 
classes he specifies contributes very largely to 
agriculture as a serious pursuit. It should be 
added that a factor in the situation is the inter- 



* This is not all an agricultural loss, however, as "rural" | 
lation includes those in town? of less than 2.500. 

t Interstate migration works both ways, but in tl><' shifting 
process Indiana has lost 100,000 more than she has gain 
shown by the census charts. 



192 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



urban electric railway, which has brought city 
and country into far closer touch than formerly 
and has, to a large degree, shorn the country of 
its old-time unattractive isolation. 

Tenantry. — The tables show that farm ten- 
antry in Indiana is increasing. In 1880 twenty- 
four out of every hundred farms were operated 
by tenants. In 1910 it stood at thirty per cent., 
with a marked increase in favor of cash tenantry. 
The heaviest percentage of tenantry is in the 
northwest part of the State. 

The Scientific Impulse; State Aid. — As a 
general proposition tenantry means agricultural 
deterioration, and Mr. Holmes' list of amateur 
farmers as cited above would also seem to imply 
deterioration in this pursuit ; but as opposed to 
this we find that to-day, as never before, there is 
a tendency toward improved methods of farm- 
ing, based on scientific instruction. There is a 
distinctive movement in this direction ; new edu- 
cational influences are at work, and an increas- 
ing number of the younger farmers are equipped 
for the business by courses in the agricultural 
colleges. The State agricultural school, Purdue 
University, is an important factor in this im- 
pulse. Not only does it offer the regular four- 
years' course in the science of agriculture, but it 
also conducts various special short courses of 
which the farmers and their families can take 
advantage in the more leisurely seasons at small 
expense. This covers two features which the 
university bulletin designates as a Winter School 
and a Farmers' Short Course. The work of the 
first "consists of lectures and laboratory exer- 
cises arranged to meet the needs of farmers and 
home-makers," and its object is to "help young 
men and women to produce better corn and live 
stock, better milk and butter and better fruit, and 
to make better homes and at the same time to 
secure a greater profit from the time, money and 
energy expended. The Farmers' Short Course is 
"designed to meet the needs of busy farmers" by 
a definite plan of study outlined to cover a period 
of one week in January of each year. This is an 
extension course and, in the form of lectures, is 
carried into the counties that wish to take advan- 
tage of it. 

Under a "vocational education" act approved 
February 22, 1913, provision was made for a 
"County Agent," to be appointed by Purdue Uni- 
versity upon petition of twenty or more residents 



of a county who are actively interested in agri- 
culture. The duties of this agent are, under the 
supervision of Purdue, "to co-operate with farm- 
ers' institutes, farmers' clubs and other organiza- 
tions, conduct practical farm demonstrations, 
boys' and girls' clubs and contest work, and other 
movements for the advancement of agriculture 
and country life, and to give advice to farmers 
on practical farm problems, and aid the county 
superintendent of schools and the teachers in 
giving practical education in agriculture and do- 
mestic science." By the statistician's report of 
1914 there were twenty agents appointed in as 
many counties, and they are a pronounced stimu- 
lus to the farming communities. One feature of 
the work is the organization of "county tours" in 
which all who wish to join drive over the county, 
visiting selected farms for a field study of crops 
or the inspection of live stock or farm improve- 
ments. These prearranged trips are usually made 
by auto, and are led by the agent, accompanied, 
perhaps, by a Purdue specialist who lectures 
upon the particular subject in hand. An idea of 
the interest aroused by these trips is conveyed 
by the report of 1914, which, summing up the 
results of the "alfalfa campaign" alone, over 
twenty counties, states that "a total of 613 auto- 
mobiles participated in the tour, carrying 3,184 
people. Two hundred and eighty-seven farms 
were visited, inspecting 2,080 acres of alfalfa. 
One hundred fourteen meetings were held, with 
a total attendance of 12,951. A grand total of 
16,135 people were reached." 

Social Status of Farmers. — Within the easy 
memory of middle-aged men there has been a 
marked change in the status of the average, rep- 
resentative farmer. Not only is the uncouth 
backwoodsman of whom Eggleston wrote ex- 
tinct, but the rustic Hoosier whom Riley pictured 
in his earlier days is, to say the least, vastly modi- 
fied. Various educational influences — a universal 
free school system, the ubiquitous newspaper and 
farm paper, and other cheap periodicals, farm- 
ers' institutes, granges, clubs and other organiza- 
tions — in fact, influences too numerous to easily 
trace, have done their work to a degree that is 
very noticeable to any first-hand observer. The 
literary copyist who to-day goes nosing in ob- 
scure places in search of the time-honored 
"Hoosier characters" is somewhat amusing as a 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



193 



man behind the times who does not yet realize 
that the present type, while retaining all the old- 
time shrewdness, humor, raciness and fellowship, 
has developed new qualities that present a new 
field for the character delineator. The typical 
farmer of to-day is well informed and in intelli- 
gent touch with the wider affairs of the world. 
He is coming to be a conscious part of the great 
social movements. Financially he thrives better 



than he once did, and he lives better. The "mod- 
ern" house in the country is not uncommon ; the 
rural telephone service is all but universal ; more 
automobiles are sold to farmers, it is said, than 
to any other class. The spread of the interurban 
service has also been a great modifying factor in 
rural life in promoting a freer touch with urban 
life, and the social differences between city and 
country people are becoming obliterated. 



ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS 



The State Seal. — The origin of the State seal 
of Indiana is involved in obscurity and has, from 
time to time, been a subject for discussion. 

In the first constitution we find it provided 
that "there shall be a seal of this State, which 
shall be kept by the Governor, and shall be used 
by him officially, and shall be called the seal of 
the State of Indiana." On the 13th of December, 
1816, the first Legislature enacted that "the Gov- 
ernor of this State be and he is hereby authorized 
to provide a seal and also a press for this State, 
and that a sum not exceeding one hundred dol- 
lars be and is hereby appropriated for that pur- 
pose, to be paid out of any money in the treas- 
ury not otherwise appropriated." In the House 
Journal of 1816 the proposed seal is discussed 
and the design of it is thus defined : "A for- 
est and a woodman felling a tree, a buffalo 
leaving the forest and fleeing through the plain 
to a distant forest, and the sun setting in the west, 
with the word Indiana." It will be noted that 
while most of the features existing in the seal 
are specifically described in the above, no men- 
tion whatever is made of mountains, which are 
manifestly incongruous in an Indiana seal. These 
mountains have been variously explained as the 
Alleghanies, the Rockies and as "the hills lying 
east of Vincennes," while the orb beyond them 
has been both the rising and the setting sun — the 
emblem of a rising prosperity and of empire 
taking its way westward. The House Journal 
"specifications" say "the sun setting in the west." 

There are reasons for suspecting that the de- 
sign did not originate with the Legislature of 
1816, but was borrowed, and this turns out to be 
true, for on a slavery petition in the archives at 



Washington, dated 1802, is an imprint of the seal 
of Indiana Territory, which has the same general 
features as the present emblem — the woodman 
cutting a tree and the buffalo, sun and moun- 
tains, with the word "Indiana" on a scroll in the 
branches of the tree. A reprint of the document, 
with a description of the seal, may be found in 
the publications of the Indiana Historical So- 
ciety, Volume II, pp. 461-469. Discussing the 
subject there Mr. J. P. Dunn argues that the de- 
vice was ordered in the east and brought to the 
new territory by either Governor Harrison or 
John Gibson, the territorial secretary. 

Nearly twenty years ago the Legislature under- 
took to ascertain the origin of the seal and the 
authority of the device, because of the various 
and different forms in use, whereas it was de- 
sirable that the public business of the State 
should have a well-defined and legally author- 
ized seal. R. S. Hutcher, the leading clerk of 
the Senate in 1895, an expert in such studies, was 
appointed a special commissioner to investigate 
the matter and learn whether the State "has any 
legalized, authorized great seal." The result of 
Mr. Hutcher's investigation was but to prove that 
little or nothing could be known. There was 
even no record to show that the design agreed 
upon by the two houses in 1816 had ever been 
formally adopted. Hutcher recommended that a 
more definite seal be established by legislative 
action, but no such action was taken.* — G. S. C. 



* The humoristic editor of the Rushville Republican some 
years ago thus described the seal: 

"It exhibits a woodman, in short pants and G. A. R. hat, hack- 
ing at a tree, one of his hands grasping the end of the ax-handle 
while the other clutches it close up to the butt, in the way weak 
woman splits kindling. A hornless Poland-China buffalo is fly- 
ing from the awful sight with a despairing gesture from a tail 



13 



194 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



The Word "Hoosier." — The origin of the 
word "Hoosier" as a nickname for the Indiana 
resident has long been a matter of discussion. 
John Finley, of Richmond, has been credited with 
introducing the term into print by his poem, "The 
Hoosier's Nest," first published as a "carrier's 
address" in the Indianapolis Journal for the New 
Year's issue, January 1, 1833.* Recently, how- 
ever, I have found an earlier usage. The Indiana 
Palladium, of Lawrenceburg, in its issue of July 
30, 1831, in a farcical skit describing Noah Noble 
as horse in the political race, uses the expression : 
"He . . . may be called a 'Hoosher'." 

A number of stories about the origin of the 
word have been current for many years, some of 
them being absurd and none of them tenable. 
The best study of the question, and the only one 
making any pretense to thoroughness, is a mono- 
graph by J. P. Dunn, published in volume iv of 
the Indiana Historical Collections. Mr. Dunn's 
study practically proves that it is not a chance 
word at all. but one with antecedents that, prob- 
ably, reach far back in the English language ; 
which was long used in the south to denote cer- 
tain uncouth characteristics, and which was im- 
ported hither as descriptive of an element of our 
early population. This would seem to be borne 
out by early newspaper references ; as, for ex- 
ample, a correspondent in the Madison Republi- 
can and Banner, of October 3, 1833, speaks of 
"the almost proverbial roughness of Hooshier- 
ism," and the same paper, issue of September 12, 
1833, referring sarcastically to James B. Ray's 
new publication, The Hoosier, alludes to the 
"singular title of The Hoosier," and adds: "All 
things considered, we regard the title in this case 
as not inappropriate." — G. S. C. 

The United States Courts for the District of 
Indiana. — The courts of the United States for 
the District of Indiana were established by an 
Act of Congress on March 3, 1817. Three days 
later Benjamin Parke was appointed the first 
district judge. He was a native of New Jersey, 
who, in 1801, removed to Vincennes and after- 
ward to Salem, Indiana. He was a captain under 



nearly as long as its body, having previously shed one of its 
horns beside a stump, upon which leans a small but graceful 
black-handled mop. In the background old Sol, with his hair 
on end, sinks down behind a sway-back hill to rest." 

* In the history of Porter county (page 18) it is claimed that 
the cabin described by Finley as the "Hoosier's Nest" was a 
house on the old Sac trail built by Thomas Snow. 



William Henry Harrison in the battle of Tippe- 
canoe. He was prominent in the territorial gov- 
ernment and a member of the constitutional con- 
vention that framed our first constitution. He 
served until his death, July 13, 1835. 

From 1817 until 1825 the court was held at the 
old capital at Corydon, Indiana. The record 
books, which are still well preserved and in the 
custody of Noble C. Butler, clerk, exhibit inter- 
esting and varied, though comparatively unim- 
portant litigation during Judge Parke's adminis- 
tration. The common law and chancery plead- 
ings, with technical verbosity as recorded in 
the plain, old-fashioned handwriting of Henry 
Hurst, the first clerk of the courts, are curious 
mementos of obsolete and cumbersome judicial 
procedure. The first case recorded was that of 
United States vs. Andrew Hilton, on May 4, 
1819, an indictment prosecuted by Thomas H. 
Blake, district attorney, charging that the de- 
fendant did "deal in and sell to a certain Charles 
Dewey" domestic distilled spirituous liquors 
without having paid the tax, at the town of 
Liverpool, Daviess county. There was a trial 
by jury and a verdict of not guilty. It does not 
appear whether the Dewey mentioned in the in- 
dictment was the same Charles Dewey who in 
1825 was appointed United States district attor- 
ney and afterward for many years was a judge 
of the Supreme Court of Indiana. The last 
case at Corydon was Cuthbert Bullitt vs. Rich- 
ard M. Heth's Administrators, a scire facias on 
a judgment in debt amounting to $1,031.23, 
which, on November 6, 1824, was dismissed at 
plaintiff's costs. 

In January, 1825, the federal courts were re- 
moved to Indianapolis. The first case tried in 
this city was on January 5, 1825, and is entitled 
United States vs. Sundry Goods, Wares and 
Merchandizes. It was a libel of information 
filed by Charles Dewey, the then district attor- 
ney, for the confiscation of a varied assortment 
of goods, including liquor, seized from William 
H. Wallace, for illegal trading with the Indian 
tribes on the northwest side of the river Tippe- 
canoe. There was a judgment forfeiting the 
goods and awarding one-half to the United 
States and one-half to Edward McCartney, the 
informer. An appeal was prayed to the Supreme 
Court, but does not appear to have been per- 
fected. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



195 



Jesse Lynch Holman, the second district 
judge, was commissioned September 16, 1835, 
and held office until his death, March 28, 1842. 
He was born in Danville, Kentucky, in 1784, and 
studied law in the office of Henry Clay, coming 
to Indiana in 1808. He was a territorial circuit 
judge and afterward, from 1816 to 1830, judge 
of the Indiana Supreme Court. It is said that 
Judge Holman, in addition to his judicial labors, 
served as a Baptist clergyman in Aurora, from 
1834 until his death. 

The third district judge for Indiana, Elisha 
Mills Huntington, was commissioned May 2, 
1842, and served until his death, October 26, 
1862. He was born in Otsego county, New 
York, in 1806, and removed to Indiana, where - 
he was admitted to the bar. He was prosecuting 
attorney in 1829, circuit judge in 1831, and com- 
missioner of the General Land Office at Wash- 
ington in 1841. 

During Judge Huntington's administration an 
interesting case was tried under the fugitive 
slave law. In the year 1845 Vaughan, a citizen 
of Missouri, sued Williams for rescuing slaves 
of the plaintiff after the plaintiff had found and 
arrested them in a cabin near Noblesville. The 
defendant demurred to the complaint on the 
ground that the Ordinance of 1787, which pro- 
hibited slavery in the territory northwest of the 
river Ohio, required fugitive slaves to be re- 
turned only when claimed in one of the thirteen 
original States. The circuit justice ruled, how- 
ever, that the Constitution of the United States 
operated to repeal any provisions of the Ordi- 
nance repugnant to its terms, when Indiana was 
admitted into the Union, and, the provision of 
the federal Constitution requiring the return of 
fugitive slaves escaping from one State into an- 
other being paramount, the obligation to return 
them was binding if the plaintiff successfully 
established his title. The evidence in the case 
developed that the slaves, Sam, Mariah and child, 
were purchased by the plaintiff from a man 
named Tipton, in Missouri, and that Tipton, 
having prior to the sale of the slaves moved with 
them into Illinois, remained in that State the 
statutory time required to gain a residence, and 
having also voted and exercised the rights of a 
citizen of that State prior to the sale to Vaughan, 
the slaves became free under the laws of Illinois 
and therefore Vaughan had no title. The jury, 



so instructed, returned a verdict for the de- 
fendant. — Vaughan v. IVMiams, 3 McLean 530. 
Judge Huntington was succeeded by Caleb 
Blood Smith, a native of Boston, who studied 
law at Cincinnati, Ohio, and at Connersville, 
Indiana, whence he removed to Indianapolis. 
Judge Smith was influential in procuring Lin- 
coln's nomination and was Secretary of the Inte- 
rior in Lincoln's cabinet, which position he re- 
signed to accept the district judgeship on Decem- 
ber 22, 1862. He was a man of remarkable ora- 
torical powers. After serving a little over one 
year he died, and Albert Smith White, of La- 
fayette, was his successor, but White held the 




Old United States Court-House and Postoffice Building 
at Indianapolis, occupied until 1904. 



office only a few months, dying at Stockwell, 
Indiana, September 4, 1864. 

President Lincoln then appointed David Mc- 
Donald, who took the oath of office December 
13, 1864. Judge McDonald was a professor of 
law in the Indiana University, which institution 
conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He 
was also author of McDonald's Treatise, a work 
on practice, which for many years was relied 
upon, and is to this day esteemed by many as a 
most useful textbook to guide the logic of the 
practitioner and the judgment of the justices to 
"turn upon the poles of truth." 

It was during Judge McDonald's administra- 
tion that the military commission composed of 
Brevet-Major General Alvin P. Hovey and 
others convened in the United States court room 
and tried Harrison H. Dodd, William A. Bowks, 
Andrew Humphreys, Horace Heffren, Lambdin 



196 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



P. Milligan and Stephen Horsey, leaders of the 
Indiana branch of the Knights of the Golden 
Circle. The conspiracy embraced an alleged 
scheme for an armed uprising of rebel sym- 
pathizers, the liberation of prisoners of war at 
Camp Morton and other military prisons in Ohio 
and Illinois, the assassination of Governor Mor- 
ton, and the establishment of a Northwestern 
Confederacy, to be composed of Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Missouri and Kentucky. The prisoners 
were confined in cells in the Postoffice building, 
except Dodd, who, upon his parol, was allowed, 
while his trial was in progress, to occupy a room 
on the third floor, from which, about four o'clock 
in the morning of October 7, 1864, he escaped 
through a window by means of a rope fastened 
to his bed. Friends who visited him had fur- 
nished him with a ball of twine, which he utilized 
to draw up a rope from the outside. The street 
lamps near the federal building had been dark- 
ened to conceal his exit. He went to Canada and 
remained there until the Supreme Court of the 
United States released his co-conspirator, Milli- 
gan, on habeas corpus proceedings. Dodd after- 
ward became a prominent Republican politician 
in Wisconsin. After Milligan had been found 
guilty and sentenced to death, application was 
made by his counsel, Major J. W. Gordon, to 
the United States Circuit Court for a writ of 
habeas corpus. Judge McDonald and Circuit 
Justice Swayne, who heard the application, being 
unable to agree, certified the questions involved 
to the Supreme Court of the United States, 
where the jurisdiction of the military tribunal 
was denied. The case is a leading one on the 
subject of the jurisdiction of military tribunals 
and the power of civil courts to review their 
judgments upon writs of habeas corpus. — In re 
Milligan. 4 Wallace 2. 

Until May 10, 1869, there were no circuit 
judges, the work of the circuit court being di- 
vided between the justice of the Supreme Court 
assigned to the circuit, and the district judge. 
John McLean was the first Supreme Court jus- 
tice assigned to duty in this circuit, followed by 
Justices Noah H. Swayne, David Davis, John M. 
Harlan, Mellville W. Fuller, John M. Harlan and 
Henry S. Brown. In 1869 the act providing for 
circuit judges was passed and Thomas H. Drum- 
mond, of Illinois, was appointed to that office by 
President Grant. 



Walter Q. Gresham was appointed district 
judge to succeed Judge McDonald, and commis- 
sioned September 1, 1869. In 1882 he resigned 
and became postmaster general in the cabinet of 
President Arthur, and was succeeded by William 
Allen Woods, of Goshen. Judge Gresham was 
appointed circuit judge on October 28, 1884, 
after the resignation of Judge Drummond. 
Judge Woods continued as district judge until 
the creation of the circuit court of appeals, when, 
on March 17, 1892, he was commissioned circuit 
judge by President Harrison, and subsequently 
became, and was at the time of his death, on 
June 29, 1901, the presiding judge of the United 
States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh 
. Judicial Circuit. 

To fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of 
Judge Woods to the bench of the circuit court 
of appeals, John H. Baker, of Goshen, was ap- 
pointed district judge and served until December 
18, 1902, when his resignation took effect. Judge 
Baker tendered his resignation to the president 
on May 1, 1902, to take effect upon the appoint- 
ment of his successor, shortly after his son, 
Francis E. Baker, was appointed by President 
Roosevelt circuit judge in place of Judge Woods. 
Francis E. Baker, who, at the time of his ap- 
pointment by President Roosevelt, was one of 
the justices of the Supreme Court of Indiana, 
was commissioned January 21, 1902, as judge of 
the circuit court of appeals for the seventh ju- 
dicial circuit, and is now in office.* 

After the resignation of Judge John H. Baker, 
Albert B. Anderson of Crawfordsville, was ap- 
pointed district judge on December 8, 1902, and 
qualified on December 18, 1902, and is now in 
office. 

While Gresham was on the district bench the 
Whisky Ring conspirators were prosecuted by 
Charles L. Holstein, as assistant and afterward 
United States attorney. The Whisky Ring was 
a conspiracy between distillers and government 
officials whereby distillers who were not in the 
ring were trapped into technical violations of the 
law and members of the ring were made exempt 
from the payment of certain taxes. In less than 
one year the government had been defrauded 
out of nearly two millions of dollars. The prose- 
cutions were ordered by President Grant under 



* Judge Baker died at his home in Goshen on October 21, 1915, 
at the age of eighty-four years. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



197 



the injunction, "Let no guilty man escape." A 
number of persons were indicted in this district 
and convicted and a large amount of property 
confiscated. 

About the year 1877 the prosecutions against 
James Slaughter and Carey Miller for defalca- 
tions in the First National Bank were conducted. 
It is said that while the grand jury was engaged 
in the investigation of these cases preparatory to 
returning the indictments one of the grand jurors 
came to Judge Gresham and asked him whether 
the government of the United States, or the ad- 
ministration (at that time President Hayes) had 
any right to control the deliberations of the 
grand jury. Judge Gresham replied that it cer- 
tainly had not. The juror stated that the dis- 
trict attorney had said that the government did 
not wish to prosecute a particular case and 
wanted to withdraw proceedings against a certain 
man. As soon as Judge Gresham took his seat 
on the bench that day he had the grand jury 
brought in and charged that they should not be 
influenced by the wishes of the administration 
or the desire of the district attorney in any way 
whatever in their deliberations ; that where a 
matter had been submitted to them it could not 
be withdrawn, and that the president of the 
United States had no more control over their 
deliberations than the czar of Russia. 

About this time also the first cases under the 
federal election law were brought, resulting in 
the indictment of Henry Wrappe from Jennings 
county. In this cage General Benjamin Harrison 
was pitted against Thomas A. Hendricks. Hen- 
dricks challenged the array on account of their 
political opinions, and Judge Gresham ordered 
the jury to be made up of half and half, Repub- 
licans and Democrats. 

During Judge Gresham's administration and 
immediately following the panic of 1873, there 
was an epidemic of railroad foreclosure suits. 
In the Hush times prior to 1873 eastern capital 
had sought investment in the development of the 
railroads of the west and many railroad com- 
panies were thrown into the hands of receivers 
because of their embarrassed financial condition. 
It was in the receivership of the Indianapolis, 
Bloomington and Western Railway that Hon. 
John M. Butler contended before Judge Drum- 
mond for a modification of the doctrine of real 
estate mortgages when applied to railroads so 



that claims for labor performed and supplies fur- 
nished shortly before the appointment of a re- 
ceiver should be paid in preference to the mort- 
gage debt. Judge Drummond in this case an- 
nounced the famous "six-months' rule," which he 
adhered to in subsequent cases, that claims for 
labor, supplies and materials accrued in the op- 
eration and maintenance of a railroad during a 
period of six months prior to the appointment of 
a receiver should be paid out of the proceeds of 
sale in preference to the payment of the mort- 
gage bonds. In the Chicago, Danville and Vin- 
cennes receivership the rule was applied to the 
case of some equipment purchased by the road. 
Henry Crawford, who appeared for the bond- 
holders, vigorously assailed before Judges Drum- 
mond and Gresham the application of the six- 
months' rule as an attempt at confiscation of 
property and denounced the rule as a figment of 
"sentimental equity." Crawford took the case to 
the Supreme Court of the United States (Fos- 
dick v. Schall, 99 U. S. 235), where the six- 
months' rule was fully approved, but the case 
reversed on another point. It is related that 
after the decision of the Fosdick case. Judge 
Drummond met Mr. Crawford and said to him: 
"What do you think now of my sentimental 
equity?" Crawford replied: "Yes, Judge, you 
had the ingenuity to invent, but not the common 
sense to apply the doctrine." The principle of 
the Fosdick case wrought a revolution in the law 
of railroad receiverships. It became firmly em- 
bedded in federal jurisprudence and has proved 
a blessing to railroad employes all over the 
country. 

While Judge Woods was on the district bench 
the celebrated tally sheet forgery cases were 
tried, resulting in the conviction and imprison- 
ment of Simeon Coy and William F. A. Bern- 
hamer. To General John Coburn. more than am 
other man, is due the credit for the prompt or- 
ganization of the Committee of One Hundred 
and the manifestation of a determined sentiment, 
non-partisan in character, to purify the political 
atmosphere of Marion county by punishment of 
a most brazen crime against the ballot. After 
conviction, and with the inevitable consequences 
of his crime before him. C03 announced his 
unique aphorism "When I'm done I'm did." 

W. W. Dudley, who during the Garfield ad- 
ministration was Linked States marshal for In- 



198 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



diana, and who, during the Harrison campaign 
of 1888 was chairman of the National Republi- 
can Committee, during that campaign mailed let- 
ters to Indiana chairmen containing this lan- 
guage : "Divide the floaters into blocks of five 
and put a trusted man with necessary funds in 
charge of these five, and make him responsible 
that none get away, and that all vote our ticket." 
Hon. Solomon Claypool was district attorney at 
the time, and very promptly after the election an 
attempt was made to indict Dudley under Sec. 
5511 (the federal election law, since repealed) 
making one who "aids, counsels, procures or ad- 
vises" another "to commit or attempt to commit 
any offense" named in the section (including the 
bribery of a voter) punishable by fine or impris- 
onment. The grand jury was impaneled and 
instructed November 14, 1888, and continued 
their deliberations until December 24, when they 
requested a construction of the language of the 
act. An adjournment was had until January 15, 
1889, when the court further instructed the jury 
essentially as follows : "But in any case, beyond 
the mere fact of the advice or counsel, it must 
be shown that the crime contemplated was com- 
mitted or an attempt was made to commit it." 
It was immediately charged by the Democratic- 
press that Judge Woods had "changed his in- 
structions" so as to shield Dudley ; that after pro- 
ceedings were commenced, "Republican leaders 
were frightened ; Quay and Wanamaker, one or 
both, hastened to Indianapolis ; high and close 
counsels of the party were held, and the supple- 
mental charge devised, carefully weighed and 
adopted." A sharp issue of fact arose out of 
what constituted the first charge. There being 
at that time no official court reporter, the news- 
paper reports of the first charge were said to be 
inaccurate and untrue. On the other hand Judge 
Woods insisted that his first charge, which was 
oral, did not put any construction on the statute, 
but kept close to its very words ; and even his 
loudest and most persistent accusers commended 
the first of the charges in question as being "in 
the plain, simple language of Section 5511." 
Whether the counseling or advising of another 
to do an act made criminal, by Section 5511, was 
a punishable offense under that section, unless 
the act so counseled or advised was done or at- 
tempted to be done, was a legal question about 
which at first blush great lawyers differed. 



Judge Woods' conclusion, in the negative, was 
supported by very able decisions ; Republic v. 
Roberts, 1 Dall. 39; Regina v. Gregory, 10 Cox 
C. C. 459 ; and by the language of Section 5323 
R. S., relating to piracies. Hon. Joseph E. Mc- 
Donald took the opposite view, and even Justice 
John M. Harlan at first was so inclined, but on 
examination of the authorities cited the latter 
very frankly acknowledged the correctness of 
Judge Woods' conclusion. But the defamers of 
Judge Woods continued their efforts to smirch 
his judicial character. The following Democratic 
State convention adopted a resolution solemnly 
declaring "that the brazen prostitution of the 
machinery of the federal court of the United 
States for the District of Indiana, by its judge 
and attorney, to the protection of these conspira- 
tors (Dudley and others) against the suffrage, 
constitutes the most infamous chapter in the ju- 
dicial annals of the Republic." The fight was 
continued in the Senate by Senators Turpie and 
Voorhees in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat 
the confirmation of Woods as circuit judge. 
Senator McDonald's letter of November 9, 1888, 
and Mr. Claypool's testimony before the Senate 
Committee, show beyond question that the last 
charge was in exact accord with the view of the 
statute which Judge Woods had declared to Mc- 
Donald, to Claypool, and to others before the 
first charge was given. There was, therefore, no 
change of front. After newspaper discussion 
of the subject had died out, Hon. W. H. H. 
Miller, then attorney-general, called Judge 
Woods' attention to the decision of the Supreme 
Court of the United States in United States v. 
Mills, 7 Peters 138, where the precise point was 
decided as long ago as 1833. The Supreme Court 
held in that case "that an indictment for advising, 
etc., a mail carrier to rob the mail, ought to set 
forth or aver that the said carrier did in fact 
commit the offense of robbing the mail." This 
decision was entirely overlooked at the time of 
the Dudley controversy, and sustains emphat- 
ically the correctness of the judge's instructions. 

The most notable judicial action of Judge 
Woods was the injunction against the American 
Railway Union in the strike of 1894, and the 
trial and punishment of Debs and others for vio- 
lation of the injunction. 

During Judge Baker's administration as dis- 
trict judge the cases growing out of the embez- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



199 



zlement of funds of the Indianapolis National 
Bank were tried. The sensational events accom- 
panying the trial, which are yet well remembered, 
include the trial and conviction for contempt of 
court of a juror who solicited a bribe, and the 
accidental shooting of Addison C. Harris by a 
client in another case. 

In the summer and fall of 1894 the attention 
of the court was directed to the trial of the strike 
cases, resulting from the so-called "omnibus in- 
junction" against Debs and other officers and 
members of the American Railway Union. The 
fearless and prompt prosecutions conducted by 
Frank B. Burke, district attorney, before Judge 
Baker, for the first violations of the injunction 
in this district resulted in early breaking the 
backbone of the strike in this State and a prompt 
restoration of law and order in the railroad 
centers. 

In the Scott county lynching case, tried in 
1899 and resulting in a small verdict for the 
plaintiff. Judge Baker announced the doctrine 
that a sheriff is liable on his official bond for 
damages resulting from his failure to exercise 
reasonable care in protecting the life and health 
of prisoners in his custody. Tyler v. Cobin, 94 
Fed. 48. This decision attracted wide attention, 
and has resulted in legislation in this and other 
States designed to hold sheriffs to a stricter ac- 
countability for the safety of prisoners. 

Notable cases have been tried and determined 
during Judge Anderson's occupancy of the federal 
bench for the Indiana district. In 1909 the Pan- 
ama libel suit was commenced in Washington, 
D. C. and an effort made to extradite the editors 
of the Indianapolis News from Indianapolis to 
Washington for trial. It was contended that the 
publication of an editorial in the Indianapolis 
Nezvs reflecting upon Theodore Roosevelt and 
others was libelous, and as the paper circulated 
in Washington, as well as elsewhere, the editors 
could be extradited from Indianapolis to Wash- 
ington for trial. In denying the application for 
a warrant of extradition, Judge Anderson, in an 
able oral opinion, said : "To my mind that man 
has read the history of our institutions to little 
purpose who does not look with grave apprehen- 
sion upon the possibility of the success of a pro- 
ceeding such as this. If the history of liberty 
means anything, if constitutional guaranties are 
worth anything, this proceeding must fail. If 



the prosecuting authorities have the authority to 
select the tribunal, if there be more than one 
tribunal to select from; if the government has 
that power and can drag citizens from distant 
States to the capital of the nation, there to be 
tried, then, as Judge Cooley says, this is a strange 
result of a revolution where one of the grievances 
complained of was the assertion of the right to 
send parties abroad for trial." A similar result 
was reached in the New York district, where the 
case was appealed to the Supreme Court and the 
decision denying the application for extradition 
of editors of the New York World was affirmed. 

In 1912 an indictment was returned in Judge 
Anderson's court against a large number of offi- 
cers and members of the International Association 
of Structural Steel and Iron Workers for conspir- 
acy to unlawfully transport dynamite on passen- 
ger trains from State to State. The purpose was 
to further the interests of the iron workers in 
strikes in various parts of the country. Mys- 
terious explosions, resulting in great destruction 
of property and loss of life, occurred in various 
parts of the country. Witnesses from Boston 
and San Francisco, in all parts of the country, 
and some from foreign countries, told details of 
a most amazing plot that resulted in great loss of 
life and of property. The case was prosecuted 
by Charles W. Miller, then United States attor- 
ney, and resulted in the conviction and sentence 
of thirty-eight officers and members of the union. 

In 1914 Judge Anderson tried the Election 
Conspiracy Case, growing out of an election in 
Terre Haute. It was popularly believed that 
since the repeal of the so-called Force Bill, under 
which the case In re Coy was tried during Judge 
Woods' administration, there was no federal stat- 
ute which could be invoked for the protection of 
the purity of the ballot in federal elections. 
Nevertheless a large number of Terre Haute 
politicians were indicted and brought to trial, 
found guilty and sentenced to prison for con- 
spiracy to violate various sections of the federal 
statutes relating to elections. This case was vig- 
orously prosecuted by United States Attorney 
Frank C. Daily, under a Democratic administra- 
tion, against a large number of Democrats, Re- 
publicans and Progressives, resulting in convic- 
tion and punishment of the offenders, and the 
example set by the Indiana court has resulted in 
election conspiracy cases in other States. 



200 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



The legislation of Congress has shown a con- 
sistent design to enlarge the jurisdiction of State 
courts over controversies between citizens of dif- 
ferent States by limiting the jurisdiction of fed- 
eral courts over the subject-matter involved. 
The decisions of the Supreme Court on jurisdic- 
tional questions have imposed still further limita- 
tions, as, for example, the decision in Bardes v. 
Hawarden Bank, 178 U. S. 524, construing the 
bankruptcy law in such a way as to throw into 
the State courts practically all litigation involving 
the marshaling of assets of a bankrupt fraudu- 
lently or preferentially transferred. Notwith- 
standing these jurisdictional contractions, the fed- 
eral courts of Indiana are very busy, and although 
Indiana is one of the largest districts in the 
Union, the nisi prius work was practically all 
performed by Judge Anderson during his term, 
while other States having less work are subdi- 
vided into two or more districts or divisions with 
a district judge for each. — Rowland Evans. 

Insurance in Indiana. — Prior to the year 1852 
all the insurance companies in the State of In- 
diana were organized by special act of the Leg- 
islature. The acts incorporating these com- 
panies were very broad, giving power to do all 
kinds of insurance, and most of them also includ- 
ing banking powers. The, first insurance com- 
pany to be chartered in Indiana, in 1832, was the 
Lawrenceburg Insurance Company of Lawrence- 
burg. The stock of this company was trans- 
ferred to Drew & Bennett, of Evansville, Ind., 
in 1884, who changed the name of the company 
to the Citizens' Insurance Company of Evans- 
ville, Ind., under which name it was operated 
until 1903, when it went out of business. Nota- 
ble among the insurance companies that were 
granted special charters prior to the adoption of 
the Constitution of 1852, are the Firemen's and 
Mechanics' Insurance Company and the Madison 
Insurance Company. These companies were or- 
ganized by prominent citizens of Madison and 
have been successfully operated up to the present 
day. 

When the Constitution of 1852 was adopted 
there was put into it the following provision : "In 
all cases enumerated in the preceding section and 
in all other cases where a general law can be 
made applicable, all laws shall be general and 
of uniform operation throughout the State" ( Art. 



4, Sec. 23, Ind. Const. 1852). This section re- 
voked the power to create corporations by spe- 
cial enactment. 

At the first session of the Legislature under 
the new constitution a law was passed for the 
organization of both stock and mutual insurance 
companies. (Ind. R. S. 1852, p. 351.) This law 
of 1852, with some few amendments, is still the 
only law in the State of Indiana providing for 
the organization of fire insurance companies. 
When this law was enacted there was contained 
therein Section 22, which read as follows : 
"Whenever such company shall be notified of any 
loss sustained on a policy of insurance issued by 
them, the company shall pay the amount so lost 
within sixty days after such notice, under a pen- 
alty of ten per centum damages for every thirty 
days such loss remains unpaid thereafter." This 
section virtually prohibited the organization of 
insurance companies in the State of Indiana. 

Beginning with the year 1881 and at nearly 
every session of the Legislature thereafter, up 
to the session of 1897, a bill was prepared by the 
writer and introduced in the Legislature to re- 
peal this Section 22, but the bill was defeated at 
every session until the session of 1897, when it 
was passed. 

No stock insurance company worthy of the 
name had ever organized under the law of 1852 
from the time of its passage until the repeal of 
this Section 22. The reason therefor is readily 
apparent. Since the repeal of this section sev- 
eral strong stock fire insurance companies have 
organized under the law of 1852 and are reflect- 
ing credit upon the State by their successful man- 
agement. 

A number of mutual fire insurance companies 
were organized under the amendments to the 
Act of 1852, passed in 1865, and attained very 
large success. Few of these companies are, how- 
ever, in existence, and those that are in existence 
confine their business to a limited territory. 

A few life insurance companies were organ- 
ized under the mutual law of 1865, but none 
of them are now in existence. They have either 
retired from business or reincorporated under 
later enacted laws. 

In 1881 the Legislature passed an act provid- 
ing for the organization of farmers' mutual fire 
insurance companies. The business of these 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



201 



companies was confined to three contiguous coun- 
ties. Under this law a great many farmers' 
mutual fire insurance companies are existing 
to-day. 

A number of assessment life and accident in- 
surance companies were organized in Indiana 
prior to 1883. under the provisions of the Volun- 
tary Association Act. A number of these com- 
panies did a very large business, but none of 
them are in existence to-day. 

In 1883 the Legislature passed an act provid- 
ing for the organization of life and accident in- 
surance companies on the assessment plan, and 
thereafter, at the session of 1897, passed the Stip- 
ulated Premium Assessment Law. The life in- 
surance business in Indiana may be said to date 
from the enactment of the law of 1897. Several 
of the strong life insurance companies in the 
State were organized thereunder and continued 
to operate under these laws until the year 1899, 
when the law relating to stock and mutual life 
insurance companies was passed. After the pas- 
sage of this last-mentioned law all the companies 
that had previously organized under the Assess- 
ment and the Stipulated Premium Laws reorgan- 
ized under the Stock and Mutual Life Insurance 
Company Law and have continued to since op- 
erate under the provisions thereof. The life in- 
surance business in Indiana really dates from 
the year 1899. 

Previous to 1901 life insurance companies on 
the stock plan, in order to do business outside 
of the State, were required to have not less than 
$200,000 of capital stock, and mutual life insur- 
ance companies were required to have not less 
than $200,000 of net surplus funds. This was 
liv reason of what is known as the Retaliatory 
Section in the laws of the different States. The 
law of Indiana would not admit a foreign in- 
surance company with less than $200,000 of cap- 
ital stock paid up, or, in case of a mutual com- 
pany, with less than $200,000 of net surplus, and, 
therefore, other States virtually said to Indiana 
companies : "We will exact a like requirement of 
you and will not permit you to do business un- 
less you have a like capital stock, or a like sur- 
plus." As none of the Indiana companies, prior 
to 1901, had such an amount of capital stock or 
net surplus, they were thereby confined to the 
limits of the State of Indiana for business. In 




c 



h3 



n 

o 




202 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



1901, however, the Legislature amended the law 
of Indiana as related to life insurance companies 
and permitted life insurance companies of other 
states to do business in Indiana with $100,000 
capital stock or net surplus. This let the Indiana 
companies into other States, and their material 
growth may be dated from that year. 

In 1907 the Indiana life insurance companies 
passed through their most crucial period. At 
the session of the Legislature of that year there 
was a bill introduced, which, if it had passed, 
would have wiped out all Indiana life insurance 
companies and would have rendered it impossible 
ever thereafter to have organized a life insur- 
ance company within the State so long as the 
bill would have remained as a law on the statute 
books. Fortunately for the State of Indiana the 
life insurance companies and an aroused public 
sentiment were enabled to defeat this vicious leg- 
islation, and saved the life insurance business to 
the State. 

Prior to 1899 the fraternal orders existing in 
the State of Indiana were organized under the 
Voluntary Association Act heretofore mentioned. 
In 1899 the Legislature passed a law for the 
organization of fraternal beneficiary associations 
and established rates for insurance therein. 
There are a number of very strong fraternal 



beneficiary associations in the State doing busi- 
ness under the provisions of this act. 

In 1893 the Legislature enacted a law for the 
organization of live-stock insurance companies. 
A number of companies have been organized 
under this law and one of these companies is 
recognized to-day as the leading live-stock in- 
surance company in the United States. 

Prior to 1909 the only laws under which an 
accident insurance company could be organized 
were the old laws of 1852 and amendments 
thereto, the assessment laws of 1883 and 1897, 
and the Voluntary Association Act, neither of 
which laws were satisfactory. 

In 1903 a casualty law was passed in Indiana, 
but it did not provide, however, for insurance 
against personal accidents until amended by the 
Act of 1909. There are several companies doing 
business in the State at this time that are organ- 
ized under the law of 1903 and the amendments 
of 1909, and are doing business throughout the 
United States. 

In 1907 and again in 1909 and 1911 unsuccess- 
ful attempts were made to pass the Fire Marshal 
Law. The bill was again introduced at the ses- 
sion of the Legislature in 1913 and passed. The 
law is now in successful operation. — Guilford A. 
Deitch, author of Insurance Digest. 



PART III 



A General Survey of Indiana by Counties 
with Brief Historical Sketches 

Edited and Compiled by Max R. Hyman 



HISTORICAL NOTE 



An Outline of the State's Development 



The Mound Builders. — That the territory now 
occupied by Indiana was inhabited by prehistoric 
people is evidenced by their work, silent, yet 
indisputable evidence of their former occupancy, 
which still remains. These works, notable in the 
southern part of the State, are in the form of 
mounds, memorial pillars, fortifications, weapons 
and domestic utensils that furnish "abundant 
evidence to show that at one time, long anterior 
to the coming of the red man, Indiana was quite 
densely populated by a race that lived, nourished 
and passed away,"* leaving no other traces of 
their existence. They have been classed as the 
Mound Builders. 

Under Three Flags. — The territory which is 
now included within the present boundaries of 
Indiana was formerly owned by the Miami Con- 
federacy of Indians. It was first explored by 
La Salle in the latter part of the seventeenth 
century, about 1670, when he is said to have 
descended the Ohio river as far as the Louisville 
rapids. It is well established that he traversed 
the region of the Kankakee and St. Joseph rivers 
in the northwestern part of the State in 1679. 
Father Allouez, the French missionary, accom- 
panied by Dablon, visited this vicinity in 1675- 
80, f and French trappers appeared at the end 
of the seventeenth century. 

It was under the domination of France! from 
the time of the discovery of the mouth of the 
Mississippi by La Salle, in 1682, until 1763, when 
it was ceded to Great Britain after the French 
and Indian war. From 1763 to 1779, it was held 
nominally by Great Britain as a part of her colo- 



* Smith's History of Indiana, p. 42. 

"i" History of Notre Dame, p. 30. 

t Jacob Piatt Dunn, in his History of Indiana, says "Indiana 
had no capital within her boundaries for one hundred and thirty 
years after white men had been upon her soil. She was but part 
of a province of a province. For ninety years her provincial 
seat of government vacillated between Quebec, New Orleans and 
Montreal, with intermediate authority at Fort Chartres and De- 
troit and the ultimate power at Paris. Then her capital was 
whisked away to London, without the slightest regard to the 
wishes of her scattered inhabitants, by the treaty of Paris. Six- 
teen years later, it came over the Atlantic to Richmond, on the 
James, by conquest; and after a tarry of five years at that point, 
it shifted to New York City, then the national seat of govern- 
ment, by cession. In 1788 it reached Marietta, Ohio, on its 
progress toward its final location. In 1800 it came within the 
limits of the State." 



nial possessions in North America and the juris- 
diction of the State of Virginia was formally ex- 
tended over it from 1779 to 1784. 

In 1778, during the Revolution, Vincennes and 
Kaskaskia were captured from the British by a 
force of Virginians under George Rogers Clark 
and later in the same year the region northwest 
of the Ohio was made the county of Illinois by 
the Virginia Legislature. 

In 1783, the British claims to all territory east 
of the Mississippi and north of Florida were re- 
linquished in favor of the United States. The 
States which claimed title to lands northwest 
of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi ceded 
their rights to the United States before 1787, and 
in that year this region was organized as the 
Northwest Territory. 

Indiana Territory. — In 1800, that part of the 
Northwest Territory lying between the Missis- 
sippi river and a line extending from a point on 
the Ohio river opposite the mouth of the Ken- 
tucky to Fort Recovery and thence to the Cana- 
dian line was organized as the Territory of Indi- 
ana, together with the area now constituting Illi- 
nois, Wisconsin, northeastern Minnesota and 
western Michigan. Two years later, by a clause 
in the enabling act for Ohio, the boundary be- 
tween Indiana and Ohio was fixed in its present 
location and by the same act the region north of 
Ohio was added to Indiana. In 1804, the form 
of territorial government was changed from the 
first to the second grade, thus giving Indiana a 
Legislature and a Delegate in Congress. The 
organization of Michigan Territory in 1805, and 
Illinois Territory in 1809, left Indiana with its 
present boundaries, and in December, 1816, the 
State of Indiana was admitted to the Union. 

TOPOGRAPHY OF INDIANA 

1. Highest elevation in the State — 1,285 feet 
above sea level, Summit, Randolph county, eight 
miles south of Winchester. 

2. Lowest elevation in the State — 313 feet 
above sea level, at the confluence of the Wabash 
and Ohio rivers, Posey county. 

205 



206 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



3. Average elevation above sea level — esti- 
mated to be 700 feet. 

A topographic map of an area is an expression 
of the surface features of that area. Such a 
map could be absolutely true in detail only when 
based upon a system of contour lines having the 
smallest possible intervals. 

The map herewith is not offered as a piece of 
perfect workmanship. The elevations were de- 
rived from the data published in the State Geolo- 
gist's Thirty-sixth Annual Report, and in the ab- 
sence of complete topographic contours the 
boundaries of areas of different elevations could 
not be established with exactness, but the bound- 
aries are generally true. 

Could one but stand at some point in southeast- 
ern Indiana, say between the southeastern corner 
of Switzerland county and the southeastern cor- 
ner of Union county, and look westward or 
southwestward and see the outcropping features 
of the geological formations of the State, they 
would present an ascending series, geologically 
speaking, from the Lower Silurian, in the extreme 
southeastern part of the State, up to the highest 
formation, the Merom sandstone, along the Wa- 
bash river on the western side of the State. 
Above this of course is the glacial drift. Or, to 
put the matter in another way, the formations 
are successively younger as we ascend geologic- 
ally from the eastern and southeastern parts of 
the State to the western part, the sediments and 
drift of the western part having been laid last. 

The picture is more difficult to draw from any 
viewpoint along the eastern margin of the State, 
from Union county northward, for the reason 
(1) that the northern two-thirds of the State are 
covered with a thick mantle of glacial drift; and, 
for the further reason, (2) that erosion has not 
played such a prominent part in the northern 
part of the State as in the southern part, where 
it has profoundly influenced the topography of 
the State. 

While the above is true from a geologic stand- 
point, the reverse is true from a topographic 
standpoint. Topographically speaking the east- 
ern parts of the State are the highest, the slope 
or dip being to the south and southwest. The 
only exception to this southwestern slope worthy 
of notice is a small area in the extreme north- 
ern end of the State, which area is drained by 
the Pigeon, Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers. The 



lower courses of these rivers have been largely 
influenced, if not entirely changed, by the depo- 
sition of drift materials during the later glacial 
periods. 

The elevation along the eastern margin of the 
State, from Franklin county to Steuben county, 
is from 800 to about 1,200 feet above the mean 
sea level. Along the western margin of the State, 
from Posey county to Lake county, the elevation 
varies from 313 feet in the extreme southeastern 
part of Posey county to about 750 feet in Lake 
county. 

Indiana is not a mountainous State. It has 
never been such. There is no geological evidence 
within the State of violent agitation or upheaval 
in the formative period of the portion of the 
earth's crust now known as Indiana. All of the 
valleys and hills and undulations in the State 
were formed by the erosive power of water, 
either glacial or stream. The differences in ele- 
vation above sea level in the State are not suf- 
ficient to cause any marked difference either in 
climate or in vegetation, either native or culti- 
vated. The oak, the maple and the ash grow as 
vigorously in Randolph county, where the alti- 
tude is greatest, as in Posey county, where it is 
the least. The same thing is true of corn and 
wheat. The slight difference in seeding time in 
the southern part of the State, and seeding time 
in the northern part is due to latitude and not to 
altitude. Perhaps spring is incidentally encour- 
aged in the southern part of the State by the pre- 
vailing south to southwestern slopes, and re- 
tarded somewhat by the flat and slopeless areas in 
the northern part of the State. The same thing 
would be true of harvest time. While differences 
in life and crop zones of the State have not been 
profoundly influenced by altitude, nevertheless 
an intimate knowledge of the topography of the 
State is of inestimable value to the people in the 
several ways enumerated under the head of Hyp- 
sometry of Indiana in the Thirty-sixth Annual 
Report of Department of Geology, as follows : 

1. As preliminary maps for planning extensive 
irrigation and drainage projects, showing areas 
of catchment for water supply, sites for reser- 
voirs, routes of canals, etc. 

2. For laying out of highways, electric roads, 
railroads, aqueducts, and sewage systems, thus 
saving the cost of preliminary surveys. 

3. In improving rivers and smaller waterways. 



KV>"* r 



iCJiGAN 



Altitudes: 
300-400 ft. 

400-500 ft. 

500-600 ft. !£ |W«S«E 



600-700 ft. &^ 



700-800 1 



IPlp. \ l 



800-900 ft. 
900-1000 ft. 



1100-1200 1.. I 



Above 1200 ft. \~_ ^S 




Topographical Map of Indiana. The highest points in Indiana are located in the south central and southeast 
corner of Randolph County.— Map by Edward Barrett, State Geologist. 



208 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



4. As bases for the compilation of maps show- 
ing the extent and character of forest and graz- 
ing lands. 

5. In classifying lands and in plotting the dis- 
tribution and nature of soils. 

6. In locating and mapping the boundaries of 
the life and crop zones, and in mapping the geo- 
graphic distribution of plants and animals. 

7. As base maps for the plotting of informa- 
tion relating to the geology and mineral resources 
of the country. 



8. In connection with questions relating to 
State, county and town boundaries. 

9. As a means of promoting an exact knowl- 
edge of the country and serving teachers and 
pupils in geographic studies. 

10. In connection with legislation involving 
the granting of charters, rights, etc., when a 
physical knowledge of the country may be desir- 
able or necessary. — Edward Barrett, State Geolo- 
gist, j/th Annual Report Department of Geology 
and Natural Resources. 




Scene on White River at Broad Ripple, Marion County. 



ADAMS COUNTY 



DECATUR, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



ADAMS COUNTY is located in the north- 
eastern part of Indiana. It is bounded on 
the north by Allen county, on the west by Wells, 
on the south by Jay county and on the east by 
the State of Ohio. It contains 336 square miles 
of practically level surface admirably suited to 
agriculture. 

Organization. — The county was organized in 
1836 with Decatur as the seat of justice. The 
site' was offered to the locating commissioners by 
Samuel Johnson, who offered as an inducement 
to have the county seat located on his land, the 
sum of $3,100, four church lots, half an acre for 



Limberlost." This district, since it has been 
dredged, has proved to be the most fertile and 
valuable soil in Adams county, and many very 
productive oil wells have been sunk in and near 
this district. 

Population of Adams county in 1890 was 
20,181 ; in 1900 it was 22,232, and according to 
United States Census in 1910 it was 21,840, of 
which 958 were of foreign birth. There were 
4,810 families in the county and 4,774 dwellings. 

Township, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Adams county : Blue Creek, 
French, Hartford, Jefferson, Kirkland, Monroe, 




Court-House and Soldiers' Monument, Decatur, 

a public square, one acre for a seminary and two 
acres for a cemetery. He further agreed to pay 
the expenses of the locating commissioners, and 
furnish a house to hold court in until suitable 
buildings could be erected. This offer was ac- 
cepted and the commissioners promptly accepted 
the offer "and proceeded to the aforesaid town 
site, and marked a white oak tree with blazes on 
four sides, on each of which they individually in- 
scribed their names." A large tract of land lying 
between Allen and Randolph counties had been 
previously called Adams county, after the distin- 
guished statesman who bore that name ; yet no 
organization had been effected. 

Notable Features. — The southern part of the 
county embraces the famous "Limberlost" dis- 
trict, immortalized by Mrs. Gene Stratton-Porter 
in her books, "Freckles" and "A Girl From the 



Public Library, Decatur, Adams County. 

Preble, Root, St. Marys, Union, Wabash and 
Washington. The incorporated towns are De- 
catur, Berne, Geneva and Monroe. Decatur is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State, from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913 the 
total value of lands and lots in Adams county 
was $7,447,405 ; value of improvements was 
$2,508,870, and the total net value of taxables 
was $16,251,740. There were 3,598 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 500 miles of 
improved roads in Adams county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Gravel road bonds outstanding, 
$6 12,259.46. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 



209 



14 



210 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



55.74 miles of steam railroad operated in Adams 
county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati, Rich- 
mond & Fort Wayne ; G. R. & I. ; and the Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western railroads. The Bluffton, 
Geneva & Celina Traction Company, and the 
Fort Wayne & Springfield Railway Company, 
operate 18.70 miles of electric lines in the county. 
Educational. — According to the report of E. 
S. Christen, county superintendent of Adams 
county, there were ninety-five schoolhouses, in- 
cluding six high schools, in Adams county in 
1914 employing 149 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 4,170. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $72,003.50. 



The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $410,600, and the total amount of 
indebtedness, including bonds, was $120,378. 

Agriculture. — There were in Adams county 
in 1910 over 2,300 farms embraced in 208,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 88.7 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $23,000,000, 
showing a per cent, of increase in value over 1900 
of 107.3. The average value of land per acre 
was $76.70. The total value of domestic animals 
was over $2,000,000: Number of cattle 17,000, 
valued at $450,000; horses 10,000, valued at 
$1,300,000; hogs 55.000, valued at $320,000; 
sheep 25,000, valued at $106,000. The total 
value of poultry was $100,000. 



ALLEN COUNTY 



FORT WAYNE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



ALLEN COUNTY is located in the north- 
eastern part of Indiana, bordering on the 
State of Ohio. It is bounded on the north by 
Noble and Dekalb counties, on the west by Whit- 
ley and Huntington counties and on the south by 




Portrait of John Allen, in Allen County Court-House. 
—Painted by Jouctt. 



Wells and Adams counties. It is the largest 
county in the State with an area of over 650 
square miles. Its geographical location has been 
a pronounced factor in determining its pros- 
perity, particularly in its earlier history. Fort 
Wayne, its predecessor of the old French period, 
Fort Miami, and the Indian town antedating 
that, were all located at the fork of the Maumee 
river, because it was a controlling point in an im- 
portant line of travel between the Great Lakes 
and the Mississippi valley. When, in course of 
time, that travel was augmented by the Wabash 
and Erie canal, and the tides of migration set in 
from the east, Fort Wayne became a gateway to 
the State and Allen county received the first 
fruits of the invasion. 

Organization. — The organization of Allen 
county became effective April 1, 1824, with Fort 
Wayne as the seat of justice, and the first elec- 
tion for county officers was held in the last week 
of May. The county at that time embraced also 
the territory afterward given to Wells, Adams, 
Huntington and Whitley counties. The first cir- 
cuit court was held August 9, 1824, with Samuel 
Hanna and Benjamin Cushman on the bench and 
C. W. Ewing as prosecuting attorney. Allen 
county is named for Colonel John Allen, a dis- 
tinguished Kentucky lawyer. During the period 
preceding the siege of Fort Wayne by the Indian 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



211 



tribes in 1812, the governors of Kentucky and 
Ohio took military precautions against invasion 
by the red men. In May of that year, Governor 
Scott of Kentucky organized ten regiments. 
Among the patriots who enlisted was Colonel 
Allen, who was placed in command of the rifle 
regiment. He lost his life at the battle of River 
Raisin. An oil painting of him hangs on the wall 
of the "relic room" in the court-house. 

Population of Allen county in 1890 was 
66,689; in 1900 was 77,270, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 93,386, of 
which 9,251 were of foreign birth. There were 
21,128 in the county and 20,282 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twenty townships in Allen county: Aboite, 
Adams, Cedar Creek, Eel River, Jackson, Jef- 
ferson, Lafayette, Lake, Madison, Marion, Mau- 
mee, Milan, Monroe, Perry, Pleasant, Scipio, 
Springfield, St. Joseph, Washington and Wayne. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Fort 
Wayne, Monroeville, New Haven, Shirley City. 
The county seat is Fort Wayne. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Allen county was 
$34,064,690; value of improvements was $18,- 
426,060, and the total net value of taxables was 
$63,420,840. There were 17,555 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 325 miles of 
improved roads in Allen county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $700,847. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
173.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Allen 
county by the Cincinnati, Findlay & Fort Wayne ; 
Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne; Fort 
Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Fort Wayne 
iS: Jackson; Grand Rapids & Indiana; Lake Erie 
& Fort Wayne ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; 
Yandalia ; Wabash ; and the Fort Wayne & De- 
troit branch of the Wabash railroad. There are 
91.6 miles of electric railway operated by the 
Fort Wayne & Springfield; Fort Wayne & 
Northern Indiana Traction Company ; Fort 
Wayne & Northwestern Railway Company, and 
the Ohio Electric Railway Company. 



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212 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




School for Feeble-Minded Youth, Fort Wayne. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
D. O. McComb, county superintendent of Allen 
county, there were 191 schoolhouses, including 
six high schools, in Allen county in 1914 employ- 
ing 467 teachers. The average daily attendance 
by pupils was 10,866. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi- 
pals and teachers was $332,206.86. The estimated 
value of school property in the county was 



vSi. 184,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, 
including bonds, was $726,668. 

Agriculture. — There were in Allen county in 
1910 over 4,300 farms embraced in 395,000 acres. 
Average acres per farm, 91.3 acres. The value of 
all farm property was $43,000,000, showing 93.2 
per cent, increase in value over 1900. The aver- 
age value of land per acre was $74.97. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $3,500,000: 
Number of cattle 30,000, valued at over $800,- 
000; horses 17,000, valued at $2,000,000; hogs 
56,000, valued at $380.000 ; sheep 37,000, valued 
at $166,000. The total value of poultry was 
$180,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
< 'ensus of 1910, there were 230 industries in 
Fort Wayne, furnishing employment to 12,184 
persons. Total amount of capital employed, $20,- 
346,176. Value of products, $23,686,809, value 
added by manufacture, $12,271,618. 

Fort Wayne, the seat of justice of Allen 
county, was located on a high bank opposite 
which, on the north, the St. Marys and the St. 
Joseph unite and form the Maumee river. On 
the site of this town was the old "Twightwee 




Fort Wayne, 1794. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



213 



Village" or principal seat of the Miamis, in their 
language called Ke-ki-on-ga, a place of impor- 
tance over 150 years ago. Here, too, was old Fort 
Wayne, erected by order of General Wayne in 
September, 1794, and just below this fort, on the 
opposite side of the Maumee, was fought the 
disastrous battle of General Harmar with the 
Miamis under Chief Little Turtle, on October 
20. 1790. This place at one time was called "The 
French Stores," as it was for a long time a place 
of resort for many of the French traders, and 
near it was the carrying place from the naviga- 
ble waters of Lake Erie to those of the Wabash. 
Fort Wayne continued to be a military post until 
1819. Until the removal of the Miamis and the 
Pottawatomies, west of the Mississippi in 1841. 
it was used as a trading point by the Indians for 
the disposal of their furs. 

According to the United States Census for 
1910, Fort Wayne has a population of 74,352, 
and is now the second largest city in the State. 

Fort Wayne has seven railroads : The Penn- 
sylvania Lines ; Wabash system ; New York, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate) railway and 
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railway — 
four great east and west trunk lines ; Grand Rap- 
ids & Indiana railway with its direct line from 
the Straights of Mackinaw to Cincinnati, and 
the Lake Erie & Western, and the Cincin- 
nati, Hamilton & Dayton railroads, which run 
to the territory south and southwest. It is the di- 
visional point of six of its seven railroads. The 




ostomce 



Building, Fort Wayne. 





v^B.« |'T tff&M 




P5? 




f ■ i * 1 


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Sacred Heart Academy. Fort Wayne 



large car building and repair shops of the Penn- 
sylvania lines are located here, and the Wabash, 
Nickel Plate, and the Lake Shore & Michigan 
Southern railroads maintain modern plants for 
light car and locomotive repair. Fort Wayne is 
the terminal point of five important electric inter- 
urban railways, reaching in all directions. 

The public schools of Fort 
Wayne rank among the best 
of the cities of America : be- 
sides it has numerous private 
and parochial schools and 
colleges of high standard. 
It is the seat of Concordia 
College, founded in 1839, in 
Perry county. Missouri, by 
Lutheran refugees from 
Saxony, which was removed 
to Fort Wayne in 1861. The 
college is SU] purled mainly 
by the Missouri Synod of 
the German L u t h e r a n 
church. 

Sacred Heart Academy. 
— In 1866. when the road 
to Fort Wayne was still un- 



214 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



made, when as yet for many miles the wood- 
man's ax had not been heard, the ground for 
the foundation of Sacred Heart Academy was 
broken. It is conducted by the Sisters of the 
Holy Cross. 

Built upon an eminence, the academy com- 
mands a charming view of the surrounding coun- 
try, beautiful in its rolling stretches of cultivated 
fields and native woodland. The timber used in 
the building was cut from the neighboring 
woods ; the bricks, of which the house is con- 
structed, made upon the spot. 

The academy curriculum embraces all studies 
from the minim department through the four 
years of academic work as well as the commer- 
cial course. Special attention has always been 
paid to music in its varied branches. Art, too, 
claims a prominent place, its disciples being 
taught not only the rudiments of drawing, but 
advanced work in still life and from the cast. 

While every effort is made for their bodily 
comfort and mental training, paramount atten- 
tion is bestowed upon the moral development 
and heart culture of the students of Sacred 
Heart Academy. 

School for Feeble-Minded Youth. — By an 
act of the Legislature, approved March 7, 1887, 



the School for Feeble-Minded Youth, at Fort 
Wayne, was established, and the trustees were 
authorized to take immediate charge of the 
feeble-minded children then at "The Asylum for 
Feeble-Minded Children" at the Soldiers' and 
Sailors' Orphans Home at Knightstown. The 
present site at Fort Wayne was purchased May 
19, 1887. Certain buildings of the Eastern Hos- 
pital for the Insane at Richmond were utilized 
as temporary quarters for the children from 
May 1, 1887, to July 8, 1890, when the new in- 
stitution was opened. The privileges of the 
school are extended to feeble-minded, idiotic, 
epileptic, and paralytic children under sixteen 
years of age. Since 1901 the school has also 
maintained a custodial department for feeble- 
minded women between the ages of sixteen and 
forty-five years, such women to be received by 
commitment from the courts. An interesting and 
valuable adjunct to this institution is called 
"Colony Farm," a tract of land containing 509^4 
acres, on which the older and stronger male in- 
mates are employed in all kinds of farm work. 
This farm has been in operation since 1893. For 
such of the children as are capable of receiving 
it, the school affords literary, manual and indus- 
trial training. 



BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY 



COLUMBUS, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY is located 
south of the center of the State. It is 
bounded on the north by Johnson and Shelby, on 
the east by Decatur and Jennings, on the south 
by Jackson and Jennings and on the west by 
Brown county. The county contains 405 square 
miles and is noted for its splendid soil. 

Organization. — The county was organized 
by legislative act January 8, 1821, which became 
effective February 12, 1821. The county was 
named for General Joseph Bartholomew, a dis- 
tinguished citizen of Clark county and a senator 
in the State Legislature from 1821 to 1824. Gen- 
eral Bartholomew was lieutenant-colonel com- 
manding a battalion of infantry at the battle of 
Tippecanoe, where he was severely wounded. He 
died twenty-nine years later on the day of the 



presidential election in 1840. John Tipton, later 
United States senator from Indiana, was con- 
nected in an interesting way with the founding 
of the county seat at Columbus. He donated 
thirty acres for the site, and the commissioners, 
grateful for the donation, named the county seat 
Tiptona, in honor of General Tipton. This was 
done February 15, 1821. However, on March 20, 
the commissioners rescinded their action, on ac- 
count of Tipton's political views, it is supposed, 
and changed the name of the county seat to Co- 
lumbus. 

Population of Bartholomew county in 1890 
was 23,867 ; in 1900 was 24,594, and according to 
United States Census in 1910 was 24,813, of 
which 561 were of foreign birth. There were 
6,281 families in the county and 6,112 dwellings. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



215 



Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Bartholomew county : 
Clay, Clifty, Columbus, Flat Rock, German, Har- 
rison, Haw Creek, Jackson, Nineveh, Ohio, Rock 
Creek, Sand Creek, Union and Wayne. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Columbus, Clif- 
ford, Elizabetbtown, Hartsville, Hope and Jones- 
ville. Columbus is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Bartholomew 
county was $11,944,026; value of improvements 
was $3,777,950, and the total net value of tax- 
ables was $20,203,861. There were 4,226 polls in 
the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 424 miles of 
improved roads in Bartholomew county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $282,165.25. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
70.5 miles of steam railroad operated in Bar- 
tholomew county by the Chicago, Terre Haute & 
Southeastern : Columbus, Hope & Greensburg, 




Swinging Bridge, Hartsville, Bartholomew County. 




Clifty Falls. Clifty rises in the southeast corner of Rush county, flows through Decatur and empties into White 
River three miles below Columbus. The Indian name of this stream was Es-the-nou-o-ne-ho-neque, or Cliff 
of Rocks River. — Photograph by Wm. M. Herschell. 



216 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



and the P., C, C. & St. L. railway. There are 
26.43 miles of electric railway operated by the 
Central Indiana Lighting Company and the In- 
terstate Public Service Company. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Samuel Sharp, county superintendent of Bar- 
tholomew county, there were eighty-two school- 
houses, including two high schools, in Bartholo- 
mew county in 1914, employing T86 teachers. 
The average daily attendance by pupils was 4.371. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries', to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $98,111.69. Estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $373,400, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$32,051. 

Agriculture. — There were in Bartholomew- 
county in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 
244,000 acres. Average acres per farm 115.1 



acres. The value of all farm property was $21,- 
000,000, showing 70.2 per cent, increase in value 
over 1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$67.73. The total value of domestic animals was 
over $1,400,000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued 
at $280,000; horses, 7,500, valued at $670,000; 
hogs, 30,000, valued at $197,000; sheep, 8,000, 
valued at $33,000. The total value of poultry was 
$86,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were 
twenty-four industries in Columbus, furnishing 
employment to more than 1,500 persons. Among 
the more important industries are the W. W. 
Mooney & Sons Tannery, one of the largest in 
the United States ; Reeves & Co., manufacturers 
of thrashing machinery ; the Reeves Pulley Com- 
pany, manufacturers of wood pulleys, and Cald- 
well & Drake Iron Works. 



BENTON COUNTY 



FOWLER, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



BENTON COUNTY is located in the north- 
western part of the State. It is bounded on 
the north by Newton and Jasper, on the east by 
White and Tippecanoe, on the south by Warren 
county and on the west by the State of Illinois. 
The county contains 414 square miles. 

Organization. — The year 1840 witnessed the 
organization of Benton county, named for the 
celebrated Thomas H. Benton. The act of Feb- 
ruary, 1840, however, did not name commission- 
ers and it was not until January 31, 1843, that 
the Legislature named commissioners to locate a 
county seat. The commissioners met on the third 
Monday of May, 1843, at the home of Basil Jus- 
tus and chose a site on section 18, township 34 
north, range 7 west, on land donated by Henry 
W. Ellsworth and David Watkinson. In Septem- 
ber, 1843, the commissioners ordered that a 
court-house be erected in the county seat "in the 
town of Milroy," which was named in honor of 
Samuel Milroy, one of the locating commission- 
ers. Learning that there was another town of 
that name in the State, the commissioners, at the 
October session, changed the name to "Oxford." 
The county seat remained here until July 10, 



1874, when it was transferred to Fowler, which 
had been laid out in 1871, for the ostensible pur- 
pose of making a bid for the county seat. This 
change gave rise to a bitter fight between the 
towns of Oxford and Fowler. The immediate 
cause for the hostilities was the condemnation of 
the old court-house at Oxford on March 20, 1873, 
which was followed by injunctions and other 
legal proceedings which culminated in the court- 
house being ordered erected at Fowler. The 
court-house was largely the gift of the late Moses 
Fowler of Lafayette. Its corner-stone was laid 
August, 1874, and the first court was held Febru- 
ary, 1875. 

Benton county has no large towns or large 
manufacturing enterprises, but is noted for its 
agricultural enterprises and live stock interests. 
It is also noted as the home of the "Hickory 
Grove Herd" of Hereford cattle, the substantial 
basis of the Hereford cattle industry of America. 
The county has the special distinction of being 
the birthplace and training ground of two of the 
most remarkable horses in the history of the 
world — the world-famed "Dan Patch" was bred, 
trained and campaigned as an unbeaten race 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



217 



horse by Daniel A. Messner of Oxford, Ind., and 
"Honest George" was raised and trained at Bos- 
well by Mat Cooper. 

Population of Benton county in 1890 was 
11.903; in 1900 was 13,123, and according to 
I'nited States Census in 1910 was 12,688, of 
which 695 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,029 families in the county and 3,017 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Benton county : Bolivar, 
Center, Gilboa, Grant, Hickory Grove, Oak 
Grove, Parish Grove, Pine, Richland, Union and 
York. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Anibia, Boswell, Earl Park, Fowler, Otterbein, 
and Oxford. Fowler is the county seat of Ben- 
ton county. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Benton county 
was $13,777,275 ; value of improvements was 
$2,009,385, and the total net value of taxables 
was $20,745,375. There were 1,837 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 440 miles of 



improved roads in Benton county, built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $710,354. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
84.22 miles of steam railroad operated in Benton 
county by the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Chi- 
cago, Indiana & Southern ; Cincinnati, Lafayette 
& Chicago ; C, C, C. & St. L., and Lake Eric & 
Western railways. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Charles H. Dodson, county superintendent of 
Benton county, there were seventy-three school- 
houses, including eleven high schools, in Benton 
county in 1914, employing 138 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 1,811. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $81,500.97. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $230,600. 

Agriculture. — There were in Benton count) 
in 1910 over 1,200 farms embraced in 252,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 198.4 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $37,000,000, 
showing 111.6 per cent, increase in value over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 




Views in Fowler, Benton County. 



218 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



$128.94. The total value of domestic animals was $1,400,000; hogs, 25,000, valued at $194,000; 
over $2,000,000: Number of cattle, 11,000, sheep 5,600, valued at $29,000. The total value 
valued at $401,000; horses, 11,000, valued at of poultry was $51,000. 



BLACKFORD COUNTY 



HARTFORD CITY, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



BLACKFORD COUNTY is located in the 
second tier of counties northeast of Indi- 
anapolis. It is bounded on the north by Wells, on 
the east by Jay, on the south by Delaware and on 
the west by Grant counties, and contains an area 
of 169 square miles. 

Organization. — The county, which was orig- 
inally a part of Jay county, was organized Feb- 
ruary 18, 1839, and named in honor of Judge 
Blackford. The first settlement in the county 
was made by John Blount in 1835 and in the 
winter of 1836 Abel Baldwin, of Vermont, made 
an exploration of the forests and entered land for 
a party of emigrants from that State. In the 
autumn following, they removed to the Sala- 
monie and laid off the town of Montpelier. 
named after the capital of Vermont. Hartford 
was founded in 1839 and for several years the 
rival towns were competitors for the county seat. 
It took two separate acts of the Legislature be- 
fore the organization of the county became ef- 
fective, and it was not until after the fourth set 
of commissioners were appointed, February 24, 
1840, that the county seat was finally located at 
Hartford, the site probably selected by the second 
set of commissioners. Later the town name was 
changed to Hartford City at the suggestion of 
F. L. Shelton. What is known as the "Godfroy 
Reserve," where the one-time noted war chief 
Godfroy of the Miamis long resided, is located 
in the eastern part of the county. Godfroy was a 
noble-looking, kind-hearted man, and was held 
in great esteem by the Indians and white men. 

Population of Blackford county in 1890 was 
10,461 ; in 1900 was 17,213, and' according to 
United States Census in 1910 was 15,820, of 
which 629 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,837 families in the county and 3.775 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
four townships in Blackford county: Harrison, 



Jackson, Licking and Washington. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Hartford City and 
Montpelier. Hartford City is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to- 
tal value of lands and lots in Blackford county 
was $3,829,610; value of improvements was 
.$2,116,745, and the total net value of taxables 
was $10,317,690. There were 2,246 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 250 miles of 
improved roads in Blackford county, built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $366,648.46. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
27.92 miles of steam railroad operated in Black- 
ford county by the Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & 
Louisville and the P., C, C. & St. L. railways. 
The Union Traction Company of Indiana oper- 
ates 15.25 miles of electric lines. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Edgar M. Servies, county superintendent of 
Boone county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding six high schools, in Boone county in 1914. 
employing 150 grade and forty high-school teach- 
ers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 
3,997.99 grade ; 585.73 high school. The aggre- 
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, 
supervisors, principals and teachers was $100.- 
775.50. The estimated value of school property in 
the county was $430,335, and the total amount of 
indebtedness, including bonds, was $150,830. 
One orphanage school, two miles south of Zions- 
ville, is maintained by the Baptist church, but the 
teacher is furnished by the township trustee. 

Agriculture. — There were in Blackford county 
in 1910 over 1,100 farms embraced in 98,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.4 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $9,000,000, show- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



219 



ing 73 per cent, increase over 1900. The average 
value of land per acre was $65.22. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $995,000: 
Number of cattle 7.600, valued at $227,000; 



horses, 4,900, valued at $518,000; hogs, 28,000, 
valued at $167,000; sheep, 14,000, valued at 
$68,000. The total value of poultry was about 
$50,000. 



BOONE COUNTY 



LEBANON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



BOONE COUNTY, named after the famous 
Indian hunter and trapper, Daniel Boone, 
is bounded on the north by Clinton, on the east 
by Hamilton, on the south by Marion and Hen- 
dricks and on the west by Montgomery counties. 
It is situated on the ridge of what were in the 
early days called the dividing swamps between 
White river and the Wabash. The area of the 
county is 418 square miles. 

Organization. — The county was organized 
in 1830 and the first courts were held in James- 
town, which remained the seat of justice until the 
removal to Lebanon, made effective by an act of 
the Legislature January 26, 1832, providing for 
commissioners to relocate the county seat. The 
first court-house was completed in 1833 and it is 
presumed that the formal transfer of the county 
seat to Lebanon occurred that year. 

This county was once the abode and hunting 
ground of the Eel river tribe of the Miami In- 
dians. In 1819 Thorntown had a population of 
400 Indians and a few French traders. The 
large reserve at this place was not purchased un- 
til 1828, nor did the Indians remove until 1835. 

The present court-house, which was completed 
and dedicated July 4, 1912, is built of Bedford 
limestone and one of the features is the dome, 
which is the second in size in the State, being 
fifty feet in diameter. The north and south en- 
trances are each adorned by four columns 35 feet 
3 inches in length, 52 inches in diameter at the 
base and 48 inches at the top. These columns are 
said to be the largest mie-piece columns in the 
United States. 

Population of Boone county in 1890 was 
26,572; in 1900 was 26,321, and according to 
United States Census in 1910 was 24,673, of 
which 131 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,414 families in the county and 6,33 1 
dwellings. 



Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Boone county : Center, Clin- 
ton, Eagle, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Marion, 
Perry, Sugar Creek, Union, Washington and 
Worth. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Lebanon, Advance, Jamestown, Thorntown and 
Zionsville. Lebanon is the county seat of Boone 
county. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 




Boone County Court-House, Lebanon. 

the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Boone county 
was $12,867,745 ; value of improvements was 
$3,720,295, and the total net value of taxables 
was $24,893,350. There were 4,200 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 563 miles ol 
improved roads in Boone county, built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $232,024. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
63.74 miles of steam railroad operated in Boone 
county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago, Indian- 
apolis & Louisville ; C, C, C. & St. L. ; Peoria & 
Eastern, and Vandalia railways. The Lebanon & 



220 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Thorntown Traction Company and the Terre 
Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- 
pany operate 50.14 miles of electric lines in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Edgar M. Servies, county superintendent of 
Boone county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding six high schools, in the county in 1914, 
employing 190 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 4,584. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $100,775. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 



was $430,335, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $160,650. 

Agriculture. — There were in Boone county in 
1910 over 3,300 farms embraced in 264.000 acres. 
Average acres per farm, 79.7 acres. The value of 
all farm property was $35,000,000, showing 116.6 
per cent, increase over 1900. The average value 
of land per acre was $103.12. The total value of 
domestic animals was over $3,000,000 : Number 
of cattle. 21.000, valued at $720,000; horses, 14,- 
0C0, valued at $1,500,000; hogs, 92,000. valued at 
$624,000; sheep, 22,000, valued at $105,000. The 
total value of poultry was $146,000. 



BROWN COUNTY 



NASHVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



BROWN COUNTY is located in the second 
tier of counties south of Indianapolis. It 
is bounded on the north by Morgan and Johnson, 
on the east by Bartholomew, on the south by 
Monroe and Jackson and on the west by Monroe 
counties. It contains 320 square miles. 



Organization. — It was organized February 
4, 1836, which was made effective April 1, 1836. 
The county was named in honor of General Jacob 
Brown, one of the heroes of the war of 1812. 
The first name of the county seat was Jack- 
sonburg, but during the first year of its ca- 




Hohenpoint, near Weed Patch, Brown County. — Photo By Frank M. Hohenbcrger. 



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222 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



reer was changed to Nashville. The original jail, 
built in 1837, is still in use and is the last remain- 
ing relic of the log jails doing service in the 
State. 

Brown county lies in the northern angle of the 
unglaciated region of Indiana, which condition 
brings the rugged portion of the State farther 
north and nearer Indianapolis at this point, than 
at any other. Here the mighty grinding, planing 
force of the ice sheet has not cut down the ridges 
and filled up the hollows. It has not worn the 
underlying rocks into soil enriched by silt from 
far-off regions. The ridges stand out boldly as 
chiseled by the cutting force of the streams. The 
soil is home-made out of the underlying rocks, 
which are mostly shale and sand-stone. The ease 
with which the finer soil can be removed from 
the slopes by water causes the soil to be coarse 
and loose. This accounts for the wonderful 
growth of timber with which nature has covered 
it, also making this region an ideal one for adap- 
tation to fruit growing. 

The rugged nature of the county had a deter- 
rent effect upon railroa'd building and it was not 
until 1906 that the Illinois Central railroad, which 
runs twelve miles through the county, was built 
from Indianapolis to Effingham, 111., where it 
joins the main line from Chicago to New Orleans. 
With the entrance of the railroad this region of 
exceptional natural beauty, which before lay all 
but unknown almost in the shadow of the State 
Capital, has become the mecca for artists and the 
admirers of the beautiful in nature. Many sum- 
mer homes have been built here since and large 
sums of money have been invested in the fruit- 
raising industry. 

Population of Brown county in 1890 was 
10,308; in 1900 was 9,727, and according to 
United States Census in 1910 was 7,975, of which 
45 were of white foreign birth. There were 1,745 
families in the county and 1,724 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 



five townships in Brown county : Hamblen, Jack- 
son, Johnson, Van Buren and Washington. Nash- 
ville is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Brown county 
was $1,049,665; value of improvements was 
$310,595, and the total net value of taxables was 
$2,143,380. There were 1,035 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were thirty-three 
miles of improved roads in Brown county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commission- 
ers January 1, 1915. There were no gravel road 
bonds outstanding January 1, 1915. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
11.36 miles of steam railroad operated in Brown 
county by the Indianapolis branch of the Illinois 
Central railroad. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Sylvester Barnes, county superintendent of 
Brown county, there were seventy-six school- 
houses, including three high schools, in Brown 
county in 1914, employing eighty-seven teachers. 
The average daily attendance by pupils was 
1,437. The aggregate amount paid in salaries 
to superintendents, supervisors, principals and 
teachers was $34,184.33. The estimated value of 
school property in the county was $49,900, and 
the total amount of indebtedness, including 
bonds, was $3,030. 

Agriculture. — There were in Brown county 
in 1910 over 1,500 farms embraced in 160,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 107.1 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $3,400,000, show- 
ing 40.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- 
age value of land per acre was $12.75. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $530,000- 
Number of cattle, 5,000, valued at $123,000:' 
horses, 3,000, valued at $305,000; hogs, 5,300, 
valued at $41,000; sheep, 5,600, valued at $21,- 
000. The total value of poultry was $38,000. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



223 



CARROLL COUNTY 



DELPHI, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



CARROLL COUNTY, located in the third 
tier northwest of Indianapolis, is bounded 
on the north by White and Cass, on the east by 
Howard and Cass, on the south by Clinton and 
on the west by White and Tippecanoe counties, 
and contains 376 square miles. The county is 
traversed by the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers, 
by Deer creek and Wild creek, which are its prin- 
cipal streams. The western side of the county 
borders on what is known as the "Grand Prairie." 
The surface is generally level and clay and black 
soil predominate about equally. 

Organization. — It was organized January 7, 
1828, which became effective May 1, 1828. The 
first county seat was christened Carrollton, but 
on May 24, 1828, was changed to Delphi. The 
county was named in honor of the venerable 
Charles Carroll, then the sole survivor of those 
who had signed the Declaration of Independence. 
In its earlier history, the Wabash and Erie canal 
furnished it with great facilities for trade and 
exportation of produce. 

Population of Carroll county in 1890 was 
20,021 ; in 1900 was 19,953, and according to 
United States Census in 1910 was 17,970, of 
which 263 were of white foreign birth. There 



crat, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Rock 
Creek, Tippecanoe and Washington. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Delphi, Camden and 
Flora. Delphi is the county seat. 




Carroll County Court-House, Delphi. 

were 4,579 families in the county and 4,536 dwell- 
ings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Carroll county : Adams, 
Burlington, Carrollton, Clay, Deer Creek. Demo- 




Delphi Library, Carroll County. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Carroll county 
was $7,567,840 ; value of improvements was 
$2,181,410, and the total net value of taxables 
was $14,489,540. There were 2,967 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 385 miles of 
improved roads in Carroll county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $450,283. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
59.01 miles of steam railroad operated in Carroll 
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville : 
Yandalia ; and the Wabash railroads. The Fort 
Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company 
operates 15.62 miles of electric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Philip B. Hemmig, county superintendent of Car- 
roll county, there were eighty-seven schoolhoiw-, 
including seven high schools, in the county in 
1914 employing 160 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 3,243. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $76,567.80. 



224 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $267,000, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $47,646.03. 

Agriculture. — There were in Carroll county 
in 1910 over 2,200 farms embraced in 227,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 101.7 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $27,000,000, show- 



ing 105 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- 
age value of land per acre was $93.69. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $2,200,000: 
Number of cattle, 16,000, valued at $485,000; 
horses, 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs, 57,000, 
valued at $365,000; sheep, 11,000, valued at 
$55,000. The total value of poultry was $87,000. 



CASS COUNTY 



LOGANSr'ORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



CASS COUNTY is bounded on the north 
by Pulaski and Fulton, on the east by 
Miami, on the south by Howard and Carroll 
and on the west by White and Carroll counties. 
It contains 420 square miles. 



plant and factories of the city of Logansport, 
which is built on both sides of the two rivers. 
Along these streams there is an inexhaustible 
supply of limestone, gravel and sand of superior 
quality for building purposes and road-making 




High School. Logansport. 

Organization. — The organization of Cass 
county became effective April 13, 1829, and the 
county seat was fixed at Logansport by three of 
the five commissioners named by the legislative 
Act of December 18, 1828. The county was 
named after the Honorable Lewis Cass. Here 
was located the town of Kenapacomequa or 
l'Anguille, the French name, or Old Town, 
which was destroyed by General Wilkinson 
August 8, 1791. The village stood on the north 
bank of Eel river, six miles northeast of Logans- 
port and extended for two miles and a half along 
the stream. It was then called a village of the 
Kickapoos. 

The Eel and Wabash rivers unite near the 
center of the county, furnishing an abundance of 
water power for the water works, electric light 



Public Library, Logansport. 

and a good quality of clay for making brick is 
found in abundance in different parts of the 
county. 

Population of Cass county in 1890 was 
31,153; in 1900 was 34,545, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 36,368, of 
which 2,031 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 9,080 families in the county and 8,758 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Cass county : Adams, 
Bethlehem, Boone, Clay, Clinton, Deer Creek, 
Eel, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Miami, Noble, 
Tipton and Washington. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Logansport, Galveston, Royal 
Center and Walton. Logansport is the county 
seat. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



225 



Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Cass county was 
$12,264,550, value of improvements was $4,950,- 
780 and the total net value of taxables was 
$26,858,345. There were 6,178 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 402 miles of 
improved roads in Cass county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1. 1914. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing. $675,194.75. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
107.99 miles of steam railroad operated in Cass 
count\- by the Chesapeake & Ohio; Logansport 
division P., C, C. & St. L. ; Richmond division 
P., C, C. & St. L. ; Effner branch P., C, C. & St. 
L. : Michigan division of Vandalia ; Butler branch 
of the Vandalia, and the Wabash Railways. The 
Fort Wayne & Northern Traction Company and 
the Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 
40.48 miles of electric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
A. L. Frantz, Logansport, Ind., county superin- 
tendent of Cass county, there were 108 school- 
houses, including ten high schools in Cass county 
in 1914, employing 241 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 5,595. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ent, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$139,317.09. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $643,500, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $142,898. 

There are three Catholic and one German 
Lutheran schools in Cass county. 



Consolidation is coming fast ; almost every 
township has one consolidated school building of 
from five to nine teachers. 

Agriculture. — There were in Cass county in 
1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 240,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 102.3 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $27,000,000, 
showing 92.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $80.57. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,- 
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $590,000; 
horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 52,000, 
valued at $360,000 ; sheep 20,000, valued at $95,- 
000. The total value of poultry was $105,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were sixty-eight industries 
in Logansport, furnishing employment to 2,412 
persons. Total amount of capital employed, 
$2,003,965. Value of products, $4,201,369; 
value added by manufacture, $2,219,816. 

Northern Hospital for Insane. — The General 
Assembly of 1883, by an act approved March 7, 
made provision for the erection of three addi- 
tional hospitals for the insane (Laws 1883, p. 
164). The first of these to be opened was the 
Northern Hospital, located a mile west of 
Logansport and popularly known as Longcliff. 
The site was purchased October 4, 1883. The 
work of construction, which was on the "block 
plan," began in the following summer, but was 
discontinued in 1886 because of the exhaustion 
of funds. It was not until July 1, 1888, that 
the first patients were received. These came at 
first from all parts of the State, but the hospital 
is now limited to the care of patients from 
twenty-two counties designated the northern 
district for the insane ( Laws, 1889, p. 391). 



CLARK COUNTY 



JEFFERSONVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



CLARK COUNTY is located in the south- 
east section of the State and its entire 
southeastern section is bounded by the Ohio 
river. To the north are Jefferson and Scott 
counties, while Washington bounds it on the 
west and Floyd county on the south. 

Organization. — Clark county was set apart 

15 



February 1, 1801, by William Henry Harrison, 
Governor of the Territory of Indiana, and was 
named in honor of the celebrated General George 
Rogers Clark, at one time a citizen of the county. 
At that time the boundaries, as defined by the 
Governor, were "Beginning on the Ohio river at 
the mouth of the Blue river, thence up that river 



226 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



, 


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Administration Building, Indiana State Forest Reserva- 
tion, Clark County. 

to the crossing of the Vincennes road, thence in 
a direct line to the nearest point on White river, 
thence up that river to its source and to Fort 
Recovery, thence on the line of the northwest 
territory to the Ohio at the mouth of the Ken- 
tucky, thence to the place of beginning." The 
original county was very large and included in 
whole or in part twenty-one of the present coun- 
ties of the State, which constituted about one- 
fifth of the area. Clark county now contains 
about 400 square miles. Most of the land within 
the present limits of the county is embraced in 
what is called "Illinois Grant," or "Clark's Grant," 
made by the Legislature of Virginia in 1786, 
which conveyed to certain commissioners 149,000 
acres of land in trust, to be apportioned accord- 
ing to rank, to General Clark and the officers and 
men of the regiment which he commanded in the 
expedition to Vincennes and Kaskaskia. It was 
divided into 500-acre tracts and apportioned ac- 
cordingly. One thousand acres more, lying along 
the Falls of the Ohio, was also granted at the 
same time for the location of a town to be called 
Clarksville, which flourished for a time, but has 
since gone to decay. The first settlements of any 
consequence were made from 1790 up to 1800 
in the towns along the river, so that the inhabi- 
tants on the first notice of the approach of In- 
dians might escape into Kentucky. 

Clark county was the gateway to the great 
northwest and constituted the highway over which 
the stream of civilization made its way from 
the east and south to the new country north of 
the Ohio river. The Falls of the Ohio furnished 



the means of crossing the river and determined 
the earlier settlement of this part of the State. 
The first county seat was Springville, a little 
village which stood near where Charlestown now 
stands. It was on the old Indian trail from the 
falls of the Ohio to the Indian nations of the 
north, west and east. A short distance west of 
this little town lived Jonathan Jennings, first 
Governor of Indiana. Springville, at one time, 
was a great trading center for the French and 
Indians, but not a vestige now remains to tell 
where the village stood. On June 9, 1802, 
Governor Harrison issued a proclamation "fixing 
the seat of justice at the town of Jeffersonville 
. . . after the first day of August next." 
The territorial Legislature changed it to Charles- 
town by the Act of December 14, 1810, and it 
remained there until September 23, 1873, when 
it was permanently located at Jeffersonville. The 
old court-house at Charlestown is still standing 
and in a good state of preservation. 

Indiana State Forest Reservation. — By an 
act of the Legislature, March 3, 1903, the State 
purchased 2,000 acres of land for a forest reser- 
vation, laboratory of forestry, demonstration 
and State nurseries. The reservation is lo- 
cated one mile north of Henry ville, which may 
be reached by going to Henryville via the Penn- 
sylvania or the Indianapolis & Louisville electric 
line which touches the east side of the reserva- 
tion. 

The "Knobs." — Five miles below the Falls 
of the Ohio commences a range of hills called the 
"Knobs." They rise about 500 feet high, are from 
a mile to a half a mile in width and are about 
equal in elevation. Each hill, separately, is small, 
often covering less than half an acre; they unite, 




Postoffice Building, Jeffersonville. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



227 



generally, one hundred or two hundred feet be- 
low their summits. They extend about fifty 
miles into the interior and the country behind 
them falls off very little from a level. A similar 
ridge of hills extends intoTCentucky, from the 
south side of the river opposite. It is not un- 
likely that they were once united and formed an 
obstruction, the only remains of which at this 
time are the Falls of the Ohio. A few miles 
above Jeffersonville is an elevated pear-shaped 
ridge overlooking the Ohio river, which is sup- 
posed to be the remains of a fort built by the 
Mound Builders. About eight miles north of 
this stone fort is a circular inclosure. This is an 
earthwork of about 2,000 feet in circumference 
and the embankment was originally about twelve 
feet high. In form it is almost a perfect circle. 
Pottery, fresh water shells and fragments of 
bones have been found here in great abundance. 
From this place to the stone fort is a line of 
mounds. On the bank of Big creek, about eight 
feet above the creek bed, is another stone in- 
closure, embracing about ten acres. A short dis- 
tance south of the inclosure are three curious 
stone mounds or pillars. The object for which 
these mounds were erected can only be conjec- 
tured, but were evidently intended as memorials 
of some event in the history of the Mound 
Builders. 

Indiana Reformatory. — The first State insti- 
tution established in Indiana was the State 
Prison at Jeffersonville. It was authorized by 
an act of the Legislature, approved January 9, 
1821 (Laws 1821, p. 24), and the first prisoner 
was received November 1, 1822. Provision was 
made by the Legislature of 1859 for another 
prison north of the National road (Laws 1859, 
p. 135). It was opened at Michigan City in 
1860. From that date until 1897 the institution 





Carnegie Public Library. Jeffersonville 



Statue of General George Rogers Clark in Monument 
Place, Indianapolis. 

at Jeffersonville was known as the Southern In- 
diana State Prison and its prisoners were com- 
mitted from the counties south of the National 
road. In accordance with an act approved Feb- 
ruary 26, 1897 (Laws 1897, p. 69), the State 
Prison, South, on April 1 of that year became 
the Indiana Reformatory for the incarceration of 
men between the ages of sixteen and thirty years 
unless convicted of treason or murder in the first 
or second degree, sentenced from any county in 
the State. 

Population of Clark county in 1890 was 
30,259; in 1900 was 31,835. and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 30,260, of 
which 833 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,901 families in the county and 6.704 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Clark county : Bethlehem, 
Carr, Charlestown, Jefferson, Monroe, Oregon, 
Owen, Silver Creek, Union, Utica. Washington 
and Wood. The incorporated cities and towns 
are Jeffersonville, Clarkstown. Clarksville, Clays- 



228 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



burg, New Providence, Port Fulton and Sellers- 
burg. Jeffersonville is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Clark county was 
$5,454,350, value of improvements was $3,082,- 
130 and the total net value of taxables was 
$14,470,840. There were 4,725 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 219 miles of 
improved roads in Clark county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $329,730. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
73.56 miles of steam railroad operated in Clark 
county by the Louisville division Baltimore & 
Ohio Southwestern ; C, I. & L. ; Louisville Bridge 
Company ; C, C, C. & St. L. ; Louisville & Jef- 
ferson Bridge Company, and the Louisville di- 
vision, the Jeffersonville branch and the New 
Albany branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. Rail- 
ways. The Indianapolis & Louisville Traction 
Company, the Louisville & Northern Railway & 
Lighting Company and the Louisville & Southern 
Indiana Traction Company operate 40.25 miles 
of electric lines in the county. 



Educational. — According to the report of 
Samuel L. Scott, county superintendent of Clark 
county, there were 104 schoolhouses, including 
four high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- 
ing 191 teachers. The average daily attendance 
by pupils was 4,863. The aggregate amount 
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, 
principals and teachers was $97,518.31. Esti- 
mated value of school property in the county in 
1914 was $385,000, and the total amount of in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was $57,500. 

Agriculture. — There were in Clark county in 
1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 216,000 
acres. Average acres per farm 99.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $9,500,000, show- 
ing 39.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- 
age value of land per acre was $28.61. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,000,000: 
Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $267,000; 
horses 5,500, valued at $520,000; hogs 15,000, 
valued at $100,000; sheep 9,000, valued at 
$35,000. The total value of poultry was $56,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were thirty-six industries 
in Jeffersonville, furnishing employment to 919 
persons. Total amount of capital employed, 
$2,681,753. Value of products, $1,915,682 ; value 
ridded by manufacture, $832,957. 



CLAY COUNTY 



BRAZIL, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



CLAY COUNTY lies south of Parke, west 
of Putnam and Owen, north of Greene 
and east of Sullivan and Vigo counties and con- 
tains 360 square miles. 

Organization. — The organization of the 
county was made effective April 1, 1825. Bow- 
ling Green was selected as the first county seat 
and held that distinction for fifty years. When 
on November 30, 1851, the court-house and all 
the records were burned a fight was precipitated 
to select a new location for the county seat, the 
town of Bellaire was the chief contender. On 
February 23, 1853, the advocates of relocation 
got an act through the Legislature providing 
commissioners to select and locate a new seat of 
justice, and for the second time Bowling Green 



was selected. In 1872 the county seat was or- 
dered removed to Brazil, as a result of a petition 
on the part of those favoring that place, and the 
formal transfer was made January 26, 1877. The 
county was named in honor of the famous states- 
man Henry Clay. 

In past years Clay county was noted as the 
largest producer of coal in the State, but later 
developments in Indiana coal fields have out- 
ranked Clay county by reason of the fact that the 
mines, where the famous Brazil Block coal is 
mined, have been in operation over forty years 
and much of the coal has been taken out. Ac- 
cording to the mine inspector's report for the 
fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there are 
seventeen mines in operation in Clay county, 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



229 



under the jurisdiction of the State Mine In- 
spector, which produced 464,948 tons of block- 
coal. During the past two decades the county 
has become the leading clay manufacturing cen- 
ter in the State. 

Population of Clay county in 1890 was 30,536 ; 
in 1900 was 34,285, and according to United 
States Census of 1910 was 32,535, of which 1,869 
were of white foreign birth. There were 7,626 
families in the county and 7.480 dwellings. 



Improved Roads. — There were 346 miles of 
improved roads in Clay county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $415,604.37. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
94.69 miles of steam railroad operated in Clay 
county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago & East- 
ern Illinois; C, C. C. & St. L. ; Chicago, Terre 
Haute & Southeastern ; Evansville & Indianap- 




Big Four Railroad Bridge Over Walnut Creek in Putnam County. — Photograph by Bert IVeedoH. 



Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Clay county : Brazil, Cass, 
Dick Johnson, Harrison, Jackson, Lewis, Perry, 
Posey, Sugar Ridge, Van Buren and Washing- 
ton. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Brazil, Bowling Green, Carbon, Center Point, 
Clay City, Knightsville and Staunton. Brazil is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Clay county was 
$6,299,480, value of improvements was $3,384,- 
670 and the total net value of taxables was $15,- 
262,530. There were 5,048 polls in the county. 



olis ; Indianapolis & Louisville, and the Vandalia 
Railways. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & 
Eastern Traction Company operates 12.36 miles 
of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Willis E. Akre. county superintendent of Clay 
county, there were 115 schoolhouses, including 
six high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- 
ing 226 teachers. The average daily attendance 
by pupils was 5,926. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- 
cipals and teachers was $111,653.37. Estimated 
value of school property in the county in 1914 
was $2,494,504, and the total amount of indebt- 
edness, including bonds, was $110,310. 



230 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Agriculture. — There were in Clay county in 
1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 212,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $13,000,000, 
showing 48.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 



total value of domestic animals was over $1,300,- 
000 : Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $350,- 
000; horses 7,600, valued at $730,000; hogs 
23,000, valued at $150,000; sheep 5,900, valued 
at $23,000. The total value of poultry was 



average value of land per acre was $43.72. The $58,000. 



CLINTON COUNTY 



FRANKFORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



CLINTON COUNTY is bounded on the 
north by Carroll and Howard, on the east 
by Tipton and Hamilton, on the south by Boone 
and on the west by Tippecanoe and Montgomery 
counties. It has an area of 408 square miles, 
and is located in the second tier of counties 
northwest of Indianapolis. 

Organization. — The organization of the 
county became effective March 1, 1830. The 
town of Jefferson, four miles west of the then 
future town of Frankfort, was the temporary 
county seat of Clinton from the day of its organi- 




Clinton County Court-House, Frankfort. 



zation, May 3, 1830, until the proper buildings 
were erected at Frankfort. The site of Frank- 
fort was selected by the State commissioners 
and the county agent was ordered on May 19, 
1830, to have the land surveyed and laid off in 
lots. The first term of court in Frankfort con- 
vened April, 1831, in the new log court-house. 
Clinton county was named after DeWitt Clinton, 
at one time Governor of New York. 

The principal streams in the county are the 
south fork of Wild Cat, Kilmore and Sugar 
Creek. The soil surface is sufficiently undulating 
to afford good drainage and the farms of the 
county are well drained and under a high state 
of cultivation. In a small portion of the south- 
eastern part of the county natural gas was found. 
In many places in the county there is a large 
deposit of excellent clay for the manufacture 
of brick, tile and pottery. 

Population of Clinton county in 1890 was 
27,370; in 1900 was 28,202, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 26,674, of 
which 186 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,905 families in the county and 6,732 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Clinton county: Center, 
Forest, Jackson, Johnson, Kirkland, Madison, 
Michigan, Owen, Perry, Ross, Sugar Creek, 
Union, Warren and Washington. The incorpo- 
rated cities and towns are Frankfort, Colfax, 
Kirkland, Michigantown and Rossville. Frank- 
fort is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Clinton county 
was $12,717,685, value of improvements was 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



231 



$4,248,290 and the total net value of taxables was 
$25,172,520. There were 4,721 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 789 miles of 
improved roads in Clinton county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $708,203.05. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
99.05 miles of steam railroad operated in Clinton 
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; 
Chicago division of the C, C, C. & St. L. ; Lake 
Erie & Western; Toledo, St. Louis & Western, 
and the Michigan division of the Vandalia Rail- 
ways. The Indiana Railways & Light Company 
and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern 
Traction Company operate 32.13 miles of elec- 
tric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Marion W. Salmon, county superintendent of 
Clinton county, there were seventy schoolhouses, 
including eight high schools, in Clinton county 
in 1914, employing 195 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 5,071. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$115,109.82. Estimated value of school property 
in the county was $548,000, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $152,400. 

Agriculture. — There were in Clinton county 




Public Library, Frankfort. 

in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 253,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 93.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $36,000,000, 
showing 123.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre is $113.20. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $3,000,- 
000: Number of cattle 19,000, valued at $703,- 
000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,600,000; hogs 
78,000, valued at $500,000 ; sheep 12,000, valued 
at $61,000. The value of poultry was $108,000. 
Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were 
nineteen industries in Frankfort, employing 
about 850 persons, of which about 450 were em- 
ployed in the repair shops of the Toledo, St. 
Louis & Western railroad. 



CRAWFORD COUNTY 



ENGLISH, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



CRAWFORD COUNTY is situated in the 
southern tier of counties bordering on the 
Ohio river and lies between Harrison and Perry 
counties on the river, Orange and Washington 
counties on the north and Dubois on the west. 
It contains about 320 square miles, much of 
the surface of which is rough and hilly. 

There is an inexhaustible supply of stone and 
large plants are operated at Marengo and Mill- 
town. The county is particularly distinguished 
on account of the location of two of the greatest 
underground caverns in the world, the Marengo 
and Wyandotte caves. 

Organization. — The county was organized by 



legislative act January 29, 1818, which became 
effective March 1, 1818. It was named after the 
unfortunate Colonel William Crawford, the land 
agent of General Washington in the west, who 
was taken prisoner by the Indians and burned at 
the stake at Sandusky in 1782. The county seat 
history of Crawford county has never been sat- 
isfactorily recorded owing to inability to gather 
all of the records. According to the best avail- 
able data Mt. Sterling became the county seat in 
1818 and remained so at least until 1822. The 
Legislature passed an act on December 21, 1821, 
providing for a change of the county seat from 
"Mountsterling." It was probably removed to 



232 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Fredonia, a town on the Ohio river, where it 
was in 1843. In that year the Legislature passed 
an act on January 4 providing for its removal 
from that place to Leavenworth, which became 
the next county seat, where it remained until 
1894, when it was removed to English after a 
most notable and picturesque struggle. The 
court-house at English is the only one in the State 
which was erected outside the limits of the 
county seat town. The town of English was 



13,941 ; in 1900 was 13,476, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 12.057, of 
which sixty-nine were of white foreign birth. 
There were 2,759 families in the county and 2.728 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Crawford county: Boone, Jen- 
nings, Johnson, Liberty, Ohio, Patoka, Sterling, 
Union and Whiskey Run. The incorporated 
cities and towns are Alton, English, Marengo, 




Monumental Mountain, Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County. Height 135 feet — highest underground 

mountain in the world. 



named in honor of Honorable William H. Eng- 
lish, whose death occurred February 7, 1896, 
and who was one of Indiana's most distinguished 
sons. In 1851 he was elected to represent his 
native county (Scott) in the State Legislature 
and in 1852 as a member of Congress, to which 
he was re-elected. At the national convention 
at Cincinnati in June, 1880, he was unanimously 
nominated for Vice-President of the United 
States on the Democratic ticket with General 
Winfield Scott Hancock for President. The last 
years of his life were devoted to the writing of 
his "History of the Conquest of the Northwest." 
Population of Crawford county in 1890 was 



Leavenworth and Milltown. English is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Crawford county 
was $938,050, value of improvements was $505,- 
515 and the total net value of taxables was 
$2,725,632. There were 1,781 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were fifty-four 
miles of improved roads in Crawford county 
built and under jurisdiction of the county com- 
missioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel 
road bonds outstanding, $68,759.20. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



233 



Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
25.62 miles of steam railroad operated in Craw- 
ford county by the Southern Railway Company 
of Indiana. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Stuart A. Beals, county superintendent of Craw- 
ford county, there were eighty-five schoolhouses, 
including five high schools in Crawford county 
in 1914, employing 113 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 2.236. The aggre- 
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, 
supervisors, principals and teachers was $40,- 
972.20. The estimated value of school property 
in the county was $55,750. and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $19,000. 

Agriculture. — There were in Crawford count v 
in 1910 over 1.800 farms, embraced in 181,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 97.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $3,800,000, show- 
ing 70.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- 
age value of land per acre was $11.73. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $600,000 : 
Number of cattle 5,700, valued at $130,000; 



horses 3,500, valued at $344,000; hogs 7,400, 
valued at $50,000 ; sheep 7,300, valued at $28,000. 
The total value of poultry was $47,000. 




Entrance to Pil 



Palace, Wyandotte Cave. 



DAVIESS COUNTY 



WASHINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



DAVIESS COUNTY is located in the south 
western part of the State, between the 
east and west forks of White river, which stream 
with its tributaries, Sugar, Mud. Aikman, Veal, 
Prairie, Smithers, Pond, Purse and other creeks, 
drain the county. The county lies wholly within 
the area of the coal measures and has an abun- 
dant supply of coal. It is bounded on the north 
by Greene, on the east by Martin, on the south 
by Dubois and Pike and on the west by Knox 
and a very small portion of Sullivan counties. It 
contains about 420 square miles, which is marked 
by a variety of soil. The White river bottoms 
are rich, sandy and black loam soil, while clay 
predominates in the other portions. Farming is 
the principal occupation of the people. Corn and 
wheat are the leading products, and other farm 
products are grown in abundance. Melons are 
raised extensively for shipment and tomatoes are 
grown in a number of places for canning pur- 
poses. Many hogs are raised and fattened here 



for shipment. The principal natural resource is 
coal. According to the State Mine Inspector's 
report for September 30, 1914, there were three 
coal mines in operation in the county under his 
jurisdiction, which produced 89,506 tons of coal. 

The first settler came into the territory now 
occupied by Daviess county some time in 1801 
or 1806. The first deed for land within the 
present limits of the county was given to John 
Baptiste Cardinal by Congress, and - the first deed 
of record was made in 1792. This tract consisted 
of 400 acres. In 1783 the Congress of the United 
States made numerous donations of land to the 
early French settlers about Vincennes, and in 
1807 the Congress made what has since been 
called "French 1. ocat inns," which lie mostly in 
what is now Knox county. 

The making of early history in Daviess county 
was marked with Indian depredations, and after 
the killing of William McGowen by the Indians 
in the spring of 1812, the settlers, in order to 



234 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



protect themselves, erected ten block houses or 
forts. Five of these were built in 1812 and were 
known as "Hawkins' Fort," "Comer's Fort" and 
"Purcell's Fort," the others being built at a 
later period. 

Organization. — Daviess county was organized 
by an act of the Legislature December 24, 1816, 
which became effective February 15, 1817. The 
county was named in honor of the distinguished 
lawyer, Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed 



Population of Daviess county in 1890 was 
26,227; 1900, 29,914, and according to United 
States Census of 1910 was 27,747, of which 
389 were of white foreign birth. There were 
6,231 families in the county and 6,144 dwelling- 
houses. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Daviess county : Barr, Bogard, 
Elmore, Harrison, Madison, Reeve, Steele, Van 
Buren, Veale and Washington. The incorporated 



. > ""^ 



*%», . 




Views in Washington, Daviess County. 1. Public Library. 

4. Soldiers' Monument. 



High School. 3. Court-House. 



in the battle of Tippecanoe November 7, 1811. 
Daviess county was originally part of Knox and 
contained nearly all of the territory now com- 
prising Martin, all of Greene, east of the west 
fork of White river, and all of Owen county, east 
of the west fork of White river. The first county 
seat of Daviess county was located in the town 
of Liverpool on March 15, 1817. The name was 
changed to Washington August 18, 1817, and it 
has remained the county seat since the organiza- 
tion of the county. It is located on the B. & O. 
Southwestern and C. & E. I. railroads. The 
shops of the B. & O. Southwestern railroad are 
located here. 



cities and towns are Washington, Cannelburg, 
Elnora, Montgomery and Odon. Washington 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Daviess county 
was $7,438,535, value of improvements was 
$2,869,965 and the total net value of taxables was 
$14,558,915. There were 4,428 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 326 miles of 
improved roads in Daviess county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



235 



January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $427,389.24. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
65.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Daviess 
county by the B. & O. Southwestern; Chicago, 
Terre Haute & Southeastern, and the E. & I. 
Railways. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Alva O. Fulkerson, county superintendent of 
Daviess county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding nine high schools in Daviess county in 
1914, employing 204 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 5,278. There are six 
consolidated school buildings in the county. 
They have proved such a success that opposition 
against consolidation has almost disappeared. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 



intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $98,229.54. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $385,800, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $109,825. 

Agriculture. — There were in Daviess county 
in 1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 253,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 91.8 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $18,000,000, 
showing 103.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre $54.98. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,900,000: 
Number of cattle, 14,000, valued at $375,000; 
horses 9,000, valued at $950,000; hogs 40,000, 
valued at $280,000; sheep 11,000, valued at 
$46,000. The total value of poultry was 
$113,000. 



DEARBORN COUNTY 



LAWRENCEBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



DEARBORN COUNTY is located in the 
southeast part of the State, bordering on 
the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by 
Franklin county, on the east by the State of 
Ohio, on the south by the Ohio river and Ohio 
county and on the west by Ripley county. It 
contains 207 square miles and the general char- 
acter of the land is rolling and in some parts 
broken by ranges of hills, which, however, are 
not so high nor so steep as to prevent cultiva- 
tion. Archeological remains are found through- 
out the county, some of which are believed to be 
not less than 2,000 years old and which required 
much labor and engineering skill. 

Moore's Hill College, one of the oldest edu- 
cational institutions in the State, is located at 
Moore's Hill in this county. 

Organization. — Dearborn county was organ- 
ized on March 7, 1803, with the seat of justice 
at Lawrenceburg, the court-house being one-half 
of a double log cabin belonging to Doctor Jabez 
Percival, one of the associate judges. Rising 
Sun was ambitious to be the county seat and 
wanted to have a new county formed, of which 
it could be the county seat if it could not wrest 
the honor from Lawrenceburg. Through this 



struggle Lawrenceburg lost the county seat for a 
few years. On September 26, 1836, Wilmington 
became the seat of justice, where it remained 
until April 4, 1844, when Lawrenceburg again 
became the county seat, through an act of the 
Legislature of January 3, 1844. 

Population of Dearborn county in 1890 was 
23,364; in 1900 was 22,194, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 21,396, of 
which 1,163 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,274 families in the county and 5,058 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Dearborn county : Caesar 
Creek, Center, Clay, Harrison, Hogan, Jackson, 
Kelso, Lawrenceburg, Logan, Manchester, Mil- 
ler, Sparta, Washington and York. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Aurora, Lawrence- 
burg, Dillsboro, Greendale, Moore's Hill, St. 
Leon and West Harrison. Lawrenceburg is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Dearborn county 
was $3,084,170, value of improvements was 



236 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



$2,582,125 and the total net value of taxables was 
$10,170,790. There were 3,143 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were eighty miles 
of improved roads in Dearborn county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $264,365.12. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
52.79 miles of steam railroad operated in Dear- 
born county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Cin- 
cinnati & Southern Ohio River ; the Chicago divi- 
sion, Lawrenceburg branch and Harrison branch, 
of the Big Four, and the White Water railroads. 
The Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg & Aurora Elec- 
tric Street Railway Company operates 9.38 miles 
of electric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
George C. Cole, county superintendent of Dear- 
born county, there were ninety-four school- 



houses, including two high schools, in the county 
in 1914, employing 150 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 2,992. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$71,559.64. Estimated value of school property 
in the county was $192,450, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $11,600. 

Agriculture. — There were in Dearborn county 
in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 185,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $9,800,000, show- 
ing 51.0 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- 
age value of land per acre was $30.43. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,100,000: 
Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $360,000; 
horses 6,000, valued at $604,000; hogs 10,000, 
valued at $76,000; sheep 6,000, valued at $25,000. 
The total value of poultry in the county was 
$72,000. 



DECATUR COUNTY 



GREENSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



DECATUR COUNTY is located in the sec- 
ond tier of counties southeast of Indian- 
apolis. It is bounded on the north by Rush, on 
the east by Franklin, on the south by Ripley and 
Jennings and on the west by Bartholomew and 
Shelby counties. It contains 400 square miles 
and is especially adapted to agriculture. Some of 
the finest limestone quarries of the State are 
located in the county. 

Organization. — Decatur county was organ- 




Carnegie Library, Greensburg. 



ized December 31, 1821, and became effective 
March 4, 1822. It was named after the gallant 
Commodore Stephen Decatur. Greensburg was 
selected as the county seat, which, tradition says, 
was so named by Mrs. Thomas A. Hendricks in 
honor of her old home town in Pennsylvania. 

Population of Decatur county in 1890 was 
19,277; in 1900 was 19,518, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 18,793, of 
which 370 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,935 families in the county and 4,844 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Decatur county : Adams, Clay, 
Clinton, Fugit, Jackson, Marion, Salt Creek, 
Sand Creek and Washington. The incorporated 
cities and towns are Greensburg, Milford, Mill- 
housen, New Point and Westport. Greensburg 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913 the total 
value of lands and lots in Decatur county was 
$9,832,000, value of improvements was $3,020,- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



237 



510 and the total net value of taxables was 
$16,655,615. There were 3,183 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 345 miles of 
improved roads in Decatur county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $538,847.60. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
60.97 miles of steam railroad operated in Decatur 
county by the Chicago division of the Big Four : 
Westport branch of the Chicago, Terre Haute & 
Southeastern ; Columbus. Hope & Greensburg, 
and the Vernon, Greensburg & Rushville rail- 
roads. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Com- 
pany operates 10.40 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Frank C. Fields, county superintendent of Deca- 
tur county, there were sixty-eight schoolhouses. 
including ten high schools in Decatur county in 
1914, employing 138 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 3,235. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $84,041.21. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $487,000, and the total amount of 
indebtedness, including bonds, was $129,888. 

Clinton township, this county, was the first 
township in the State to consolidate entirely all 
its schools into one. This was accomplished at 
Sandusky in 1903. Six hacks carry the children 
to this centralized school. Since that day the 
other townships have all followed the lead of 
Clinton and more or less consolidation has been 
accomplished in each. 

Agriculture. — There were in Decatur county 




Decatur County Court-House, Greensburg. 

in 1910 over 1,900 farms embraced in 223,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 116.1 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $19,000,000, 
showing 79.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre, $60.77. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,800,000: 
Number of cattle, 14,000. valued at $450,000; 
horses, 7,800, valued at $780,000; hogs, 57,000, 
valued at $370,000; sheep, 13,000, valued at $57,- 
000. The total value of poultry was $86,000. 



DEKALB COUNTY 



AUBURN, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



DEKALB COUNTY is located in the north- 
east corner of the State, bordering on the 
State of Ohio, and is separated from the State 
of Michigan on the north by Steuben county. It 
is bounded on the west by Noble and on the south 
by Allen counties. The St. Joseph river runs 



of the county, and other parts of it are well 
watered by Cedar creek and its numerous 
branches. 

Organization. — Dekalb county was organized 
February 2, 1837, and was named in honor of 
Baron Dekalb, a German nobleman, who joined 



about twelve miles through the southeast corner the American army during the revolution. He 



238 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



was made a general and was killed at the battle 
of Camden. The county began its career with 
Auburn as the county seat May 1, 1837. Pend- 
ing the building of a new court-house, a disastrous 
fire occurred February 8, 1913, which destroyed 
part of the county records, among which were 
all of the records of the county clerk. 

Population of Dekalb county in 1890 was 
24,307; in 1900 was 25,711, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 25,054, of 



$7,432,060, value of improvements was $3,367,- 
170 and the total net value of taxables was 
$18,124,560. There were 4,018 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were fourteen miles 
of improved roads in Dekalb county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. There were no gravel road 
bonds outstanding January 1, 1915. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 




Views in Auburn, Dekalb County. 



which 1,060 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,581 families in the county and 6,427 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fifteen townships in Dekalb county : Butler, Con- 
cord, Fairfield, Franklin, Grant, Jackson, Key- 
ser. Newville. Richland, Smithfield, Spencer, 
Stafford, Troy, Union and Wilmington. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Auburn, Butler, 
Garrett, Altona, Ashley, Corunna, St. Joe and 
Waterloo. Auburn is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Dekalb county was 



97.75 miles of steam railroad operated in Dekalb 
county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; G. R. & I. ; Fort 
Wayne & Jackson ; Fort Wayne & Detroit ; L. S. 
& M. S., and the Butler branch of the Vandalia 
railroad. The Fort Wayne & Northwestern Rail- 
way Company operates 20.48 miles of electric 
lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Lida Leasure, county superintendent of Dekalb 
county, there were ninety-eight schoolhouses, 
including seven high schools, in Dekalb county 
in 1914, employing 177 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 4,285. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



239 



$90,061.95. The estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $340,575, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds was 
$90,240. 

Agriculture. — There were in Dekalb county in 
1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 220,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 88.1 acres. The 
total value of all farm property was $19,000,000, 



showing 76.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $56.92. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 
000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $460,- 
000; horses 8,500, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 
36,000, valued at $250,000 ; sheep 42,000, valued 
at $180,000. The total value of poultry was 
$104,000. 



DELAWARE COUNTY 



MUNCIE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



DELAWARE COUNTY is located in the 
first tier of counties northeast of Indian- 
apolis and is bounded on the north by Grant and 
Blackford, on the east by Jay and Randolph, on 
the south by Henry and on the west by Madison 
counties. It contains 399 square miles. The 
face of the county is mostly level or gently un- 
dulating. There is but very little land in the 
county which is not well adapted to farming. 
White river in the center, the Mississinewa in 
the north and Buck creek are the principal 
streams in the county. 

Organization. — Delaware county was organ- 
ized January 18, 1827, and becoming effective 
April 21 of that year. It was so named from 
its having been long the home of the largest di- 
vision of the Delaware tribe of Indians who had 
migrated here from their eastern home. The 
county seat of Delaware county was first called 
"Munseytown" and was named after the old 
Indian chief who lived in Delaware county. This 
was the home of the Prophet, brother of the 
Indian Chief Tecumseh, and until it fell by decay 
here stood the post at which he caused his ene- 
mies, whites and Indians, to be tortured. It was 
through the influence of David Conner, an In- 
dian trader, who was the first white man to set- 
tle in Delaware county, that the tribe ceased to 
use the post. 

Population of Delaware county in 1890 was 
30,131 ; in 1900 was 49,624, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 51,414. of 
which 1.199 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 12,913 families in the county and 12,530 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 



twelve townships in Delaware county: Center, 
Delaware, Hamilton, Harrison, Liberty, Monroe, 
Mt. Pleasant, Niles, Perry, Salem, Union and 
Washington. The incorporated cities and towns 
are Muncie, Albany, Eaton, Gaston, Normal 
City, Riverside and Selma. Muncie is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Delaware county 
was $12,858,475, value of improvements was 
$8,036,675 and the total net value of taxables was 
$32,750,000. There were 9,516 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 430 miles of 
improved roads in Delaware county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $743,435. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
124.70 miles of steam railroad operated in Dela- 
ware county by the Central Indiana : C. & O. ; 
Chicago, Indiana & Eastern ; Indianapolis divi- 
sion and the Muncie belt of the Big Four ; Fort 
Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Lake Erie & 
Western and Muncie & Western railroads. The 
Indianapolis, New Castle & Eastern Traction 
Company, Muncie & Portland Traction Company 
and the Union Traction Company of Indiana 
operate 67.90 miles of electric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Ernest J. P.lack, county superintendent of Dela- 
ware county, there were ninety-five schoolhouses, 
including ten high schools, in the count}' in 1914, 
employing 330 teachers. The average daily at- 



240 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



tendance by pupils was 8.851. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $215,688.90. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $1,278,600, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $210,815. 

Agriculture. — There were in Delaware county 
in 1910 over 2,900 farms, embraced in 240,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.4 acres. The 
total value of all farm property was $26,000,000, 
showing 77.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $83.19. The 



total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,- 
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $619,- 
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 
84,000, valued at $470,000; sheep 22,000, valued 
at $92,000. The total value of poultry was 
$120,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were 102 industries in 
Muncie, furnishing employment to 4,444 persons. 
Total amount of capital employed, $6,626,626; 
value of products, $9,686,234; value added by 
manufacture, $4,210,467. 




1. Public Library, Muncie. 2. Delaware County Court-House. 3. High School, Muncie. 

4. Post-Office, Muncie. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



241 



DUBOIS COUNTY 



JASPER, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



DUBOIS COUNTY is located in the south- 
ern part of the State. It is bounded on 
the north by Martin and Daviess, on the east by 
Orange and Crawford, on the south by Spencer, 
Perry and Warrick and on the west by Pike and 
Warrick counties. It contains 420 square miles, 
and coal, sandstone, limestone and fire clay are 
mined in parts of the county. The Patoka river 
flows through the county and White river forms 
a part of its northern boundary. 

Organization. — It was organized by legisla- 
tive act December 20, 1817, which became ef- 
fective February 1, 1818. This section was set- 
tled about 1801, and the county was named in 
honor of Toussaint Dubois, a French soldier 
under General William Henry Harrison, who 
lived in Yincennes and who had charge of the 
guards and spies in the Tippecanoe campaign. 
The first county seat of Dubois county was Por- 
tersville. Owing to its location on White river, 
the northern boundary of the county, efforts 
were made at various times in the Legislature 
to have the county seat removed to a more de- 
sirable location. By a supplementary act of the 
Legislature of January 30, 1830, commissioners 
were ordered to meet at Portersville in August, 
1830, and select a new county seat "as near the 
center of the county as possible." The town of 
Jasper was selected as the county seat. The 
record of the commissioners, who selected the 
site of Jasper, was lost in the fire of August, 
1839, which completely destroyed the court-house 
and all records. 

Population of Dubois county in 1890 was 
20,253 ; in 1900 was 20,357, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 19,843, of 
which 699 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,150 families in the county and 4,074 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Dubois county: Bainbridge, 
Boone, Cass, Columbia, Ferdinand, Hall, Harbi- 
son, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Marion and 
Patoka. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Huntingburg, Birds Eye, Ferdinand and Jasper. 
Jasper is the county seat. 



Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Dubois county 
was $3,560,725, value of improvements was 
$1,965,720 and the total net value of taxables was 
$8,847,125. There were 3,291 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were eighty-five 
miles of improved roads in Dubois county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commis- 
sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $183,934.95. 




Academy of the Immaculate Conception, Ferdinand, 
Dubois County. 



Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
62.17 miles of steam railroad operated in Dubois 
county by the Ferdinand Railway Company : 
Southern Railway Company of Indiana, and the 
Evansville branch and French Lick line of the 
Southern Railway Company. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
William Melchier, county superintendent of Du- 
bois county, there were one hundred school- 
houses, including five high schools, in Dubois 
county in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,193. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $66,137.49. Estimated value of school 
property in the county was $171,250, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $21,823. 



16 



242 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Agriculture. — There were in Dubois county 
in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 262,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 117.1 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $10,000,000, 
showing 47.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $25.23. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,- 
000: Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $230,- 
000; horses 6,700, valued at $614,000; hogs 
23,000, valued at $125,000; sheep 5,800, valued 
at $21,000. The total value of poultry was 
$73,000. 

Convent and Academy of the Immaculate 
Conception at Ferdinand, Ind., is conducted by 
the Sisters of St. Benedict. 

The constantly increasing demand for teachers, 
competent in religious and moral training as well 
as in the profane sciences, urged the Benedictine 
Fathers of St. Meinrad's Abbey, to procure Nuns 
of the same order and erect, for them, a convent. 
The town of Ferdinand was selected as a site, 
while the erection and charge thereof was en- 
trusted, by the Rt. Rev. Martin Marty, to the 
zealous young priest and pastor, the Rev. P. 
Chrysostom Foffa, O. S. B., of the St. Ferdinand 
congregation. He obtained four Nuns from St. 
Walburgis Convent, Covington, Ky., as pioneers 
in the undertaking. They arrived at Ferdinand 
August 20, 1867, and took up the work of teach- 
ing the parish school. 

The convent was completed and the little 
chapel within its walls was dedicated December 
8, 1867. 

After a number of postulants had petitioned 
for admission into the new community, the Rt. 
Rev. Martin Marty drew up the Constitutions for 
the government of the sisterhood and appointed 
Rev. P. Chrysostom, O. S. B., spiritual director. 
At the first election held in June, 1872, accord- 
ing to the new Constitution, Sister M. Benedicta 
Berns was elected Prioress. The young commu- 
nity flourished and the parish school of St. Mein- 
rad marked its first mission. In 1872 the Nuns 
purchased sixty-four acres of land, by which 
means they began to provide for themselves the 



necessaries of subsistence. The farm lands be- 
longing to the Convent were gradually increased, 
so that, at present, about 300 acres are in its pos- 
session. 

The growth of the Community and the open- 
ing of a boarding school for girls and young 
ladies rendered the erection of a more spacious 
building necessary. Under the direction of the 
Rev. P. Eberhard Stadler, O. S. B., the successor 
of the Rev. P. Chrysostom, O. S. B., since 1871, 
a new convent began to build in 1883 ; it was com- 
pleted in 1887 at a cost of $80,000. In 1903 a 
large and handsome addition was made to accom- 
modate the ever growing membership, making the 
cost of the convent as it stands to-day more than 
$130,000. 

The chief occupation of the sisters is teaching, 
more extensively, in the parochial schools, which 
number fifty-five. Besides these, they conduct 
twenty-four public schools ; also an academy at 
this place (Ferdinand, Ind.). The last named 
was commissioned as a public high school in 1912, 
and accredited as a teachers' training school in 
1914 by the State Board of Public Instruction. 
The arts of music and painting occupy a promi- 
nent place in the curriculum. At present the num- 
ber of pupils receiving instruction in the various 
branches of learning is 3,500. 

The present number of members in the com- 
munity (175) necessitated the erection of the ad- 
dition now building, the principal parts of which 
are : a chapel, promising to be a monument of art ; 
a conservatory and a library. This, having been 
contemplated for some time, ripened into reality 
under the directorship of the Rev. P. Fintan 
Wiederkehr, O. S. B., and during the administra- 
tion of the Rev. Mother M. Seraphine Kordes, 
O. S. B. 

Jasper College, a department of St. Mein- 
rad's College, for secular students, was estab- 
lished and opened for the reception of students 
on September 12, 1889. It is incorporated under 
the laws of the State of Indiana in conjunction 
with St. Meinrad's College and is empowered to 
confer the usual academic degrees. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



243 



ELKHART COUNTY 



GOSHEN, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



ELKHART COUNTY is located in the 
northern part of the State. It is bounded 
on the north by the State of Michigan, on the 
east by Lagrange and Noble, on the south by 
Kosciusko, and on the west by Marshall and St. 
loseph counties. It contains about 470 square 
miles. Practically all of the county is tillable. 
The Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers run through 
the county and there are several lakes located in 
the northern part of the county, which afford 
splendid fishing. 

Organization. — Elkhart county was organ- 
ized by an act of the Legislature January 29, 
1830, becoming effective April 1, 1830. Elkhart 
county experienced some difficulty in getting its 
county seat permanently located. The commis- 
sioners, named in the organizing act, fixed the 
new county seat at a town known as Dunlap, 
about five miles northwest of the present city of 
Goshen. The ceding of half a tier of townships 
on the west side of the county to St. Joseph 
county made it necessary to choose a more cen- 
tral location. By an act of the Legislature of 
February 10, 1831, the present site of Goshen 
was selected ; the site was at once surveyed and 
platted and the first sale of lots took place June 
20, 1831. 

Goshen College was founded at Elkhart in 
1895, by the members of the Mennonite church, 
who continue to control it. The institution be- 
gan its career in 1895 in the city of Elkhart, 
where it was known as the Elkhart Institute. 
The school was moved to Goshen in 1903. The 
enrolment in 1914 was 425, which was more than 



double that when the first college class was 
graduated ten years ago. The college has a cam- 
pus of ten acres with four buildings and a forty- 
acre farm adjoining the campus. Nearly 5,000 
volumes are in the library. The Mennonite His- 
torical library has been donated by individuals 
and alumni. The normal school has been placed 
upon the accredited list of schools doing Class 
"A" and Class "B" work for the State Board of 
Education. In addition to the regular four-year 
college work, the institution has an academy 
work, which is equivalent to a four years' high 
school course. It has a well organized three 
years' music teachers' course in vocal and in- 
strumental music, and a commercial course. The 
Bible department offers two courses of two years 
each. John E. Hartzler is president of Goshen 
College. 

Population of Elkhart county in 1890 was 
39,201; in 1900 was 45,052, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 49,008, of 
which 2,521 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 12,750 families in the county and 12,419 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
sixteen townships in Elkhart county : Bango, 
Benton, Cleveland, Clinton, Concord, Elkhart, 
Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Locke, Middle- 
bury, Olive, Osolo, Union, Washington and 
York. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Elkhart, Goshen, Bristol, Millersburg, Middle- 
bury, Nappanee and Wakarusa. Goshen is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 




Goshen College, Goshen, Elkhart County. 



244 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Elkhart county 
was $11,905,335; value of improvements was 
$6,825,060, and the total net value of taxables 
was $30,496,930. There were 8,864 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were twenty-six 
miles of improved roads in Elkhart county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commission- 
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $268,000. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
112.93 miles of steam railroad operated in Elk- 
hart county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; C, W. & 
M. ; Elkhart & Western ; L. S. & M. S. ; Sturgis, 
Goshen & St. Louis ; St. Joseph Valley and Wa- 
bash railroads. The Chicago, South Bend & 
Northern Indiana Railway Company, St. Joseph 
Valley Traction Company, Winona Interurban 
Railway Company and the W. I. Railway Com- 
pany operate 50.81 miles of electric lines in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
A. E. Weaver, county superintendent of Elkhart 
county, there were 125 schoolhouses, including 
seven high schools, in the county in 1914, em- 



ploying 309 teachers. The average daily attend- 
ance by pupils was 8,426. The aggregate amount 
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, 
principals and teachers was $197,171.92. Esti- 
mated value of school property in the county 
was $1,070,000, and the total amount of indebt- 
edness, including bonds, was $210,530. 

Agriculture. — There were in Elkhart county 
in 1910 over 3,100 farms embraced in 270,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 84.9 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $26,000,000, 
showing 56.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $66.58. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,500,- 
000: Number of cattle 22,000, valued at $650,- 
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,500,000; hogs 
29,000, valued at $228,000 ; sheep 23,000, valued 
at $100,000. The total value of poultry was 
$100,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910, there were sixty-nine industries 
in Elkhart, furnishing employment to 3,508 per- 
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $5,478,- 
046. Value of products, $6,932,065, value added 
by manufacture, $3,911,492. 

There were over fifty industries in Goshen 
employing more than 1,500 men and women. 



FAYETTE COUNTY 



CONNERSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



FAYETTE COUNTY is located in the sec- 
ond tier of counties southeast of Indianapo- 
lis. It is bounded on the north by Henry and 
Wayne, on the east by Union and Wayne, on the 
south by Franklin and on the west by Rush coun- 
ties. The county is divided nearly in the center 
from north to south by the west fork of the 
White Water, which feeds the canal. The sur- 
face of the country is rolling in the east and 
south and level or gently undulating in the north 
and west, with a large proportion of bottom 
lands and all susceptible of profitable cultivation. 
The county contains 211 square miles. 

Organization. — Fayette county was organ- 
ized December 28, 1818, by an act of the Legis- 
lature which became effective January 1, 1819. 
From its organization, Connersville has been the 



county seat, which was laid out by John Conner 
in 1817, from whom it took its name. Fayette 
county was named in honor of General Lafay- 
ette. 

Population of Fayette county in 1890 was 
12,630; in 1900 was 13,495, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 14,415, of 
which 363 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,761 families in the county and 3,647 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Fayette county : Columbia, 
Connersville, Fairview, Harrison, Jackson, Jen- 
nings, Orange, Posey and Waterloo. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Connersville, East 
Connersville and Glenwood. Connersville is the 
county seat. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



245 




Fayette County Court-House, Connersville. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Fayette county- 
was $5,500,100; value of improvements was 
$2,566,675, and the total net value of taxables 
was $12,429,080. There were 2,888 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were sixty-two 
miles of improved roads in Fayette county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commission- 
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $81,060.67. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
42.05 miles of steam railroad operated in Fayette 
county by the Cincinnati division of C, I. & W. ; 
Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Cambridge 
City branch P., C, C. & St. L., and the White 
Water railroads. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Trac- 
tion Company operates 9.28 miles of electric line 
in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Claude L. Trusler, county superintendent, there 
were thirty-three schoolhouses, including two 
high schools, in Fayette county in 1914, employ- 




Public Library, Connersville. 

ing ninety-four teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 2,348. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $63,974.40. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $313,200, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $99,079. 

Agriculture. — There were in Fayette county 
in 1910 over 1.100 farms embraced in 134,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 119.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was $11,000,000, 
showing 83.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre, $61.55. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,100,000: 
Number of cattle 8.100, valued at $237,000; 
horses 4,700. valued at $470,000; hogs 52,000, 
valued at $333,000; sheep 9,400, valued at $43,- 
000. The total value of poultry was $42,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were 
thirty-five industries in Connersville, employing 
over 1,500 persons. The manufacture of automo- 
biles, springs and axles, rotary blowers and 
pumps, pianos and buggies are the principal in- 
dustries. 



246 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



FLOYD COUNTY 



NEW ALBANY, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



FLOYD COUNTY is located in the southern 
tier of counties on the Ohio river. It is 
bounded on the north by Clark and Washington, 
on the east by Clark and the Ohio river, and on 
the south and west by Harrison counties. It is 
one of the smallest counties in the State contain- 
ing about 150 square miles. A range of hills 
called "The Knobs," from one to three miles in 
width, runs through the county from north to 
south, coming to the Ohio river a short distance 
below New Albany. Although the country is 
much broken, yet north of the hills, the country 
is comparatively level and affords a fine oppor- 
tunity for the raising of crops. South of the hills 
occur the alluvial river terraces, which are very 
fertile because of numerous overflows of the 
Ohio river. Large orchards are found upon the 
slopes of the hills and in the upper strata of the 
Silver Hills limestone of excellent quality has 
been quarried for many years. 

Organization. — Floyd county, which was or- 



ganized by an act of the Legislature January 2, 
1819, and which became effective a month later 
was named after Colonel John Floyd, of the dis- 
tinguished Virginia family of that name, who 
had been killed by the Indians on the opposite 
side of the river. New Albany has been the 
county seat ever since the organization of the 
county, although one effort was made to relocate 
the county seat by an act of the Legislature Jan- 
uary 10, 1823. 

Population of Floyd county in 1890 was 
29,458; in 1900 was 30,118, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 30,293. of 
which 1,233 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,433 families in the county and 7,049 
dwellings. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Floyd county was 
$4,541,515; value of improvements was $4,301,- 




Falls of the Ohio Between New Albany and Jeffersonville. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



247 



305, and the total net value of taxables was $12,- 
693,190. There were 3,304 polls in the count}-. 

Improved Roads. — There were thirty-eight 
miles of improved roads in Floyd county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commission- 
ers January 1. 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $160,440. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
five townships in Floyd county : Franklin, 
Georgetown, Greenville, Lafayette and New Al- 
bany. The incorporated cities and towns are New 
Albany. Georgetown, Greenville and Silver 
Grove. New Albany is the county seat of Floyd 
county. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
23.26 miles of steam railroad operated in Floyd 
county by the Louisville division B. & O. South- 
western ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; K. 
& I. Terminal ; New Albany branch P., C, C. & 
St. L., and the Southern Railway Company of 
Indiana. The Louisville & Northern Railway and 
Lighting Company, Louisville & Southern Indi- 
ana Traction Company, and the New Albany 
Street Railway Company operate 11.24 miles of 
electric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Glenn Y. Scott, county superintendent of Floyd 
county, there were fifty-four schoolhouses, in- 
cluding two high schools, in Floyd county in 
1914, employing 157 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 4,197. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $87,987.12. 




Floyd County Lourt-House, New Albany. 

Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $383,927, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $43,500. 

Agriculture. — There were in Floyd county 
in 1910 over 1,200 farms embraced in 80,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 66.4 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $4,400,000, 
showing 38.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre, $33.60. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $395,000: 
Number of cattle 4,700, valued at $117,000; 
horses 2,300, valued at $213,000; hogs 3,700, 
valued at $25,000; sheep 658, valued at $2,100. 
The total value of poultry was $24,000. 

Industrial. — According to the Linked States 
Census of 1910, there were ninety-five industries 
in New Albany, furnishing employment to 2,135 
persons. Total amount of capital employed, 
$3,565,968. Value of products, $3,492,530, value 
added by manufacture, $1,606,057. 



FOUNTAIN COUNTY 



COVINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



Fl (UNTAIN COUNTY is located in the 
western part of the State and is bounded on 
the north and west by Warren and Vermilion 
counties, on the east by Tippecanoe and Mont- 
gomery and on the south by Park counties. The 
Wabash river flows along its entire north and 
west border. The county contains about 400 
square miles, its surface being mostly level and 
admirably adapted to agriculture and cattle rais- 
ing. Some coal mining is done in the county. 
According to the mine inspectors' report for the 



fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, 19,710 
tons of coal were mined in the county. 

Organization. — The county was organized 
December 31, 1825, becoming effective April 1, 
1826, with Covington as the county seat, which 
was chosen by the locating commissioners, who 
made their report July 25, 1826. As Covington 
was located on the W "abash river, which forms 
the boundary between Warren ami Vermilion 
counties, there was an agitation started in the 
latter part of the twenties to move the county 



248 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



seat to a more central location, with the result 
that the Legislature appointed locating commis- 
sioners on January 29, 1831, to investigate the 
question of relocation. The commissioners unani- 
mously agreed that the town of Covington remain 
the permanent seat of justice of the county. 
Again in 1851, another effort was made to move 
the county seat from Covington to Chambers- 
burg, which failed, and in 1870 and 1871 Vee- 
dersburg tried to get a bill through the Legisla- 
ture to secure the seat of justice. 

Fountain county was so named in memory of 
Major Fountain of Kentucky, who was killed at 
the head of the mounted militia at the battle on 
the Maumee near Fort Wayne in 1790. 

Population of Fountain county in 1890 was 
19,558; in 1900 was 21,446, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,439, of 
which 412 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,258 families in the county and 5,117 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Fountain county : Cain, 
Davis, Fulton, Jackson, Logan, Mill Creek, Rich- 
land, Shawnee, Troy, Van Buren and Wabash. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Attica. 
Covington, Veedersburg, Hillsboro, Kingman, 
Mellott, Newtown and Wallace. Covington is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 




the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Fountain county 
was $8,642,635 ; value of improvements was 
$2,227,710, and the total net value of taxables 
was $15,347,085. There were 3,425 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 320 miles of 
improved roads in Fountain county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $527,430.50. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
90.03 miles of steam railroads operated in Foun- 
tain county by the Brazil division of C. & E. I. ; 
western division P. & E. ; Toledo, St. Louis & 
Western ; Wabash railroad, and the Attica, Cov- 
ington & Southern branch of the Wabash rail- 
road. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Man ford F. Livengood, county superintendent 
of Fountain county, there were sixty school- 
houses, including eight high schools, in Fountain 
county in 1914, employing 160 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,571. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $82,435.92. Estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $332,600, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$116,057. 

Agriculture. — There were in Fountain county 
in 1910 over 2,000 farms em- 
braced in 240.000 acres. Aver- 
age acres per farm, 114.8 acres. 
The value of all farm property 
was over $25,000,000. showing 
94.3 per cent, increase over 1900. 
The average value of land per 
acre was $81.05. The total value 
of domestic animals was over 
$2,100,000: Number of cattle 
12,000, valued at $407,000; 
horses 10.000, valued at $1,100,- 
000; hogs 55,000, valued at 
$414,000; sheep 17,000, valued 
at $81,000. The total value of 
poultry was $78,000. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



249 



FRANKLIN COUNTY 



BROOKVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



FRANKLIN COUNTY is located in the east- 
ern part of the State, bordering on the State 
of Ohio. It is bounded on the north by Fayette 
and Union, on the south by Ripley and Dearborn, 
and on the west by Decatur and Rush counties. 
It contains an area of 394 square miles. The 
topography of the country is rolling, except in 
the extreme eastern part. The White Water river 
is the largest stream that flows diagonally from 
the northwest to the southeast. The best agricul- 
tural regions of the county are in the bottom 
lands of the White Water and the level lands east 
and north of the White Water Valley. Olden- 
burg is located in this county and is noted for its 
Catholic institutions. The Academy of the Im- 
maculate Conception is located here as well as a 
great monastery. 

The Whitewater Valley. — The Whitewater 
region, comprising the valley of the Whitewater 
river with its two branches, extends from the 
Ohio river northward for nearly half the length 
of the State, with a width varying from twelve 
to twenty-five miles. In pioneer times it was 
familiarly known as "The Whitewater," and the 



frequency with which it is alluded to in the local 
literature of those days reveals its then impor- 
tance. 

This territory has, indeed, claims to distinc- 
tion. There, it may be said, Indiana practically 
had her beginnings. There lay the first strip of 
land that marked, in Indiana, the oncoming tide 
of the white man's progress westward — the first 
overlap from Ohio, which grew, cession by ces- 
sion, west and north. There sprang up some of 
our most important early centers of population 
— Lawrenceburg, Brookville, Connersville, Rich- 
mond and others ; there resided at one time or 
another a remarkable number of men who have 
made their impress upon the State's history or 
on the world at large, and thence came waves 
of migration that have spread over the State. 
This immigration has supplied an important ele- 
ment of the population in not a few localities. 
Indianapolis, for example, in her first days was 
so nearly made up of people from Whitewater 
and Kentucky that a political division, it is said, 
sprang up along the sectional line, and these two 
classes were arrayed against each other in the 





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View of Oldenburg, Franklin County, showing the Monastery, and the Convent and Academy of the 

Immaculate Conception. 



250 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



first local campaign, with Whitewater leading. 
Long after that they continued to come from the 
cities mentioned above and intervening localities, 
and the number at the capital to-day who look 
back to the Whitewater as their old home is sur- 
prisingly large. Madison, also, in her growing, 
hopeful days drew good blood from this center ; 
and over the State generally and beyond the bor- 
ders the same is true. 

Of the men of mark who have hailed from the 
Whitewater, Brookville and Franklin county 
alone lay claim to perhaps half a hundred, the 
most notable of whom I find named and classi- 
fied as follows in the columns of a Brookville 
paper : 

Governors. — James B. Ray, Noah Noble, Will- 




McKendrie M. E. Church, near Brookville. 

iam Wallace and Abraham Hammond, governors 
of Indiana ; Will Cumback, lieutenant-governor 
of Indiana ; Lew Wallace, governor of New 
Mexico; John P. St. John, governor of Kansas; 
Stephen S. Harding, governor of Utah ; J. Wal- 
lace, governor of Wyoming, nominated for gov- 
ernor of Indiana but defeated ; J. A. Matson, 
Whig, and C. C. Matson. Democrat, father and 
son. 

United States Senators. — Jesse B. Thomas, 
from Illinois; James Noble and Robert Hanna, 
from Indiana ; John Henderson, from Missis- 
sippi. 

Cabinet Officers, Foreign Ministers, etc. — 
James B. Tyner, postmaster general ; James S. 
Clarkson, assistant postmaster general ; Lew 
Wallace, minister to Turkey ; Edwin Terrell, 
minister to Belgium ; George Hitt, vice-consul to 
London ; L. T. Mitchener, attorney-general of 
Indiana. 



Supreme Judges. — Isaac Blackford, John T. 
McKinney and Stephen C. Stephens. It is cited 
as the most remarkable instance on record that 
in these three men Brookville had at one time 
the entire Supreme Bench of Indiana. 

Writers, Educators and Ministers. — Lew Wal- 
lace, Maurice Thompson (born in the county), 
Joaquin Miller (born in the county), and a dozen 
or more of local fame ; J. P. D. John, president 
De Pauw University ; William M. Dailey, presi- 
dent Indiana University ; L. D. Potter, president 
Glendale College ; R. B. Abbott, president Al- 
bert Lea College; Charles N. Sims, chancellor 
Syracuse University; S. A. Lattimore, professor 
of chemistry, Rochester University ; E. A. Bar- 
ber, professor in University of Nebraska; C. W. 
Hargitt, professor in Syracuse University ; Fran- 
cis A. Shoup, professor in University of Missis- 
sippi ; J. H. Martin, president Moores Hill Col- 
lege ; Rev. T. A. Goodwin, Rev. Charles N. Sims 
and Rev. Francis A. Shoup. 

Art. — William M. Chase, painter ; Hiram Pow- 
ers, sculptor. 

Science. — James B. Eads, civil engineer, con- 
structor of the great bridge at St. Louis, and of 
the jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river; 
Amos W. Butler, ornithologist and ethnologist, 
now secretary of the State Board of Charities. 

Military and Naval Officers. — Gen. Lew Wal- 
lace, Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, Gen. Francis 
A. Shoup, Gen. Joseph E. Johnson, Gen. P. A. 
Hackleman, Oliver H. Glisson, rear admiral, and 
William L. Herndon, commander U. S. N. 

A few of the above, perhaps, had but slight re- 
lations with this region, but allowing for this the 
output of able men is still remarkably large. If, 
from Franklin county we look northward to Con- 
nersville, Centerville and Richmond, we find 
other men whose services and fame are well 
known within the State, and in not a few in- 
stances far beyond its borders. In this galaxy 
are Oliver P. Morton, George W. Julian, Oliver 
H. Smith, Caleb B. Smith, Charles H. Test, 
James Rariden, Samuel W. Parker, Samuel K. 
Hoshour, and other men notable for caliber. 
Many of these were gathered at Centerville dur- 
ing the time it was the seat of justice of Wayne 
county, but with the removal of the courts to 
Richmond they dispersed, a good proportion of 
these finding their way to Indianapolis, beckoned 



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o 

c 



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252 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY WD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



thither, doubtless, by the promise of a larger 
field for their talents. 

The shiftings of the prominent men to and 
from the Whitewater are, indeed, something of 
an index to its fluctuating fortunes. Thus many 
of the more notable names of Brookville were 
identified with it only during brief eras of pros- 
perity induced by extraneous causes, and when 
these lapsed those who were on the track of op- 
portunities sought pastures new. For example, 
one of the most flourishing periods in the history 
of the town began in 1820, when the lands of the 
interior of the State, as far north as the Wabash, 
were thrown open and the land office established 
at Brookville. As all purchasers of lands in this 
vast new tract visited the land office, not only 




Old State Bank Building, Brookville. One of the 
first banks in the State. 

with their purchase money but with the pre- 
sumable surplus of travelers, the great impetus 
to the town's prosperity and growth may easily 
be conceived. For five years, fed by the visiting 
thousands, the place throve, and the men who 
were drawn thither made it a political and intel- 
lectual center. Then the question of removing 
the office to Indianapolis, as a more central loca- 
tion, was agitated. It was bitterly opposed by 
Brookville citizens, who had an unconcealed con- 
tempt for the little insignificant "capital in the 
woods, buried in miasmatic solitude and sur- 
rounded," as James Brown Ray said in one of his 
pompous speeches, "by a boundless contiguity of 
shade." Nevertheless, the despised and ague- 
ridden capital got the land office ; the fortune 
seekers of Brookville betook themselves else- 
where like migrating birds, and then followed a 
period of sorry decadence, during which houses 



over town stood vacant and dilapidated ; all busi- 
ness languished ; money became all but extinct, 
and there was a reversion to the communistic 
method of exchanging goods for goods, or goods 
for labor. 

This paralysis lay on Brookville and the sur- 
rounding county until the schemes for the inter- 
nal improvement, agitated throughout the twen- 
ties and for one-half of the third decade, began 
to take definite and practical shape. About 1833, 
according to Mr. T. A. Goodwin, there was a 
revival of life in the Whitewater; people began 
to paint their houses and mend their fences, and 
deserted houses began to fill up. The internal 
improvement act of 1836 provided for the con- 
struction of "the Whitewater canal, commenc- 
ing on the west branch of the Whitewater river, 
at the crossing of the National road, thence pass- 
ing down the valley of the same to the Ohio 
river, at Lawrenceburg, and extending up the 
said west branch of the Whitewater above the 
National road as may be practicable." This was 
a promise of commercial prosperity and a new 
lease of life to the Whitewater region. The day 
that the contracts were let at Brookville for 
building the various sections of the canal there 
was a grand jollification — speech-making, dinner, 
toasts and all the rest ; and a like enthusiasm pre- 
vailed in all the valley. Towns sprang up along 
the proposed route and lay in wait, and as the 
canal, crawling northward, reached them, suc- 
cessively, making one and then another the head 
of navigation, each flourished and had its day, 
drawing to itself the wheat and hogs and other 
agricultural exports from the inlying country for 
many miles east, north and west. This great 
trade, of course, always sought the nearest point 
of shipment, and so Brookville, Metamora, Lau- 
rel, Connersville and Cambridge City were, in 
turn, receiving ports and reaped the benefits of 
traffic. The people on the east branch, not to be 
outdone by their neighbors on the west, also 
strove energetically for a canal between Brook- 
ville and Richmond that should promote the de- 
velopment of this valley, and, though the work- 
was never completed, much labor and money 
was expended upon it. 

The old canal days are a distinct era in the 
history of our State. The younger generation 
knows little about them, but many a reminis- 
cence might be picked up of the merchant fleets 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



253 



of the Whitewater and the idyllic journeyings up 
and down the beautiful valley by packet. This 
order of things, which continued about thirty 
years, was maintained in the face of serious dis- 
couragements, for the Whitewater river, one of 
the swiftest streams in the State, is subject to 
violent freshets, and these have repeatedly dam- 
aged the canal, effectually stopping traffic and 
entailing heavy expenses in repairs. The great 
flood of 1847 all but ruined the ditch, and 
scarcely was this recovered from when another 
proved almost as disastrous. Besides these 
checks on traffic, untold thousands of dollars 
have been lost by the sweeping away of mills 
and other property, and in the opinion of many 
old citizens, these disheartening losses have 
caused much of the exodus from the valley. 

The lower part of the Whitewater valley, with 
Brookville as its center, lies to-day aloof from 
the trunk railway lines that have been the great 
determining factor in the development of the 
country. But if it lacks the bustle and growth 
of some other newer sections of the State, it has 
another and different attraction — the attraction 
of great natural beauty of landscape combined 
with quiet idyllic charm and pleasing reminders 
of the past. The disused bed of the old White- 
water Canal and its crumbling stone locks are 
grown with grass. Grass grows in the peaceful 
thoroughfares in and about the villages of Laurel 
and Metamora, and in these villages and in 
Brookville quaint and weatherworn houses speak 
of a past generation of builders. Our artists 
have already discovered the picturesqueness of 
the region, and some of Indiana's abundant lit- 
erary talent might well find inspiration here be- 
fore it is too late. — Geo. S. Cottman. 

Organization. — Franklin county was the 
sixth county organized in Indiana. It was named 
in honor of Benjamin Franklin and its organiza- 
tion became effective February 1, 1811. It was 
formed from Dearborn and Clark counties in 
conformity with the legislative act of November 
27, 1810. Brookville, which had previously been 
organized, was made the county seat. The or- 
ganization of Fayette and Union counties in 1819 
and 1821 greatly reduced the area of Franklin 
county. 

Population of Franklin county in 1890 was 
18,366; in 1900 was 16,388, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 15,335, of 



which 681 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,684 families in the county and 3,622 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Franklin county : Bath, 
Bloomington Grove, Brookville, Butler, Fairfield. 
Highland, Laurel, Aletamora, Posey, Ray, Salt 
Creek, Springfield and White Water. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Brookville, Cedar 
Grove, Laurel, Mt. Carmel, and Oldenburg. 
Brookville is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Franklin county 
was $4,349,965 ; value of improvements was 




Little Cedar Baptist Church, near Brookville, Building 
Completed in 1812. 

$1,954,370, and the total net value of taxables 
was $9,441,250. There were 2.389 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 178 miles of 
improved roads in Franklin county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1914. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $129,796. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There arc 
37.93 miles of steam railroad operated in Frank 
lin county by the C. & O. ; Chicago. division of the 
Big Four, and the White Water railroads. 

Educational. — According to the biennial re- 
port of T. J. McCarty, county superintendent, 
there were eighty-four schoolhouses, including 
eight high schools, in Franklin county in 1913- 
1914, employing 101 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 2,265. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 



254 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Convent and Academy of the Immaculate Conception, Oldenburg, Franklin County. 



pervisors, principals and teachers was $48,017.15 ; 
estimated value of school property in the county 
was $124,685, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $31,190. There is one 
parochial school, enrolling 183 pupils and em- 
ploying four teachers. This school is conducted in 
a new modern brick building containing class 
rooms, basement with gymnasium, reading rooms 
and the largest hall in the city of Brookville. 

Agriculture. — There were in Franklin county 
in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 240,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 113.9 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $12,000,000, 
showing 69.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre, $32.65. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,400,000: 
Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $357,000; 
horses 6,700, valued at $650,000; hogs 42,000, 
valued at $272,000; sheep 15,000, valued at $65,- 
000. The total value of poultry was $73,000. 

Convent of the Immaculate Conception, con- 
ducted by Sisters of St. Francis of the Third 
Order Regular, Oldenburg, Ind. 

The founder of the Oldenburg convent and 
academy was the sainted Rev. Francis Joseph 
Rudolf. He was ordained priest August 10, 1839, 
at Strasburg, Alsace, and in 1842 came to the 
United States as missionary. On January, 6, 1851, 
the first steps were taken toward the foundation 
of a teaching community, with the auspicious aid 
of Sister M. Theresa, who volunteered to bid 
farewell to her convent in Vienna, Austria, to 
serve God in the wild West. She landed in New 
York in January, 1851. This saintly maiden 
formed the corner-stone of the Oldenburg con- 
vent, and became its first superior general, under 



the title of "Mother." The old convent was re- 
constructed in 1899-1901. 

The community advanced steadily, though 
often under great difficulties, opening new 
schools from year to year, until now it numbers 
seventy-three mission schools, in which 13,500 
children are educated. These schools are located 
mainly in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky and 
Kansas. These great achievements are due to 
the sainted founders and their worthy successors 
who continued the good work. Among the latter 
ranks the present Mother General Olivia, sec- 
onded by her energetic counsel and devoted sub- 
jects. 

The Academy of the Immaculate Concep- 
tion, Oldenburg, Ind. — The foundation of the 
academy is so closely connected with the convent 
that its history is virtually contained in that of the 
convent or Mother house. The Mother General 
always has been, and still is its president, with the 
directress as vice-president. 

The academy's beginning was lowly as that of 
the convent. The first boarders, attending a fall 
and winter session, had their first quarters in 
the convent, and only in 1859 was a special two- 
story brick building erected for the academy stu- 
dents. This was replaced by a handsome, exten- 
sive three-story structure in 1863. Later, in 1876, 
the conservatory of music was added to the 
academy building. This building, with occasional 
later improvements, still continues its efficient 
service, as does the north addition of the convent, 
the only buildings not contained in the great re- 
construction of 1899-1901. The new convent 
church, a veritable gem of architectural beauty, 
had been built in 1890. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



255 



The newly erected edifices rank among the best 
in the State. The efficiency of this school has 
been recognized by the Indiana State Board of 
Education, and its Normal department has been 



accredited by the State Teachers' Training 
Board, and it is affiliated with the Catholic Uni- 
versity of America, Washington, D. C, and the 
University of Cincinnati. 



FULTON COUNTY 



ROCHESTER, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



FULTON COUNTY is located in the north- 
ern part of the State and is bounded on the 
north by Marshall, on the east by Kosciusko. 
Wabash and Miami, on the south by Cass and 
Miami, and on the west by Pulaski counties. It 
contains 350 square miles. A ridge of small, 
rugged hills, from one to two miles in width, ex- 
tend along the north bank of the Tippecanoe 
through the county. With this exception, the face 
of the county is level or undulating. There are 
numerous lakes in the county, which abound 
with game fish of almost every variety. The most 
important lake in the county is Manitou, which 
lies one mile southeast of Rochester, the county 
seat. According to a late survey by H. B. Hol- 
man, the area of the lake is 886.75 acres, making 
it the eighth in size of Indiana lakes. When 
and how the lake was given its name is a matter 
of conjecture, for it was called "Manitou" by the 
Indians before the white settlers came. Jacob P. 
Dunn, in his book, entitled "True Indian Stories," 
says : "Manitou Lake in Fulton county. This is 
the Potawatomi mah-nee-to — the Miami form be- 
ing mah-nat-o-wah — and refers to a supernatural 
monster said to inhabit the lake. Mah-nee-to 
signifies merely a spirit, and good or bad quali- 
ties are indicated by adjectives." Some writers 



state that probably the lake received its name 
through the fact that unusually large spoon-bill 
catfish were in early days caught in the lake and 
that these were the monsters thought by the In- 
dians to be the spirits. 

The first white men to enter this vicinity found 
five small basins of water, separated by low 
marshes, in most places, while at some the ground 
was high enough to permit farming, which was 
being done by some of the Pottawatomie In- 
dians, then residing here. The first dam, at the 
outlet into the Tippecanoe river was built by the 
United States government in 1830. Between 1836 
and 1840 the Indians were removed from this vi- 
cinity to a place reserved for them west of the 
Mississippi river and the dam was discontinued. 
A little later, however, another dam was built 
farther down the stream at the town site of 
Rochester, then just laid out and plotted. Later, 
about 1850, the dam was rebuilt at the lake and 
the water raised as a reservoir, the water being 
taken from the lake by an artificial race to the 
mill at Rochester. No use is made at the present 
time of the water power at the lake, but through 
the old mill race or canal, leading to Rochester, 
is drawn the supply for the city water works. 

Organization. — Fulton county w r as organ- 




Colonial Park. 



Lake Manitou. 



Wolf Point. 



256 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ized February 4, 1836, and named in honor of 
Robert Fulton, the inventor of the steamboat. 
Rochester was selected by the locating commis- 
sioners the second Monday of June, 1836, as the 
county seat, after examining several places. 

Population of Fulton county in 1890 was 
16,746; in 1900 was 17,453, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 16,879, of 
which 251 were of foreign white birth. There 
were 4,347 families in the county and 4,258 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eight townships in Fulton county : Aubbeenaub- 
bee, Henry, Liberty, Newcastle, Richland, 
Rochester, Union and Wayne. The incorporated 
cities and towns are Rochester, Fulton, Akron, 
and Kewanna. Rochester is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Fulton county 
was $7,787,195; value of improvements was 
$2,081,965, and the total net value of taxables 
was $13,612,700. There were 2,722 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were eighty-seven 
miles of improved roads in Fulton county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commission- 
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding. $86,739.20. 



Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
77.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Fulton 
county by the C. & O. ; C. & E. ; Indianapolis, 
Michigan City division of L. E. & W., and the 
Michigan division of the Vandalia railroads. The 
Winona Interurban Railway Company operates 
6.49 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Henry L. Becker, county superintendent of Ful- 
ton county, there were 73 schoolhouses, including 
eight high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- 
ing 155 teachers. The average daily attendance by 
pupils was 37,925. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- 
cipals and teachers was $71,128.26. Estimated 
value of school property in the county was 
$366,050, and the total amount of indebtedness, 
including bonds, was $140,190. 

Agriculture. — There were in Fulton county 
in 1910 over 2,300 farms embraced in 221,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 94.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000. 
showing 80.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre, $59.96. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,800,000: 
Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $500,000; 
horses 8,800, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 32,000, 
valued at $208,000 ; sheep 24,000, valued at $100,- 
000. The total value of poultry in Fulton county 
was $100,000. 



GIBSON COUNTY 



PRINCETON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



GIBSON COUNTY is located in the south- 
western part of the State and is bounded 
on the north by Knox, on the east by Pike and 
Warrick, on the south by Warrick, Vanderburg 
and Posey and on the west by the Wabash river, 
separating it from the State of Illinois. It con- 
tains 450 square miles of the richest land in the 
State. In parts of the county, the soil is a sandy 
loam which produces the finest melons and can- 
telopes. All of the surface land is comparatively 
level and all being suitable for agriculture and 
orchards. A part of the county has three veins 
of good coal, and oil and gas have been found in 
paying quantities. According to the report of the 



State mine inspector for the fiscal year ending 
September 30, 1914, there were four mines in 
operation under his jurisdiction that produced 
251,379 tons of coal. « 

Organization. — Gibson county was organ- 
ized April 1, 1813, the same year that the capital 
of the territory was moved to Corydon. The 
county was named in honor of General John Gib- 
son, secretary of the territory from 1801-16, and 
repeatedly acting governor of the territory in the 
absence of General Harrison. He had been taken 
prisoner in early life by the Indians, and con- 
tinued among them for many years and was fa- 
miliar with their language and usages. It was to 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



257 



him that the celebrated speech of the Indiana 
chief Logan was made. Princeton has always 
been the county seat of Gibson and was named in 
honor of Judge William Prince, who represented 
the first congressional district in Congress in 
1823-25. 

Population of Gibson county in 1890 was 
24,920; in 1900 was 30,099, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 30,137, of 
which 518 were of white foreign birth. There 



$3,686,615, and the total net value of taxablcs 
was $18,814,375. There were 4,938 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 241 miles of 
improved roads in Gibson county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
l t 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $557,358. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
89.77 miles of steam railroad operated in Gibson 




Hazelton Ferry on White River between Gibson and Knox Counties. 



were 7,119 families in the county and 6,977 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Gibson county: Barton, Center, 
Columbia, Johnson, Montgomery, Patoka, Union, 
Wabash, Washington and White River. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Princeton, Fort 
Branch, Francisco, Hazelton, Oakland City, 
Owensville and Patoka. Princeton is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Gibson county 
was $10,166,355 ; value of improvements was 



county by the Evansville & Indianapolis; Evans- 
ville division of the C. & E. I. ; Mount Vernon 
branch of the C. & E. I. ; Evansville, Mount Car- 
mel & Northern division of the Big Four ; Peori i 
division of the Illinois Central, and the Southern 
Railway Company of Indiana. The Public Utili- 
ties Company operate 17.79 miles of electric line 
in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Wilbur F. Fisher, county superintendent of Gib- 
son county, there were 120 schoolhouses, includ- 
ing ten high schools, in Gibson county in 1914, 
employing 239 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 5,636. The aggregat 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 



Yi 



258 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



pervisors, principals and teachers was $126,- 
685.54. The estimated value of school property 
in the county was $455,600, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $102,200 
for school purposes. 

Agriculture. — There were in Gibson county 
in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 270,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 94.8 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $21,000,000, 
showing 73.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre, $59.59. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $2,000,000: 
Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $350,000; 
horses 10,000, valued at $980,000; hogs 45,000, 
valued at $250,000; sheep 13,000, valued at $58,- 
000. The total value of poultry was $87,000. 

Oakland City College is the final outgrowth 
of an effort on the part of the General Baptist 
denomination, a body of Liberal Baptists, to 
found an institution of learning in the Mississippi 
valley. After several previous efforts the pres- 
ent organization was incorporated in 1885. A 
beautiful campus of native oaks in the west edge 
of the town of Oakland City was donated by 
Colonel W. M. Cockrum, and the building was 
begun. After a long period of hard struggle, 
owing to the lack of financial strength, the build- 



ing was completed, and schools opened in 1891. 
Since its beginning the college has enjoyed a 
growth, not rapid but constant, and has been 
gradually enlarging its equipment and scope of 
work. It now has the following departments : 
Preparatory, Collegiate, Normal, Theological, 
Vocational, Music and Art. It is partially en- 
dowed, having been the recipient of several gifts, 
including some 400 acres of land. The plans are 
practically completed by which it is to receive 
during the present year, through the generosity 
of a friend, a special building, 40 by 300 feet and 
two stories high, which is to be the future home 
of the entire vocational department. This will 
make possible the realization of a dream to give 
to this immediate territory a needed service in 
practical education along the lines of agriculture, 
orcharding, dairying, poultry, domestic science, 
and such other things as will meet the commu- 
nity's needs. 

W. P. Dearing, just then graduating from the 
college at the age of twenty, and being the first 
graduate of the institution, was in 1895 chosen 
dean of the college and placed in actual charge 
of the institution. Eight years later he was pro- 
moted to the presidency, which position he is still 
holding. 



GRANT COUNTY 



MARION, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



GRANT COUNTY is located in the third 
tier of counties northeast of Indianapolis 
and is bounded on the north by Wabash and 
Huntington, on the east by Wells and Blackford, 
on the south by Delaware and Madison and on 
the west by Miami, Howard and Tipton coun- 
ties. It contains 418 square miles and a consid- 
erable part of Grant county lies in the bounds of 
the Miami Reserve. Here, on the banks of the 
Mississinewa river, formerly lived Menshinge- 
mesia and his ancestors, and the battle of Mis- 
sissinewa between the reds and whites was 
fought here in primitive days. On the west bank 
of this river is located the Marion branch of the 
National Soldiers' Home, just beyond the south- 
ern limits of the city of Marion. Several notable 
educational institutions are located in the county, 



notably Marion Normal College, Taylor Univer- 
sity at Upland and the Wesleyan Theological 
Seminary and the Fairmount Academy at Fair- 
mount. 

Organization. — Grant county was formally 
organized April 1, 1831, and was named in honor 
of Captain Samuel Grant and Moses Grant, who 
were killed in 1789 in a battle with the Indians 
near the creek, since called by their name in the 
northeast part of Switzerland county. Marion 
was selected as the county seat during the sum- 
mer of 1831, and the first lots were sold on the 
first Monday in November. The first court-house 
was not erected until three years later. 

National Soldiers' Home. — In 1890 Congress 
passed an act establishing a branch of the Na- 
tional Soldiers' Home at Marion, which was se- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



259 



cured mainly through the efforts of George W. 
Steele, member of Congress from the Marion 
district, who served as superintendent of the 
home until the spring of 1915. The home is 
located on a beautiful rolling tract of land cover- 
ing about 250 acres, about two and a half miles 
southeast of the city of Marion. It is bordered 
on the east and south by the Mississinewa river. 
About 1,500 veterans are cared for here. 

Population of Grant county in 1890 was 
31,493; in 1900 was 54,693, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 51,426, of 
which 1,722 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 12,676 families in the county and 12,332 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Grant county : Center, 
Fairmount, Franklin, Green, Jefferson. Liberty, 
Mill, Monroe, Pleasant, Richland, Sims, Van 
Buren and Washington. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Gas City, Marion, Fairmount, 
Fowlerton, Jonesboro, Matthews, Swayzee, Up- 
land and Van Buren. Marion is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Grant county was 
$12,175,800, value of improvements was $6,544,- 
725 and the total net value of taxables was $30,- 
235,865. There were 8,075 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 900 miles of 
improved roads in Grant county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $857,583.06. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 



122.42 miles of steam railroad operated in Grant 
county by the C. & O. ; C, W. & M. ; C, I. & E. ; 
Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L., 
and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroads. 
The Indiana Railway & Light Company, Marion. 
Bluffton & Eastern Traction Company, and the 
Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 
58.60 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Charles H. Terrell, county superintendent of 
Grant county, there were 138 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding nine high schools, in Grant county in 
1914, employing 327 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 8,416. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $193,658. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $946,500, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $132,825. 

Agriculture. — There were in Grant county in 
.1910 over 2,800 farms, embraced in 240,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $30,000,000, 
showing 106.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $92.32. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,800.- 
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $630,- 
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 
95,000, valued at $570,000 ; sheep 27,000, valued 
at $119,000. The value of poultry was $111,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were eighty-nine industries 
in Marion, furnishing employment to 2,610 per- 
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $3,933,- 
723; value of products, $4,442,116; value added 
by manufacture. $2,118,513. 



mil if r u| iii iii • intiiijuinjni «;»• 

jgiffiMfc .~~ja**~~ i -* J Tp£liEf ' 

■»-4.-.'.U». , 5V«i-- v-, r.'l^.r-3B!l J »- 




National Soldiers' Home, Marion. 



260 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



GREENE COUNTY 



BLOOMFIELD, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



GREENE COUNTY is located in the south- 
western part of the State and is bounded 
on the north by Clay and Owen, on the east by 
Monroe and Lawrence, on the south by Martin, 
Daviess and Knox and on the west by Sullivan 
counties. It has an area of 535 square miles. 
The eastern part of the county is rough and 
broken, extending into the limestone region. In- 
dian, Doans, Plummer, Richland and Beech 
creeks drain this section. White river drains the 
central part and the west fork of White river 
flows entirely across the county. The coal fields 
are located in the western section. According to 
the report of the State Mine Inspector for the 
fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were 
nineteen mines in operation in the county under 
his jurisdiction, which produced 2,388,182 tons 
of coal. Agriculture and fruit raising is carried 
on extensively in the central part of the county. 
Organization. — The organization of Greene 



county was made effective February 5, 1821. 
The county was named in honor of General 
Nathaniel Greene, one of the heroes of the revo- 
lution. The first county seat was located at 
Burlington. The site had been selected by the 
locating commissioners March 10, 1821, and the 
land had been donated by Thomas Bradford, 
Frederick Shepherd and Zebulon Hague. The 
county seat remained here until 1824, when it 
became necessary to find a new location, for the 
reason that an adequate supply of water was not 
obtainable at this point. Peter C. Van Slyke, a 
wealthy landowner, offered to donate the land 
for the location of the new county seat, which 
the commissioners accepted, and Bloomfield came 
into being. The first sale of lots was set for 
April 22, 1824, and a log court-house built that 
summer of "hewed logs, 26 by 20 feet, one story 
and a half high, with one door and one window, 
with twelve lights in it (8 by 16) in the lower 




Bridge Over Richland Creek Near Bloomfield, Greene County, on the Illinois Central Railroad. 

highest bridge in United States. Height, 158 feet. 



Third 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



261 



story, with a good poplar plank floor. House to 
be covered with shingles." The board of justices 
met for the last time in Burlington in September, 
1824, and adjourned to meet in the new court- 
house in Bloomfield. At the present time not a 
vestige remains of the former county seat. 

Population of Greene county in 1890 was 
24,379 ; in 1900 was 28,530, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 36,873, of 
which 1,647 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 8,466 families in the county and 8,344 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fifteen townships in Greene county: Beech 
Creek, Cass, Center, Fairplay, Grant, Highland, 
Jackson, Jefferson, Richland, Smith, Stafford, 
Stockton, Taylor, Washington and Wright. The 
incorporated cities and towns are Jasonville, 
Linton, Bloomfield, Lyons, Newberry and Worth- 
ington. Bloomfield is the county seat of Greene 
county. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Greene county 
was $6,906,380, value of improvements was 
$3,678,915 and the total net value of taxables 
was $16,217,505. There were 6,587 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 453 miles of 
improved roads in Greene county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $408,450.50. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
150.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Greene 
county by the C. I. & L. ; Chicago, Terre Haute 
& Southeastern ; Evansville & Indianapolis ; In- 
dianapolis & Louisville ; Indianapolis branch of 
the Illinois Central, and the Vincennes branch 
and the Greene county coal branch of the Van- 
dalia railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Daniel C. Mcintosh, county superintendent of 
Greene county, there were 154 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding nine high schools, in Greene county in 
1914, employing 279 teachers. The average daily 




This sycamore is the largest non-nutbearing tree in the 
United States of which there is any record. It is ISO 
feet high, 45 feet in circumference. Its spread is 100 
feet. The tree is located near Worthington, Greene 
Count v. 



attendance by pupils was 7,601. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $130,- 
051.79. Estimated value of school property in 
the county was $431,675, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $136,- 
254.08. 

Agriculture. — There were in Greene county in 
1910 over 3,500 farms, embraced in 315,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 89.6 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $16,000,000, 
showing 69 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $38. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,800,- 
000: Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $440,- 
000; horses 9,400, valued at $904,000; hogs 
25,000, valued at $160,000; sheep 16,000, valued 
at $66,000. The total value of poultry was 
$115,000. 



262 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



HAMILTON COUNTY 



NOBLESV1LLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



HAMILTON COUNTY is located immedi- 
ately north of Indianapolis in the first tier 
of counties. It is bounded on the north by Tip- 
ton, on the east by Madison and Hancock, south 
by Marion and on the west by Boone and Clinton 
counties. It contains 400 square miles and the 
surface is of such nature that practically every 
acre is available for agricultural purposes. 

Organization. — Hamilton county was for- 
mally organized April 7, 1823. Noblesville has 
been the seat of justice since the organization of 
the county. The county was named in honor of 
Alexander Hamilton, the patriot and statesman. 

Population of Hamilton county in 1890 was 
26,123; in 1900 was 29,914, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 27,026, of 
which 235 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,941 families in the county and 6,783 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Hamilton county : Adams, 
Clay, Delaware, Fall Creek, Jackson, Nobles- 
ville, Washington, Wayne and White River. The 
incorporated cities and towns are Noblesville, 
Arcadia, Atlanta, Carmel, Cicero, Fishers, Sheri- 
dan and Westfield. Noblesville is the county 
seat. 




Scene on White River near Noblesville 



Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of 'the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Hamilton county 
was $10,977,265, value of improvements was 
$3,909,615 and the total net value of taxables was 
$20,121,120. There were 4,191 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 650 miles of 
improved roads in Hamilton county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $410,776.31. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
58.67 miles of steam railroad operated in Ham- 
ilton county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago, In- 
dianapolis & Louisville ; Lake Erie & Western, 
and the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The T. H., 
I. & E. Traction Company and the Union Trac- 
tion Company of Indiana operate 25.39 miles of 
electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of John 
F. Haines, county superintendent of Hamilton 
county, there were seventy-seven schoolhouses, 
including ten high schools, in Hamilton county in 
1914, employing 204 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 4,847. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, princi- 
pals and teachers was $108,684. 
The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $443,- 
600, and the total amount of in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was 
$107,500. Hamilton county or- 
ganized the first Boys' Corn 
Club in the world and has been 
a leader in vocational work. The 
county also has excellent rural 
schools. 

Agriculture. — There were in 
Hamilton county in 1910 over 
3,000 farms embraced in 243,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 
81 acres. The value of all farm 
property was over $31,000,000, 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



263 



showing 105.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $95.06. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $3,- 
300.000: Number of cattle 22,000, valued at 



$690,000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,900,000; 
hogs 87,000, valued at $500,000; sheep 13,000, 
valued at $66,000. The total value of poultry 
was $122,000. 



HANCOCK COUNTY 



GREENFIELD, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



HANCOCK COUNTY is located due east 
of Indianapolis in the first tier of coun- 
ties. It is bounded on the north by Hamilton 
and Madison, on the east by Henry and Rush, 
on the south by Shelby and on the west by Ma- 
rion counties. It contains 307 square miles, its 
surface is level and the soil fertile. Natural gas 
was once found here in what was supposed to 
be limitless quantities. 

Organization. — The organization of Hancock 
county became effective March 1, 1828, and 
Greenfield has been the county seat since its 
organization. The county was named in honor 
of John Hancock, one of the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence. Greenfield, the 



county seat, has become famous as the birth- 
place of James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier 
poet, and the fountain from which he drew in- 
spiration for his poems, "The Brandywine," 
"The Old Swimmin' Hole," and other poems. 

Population of Hancock county in 1890 was 
17,829; in 1900 was 19,189, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 19,030, of 
which 402 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,935 families in the county and 4,817 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Hancock county : Blue River, 
Brandywine, Brown, Buck Creek, Center, Greene, 
Jackson, Sugar Creek and Vernon. The incor- 




The Brandywine, in Hancock County, Made Famous by James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier Poet. 



264 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Home of James Whitcomb Riley, Greenfield. 

porated cities and towns are Greenfield, Fortville, 
New Palestine and Shirley. Greenfield is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Hancock county 
was $9,011,000, value of improvements was 
$3,176,310 and the total net value of taxables 
was $19,043,510. There were 3,340 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 281 miles of 
improved roads in Hancock county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $196,378.30. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
59.19 miles of steam railroad operated in Han- 



cock county by the Cincinnati division of the 
C, I. & W. ; C, W. & M. ; Big Four, and the P., 
C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapolis & Cin- 
cinnati Traction Company, Indianapolis, New- 
castle & Eastern Traction Company, Terre 
Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- 
pany, and the Union Traction Company of Indi- 
ana operate 55.39 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
George J. Richman, county superintendent of 
Hancock county, there were seventy-five school- 
houses, including ten high schools, in Hancock 
county in 1914, employing 140 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was : High 
school, 469; grade school, 2,633. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $78,257.79. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $312,900, and the total amount of in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was $59,032.50. 

Agriculture. — There were in Hancock county 
in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 186,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 86.4 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $21,000,000, 
showing 87.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $89.15. The 
total value of domestic animals was $1,800,000: 
Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $404,000; 
horses 9,400, valued at $990,000; hogs 43,000, 
valued at $280,000; sheep 10,000, valued at 
$46,000. The total value of poultry was $87,000. 



HARRISON COUNTY 



CORYDON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



HARRISON COUNTY is located in the 
southern part of the State and borders on 
the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by 
Washington, on the east by Floyd and its entire 
southeastern, southern and southwestern section 
is on the Ohio river and is bounded on the west 
by Crawford county. It contains 478 square miles. 
The face of the country as well as the character 
of the land is much diversified. The greater part 
of the county is broken, and the chain of Knobs 
on the east, the river, hills and many places along 
Indian creek and Blue river present as fine scen- 



ery as can be found in any part of the State. 
The sloping hillsides, which are fast being cleared 
of their valuable forests of poplar and oak, are 
producing great orchards of the finest flavored 
apples and peaches in the world. Tobacco of an 
excellent quality is being raised in large quanti- 
ties, and two of the largest distilleries in the 
United States are located here. The county also 
has excellent quarries of limestone. For some 
years, wells of natural gas have been flowing in 
the county. Several large caves and a system of 
subterranean rivers, brooks and creeks are to be 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OE INDIANA 



265 



found in ihe county. In one of the large caverns 
Squire Boone lived, died and was buried, and is 
marked by his inscriptions, Bible texts and draw- 
ings of animals and birds. 

Organization. — Harrison county is one of the 
oldest and most historic counties in the State. 
It was the fourth one to be organized, and De- 
cember 1, 1808, witnessed its official beginning, 
when the Territorial Legislature carved it out 
of Knox and Clark counties. It was named in 
honor of General William Henry Harrison, ter- 
ritorial Governor of Indiana. On May 1, 1813. 
the capital of the territory was removed from 
Vincennes to Corydon. Corydon has been the 
county seat since the organization of the county. 
and here still stands the old stone building that 
was the first State capitol. and near which stands 
the grand old elm, now fast decaying, under 
whose spreading branches was written the first 
constitution of the State of Indiana. 

In 1807 William Henry Harrison entered a 
tract of land on Blue river at Wilson Springs in 
Harrison county, and when he was Governor of 
the territory he traveled to and from Vincennes 
on horseback to visit this location. On these 



trips he often visited the home of Edward Smith, 
who is said to have left the British army during 
the revolutionary war and made his way to Indi- 
ana and married and lived with his family in a 
log cabin in Harrison county. On the occasion 
of General Harrison's visits after the evening 
meal was finished, the members of the family 
and their guest would gather around the open 
cabin door and sing the general's favorite songs. 
On one of these visits, as General Harrison was 
making his departure, tradition says he re- 
marked : "In a few days 1 expect to lay out a 
town here and would like to have you suggest a 
suitable name for it." Whereupon Miss Jennie 
Smith asked : "Why not name it 'Corydon,' from 
the piece you like so much ?" Her suggestion 
pleased the Governor, and thus the town is said 
to have derived its name. The words and music 
of this traditional song appeared in the "Mis- 
souri Harmony," a copy of which is preserved in 
our State library. 

Population of Harrison county in 1890 was 
20.786: in 1900 was 21,702, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,232, of 
which 312 were of white foreign birth. There 




Pillar of Constitution, Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County. Largest stalagmite in the world, 24 feet in 

diameter and 35 feet high. 



266 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



were 4,579 families in the county and 4,515 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Harrison county : Blue 
River, Boone, Franklin, Harrison, Heth, Jackson, 
Morgan, Posey, Scott, Spencer, Taylor, Wash- 
ington and Webster. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Corydon, Elizabeth, Laconia, 
Lanesville, Mauckport, New Amsterdam, New 
Middletown and Palmyra. Corydon is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Harrison county 
was $2,709,610, value of improvements was 
$1,272,770 and the total net value of taxables was 
$6,422,975. There were 3,028 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 145 miles of 
improved roads in Harrison county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $232,252. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
24.80 miles of steam railroad operated in Harri- 
son county by the Louisville, New Albany & 
Corydon and the Southern Railway Company of 
Indiana. 



Educational. — According to the report of 
Arville O. Deweese, county superintendent of 
Harrison county, there were 148 schoolhouses, 
including eleven high schools, in Harrison county 
in 1914, employing 184 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 4,642. There are 
three parochial schools in the county with an en- 
rolment of one hundred pupils. The county has 
an excellent school spirit, but because of the 
rough and broken country school consolidation 
is coming very slowly. The aggregate amount 
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, 
principals and teachers in 1914 was $79,870.93. 
The estimated value of school property in Har- 
rison county was $122,400, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was approxi- 
mately $30,596. 

Agriculture. — There were in Harrison county 
in 1910 over 3,100 farms, embraced in 288,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 93 acres. The 
value of all the farm property was over $9,300,- 
000, showing 55.7 per cent, increase over 1900. 
The average value of land per acre was $19.41. 
The total value of domestic animals was over 
$1,100,000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at 
$240,000 ; horses 7,600, valued at $660,000 ; hogs 
18,000, valued at $110,000; sheep 6,700, valued 
at $27,000. The total value of poultry was 
$78,000. 



HENDRICKS COUNTY 



DANVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



HENDRICKS COUNTY is located in the 
central part of the State and in the first 
tier of counties west of Indianapolis, and is 
bounded on the north by Boone, on the east by 
Marion, on the south by Morgan and a very 
small section of Putnam and on the west by 
Montgomery and Putnam counties. The county 
has 480 square miles, the surface of which is 
rolling, and with one or two exceptions some of 
the greatest elevations in the State are found 
here. The natural drainage is afforded by com- 
paratively small streams. The wonderfully fertile 
soil is especially adapted to agriculture and stock 
raising, its two greatest industries. This county 



is the home of the Central Normal College at 
Danville and the Friends Academy at Plainfield. 

Organization. — Hendricks county was organ- 
ized by legislative act December 28, 1823, which 
was made effective by formal organization April 
21, 1824. The county was named for William 
Hendricks, who at that time was Governor of 
the State of Indiana. Danville was selected as 
the seat of justice, where it has remained ever 
since. 

Population of Hendricks county in 1890 was 
21,498; in 1900 was 21,292, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,840, of 
which 172 were of white foreign birth. There 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



267 



were 5,262 families in the county and 5,204 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Hendricks county : Brown, 
Center, Clay, Eel River, Franklin, Guilford, Lib- 
erty, Lincoln, Marion, Middle, Union and Wash- 
ington. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Brownsburg, Coatesville, Clayton, Danville, Liz- 
ton, North Salem, Pittsboro and Plainfield. Dan- 
ville is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Hendricks county 
was $11,655,606, value of improvements was 
$2,785,065 and the total net value of taxables 
was $19,583,852. There were 3,581 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 330 miles of 
improved roads in Hendricks county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding. $390,863.91. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
78.19 miles of steam railroad operated in Hen- 
dricks county by the Springfield division of the 
C, I. & W. ; St. Louis division and the P. & E. 
division of the Big Four; the St. Louis division 
and the Vincennes division of the Vandalia rail- 





Public Library, Danville. 



Central Normal College, Danville. 

roads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern 
Traction Company operates 49.62 miles of elec- 
tric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Theodore B. Martin, county superintendent of 
Hendricks county, there were seventy-two school- 
houses, including ten high schools, in Hendricks 
County in 1914, employing 173 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 4,269. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $89,213.90. Estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $501,700, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$148,605. 

Agriculture. — There were in Hendricks county 
in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 250,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 91.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $28,000,000, 
showing 94.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $85.52. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,500,- 
000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $660,- 
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 
74,000, valued at $490,000; sheep 20,000, valued 
at $94,000. The total value of poultry was 
$108,000. 

Central Normal College, Danville, was made 
possible by the abandoned buildings of two of 
the earlier educational institutions of Hendricks 
county, the Hendricks County Seminary, which 
was opened soon after the county was organized, 
and the Danville Academy, which was established 
in 1858 by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The 
Central Normal College was organized in 1876 
by William F. Harper and Warren Darst at La- 
doga, Ind., and was known as the Central 



268 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Normal School and Commercial Institute. Out- 
growing the accommodations at Ladoga, the fac- 
ulty and nearly two hundred students moved to 
Danville on May 10, 1878. The school is self- 
supporting, independent of church, State or en- 
dowment of any character. During the thirty- 
seven years of the existence of the college it has 
graduated more than 1,500 students. J. W. Laird 
is president and C. A. Hargrave is secretary- 
treasurer. 

Indiana Boys' School. — The constitution of 
Indiana (1851, art. 9, sec. 2) expressly declared 
that the State should provide houses of refuge 
for the correction and reformation of juvenile 
offenders. The first action of the General As- 
sembly looking to this end was the law approved 
March 8, 1867, establishing "the House of 
Refuge for Juvenile Offenders." The institution 
was located on a farm nearly a mile southwest of 
the village of Plainfield and was occupied Janu- 
ary 1, 1868. Its name was changed in 1883 to the 



Indiana Reform School for Boys (Laws 1883, 
p. 19), and twenty years later to the Indiana 
Boys' School (Laws 1903, p. 172). The school 
receives boys committed for crime from eight to 
sixteen years of age and for incorrigibility from 
ten to seventeen, no commitment being for a 
shorter period than until the boy attains the age 
of twenty-one. 

One-half the cost of keeping and taking care 
of each boy is paid by the county from which he 
is committed. By rule of the institution a boy 
may earn his release in eighteen months from 
the time of his commitment. The institution has 
its own schools, graded like those of the public 
schools and also affords manual and industrial 
training. The law of 1903, p. 251, provides for 
the transfer to the State Reformatory of any 
inmate of the Boys' School convicted of crime 
who is more than seventeen years old and whose 
presence is detrimental to the welfare of the 
school. 



HENRY COUNTY 



NEWCASTLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



HENRY COUNTY is located in the second 
tier of counties east of Indianapolis. It 
is bounded on the north by Delaware, on the east 
by Randolph and Wayne, on the south by Fay- 
ette and Rush and on the west by Hancock and 
Madison counties. It contains 385 square miles. 
The face of the country is gently undulating, 
with many large and beautiful tracts on the east 
side of the county. Blue river runs from near 
the northeast to the southwest corner of the 
county and Fall creek through the north. The 
State's Village for Epileptics is located on a 
tract of 1,200 acres two miles north of New- 
castle. 

Organization. — The first white men who were 
known to locate in the territory now known as 
Henry county, were Daniel and Asa Heaton, who 
settled in the year 1819. The county was organ- 
ized formally June 1, 1822. It was named in 
honor of Patrick Henry, the patriot and orator 
of revolutionary war times. Newcastle has been 
the county seat since the organization of the 
county. In recent years it has become famous 



for the production of roses, which are shipped 
all over the United States. 

Population of Henry county in 1890 was 
23,879; in 1900 was 25,088, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 29,758, of 
which 465 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,661 families in the county and 7,422 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Henry county : Blue 
River, Dudley, Franklin, Fall Creek, Greensboro. 
Harrison, Henry, Jefferson, Liberty. Prairie, 
Spiceland, Stony Creek and Wayne. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Newcastle, Blounts- 
ville, Cadiz, Dunreith, Greensboro, Kennard, 
Knightstown, Lewisville, Middletown, Moore- 
land, Mt. Summit, Shirley, Spiceland, Straughn 
and Sulphur Springs. Newcastle is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Henry county 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



269 



was $11,806,480, value of improvements was 
$4,305,570 and the total net value of taxables 
was $24,922,890. There were 4,794 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of 
improved roads in Henry county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $86,978. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
108.29 miles of steam railroad operated in Henry 
county by the C. & O. ; C, W. & M. ; Fort Wayne, 
Cincinnati & Louisville ; Big Four, and the Indi- 
anapolis and Richmond divisions and the Cam- 
bridge City branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. 
railroads. The Indianapolis, Newcastle & East- 
ern Traction Company, T. H., I. & E. Traction 
Company, and the Union Traction Company of 
Indiana operate 56.11 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Harry B. Roberts, county superintendent of 
Henry county, there were sixty-seven school- 
houses, including thirteen high schools, in Henry 
county in 1914, employing 218 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 1,007. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $120,477.31. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $532,600, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $294,548. 

Agriculture. — There were in Henry county in 
1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 244,000 



acres. Average acres per farm, 94.9 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $27,000,000, 
showing 90.8 per cent, increase over 1900." The 
average value of land per acre was $82.86. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,600,- 
000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $580,- 
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 
86,000, valued at $540,000; sheep 19,000, valued 
at $89,000. The total value of poultry was 
$101,000. 

Industrial. — There were over twenty-five in- 
dustries in Newcastle that furnish employment 
to more than 1,500 persons, according to the re- 
port of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912. 
Automobiles, furniture and pianos are the lead- 
ing products. 

The Indiana Village for Epileptics was 
authorized by an act approved March 6, 1905, 
and a 1,245-acre site near Newcastle was pur- 
chased one year later. The purpose of the in- 
stitution is "the scientific treatment, education, 
employment and custody of epileptics," all epi- 
leptics having a legal settlement in the State to 
be considered admissible. With what was left 
from the original appropriation of $150,000, 
after the site was purchased, two small cottages 
were erected and the first patient was received 
September 16, 1907. Five cottages have been 
erected and others are in process of construction. 

Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home. — The 
Indiana Soldiers' and Seamans' Home for the 
maintenance of sick and disabled soldiers and 
seamen, their widows and orphans, was author- 
ized by an act approved March 11, 1867. It was 




The Indiana Village for Epileptics, Henry County. 



270 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



formally opened June 15, 1867, in the Home for 
Disabled Soldiers, previously established at 
Knightstown by a private corporation. On the 
morning of December 25, 1871, fire destroyed 
that part of the institution occupied by the sol- 
diers and they were moved to the National Mili- 
tary Home at Dayton, Ohio. The orphans were 
left in full possession of the home until the Leg- 
islature of 1879 provided for the care of the 
feeble-minded children therein. The two classes 
of inmates were maintained in the home until 
1887, when the institution was reorganized as the 



Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, and the 
feeble-minded children were moved to new quar- 
ters. The home has twice been destroyed by fire 
—September 8, 1877, and July 21, 1886. It is lo- 
cated in Rush county, two miles south of Knights- 
town. As now maintained it is open to children 
under the age of sixteen years whose fathers 
were soldiers or sailors in the army or navy of 
the United States in the civil war or the war 
with Spain or the war in the Philippine Islands. 
Educational, religious and industrial training is 
given. 



HOWARD COUNTY 



KOKOMO, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



HOWARD COUNTY is located in the cen- 
ter of the northern half of the State, fifty 
miles north of Indianapolis. It is bounded on the 
north by Cass and Miami, on the east by Grant, 
on the south by Tipton and Clinton and on the 
west by Carroll counties, and contains approxi- 
mately 300 square miles of rich farm land. It is 
pre-eminently an agricultural county. It is trav- 
ersed by the Wildcat river, which forms a most 
excellent natural outlet for the many little 
streams that empty into it. 

Organization. — Howard county was formally 
organized May 1, 1844, under the name of Rich- 
ardville county, which was nearly all within the 
old Miami Reserve. It was this fact which led 
the Legislature to name the new county in honor 
of Richardville, a Miami chief and successor of 
Little Turtle. This sentiment did not prevail 
for any length of time, and on December 28, 
1846, the Legislature passed its first and only 
act changing the name of a county in Indiana, 
and it was rechristened "Howard" in honor of 
Tilghman A. Howard, a noted Indiana states- 
man of that period. Kokomo, the county seat of 
Howard county, is located on the site of an In- 
dian village of the same name and was first set- 
tled in the autumn of 1844. According to the 
United States Census of 1910 it has a population 
of over 17,000, with seventy-two manufacturing 
establishments, furnishing employment to more 
than 2.700 wage-earners. It is particularly dis- 
tinguished as being the home of the first automo- 



bile made in America, work on which was com- 
menced in 1893 by Elwood Haynes. For want 
of a better name it was called "The Horseless 
Carriage," and on July 4, 1894, Mr. Haynes made 
a successful trial trip on the streets of Kokomo, 
running at a speed of about eight miles an hour. 

Population of Howard county in 1890 was 
26.186; in 1900 was 28,575. and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 33,177, of 
which 993 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 8,266 families in the county and 8,056 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Howard county : Center, 
Clay, Ervin, Harrison, Honey Creek, Howard, 
Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Taylor and Union. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Kokomo 
and Greentown. Kokomo is the county seat of 
Howard county. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Howard county 
was $9,436,985, value of improvements was 
$5,266,560 and the total net value of taxables was 
$23,079,110. There were 6,272 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 518 miles of 
improved roads in Howard county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $862,745.50. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



271 



Educational. — According to the report of 
Albert F. Hietson, county superintendent of 
Howard county, there were sixty-seven school- 
houses, including five high schools, in Howard 
county in 1914, employing 203 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 5,925. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $116,900.95. Estimated value of school 
property in the county was $761,050, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$272,287. 

Agriculture. — There were in Howard county 
in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 184,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 74.8 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $26,000,000, 
showing 117.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $108.22. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,- 



000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $470,- 
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 
71,000, valued at $420,000; sheep 11,000, valued 
at $52,000. The total value of poultry was 
$90,000. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
51.79 miles of steam railroads operated in How- 
ard county by the Lake Erie & Western ; P., C, 
C. & St. L. ; Richmond division of the P., C, C. 
& St. L., and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western 
railroads. Indiana Railways & Light Company 
and the Union Traction Company of Indiana 
operate 51.08 miles of electric line in the county. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were seventy-two industries 
in Kokomo, furnishing employment to 2,366 per- 
sons ; total amount of capital employed, $3,921,- 
141 ; value of products, $5,451,441 ; value added 
by manufacture, $2,469,526. 




Kokomo — 1. Hotel Francis. 2. City Building. 3. Posloff.ce. -). City Library. 



272 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



HUNTINGTON COUNTY 



HUNTINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



HUNTINGTON COUNTY is located in 
the northeastern part of the State and is 
bounded on the north by Whitley, on the east by 
Allen and Wells, on the south by Grant and 
Wells and on the west by Wabash counties. It 
contains about 384 square miles. The soil is a 
glacial deposit, with the exception of the river 
valleys, which are a sedimentary deposit. The 
Wabash river flows west across the county, di- 
viding it into two almost equal portions. What 
is known as Little river joins it west of the cen- 
ter of the county. Another small river, the Sala- 




Public Library. Huntington. 

monie, cuts off a small portion of the southwest 
corner of the county and joins the Wabash river 
soon after leaving Huntington county. Because 
of the fertility of the soil farming, fruit growing 
and stock raising are chief occupations of the 
people. 

Organization. — The organization of Hunting- 
ton county became effective December 2, 18*4. 
It was named in honor of Samuel Huntington, a 
delegate in the Continental Congress from Con- 
necticut and one of the signers of the Declara- 
tion of Independence. The name was proposed 
by Captain Elias Murray, then a member of the 
Legislature. Huntington was selected as the seat 
of justice at the time of the organization and 
General Tipton was the proprietor and Captain 
Murray among the first settlers. 

Population of Huntington county in 1890 was 



27,644; in 1900 was 28,901, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 28,982, of 
which 735 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,399 families in the county and 7,290 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Huntington county : Clear 
Creek, Dallas, Huntington, Jackson, Jefferson. 
Lancaster, Polk, Rock Creek, Salamonie, Union, 
Warren and Wayne. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Huntington, Andrews, College 
Park, Markle, Mt. Etna, Roanoke and Warren. 
Huntington is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Huntington 
county was $9,700,000, value of improvements 
was $4,1 19,270 and the total net value of taxables 
was $21,741,080. There were 4,904 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 383 miles of 
improved roads in Huntington county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $456,774.42. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
56.62 miles of steam railroad operated in Hunt- 
ington county by the Chicago & Erie; Cincinnati. 
Bluffton & Chicago; Toledo, St. Louis & West- 
ern, and the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne 
& Northern Indiana Traction Company and the 
Marion, Bluffton & Eastern Traction Company 
operate 59.61 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Clifford Funderburg, county superintendent of 
Huntington county, there were 111 schoolhouses, 
including twelve high schools, in the county in 
1914, employing 222 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 5,273. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $126,860.13. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $487,313, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $81,851.87. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



273 



Agriculture. — There were in Huntington 
county in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in 
234,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 89.5 
acres. The value of all farm property was over 
$24,000,000, showing 112.9 per cent, increase 
over 1900. The average value of land per acre 
was $72.66. The total value of domestic animals 
was over $2,200,000: Number of cattle 19,000, 
valued at $500,000; horses 10,000, valued at 
$1,100,000; hogs 61,000, valued at $370,000; 
sheep 22,000, valued at $11,000. The total value 
of poultry was $107,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were thirty-three industries 
in Huntington, furnishing employment to 1.575 
persons. Total amount of capital employed, 
$1,301,621; value of products, $2,227,558; value 
added by manufacture, $1,097,361. 

Huntington City Free Library. — The first 
organization of a library for Huntington oc- 
curred in the year 1874. It was called the Pub- 
lic School Library Association. The yearly mem- 



bership fee was $2. The Central School building 
gave space for the books constituting the library, 
which in a short time possessed over 1,200 vol- 
umes, many of which had belonged to the famous 
Mechanics' and Working Men's Library, estab- 
lished by William McClure, who founded the 
New Harmony Library. A number of these 
books, bound in sheepskin, and bearing on the 
cover the words, "Mechanics' and Working 
Men's Library," may still be seen in the present 
library. 

In 1889 the library was reorganized under 
State laws, making it a free library, thus reach- 
ing more people. In January, 1902, the school 
board formally accepted Mr. Andrew Carnegie's 
offering of $25,000 for the erection of a library 
building and donated the site. This building as 
it now stands, represents the sum of about $29,- 
000. This includes recent additions and improve- 
ments. The building was first open to the pub- 
lic February 21, 1903. The library contains about 
24.000 volumes. 



JACKSON COUNTY 



BROWNSTOWX, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



JACKSON COUNTY is located in the south 
central part of the State and is bounded on 
the north by Brown and Bartholomew, on the 
east by Jennings, on the south by Scott and 
Washington and on the west by Lawrence and 
Mc in roe counties. A range of hills passes through 
the county from northeast to southwest and there 
is another range of hills or knolls in the north- 
west part of the county, but the face of the 
country for the most part is level or gently un- 
dulating. The bottoms along the different 
streams are very large and fertile, and they oc- 
cupy about one-half of the whole county. In the 
northeast corner of the county, in the bed of 
White river, is a solitary boulder of granite 
weighing several tons. No other rock of any 
kind is found in the vicinity. In the same neigh- 
borhood is a large mound 200 yards in circum- 
ference at the base, and it was upon this spol in 
1812 that a party of Indians held a coin nil in 
decide whether they should retreat or light. A 
party of thirty men. under General Tipton, was 

18 



then in close pursuit on their trail. They re- 
tired to what is now known as Tipton's Island, 
where General Tipton engaged them, and which 
practically ended the Indian warfare in Indiana 
territory. 

Organization. — Jackson county, which was 
named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, 
hero of the battle of New Orleans, was organ- 
ized in 1816. It was the fourteenth county to be 
organized in the Territory of Indiana and was 
formed from Washington and Jefferson counties, 
the legislative act having been passed December 
18, 1815. The first county seat of Jackson was 
established at Vallonia June, 1816, and the first 
courts were held in the shade of the old fort in 
the village. It remained here but for a short 
time, as the commissioners in November, 1816, 
decided to establish the seat of justice at Browns- 
town, where it has since remained. 

Population of Jackson county in 1890 was 
24,139; in 1900 was 26,633. and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 24,727, of 



274 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



which 570 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,927 families in the county and 5,822 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Jackson county : Browns- 
town, Carr, Driftwood, Grassy Fork, Hamilton, 
Jackson, Owen, Redding, Salt Creek, Vernon 
and Washington. The incorporated cities and 
towns are Seymour, Brownstown and Crothers- 
ville. Brownstown is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Jackson county 
was $6,684,440, value of improvements was 
$2,780,900 and the total net value of taxables 
was $15,167,640. There were 3,846 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 577 miles of 
improved roads in Jackson county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commsisioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $204,572.83. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
81.57 miles of steam railroad operated in Jackson 
county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Chicago, 
Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Westport branch 
of the C, T. H. & S. E., and the Louisville divi- 



sion of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The 
Brownstown & Ewing Street Railway Company, 
Indianapolis & Louisville Traction Company, and 
the Interstate Public Service Company operate 
22.96 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Jeremiah E. Payne, county superintendent of 
Jackson county, there were 103 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding eleven high schools, in Jackson county 
in 1914, employing 179 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 4.359.2. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$62,578.72. The estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $265,465, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$164,800. 

Agriculture. — There were in Jackson county 
in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 290,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 106 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $17,000,000, 
showing 89.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $44.44. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $314,- 
000; horses 6,500, valued at $650,000; hogs 
23,000, valued at $160,000; sheep 5,900, valued 
at $21,000. The value of poultry was $87,000. 



JASPER COUNTY 

RENSSELAER, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



JASPER COUNTY is located in the north- 
west part of the State and is bounded on the 
north by the Kankakee river, which separates it 
from Lake and Porter counties, on the east by 
Starke, Pulaski and White, on the south by Ben- 
ton and on the west by Newton counties. The 
county contains about 575 square miles and the 
principal resources of the county are agriculture 
and stock raising. 

Organization. — It was the Legislature of 
1838 that made Jasper county possible. Its for- 
mal organization taking place on March 15, 1838. 
when its territory included all of the present 
county of Newton and most of Benton. The first 
county seat was located at Parish Grove, thirty 



miles south of the present seat of justice and 
five miles southwest of Fowler, the county seat 
of Benton. This was chosen because it was near 
the center of population and for the additional 
reason that it is one of the few high and dry spots 
in the county. At the first meeting of the commis- 
sioners it was decided to change the county seat 
to the cabin of George W. Spitler, in what is now 
Iroquois township, Newton county, he having 
been elected county clerk and refusing to serve 
unless this was done. This temporary arrange- 
ment was upset by the legislative act of January 
29, 1839, which appointed commissioners to ex- 
amine the counties of Jasper and Newton and see 
whether they should be consolidated. The State 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



275 



commissioners met in June, 1839, and decided 
upon a consolidation, selecting the present site of 
Rensselaer for the county seat, which was called 
Newton in accordance with the act, and the orig- 
inal plat of the newly chosen county seat was 
filed June 12, 1839. The early history of the 
county can never be satisfactorily recorded owing 
to two destructive fires, one which occurred in 
1843 and the second in 1864, which practically 
destroyed all of the records at those periods. 

Population of Jasper county in 1890 was 
11,185; in 1900 was 14,292, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 13,044, of 
which 843 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 2,951 families in the county and 2,915 dwell- 
ings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Jasper county : Barkley, 
Carpenter, Gillam, Hanging Grove, Jordan, Kan- 
kakee, Keener, Marion, Milroy, Newton, Union, 
Walker and Wheatfield. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Rensselaer, Remington and Wheat- 
field. Rensselaer is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Jasper county was 
$7,303,610; value of improvements was $1,589,- 
395 ; and the total net value of taxables was $12,- 
743,181. There were 2,384 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 209 miles of 
improved roads in Jasper county built and under 



jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel Voad bonds outstand- 
ing, $248,410. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
94.30 miles of steam railroad operated in Jasper 
county by the LaCrosse branch of the C. & E. I. ; 
Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Kankakee 
division of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; 
Chicago & Wabash Valley, and the Effner branch 
of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Ernest Lamson, county superintendent of Jasper 
county, there were eighty-nine schoolhouses, in- 
cluding four high schools, in Jasper county in 
1914, employing 133 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 2.548. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $63,958.43. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $195,100, and the total amount of in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was $34,877.48. 

Agriculture. — There were in Jasper county 
in 1910 over 1,700 farms embraced in 307,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 179.1 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $22,000,000, 
showing 76.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $57.04. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 
000: Number of cattle 21.000, valued at $650,- 
000; horses 9,100, valued at $960,000; hogs 18,- 
000, valued at $184,000 ; sheep 7,000, valued at 
$35,000. The total value of poultry was $86,000. 




Kankakee Swamps and the Home of a Big Family of Muskrats. 



276 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



JAY COUNTY 



PORTLAND, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



JAY COUNTY is located in the eastern part 
of the State and borders on the State of Ohio. 
It is bounded on the north by Wells and Adams, 
on the south by Randolph and on the west by 




Jay County Court-House, Portland. 

Delaware and Blackford counties. It contains 
about 378 square miles. It is purely an agricul- 
tural county, having a large percentage of black 
loam soil which was formerly thickly overgrown 
with oak, hickory and other species of hardwood. 

Organization. — Jay county was formally or- 
ganized March 1, 1836. It was named in honor 
of the celebrated patriot and statesman, John Jay. 
The locating commissioners met on the first Mon- 
day in June, 1836, and decided upon the site at 
Portland and at a special meeting of the county 
board on December 5, 1835, gave the new county 
seat the name of Portland, where it has remained 
ever since. 

Population of Jay county in 1890 was 23,478 ; 
in 1900 was 26,818, and according to United 
States Census of 1910 was 24,961, of which 406 
were of white foreign birth. There were 6,359 
families in the county and 6,224 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Jay county : Bear Creek, 
Green, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Madison, Noble, 
Penn, Pike, Richland, Wabash and Wayne. The 
incorporated cities and towns are Dunkirk, Port- 
land, Bryan, Pennville, Red Key and Salamonia. 
Portland is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to- 



tal value of lands and lots in Jay county was 
$8,342,700; value of improvements was $3,073,- 
385, and the total net value of taxables was $17,- 
109,425. There were 3,663 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 451 miles of 
improved roads in Jay county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $359,033.94. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
67.50 miles of steam railroad operated in Jay 
county by the Cincinnati, Bluffton & Chicago ; 
Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Grand 
Rapids & Indiana ; Lake Erie & Western, and 
the Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. 
railroads. The Muncie & Portland Traction Com- 
pany operates 15.82 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
William R. Armstrong, county superintendent of 
Jay county, there were ninety-eight schoolhouses, 
including six high schools, in Jay county in 1914, 
employing 183 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 4,484. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 









s^^^fl 







Public Library, Portland. 

visors, principals and teachers was $98,037.98. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $487,754, and the total amount of in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was $101,250. 

Agriculture. — There were in Jay county in 
1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 235,000 acres. 
Average acres per farm, 82.9 acres. The value of 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



277 



all farm property was over $23,000,000, showing 
115.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average 
value of land per acre, $69.08. The total value 
of domestic animals was over $2,300,000 : Num- 
ber of cattle 15,000, valued at $470,000; horses 
11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 56,000, valued 
at $360,000; sheep 26,000, valued at $130,000. 
The total value of poultry was $121,000. 



Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were 
twenty industrial establishments, employing about 
450 persons. Among its unique establishments is 
one for the production of baseball bats and its 
largest establishment is devoted to the manufac- 
ture of automobile wheels, etc. Drain tile is manu- 
factured extensively. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY 



MADISON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



JEFFERSON COUNTY, the second one from 
the eastern line of the State in the tier border- 
ing on the Ohio river, is bounded by Switzerland, 
Ripley, Jennings, Scott and Clark counties and 
the Ohio river. The county contains 370 square 
miles. Its bluffs, many of them 400 feet high, 
are intersected by frequent deep ravines, adding 
slopes to its cultivable area, raising it to the con- 
stitutional 400 square miles per territory. A no- 
table feature of the county is its varied topogra- 
phy. In the western part, the ground is rolling, 
in the center, a level plateau, and the eastern sec- 
tion, which is traversed by "Indian-Kentuck" 
creek and its tributaries, is an uninterrupted 
series of hills and vales. 

The character of the soil varies from the black 
alluvial deposits of the river bottom to the clay 
and loam on the level lands. Tile clay abounds 
in the central part of the county. Wheat and corn 
are staple products, yet all grains are successfully 
grown in this county and fruits are grown in 
abundance. Forty years ago the experiment of 
raising tobacco was tried and proved successful 
and it is now grown extensively. 

The county is rich in building stone of excel- 
lent quality and has many quarries, the largest 
one being at Deputy, on the B. & O. railroad. A 
beautiful species of marble is found in the south- 
ern part of the county. 

There are numerous water courses in the 
county, many with cataracts quite as picturesque 
as Minnehaha, comparing favorably with it in 
height and volume. The geological formation fol- 
lowing the line of the north bend of the river 
bounding Jefferson county forms a watershed 



about two and one-half or three miles west and 
north of Madison, which divides the flow of the 
streams between the Ohio and the Wabash by 
way of the White and Muscatatuck rivers. Ken- 
tucky creek rises in Ripley county, flows through 
the eastern part of Jefferson county into the Ohio. 
Big creek flows through the northwestern corner 
of the county into the Muscatatuck and the Mid- 
dlefork. Harbert's, Bear's, Lewis, Marble and 
Camp creeks are all tributaries of Big creek. 
Crooked creek parallels the Ohio river for some 
seven miles, beginning far up the Canaan valley, 
running through the full length of Madison and 
falling into the river beyond the western corpora- 
tion line of the city. 

Jefferson county is noted for its wealth of ro- 
mantic spots. Just across the river on the Ken- 
tucky hill is a prehistoric Indian fort, near which 
in ante-bellum days stood the cabin of Delia Web- 
ster, a station of the "underground railroad" 
operated through Madison. Three miles east of 
Madison on the Indiana side, is Cedar cliff, a 
sheer precipice one and one-half miles long, and 
hundreds of feet high. Little Cedar, nearer town, 
has quite as fine an outlook. Three and a half 
miles northwest of Madison are Clifty Falls and 
glen. The series of falls is 200 feet in height, one 
pitch being over a jutting ledge of rock eighty 
feet above the receiving basin into which plunges 
ail immense volume of foaming, spraying water. 
A shelving rock canopies the North Madison pike 
for a stretch of 100 feet, veiling it with mist or 
ice, according to the temperature. Chain Mill 
falls, near North Madison, guards the mouth of 
an unfinished railroad tunnel, making a unique 



278 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



combination. Crowe's, Chain Mill, Hart's, Dead- 
man's and Butler's falls cluster around Hanover 
most invitingly. 

Organization. — The act of the Legislature 
creating Jefferson county was approved Novem- 
ber 23, 1810, and went into effect February 1, 
1811. It was named for President Jefferson, 
probably because of the personal interest he had 
taken in the campaign of George Rogers Clark, 
for ex-soldiers of Clark's command formed the 
nucleus of the pioneers of Jefferson county, one 
of whom, John Paul, suggested the name, having, 
as original proprietor of Madison, which was 
made the seat of justice, named the city for the 
President in office when it was founded. 

Historical. — The keynote of State expansion 
was sounded in Jefferson county. Independently 
of this, an honorable position among the coun- 
ties of the State is due it, by reason of the 
names and events associated with its past. The 
original proprietors of Madison and their families 
were educated people from Philadelphia and Bal- 
timore. Colonel John Paul — a soldier of the 
Revolution and the War of 1812, founder of the 
cities of Xenia, Ohio, and Madison — purchased 



the site and came to Madison in 1809. In 1810, 
associated with Lewis Davis and Jonathan Lyons, 
he enlarged his original plans, and founded a 
city which grew to be the metropolis of the State. 
This it was until it was superseded by the present 
capital. The name of Indianapolis was coined by 
Judge Jeremiah Sullivan, a member of the Jef- 
ferson county bar. Jacob Burnett and Lewis 
Whiteman bought the share of Lewis Davis in 
1813 and in 1817 and became later joint-proprie- 
tors of the town. 

Very many of the 140,000 pioneers from cul- 
tured centers, who poured into Indiana between 
1810 and 1819, came through Madison's portals 
and here many builders of the commonwealth re- 
mained. The Rev. Thomas C. Searles was promi- 
nent in all early educational movements, as were 
General Milton Stapp, Dr. William Goode, Beau- 
mont Park and Charles Barnes. 

Early resident lawyers were Hon. Alexander 
A. Meek, Judge Miles, Cary Eggleston, Governor 
William Hendricks and his kinsman, William 
Hendricks, Jr. ; Judges Jeremiah Sullivan, Wil- 
liamson Dunn, Stephen C. Stevens, and Charles 
Test, also Joseph Glass Marshall, Milton Stapp 





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View of Canaan Road, Jefferson County. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



279 



and Nathaniel Hunt. Jesse L. Holman, Elijah 
Sparks, Jesse Olds, Isaac Blackford and John 
Lawrence were present at nearly every term of 
court. Hugh McCulloch and J. F. D. Lanier, 
financiers ; Edward and George Cary Eggleston 
and David Graham Phillips were all Madisonians 
of national reputation. Harvey W. Wiley, John 
Merle Coulter and Stanley Coulter are scientists 
of note from this county. Dr. Fisk was the first 
physician. Dr. Hicks, Dr. Robert Cravens, Dr. 
Samuel Mackarnes Goode, the two Drs. Howes, 
Dr. Howard Watts, Dr. Norwood, Dr. Hodges, 
Dr. J. H. D. Rogers and Drs. McClure, Lewis 
and Alexander Mullen followed in the early 
decades. Dr. Israel T. Canby, father of General 
R. Canby, came to Madison in 1816 and was a 
large owner of real estate. 

The intellectual die of Hanover may have been 
cast when Christopher Harrison, a graduate of 
St. John's College, Maryland, the rejected lover 
of "Glorious Betsy" Patterson, sought the far- 
away West, and found a lone spot where he 
might bury his sorrow, in the point west of 
Hanover college point. Between the year of 
his coming to Hanover, 1808, and 1803, he is 



supposed to have been an inmate or a fre- 
quent guest of the island home of the Blan- 
nerhassets, which he left to escape the toils of 
Aaron Burr. His cabin on the Hanover bluff 
is said to have reflected the art and culture 
of Blannerhasset Island, its walls being cov- 
ered with rare paintings by the masters, and 
some of his own execution. One of his own, 
"The Tryst," was kept veiled, and when at last 
revealed, showed a maid of wondrous beauty ; 
beside her a knight, who is carving their blended 
initials on a majestic beech tree. Upon a noble 
beech which had sheltered his cabin door, felled 
a few years ago by a storm, was found cut deep 
into the bark a century before, "Christopher 
Harrison, July 8, 1808," and in "The Tryst" a 
romantic dream is read. The maid becomes Eliz- 
abeth Patterson, the lover Christopher Harrison. 
Jefferson county has later artists, but the ro- 
mance is not paralleled. William McKendree 
Snyder immortalizes the beech groves of the 
county, and contributes other memorials of its 
picturesque beauties to Indiana art. As a sculp- 
tor, George Grey Barnard is in the first rank of 
those who have won fame. His frequent visits 



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Hanging Rock, Madison, Jefferson County. 



280 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



to the home of his parents in Madison establish 
a claim to citizenship. 

The first newspaper established in the county, 
the second in the State, was the Western Eagle, 
owned by Colonel John Paul, edited by his son- 
in-law, William Hendricks, afterward first mem- 
ber of Congress from Indiana, United States 
Senator, and second Governor of Indiana. With 
him was associated William Cameron. The first 
issue was on May 26, 1813. Editors of papers 
following were John Lodge, Colonel C. P. J. 
Arion, Judge Courtland Cushing, D. D. Jones, 
W. W. Crail, John R. Cravens, W. W. Woolen, 
Milton Stapp, Rolla Doolittle. S. F. Covington 
and Colonel M. C. Garber were editors of the 
Madison Courier, established in 1837, and the 
leading paper in the county ever since. It is now 
under the management of Michael Christian Gar- 
ber and Michael Eggleston Garber. 

Hanover College grew out of Hanover Acad- 
emy, which was established in the village of Han- 
over near Madison, January 1, 1827, by the Rev. 
John Finley Crowe, D. D. The institution was 
adopted by the Presbyterian church in 1829, and 
college work begun the same year. The first class 
was graduated in 1834. During the early years 
a theological department and a law school were 
maintained in addition to the liberal arts and pre- 
paratory departments. The theological depart- 
ment was subsequently moved to Chicago, where 
it became McCormick Seminary. The law school 
was abandoned. The total number of matricu- 
lants to the present time is something under 
5,000. Of this number 1,104 have been granted 
the baccalaureate degree and sixty-five the mas- 
ter's degree. Many of the history makers of In- 
diana are Hanover men. Prominent among them 
are Thomas A. Hendricks, William H. English, 
Albert G. Porter, Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, John H. 
Holliday, Walter L. Fisher, Robert J. Tracewell 
and R. J. L. Matthews. The college is thoroughly 
equipped and throughout its history has stood 
for the highest educational standards. The doors 
were opened to women in 1880. The president is 
William Alfred Millis, LL. D. Among its latest 
buildings, Science Hall and the Hendricks Me- 
morial Library are especially worthy of men- 
tion. The latter, a memorial of Vice-President 
Thomas A. Hendricks, erected by his widow. 

The co-education of white and colored stu- 



dents was tried but once in this county. A col- 
lege, called Eleutherian College, was founded in 
1850 by Elder Thomas Craven and his son, John 
( i. Craven, at Lancaster. A church, in which the 
college was housed, and boarding houses were 
built, was burned by the neighbors to whom the 
ideas were obnoxious, and rebuilt many times. 
Stone buildings were at last erected and stood, 
but the project was abandoned in the early six- 
ties. From 1857 to 1860 it was in its prime, hav- 
ing from seventy-five to eighty students, equally 
divided as to color. 

The Southeastern Hospital for the Insane, 
"Cragmont." — The crowded condition of the 
Central Hospital for the Insane led the General 
Assembly of 1905 to set aside fifteen of the 
thirty-eight counties constituting the central dis- 
trict as the southeastern district and to establish 
therein an additional hospital. On September 4, 
1905, the commission created by the act selected 
a site containing 363.79 acres near the city of 
Madison overlooking the valley of the Ohio river. 

Industries. — The industries of the county 
center in Madison, which from a commercial city 
has changed to a manufacturing one. Milling 
was the earliest and has been perhaps the most 
important industry. The first flour mill in this 
part of the State was built and operated by 
Colonel John Paul on Crooked creek, north of 
John Paul park. It was running in 1814. Madi- 
son now builds steamboats and vehicles, manu- 
factures furniture, saddle trees, cotton and 
woolen goods, pearl buttons, engines and boilers, 
nails, tacks, hubs and spokes, glue, fertilizer, 
chewing gum, ice, candy and ice cream on a large 
scale for shipping. It has also several flour mills 
and bakeries, a cracker factory, a brewery and a 
packing house which stores and ships exten- 
sively. 

Madison is one of the largest markets for bur- 
ley tobacco in the country and here is located the 
largest business establishment in the United 
States for handling roots and herbs for medical 
purposes. These are shipped to all parts of the 
world. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Jefferson county 
wis $3,401,815; value of improvements was 



282 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



$2,445,470, and the total net value of taxables 
was $9,415,815. There were 3,148 polls in the 
county. 

Population of Jefferson county in 1890 was 
24,507 ; in 1900 was 22,913, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,483, of 
which 471 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,254 families in the county and 5,096 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Jefferson county : Graham, 
Hanover, Lancaster, Madison, Milton, Monroe, 
Republican, Saluda, Shelby and Smyrna. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Madison, Brooks- 
burg and Hanover. Madison is the county seat. 

Improved Roads. — There were 190 miles of 
improved roads in Jefferson county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $197,443.30. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
21.56 miles of steam railroad operated in Jeffer- 
son county by the Louisville division of the B. & 
O. Southwestern ; Big Four, and the Madison 
branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The 
Madison Light & Railway Company operates 



three miles of electric line in the county. The 
branch of the Pennsylvania railroad which con- 
nects Indianapolis with the Ohio river traffic, en- 
ters Jefferson county a few miles northwest of 
Dupont, and has its terminus at Madison. This 
was originally the Madison & Indianapolis rail- 
road ; later, the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indi- 
anapolis, "The J. M. & I.," as familiarly known. 
This was the first railroad west of the Alleghany 
mountains, the first to be completed of the six 
lines chartered by the Legislature of 1831, hav- 
ing been begun September 16, 1836; completed 
to Vernon by 1839; to Griffith's Station, twenty- 
eight miles from Madison, in 1841 ; and to Indi- 
anapolis, October, 1847. The descent of 473 feet 
from North Madison to Madison is by an in- 
clined plane one and one-half miles in length, 
which in two places cuts 100 feet deep through 
spurs of the hill formed of solid rock. The dis- 
tance through the south cut is 800 feet; through 
the north, or Big cut, 1,100 feet, and both pass 
through solid rock walls, rising perpendicularly 
on each side of the track to the height of 100 
feet. This grade was the steepest known to rail- 
road engineering until the construction of the 
Mount Cenis road over the Alps, which has a 




Hanover College, Hanover, Jefferson County. 1. Observatory. 2. President's Residence. 
3. Science Hall. 4. Hendricks Library. 5. Classic Hall. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



283 



grade slightly exceeding this. The plane was fin- 
ished in 1841 and sixteen horses hauled the train 
up it to meet the engine at the top of the incline, 
until 1848. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Joseph H. Hanna, county superintendent of Jef- 
ferson county, there were ninety schoolhouses, 
including seven high schools, in the county in 
1914, employing 150 teacher's. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 3,222. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $69,285.34. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 



was $156,400 and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $56,300. 

Agriculture. — There were in Jefferson county 
in 1910 over 2,500 farms embraced in 219,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.6 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $8,800,000, 
showing 64.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $24.40. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,- 
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $260,- 
000; horses 6,800, valued at $620,000; hogs 10,- 
000, valued at $82,000; sheep 8,400, valued at 
$35,000. The total value of poultry was $70,000. 



JENNINGS COUNTY 



VERNON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



JENNINGS COUNTY is located in the 
southern part of the State and is bounded on 
the north by Bartholomew and Decatur, on the 
east by Ripley, on the south by Jefferson and 
Scott and on the west by Bartholomew and Jack- 
son counties. It contains 375 square miles and 



the principal occupations of the people are farm- 
ing and stock raising. A fine quality of limestone 
underlies the county, and much fine building 
stone has been taken out. 

Organization. — The organization of Jennings 
county was made effective February 1, 1817, and 




Muscatatuck. Xorth Vernon, Jennings County. 



284 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the county seat was established at Vernon. There 
have been several attempts made to move the 
county seat to North Vernon and the Legislature 
on March 5, 1913, passed an act which provided 
for an election to determine whether the county 
seat should be moved from Vernon to North 
Vernon. The election was held September 22, 
1913, and Vernon retained the county seat by the 
slender majority of sixteen. Jennings county was 
named in honor of Jonathan Jennings, the first 
Governor of the State. 

Population of Jennings county in 1890 was 
14,608; in 1900 was 15,757, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 14,203, of 
which 358 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,457 families in the county and 3,417 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Jennings county : Bigger, 
Campbell, Center, Columbia, Geneva, Lovett, 
Marion, Montgomery, Sand Creek, Spencer and 
Vernon. The incorporated cities and towns are 
North Vernon and Vernon. Vernon is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Jennings county 
was $2,651,970; value of improvements was 
$1,316,305, and the total net value of taxables 
was $6,447,905. There were 1,992 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 262 miles of 



improved roads in Jennings county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $156,319.64. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
64.16 miles of steam railroad operated in Jen- 
nings county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Big 
Four; Madison branch of the P., C, C. & St. L., 
and the Vernon, Gfeensburg & Rushville rail- 
roads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Shepherd Whitcomb, county superintendent of 
Jennings county, there were eighty-three school- 
houses, including five high schools, in the county 
in 1914, employing 129 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 2,624. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$50,268.51. Estimated value of school property 
in the county was $131,873, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $26,250. 

Agriculture. — There were in Jennings county 
in 1910 over 2,000 farms embraced in 219,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 108.7 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $9,300,000, 
showing 79.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $27.56. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,- 
000: Number of cattle 9,500, valued at $235,000; 
horses 5,900, valued at $580,000; hogs 15,000, 
valued at $110,000; sheep 8,300, valued at $35,- 
000. The estimated value of poultry was 
$73,000. 



JOHNSON COUNTY 



FRANKLIN, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



JOHNSON COUNTY is located south of 
Marion county, which bounds it on the north, 
Shelby on the east, Bartholomew and Brown on 
the south and Morgan on the west. The surface 
is comparatively level and the soil is a rich sandy 
loam, being covered entirely from a depth of a 
few feet to more than 200 feet with glacial drifts. 
It is distinctly an agricultural county and is 
known as the greatest corn producing county in 
the world, producing the finest quality, having 



won more first prizes in national contests than 
any county in the Union. 

Organization. — Johnson county was formally 
organized May 5, 1823, with Franklin as 
the county seat. It was named in honor of the 
Hon. John Johnson, one of the first judges of 
the Supreme Court of the State of Indiana. 
Franklin is the home of Franklin College, that 
was chartered in 1835 under the name of the In- 
diana Baptist Manual Labor Institute, and is now 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



285 



one of the best equipped colleges for higher cul- 
ture in the State. 

Franklin College was chartered in 1835 under 
the name of the Indiana Baptist Manual Labor 
Institute. It was organized at a meeting of Bap- 
tists in Indianapolis, held in the First Baptist 
Church, June 5, 1834. Instructions began in the 
summer of 1837, and the school was opened in 
a wooden building costing $350. While the in- 
dustrial element was prominent, literary and phil- 



large part of this amount was given by the Gen- 
eral Education Board of New York City, being 
the third appropriation which that board has 
made to Franklin College. It has been admitted 
to the Carnegie foundation, which is a marked 
recognition of its standard of scholarship. 

Population of Johnson county in 1890 was 
19,561; in 1900 was 20,223, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,394, of 
which 140 were of white foreign birth. There 




Franklin College, Franklin, Johnson County. 



osophical interest, which were in mind from the 
beginning, soon predominated, and in 1845 the in- 
stitution was chartered under the name of Frank- 
lin College. In the beginning, only male students 
were received. In 1842 a department for young 
ladies was established and the college has con- 
tinued on a co-educational basis ever since. At 
the outbreak of the Civil War, the students vol- 
unteered practically in a body and the school was 
closed. Because of financial difficulties, a stock 
company took over the school in 1872 and con- 
tinued in charge until 1908, when the college was 
reorganized. In 1913 the college completed the 
largest financial campaign in its history, raising 
$250,000 as an additional endowment fund. A 



were 5,287 families in the county and 5,203 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Johnson county : Blue River. 
Clark, Franklin, Hensley, Needham, Nineveh, 
Pleasant, Union and White River. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Franklin, Edinburg, 
Greenwood and Whiteland. Franklin is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913. the 
total value of lands and lots in Johnson county 
was $8,957,895; value of improvements was 
$3,352,535, and the total net value of taxables 



286 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



was $18,495,405. There were 3,524 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 320 miles of 
improved roads in Johnson county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $187,834.30. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
62.05 miles of steam railroad operated in John- 
son county by the Fairland, Franklin & Martins- 
ville; Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central, 
and the Louisville division of the P., C, C. & 
St. L. railroads. The Interstate Public Service 
Company operates 22.12 miles of electric line in 
the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Jesse C. Webb, county superintendent of John- 
son county, there were sixty-one (fifty-three 
now) schoolhouses, including ten high schools, 
in Johnson county, all eligible for commission 
now, seven commissioned in 1914, employing 



165 teachers. The average daily attendance by 
pupils was 3,578. The aggregate amount paid in 
salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi- 
pals and teachers was $87,882 ; the estimated 
value of school property in the county was $559,- 
600, and the total amount of indebtedness, in- 
cluding bonds, was $174,568. We have the only 
vocational school (home-making and agricul- 
tural) located in a strictly rural district in the 
State. 

Agriculture. — There were in Johnson county 
in 1910 over 2,000 farms embraced in 197,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 97.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, 
showing 107.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $97.29. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 
000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $512,- 
000; horses 9,500, valued at $990,000; hogs 41,- 
000, valued at $288,000; sheep 11,000, valued at 
$51,000. The total value of poultry was $82,000. 



KNOX COUNTY 



VINCENNES, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



KNOX COUNTY is located in the south- 
western section of the State and is bounded 
on the north by Sullivan and Green counties, on 
the east by the west fork of White river, which 
separates it from Daviess ; south by White river, 
which separates it from Pike and Gibson, and 
on the west by the Wabash, which separates it 
from the State of Illinois. It contains about 513 
square miles of the richest land in the State of 



Indiana and one of the products that has given 
Knox county fame throughout America is the 
famous "Decker" cantelope. Wheat is extensively 
grown on the upland and stock raising and fruit 
growing are engaged in on a large scale. Knox 
county is also a large producer of coal. Accord- 
ing to the report of the State mine inspector for 
the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there 
were eight mines in operation in the county un- 




St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Parsonage and Library, 
Vincennes. 



St. Francis Xavier Library, Vincennes. 
in the State. 



Oldest library 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



287 



der his jurisdiction, which produced 1,576,567 
tons of coal. 

Organization. — Knox county, with Vincennes 
for its county seat, is one of the oldest historical 
points in the State. It has been designated "The 
Mother of Indiana Counties," having existence 
even before the territorial government. The orig- 
inal boundaries of Knox county embraced one- 
third of the present State of Indiana, extending 
from the Ohio river to the lakes and from the 
Wabash river to about the middle of the State. 
When Michigan and Illinois were withdrawn 
from Knox county it became a distinct territory. 
When Knox county was organized on June 30, 
1790, by Winthrop Sargent, the secretary of the 
Northwest Territory, Vincennes became the 
county seat and it has so remained since. When 
Indiana Territory was organized May 7, 1800, it 
became the capital of the new territory and re- 
tained this honor until the capital was removed 
to Corydon in 1813. Knox county was named in 
honor of General Henry Knox, of the Revolu- 
tion, who was the first secretary of war. 

In 1809, there were only four counties in In- 
diana: Knox, Clark, Dearborn and Harrison. 
Out of Knox county were formed in 1810, Jef- 
ferson and Franklin counties; in 1813, Gibson 
and Warrick ; in 1817, Sullivan county, and in 
1820, Greene county. Knox was thus reduced to 
its present area. 

Vincennes University was organized by an 
act of the Territorial Legislature in 1806, and 
was authorized under its incorporation, "for the 
instruction of youth in the Latin, Greek, French 
and English languages, mathematics, natural 
philosophy, ancient and modern history, moral 
philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and the laws of nature 
and nations." When Vincennes University was 
incorporated it was designated to receive a town- 
ship of land of 23,040 acres, which had been 
granted by Congress for a seminary of learning. 
After Congress had confirmed titles of pur- 
chasers of land from Vincennes University of 
parts of this township in 1816, commissioners 
were appointed by the State of Indiana to rent 
lands and turn rents into the State Treasury. 
This was in January, 1820, and in 1822 the Gen- 
eral Assembly passed an act to provide for sale 
of Seminary township in Gibson county. About 
17,000 acres of the lands, which had originally 
been given to Vincennes University, were sold 




Vincennes University. 

under these acts and the proceeds, amounting to 
more than $30,000, were turned into the State 
Treasury. This precipitated a struggle which 
lasted for nearly a century. Among other priv- 
ileges granted to the university was one to oper- 
ate a lottery, which was also the cause of much 
litigation. About 1874, Congress gave the uni- 
versity all the unclaimed and vacant lands in 
Km ix county. This gift proved of material bene- 
fit, but the institution has never received enough 
from the public to realize the high hopes of its 
founders. 

Population of Knox county in 1890 was 28,- 
044 ; in 1900 was 32,746. and according to United 
States Census in 1910 was 39,183, of which 1,398 
were of white foreign birth. There were 9,140 
families in the countv and 8,882 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Knox county : Busseron, Decker. 
Harrison, Johnson, Palmyra, Steen, Vigo, Vin- 
cennes, Washington and Widner. The incor- 



288 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



r 






WKfc' % : 


3k3 


9^B 1 1 










■^tfriT) j 


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Home of General William Henry Harrison, Vincennes. 

porated cities and towns are Vincennes, Bicknell, 
Monroe City, Oaktown and Sandborn. Vincennes 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Knox county was 
$11,712,760; value of improvements was $6,219,- 
510, and the total net value of taxables was $26,- 
527,625. There were 7,083 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 543 miles of 
improved roads in Knox county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $838,040.83. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
78.61 miles of steam railroad operated in Knox 
county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Big Four ; 
Evansville division of the Chicago & Eastern 



Illinois, and the Vincennes division of the Van- 
dalia railroads. The Vincennes Traction Com- 
pany operates 7.61 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Edgar N. Haskins, superintendent of Knox 
county, there were eighty-nine schoolhouses, in- 
cluding eleven high schools, in the county in 
1914, employing 290 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 7,516. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $165,468.83. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $851,228, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $289,300. 

Agriculture. — There were in Knox county in 
1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 300,000 acres. 
Average acres per farm, 111.7 acres. The value 
of all farm property was over $27,000,000, show- 
ing 105.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver- 
age value of land per acre was $70.42. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $2,300,000 : 
Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $490,000; 
horses 10,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 57,000, 
valued at $370,000 ; sheep 9,900, valued at $39,- 
000. The total value of poultry, $99,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910, there were eighty-four industries 
in Vincennes, furnishing employment to 1,461 
persons. Total amount of capital employed, 
$3,560,444. Value of products, $4,232,574; value 
added by manufacture, $1,817,323. 



KOSCIUSKO COUNTY 



WARSAW, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



KOSCIUSKO COUNTY is located in the 
northern part of the State and is bounded 
on the north by Elkhart, on the east by Noble 
and Whitley, on the south by Wabash and Fulton 
and on the west by Marshall and Fulton counties. 
It contains 567 square miles and is dotted with 
thirty-seven beautiful lakes, famous among 
which are Wawasee, Winona and Tippecanoe. 
Among the natural resources of the county are 
the vast marl deposits. The farms are among 
the best in the northern part of the State. 
Organization. — Kosciusko county was organ- 



ized June 1, 1837, and was named after General 
Kosciusko, the Polish soldier and patriot who 
had served in the American army in the war of 
the Revolution. Warsaw was chosen as the first 
county seat of Kosciusko county, although the 
courts were held at Leesburg in 1836, and the 
latter place for several years was the most pop- 
ulous of the two. Leesburg was the only other 
place considered when the commissioners made 
their selection in 1836. 

Winona College, Winona Lake — Jonathan 
Rigdon, president from the beginning — opened 




In Quiet Cherry Creek, at Winona, Kosciusko County. 




Among the Lily Pads, at Winona Lake, Kosciusko 



19 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



291 



in the fall of 1908 as a normal school for the 
training of teachers. Became a college in 1909, 
offering in addition to the academic or college 
preparatory course a full four-year liberal arts 
course leading to a diploma and the degree of 
Bachelor of Arts. These departments are main- 
tained to the present time and have constantly 
grown. 

In addition to the college preparatory depart- 
ment and the school of liberal arts, Winona Col- 
lege now maintains a school of education fully- 
accredited by the State Board of Education for 
classes A, B and C ; a school of domestic science 
offering a two-year course in sewing, cooking 
and household arts ; a school of business offering 
courses in all commercial subjects, and a school 
of music offering courses in voice, violin, piano 
and piano tuning. 

The Winona College Summer School has 
grown to be one of the strongest and largest in 
the United States, enrolling from 600 to 1,000 
students every summer. In this summer school, 
in addition to the regular courses named above, 
special work is offered for primary teachers, 
drawing and music supervisors and teachers of 
agriculture and manual training. 

The Winona College laboratories in physics, 
chemistry and biology are well equipped and the 
domestic science kitchens are among the very 
best in the country. 

The Winona College of Agriculture, organ- 
ized in 1906, is the outgrowth of the Winona 
Agricultural Institute, established in 1902. The 
parent institution specified a combined academic 
and agricultural course of four years. The in- 
stitution received hearty support, but with the 
advent of the agricultural high schools it was 
felt that a larger field of usefulness awaited it. 
In 1906 the academic branches were eliminated 
and the title of the college changed to what it 
now bears, and a two years' course, consisting 
wholly of agricultural subjects, was substituted. 
The institution stands for a thoroughly practical 
course, based on scientific principles, which may 
be used in the daily routine of farm life and all 
of the nonessentials which have been associated 
with traditional college and university curricula 
have been avoided. The institution does not in 
any way desire to duplicate or supplement either 
the work of the State agricultural colleges or 
agricultural high schools. 



-, 




Winona College. 

Population of Kosciusko county in 1890 was 
28,645; in 1900 was 29,109, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 27,936, of 
which 555 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,312 families in the county and 7,206 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
seventeen townships in Kosciusko county : Clay, 
Edna, Franklin, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, 
Lake, Monroe, Plain, Prairie, Scott, Seward, 
Tippecanoe, Turkey Lake, Van Buren, Wash- 
ington and Wayne. The incorporated cities and 
towns are Warsaw, Claypool, Etna Green, Lees- 
burg, Mentone, Milford, Pierceton, Silver Lake 
and Syracuse. Warsaw is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Kosciusko county 
was $10,430,580, value of improvements was $3,- 
917,240 and the total net value of taxables was 
$23,414,880. There were 4,378 polls in the county. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
94.60 miles of steam railroad operated in Kos- 
ciusko county by the Baltimore & Ohio & Chi- 
cago ; Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan ; New 




Winona College of Agriculture. 



292 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Wawasee Lake. 



Kosciusko County. 



Wawasee Inn. 



York, Chicago and St. Louis ; Pittsburg. Fort 
Wayne & Chicago ; Syracuse & Milford, and the 
Butler branch of the Vandalia railroads. The 
Winona Interurban Railway Company and the 
Winona & Warsaw operate 34.10 miles of elec- 
tric lines in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were sixteen miles 
of improved roads in Kosciusko county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commis- 
sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $12,728. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Edson B. Sarber, county superintendent of Kos- 
ciusko county, there were 124 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding sixteen high schools, in Kosciusko county 
in 1914, employing 221 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 5,461. The ag- 



gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$114,343.96. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $535,000, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $1,591.65. 

Agriculture. — There were in Kosciusko county 
in 1910 over 3,300 farms, embraced in 316,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 94.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $28,000,000, 
showing 88.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $63.54. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,800,- 
000: Number of cattle 23,000, valued at $685,- 
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,600,000; hogs 
50,000, valued at $340,000; sheep 35,000, valued 
at $159,000. The value of poultry was $143,000. 



LAGRANGE COUNTY 



LAGRANGE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



LAGRANGE COUNTY is located in the 
/ northern tier of counties bordering on the 
State of Michigan and is bounded on the east by 
Steuben, on the south by Noble and on the west 
by Elkhart counties. Its 336 square miles of area 
are unequaled in fertility, as an unusually efficient 
system of drainage has converted thousands of 
its' acres of lowlands and marshes into highly 
productive farms. Within the borders of La- 
grange lies the famous "Hawpatch" and "Eng- 
lish Prairie" country. Numerous lakes dot its 
surface, twenty-one of which are listed in the 
report of the Commissioner of Fisheries and 
Game for the fiscal year of 1914, which cover 



an area from Cass lake, with twenty-eight acres, 
to Oliver lake, which is the largest, with an area 
of 548 acres. Located at Stroh, in Milford 
township, is one of the largest cement plants in 
the United States, which draws its raw material 
from the almost inexhaustible bed of marl near 
the plant. There are other large marl deposits 
in the county. Located at Howe is the famous 
"Howe School" for boys, which was established 
in memory of John Badlam Howe. 

Organization. — April 1, 1832, witnessed the 
formal organization of Lagrange county. The 
first county seat of Lagrange was located at the 
site of the old Indian village of Mongoquinong, 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



293 



which afterward was changed to Lima, and re- 
mained the county seat for more than ten years. 
As the county grew, in order to have the seat 
of justice nearer the center of population, by an 
act of the Legislature of February 13, 1840, the 
commissioners selected the town of Lagrange, 
which had been platted June 18, 1836. The new 
court-house was completed December 5, 1843, 
and the transfer of the record occurred the fol- 
lowing year. 

Howe School (for boys), Howe, Ind., was 
established in memory of John Badlam Howe, 
who died January 22, 1883. He provided in his 
will for the establishment of a training school 
for candidates for holy orders and made other 
bequests for church purposes, which suggested 
to the minds of Bishop Knickerbacker and Mrs. 
Howe the idea of establishing the school in Lima. 
Ind. Mr. Howe bequeathed to the bishop of 
Indiana $10,000, the interest of which was to be 
used for the education of young men for the 
ministry of the church. He also left his resi- 
dence to the diocese for such use as the diocese 
directed. After some legal complication had been 
adjusted through the Lagrange Circuit Court. 
Bishop Knickerbacker decided in co-operation 



with Mrs. Howe and Mr. James Howe to con- 
centrate these . bequests in the establishment of 
the Howe Grammar School. The late Mrs. 
Frances M. Howe, widow of John B. Howe, 
gave her former residence, with four acres of 
land, and Bishop Knickerbacker purchased with 
his own private means a mansion and six acres 
of land opposite. The late James B. Howe, 
brother of Mr. Howe, and the people of Lima 
made some subscriptions for the purpose of 
opening the school, which was opened in Septem- 
ber, 1884, with two pupils. Since then the school 
has received many generous bequests. In the 
summer of 1895 the management of the school 
was entirely changed under the direction of the 
present bishop of the diocese. The Right Rev- 
erend John Hazen White, D. D., shortly after 
his consecration, asked the present rector, the 
Reverend John H. McKenzie, who was maintain- 
ing a private school at Lake Maxinkuckee, to con- 
sider a plan to unite the two schools. This cul- 
minated in uniting them under the name of 
Howe School. The school is one of the best 
equipped in the State and is making steady and 
substantial progress, preserving the ideals of its 
benefactors and founders. 





»•* Howe School tt 



t«t 



fl. 



OWE, INDIANA 




jfj'lf i isfsTi. 
n *i ■ ■ * *■'■ 



294 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Population of Lagrange county in 1890 was 
15,615; in 1900 was 15,284, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 15,148, of 
which 336 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,879 families in the county and 3,802 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Lagrange county : Bloom- 
field, Clay, Clear Spring, Eden, Greenfield, John- 
son, Lima, Milford, Newbury, Springfield and 
Van Buren. The incorporated cities and towns 
are Lagrange and Wolcottville. Lagrange is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Lagrange county 
was $6,940,265, value of improvements was 
$1,923,530 and the total net value of taxables 
was $12,219,740. There were 2,284 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were no improved 
roads in Lagrange county and no road bond in- 
debtedness. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
65.64 miles of steam railroad operated in La- 
grange county by the Grand Rapids & Indiana ; 



Montpelier & Chicago; St. Joseph Valley, and 
the Sturgis, Goshen & St. Louis railroads. The 
St. Joseph Valley Traction Company operates 
13.16 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Frederick G. Smeltzly, superintendent of La- 
grange county, there were eighty-three school- 
houses, including six high schools, in the county 
in 1914, employing 135 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 2,911. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$66,892.39. Estimated value of school property 
in the county was $334,182, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $94,000. 

Agriculture. — There were in Lagrange county 
in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 230,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 108.8 acres. 
The value of all farm property was over $18,- 
000,000, showing 60.6 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land was $54.91. 
The total value of domestic animals was $1,900,- 
000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $415,- 
000; horses 8,500, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 
39,000, valued at $277,000 ; sheep 46,000, valued 
at $197,000. The total value of poultry was 
$81,000. 



LAKE COUNTY 



CROWN POINT, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



LAKE COUNTY is located in the northwest 
_j corner of the State and borders on Lake 
Michigan ; on the west it is bounded by the State 
of Illinois, on the east by Porter and on the 




Public Library, Hammond, Lake County. 



south by Jasper and Newton counties. It con- 
tains about 360 acres. Lake county is varied in 
its industries, the southern part being agricul- 
tural and the northern part containing the larg- 
est and most important industrial establish- 
ments in the State. This county has. more miles 
of railroad than any other county, and every 
trunk line from east to west passes through Lake 
county. A great deal of attention has been given 
to horse raising and breeding, and some of the 
finest breeding farms in the State are located 
here; dairy cattle breeding is an important busi- 
ness and many hogs are also raised for the 
market. 

Organization. — Lake county began its formal 
existence February 15, 1837, and it was with con- 
siderable trouble that it succeeded in locating its 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



295 



county seat. Although the locating commission- 
ers were named in the act of January, 1837, 
which organized the county, nothing had been 
done until February, 1838, when the Legislature 
passed an act establishing a temporary court- 
house at the residence of Milo Robinson, as 
nearly all the lands within the limits of Lake 
county were still the property of the general 
Government. On February 14, 1839, the Legis- 
lature passed an act creating a new set of com- 
missioners with discretionary authority to locate 
the seat of justice. They selected Liverpool, but 
the site was not satisfactory to a majority of the 
citizens, and for a third time the Legislature was 



tion of the United States Steel Corporation in 
1902, with its stupendous capitalization of 
$1,450,000,000 astounded the financial world, 
so has the creation and development of the city 
of Gary amazed the industrial world. 

Population of Lake county in 1890 was 23,886 ; 
in 1900 was 37,892, and according to United 
States Census of 1910 was 82,864, of which 
30,434 were of white foreign birth. There were 
16,176 families in the county and 13,492 dwell- 
ings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Lake county : Calumet, 
Cedar Creek, Center, Eagle Creek, Hanover, Ho- 




Where Gary Started, April 18, 1906. Thomas E. Knotts 
(to left), Gary's first mayor, A. F. Knotts, his 
brother, planting the first stake. This point is now 
Broadway and Fifth Avenue. 

appealed to with the result that the third set of 
commissioners finally settled on the original 
court-house of Robinson, called "Lake County 
Court-house." This name being too cumbersome, 
it was suggested that the county agent, George 
Earle, and the two proprietors, Judge Clark and 
Solon Robinson, select a new name. They agreed 
on Crown Point, and the county seat has ever 
since borne that name. 

Gary, America's magic city and the cap sheaf 
that marks Indiana's wonderful industrial de- 
velopment at the end of the century, is located 
in the northern part of the county at the head of 
Lake Michigan. From vast stretches of sand 
dunes and scrub oaks that marked its site in 1906, 
it has been developed into a model city, with 
splendid public buildings, business blocks and 
homes with every modern convenience. Its 
school buildings are the largest in the State and 
its school management has become a model for 
educators throughout America. As the forma- 



Same Locality at Night, April 18, 1910. 

bart, North, Ross, St. John's, West Creek and 
Winfield. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Crown Point, East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, 
Whiting, Aetna, Dyer, East Gary, Griffith, High- 
land, Hobart, Lowell, Miller, Munster, New Chi- 
cago, Schererville and St. John, Crown Point is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Lake county was 
$23,945.575 ; value of improvements was $14,- 
059,385, and the total net value of taxables 
was $71,814,480. There were 11,456 polls in 
the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 450 miles of 
improved roads in Lake county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $2,621,036.81. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
376.87 miles of steam railroad operated in Lake 
county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; B. & O. Chi- 



296 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



cago Terminal ; Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago & 
Erie ; Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; Kankakee 
division .of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; 
Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Chicago, 
Lake Shore & Eastern ; Chicago & Wabash Val- 
ley; Dinwiddie & Gary; Elgin, Joliet & Eastern; 
Gary & Western ; Grand Trunk Western ; Indi- 
ana Harbor Belt ; Joliet & Northern Indiana ; 
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern ; Michigan 
Central ; Montpelier & Chicago ; New York, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis ; Pere Marquette ; Logansport 
division of the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Pittsburg, 
Fort Wayne & Chicago ; South Chicago & South- 
ern, and the Wabash railroads. The Chicago, 
Lake Shore & South Bend Railway Company ; 
Gary Interurban Railway Company ; Gary & 
Southern Traction Company, and the Hammond, 
Whiting & East Chicago Railway Company oper- 
ate 86.75 miles of electric lines in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Frank F. Heighway, superintendent of Lake 
county, there were 121 schoolhouses. including 
eight high schools, in Lake county in 1914, em- 
ploying 617 teachers. The average daily attend- 
ance by pupils was 14,398. The aggregate 



amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $519,- 
342.50. Estimated value of school property in 
the county was $2,979,185, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$796,474. 

Agriculture. — There were in Lake county in 
1910 over 1,800 farms, embraced in 224,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 123.6 acres. 
The value of all farm property was over $21,- 
000,000, showing 72.7 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$72.61. The total value of domestic animals was 
$1,900,000: Number of cattle, 21,000. valued at 
$690,000; horses 92,000, valued at $1,000,000; 
hogs 12,000, valued at $125,000; sheep 6,900, 
valued at $43,000. The total value of poultry 
was $76,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were sixteen industries in 
East Chicago, furnishing employment to 2,568 
persons ; total amount of capital employed, 
$4,614,380; value of products, $5,483,500; value 
added by manufacture, $2,423,585. At Ham- 
mond there were forty-nine industries, furnish- 




m 



in 



1 Hi 



u & >m s j.< ' i a . 



I.lf 



-&**ttfmai&NBS$Bm&Bm 



Gary Y. M. C. A. Building 




Froebel School Building, Gary. 





The Gary Carnegie Public Library. 



The Hub of Gary, Broadway and Fifth Avenue. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



297 



ing employment to 4,379 persons ; total amount able giving details, but according to the report 

of capital employed, $16,270,855 ; value of prod- of the State Bureau of Inspection of Indiana for 

ucts, $15,580,250; value added by manufacture, 1912, there were nine industries in Gary, furnish- 

$8,928,895. For Gary statistics were not avail- ing employment to more than 8,500 persons. 



LAPORTE COUNTY 



LAPORTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



1APORTE COUNTY is located in the north- 
_j west part of the State and is bounded 
on the north by Lake Michigan and the State 
of Michigan, on the east by St. Joseph and .Mar- 
shall, on the south by Starke and on the west by 
Porter counties. It contains about 562 square 
miles. The highest point of surface in the county 
is about 270 feet above the surface of Lake 
Michigan and 870 feet above the ocean. Across 
the county, from east to west, runs an elevated 
ridge forming a watershed, dividing the sur- 
face waters of the county into tributaries of the 
Mississippi and St. Lawrence rivers. The soil 
of the county is varied, consisting of sandy tim- 
ber loam, prairie loam and vegetable mold, and 
is especially adapted to the growth of potatoes, 
wheat and corn. Aside from Lake Michigan, 
Laporte county contains a number of beautiful 
lakes that find their outlet through the Kankakee 
river. 

The Interlaken School (for boys) is located 
at Rolling Prairie in Laporte count)-. It is one 
of the most unique educational institutions in 
America and was established by Dr. Edward A. 
Rumely. It is a boys' training or preparatory 
school, and its certificate is recognized by western 
State universities, and it gives thorough prepara- 
tion for eastern colleges, as well as < ierman uni- 
versities. Special courses in scientific agricul- 
ture and related subjects are offered with prac- 
tical experience in the use of all farm tools and 
the care of cattle. The school has a 500-acre 
farm, which is equipped with every modern ap- 
pliance. 

Organization. — ( >n the 9th of January. 1832, 
the Legislature passed an act that gave Laporte 
county its existence. This was accomplished 
formally April 1, 1832. The county "Laporte," 
which in French means "door" or "gate," took its 
origin from a natural opening through the timber 



of a grove leading from one part of the prairie 
to another. The city of Laporte has been the 
county seat since the organization of the county, 
although Michigan City has been an aspirant for 
this honor. 

Population of Laporte county in 1890 was 
34,445 ; in 1900 was 38,386, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 45,797, of 
which 8,847 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 10,362 families in the county and 9.866 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twenty-one townships in Laporte county: Cass, 
Center, Clinton, Cool Spring, Dewey, Galena, 
Hanna, Hudson, Johnson, Kankakee, Linton, 




Laporte County Court-House, Laporte. 



298 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




First National Bank, Laporte. 

Michigan, New Durham, Noble, Pleasant, 
Prairie, Scipio, Springfield, Union, Washington 
and Wills. The incorporated cities and towns 
are Laporte, Michigan City and Westville. La- 
porte is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Laporte county 
was $11,452,370; value of improvements was 
$7,730,970 and the total net value of taxables 





Postoffice. Laporte. 



Y. M. C. A., Laporte. 

was $35,679,465. There were 7,450 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 258 miles of 
improved roads in Laporte county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $967,290.10. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
250.27 miles of steam railroad operated in La- 
porte county by the B.*& O. & Chicago; Chesa- 
peake & Ohio ; Chicago & Erie ; LaCrosse branch 
of the C. & E. I. ; Michigan City division of the 
C, I. & L. ; Chicago & West Michigan; Grand 
Trunk Western; Indianapolis & Michigan City 
division of the L. E. & W. ; L. S. & M. S. ; Michi- 
gan Central ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wa- 
bash ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pere 
Marquette ; Logansport division of the P., C, C. 
& St. L., and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi- 
cago railroads. The Chicago, Lake Shore & 
South Bend Railway Company ; 
Chicago, South Bend & North- 
ern Indiana Railway Company, 
and the Gary & Interurban Rail- 
road Company operate 65.35 
miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to 
the report of Fred R. Farnam, 
county superintendent of La- 
porte county, there were 120 
school houses, including nine 
high schools, in the county in 
1914, employing 309 teachers. 
The average daily attendance by 
pupils was 6,723. The aggre- 
gate amount paid in salaries to 



n 



o 



h3 





300 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Indiana State Prison. Michigan City.- 
made by a prisoner. 



-From sketch 



superintendents, supervisors, principals and 
teachers was $185,417.26. Estimated value of 
school property in the county was $902,559, and 
the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $245,710. 

Agriculture. — There were in Laporte county 
in 1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 340,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 134.3 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $25,000,000, 
showing 63.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $54.48. The 
total value of domestic animals was $1,900,000: 
Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $550,000; 
horses 10,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 25,000, 
valued at $185,000; sheep 11,000, valued at 
$57,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 



Census of 1910 there were forty-one industries 
in Laporte. furnishing employment to 1,960 per- 
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $5,871,- 
936. Value of products, $3,971,624; value added 
by manufacture, $2,158,139. At Michigan City 
there were forty-eight industries, furnishing em- 
ployment to 3,123 persons. Total amount of cap- 
ital", $8,890,017. Value of products, $8,289,579; 
value added by manufacture, $2,925,100. 

Indiana State Prison. — This institution was 
established by authority of an act approved 
March 5, 1859, providing for the erection of a 
prison in that part of the State north of the Na- 
tional road. It was first known as the Northern 
Indiana State Prison. Its site at Michigan City 
was chosen March 1, 1860, and approved by the 
Governor the next day. The organic law re- 
quired that a certain number of convicts should 
be transferred from the Jeffersonville prison and 
their labor utilized in the work of construction. 
The first detachment of these arrived in Michi- 
gan City April 5, 1860, and was housed in tem- 
porary quarters. The new institution was made 
a receiving prison by an act approved June 1, 
1861, and from that day until April 1. 1897, was 
the place of confinement for all persons sentenced 
to State prison from the counties north. of the 
National road. An act approved February 26, 
1897, converted this institution into the Indiana 
State Prison for the incarceration of men con- 
victed of treason or murder in the first or second 
degree and all men thirty years or over convicted 
of felony in any court in the State. 




Views of Hudson Lake, Laporte County. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



301 



LAWRENCE COUNTY 



BEDFORD, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



LAWRENCE COUNTY is located near the 
j center of the unglaciated portion of south- 
ern Indiana. It is bounded on the north by Mon- 
roe and a part of Jackson, on the east by Jack- 
son and Washington, on the south by Orange 
and on the west by Martin and Greene counties. 
It contains 438 square miles. The surface of 
the county is hilly, but abounds in natural re- 
sources. Of the products yielded, oolitic lime- 
stone is the most valuable, and the stone industry 
furnishes the principal means of support for the 
various communities of the county. There are 
in operation in Bedford and the town of Oolitic 
more than twenty-one stone mills for sawing and 
dressing stone, and nearly as many quarries. 
The product of these mills is sent to every State 
in the Union as well as to Canada. Many of 
America's greatest public buildings have been 
built of this stone. Lawrence county is also the 
seat of the famous cement industry. At Will- 
iams the Southern Indiana Power Company has 



built a dam across White river for the purpose of 
producing electricity for furnishing power at a 
low rate of cost. In recent years the county has 
become famous as a fruit region and the dairy 
business has grown rapidly. 

Organization. — Lawrence county, named in 
honor of Captain James Lawrence, of the Frigate 
Chesapeake, who was killed in the battle with the 
Frigate Shannon, began its formal existence 
March 1, 1818. Its first county seat was named 
Palestine and was chosen May 21, 1818, on land 
donated by Benjamin and Ezekial Blackwell and 
Henry H. Massie. The commissioners named in 
the legislative act of February 9, 1825, moved the 
county seat to Bedford, where it has since re- 
mained. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Lawrence county : Bono, 
( iuthrie. Indian Creek, Marion, Marshall, Perry, 
Pleasant Run, Shawswick and Spice Valley. The 
incorporated cities and towns are Bedford, 




Red Cross Tavern, near Bedford, Lawrence County. 



302 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Mitchell, Huron and Oolitic. Bedford is the 
county seat. 

Population of Lawrence county in 1890 was 
19,792; in 1900 was 25,729, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 30,625, of 
which 813 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,050 families in the county and 6,916 
dwellings. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Lawrence county 
was $4,674,570, value of improvements was 
$3,473,385 and the total net value of taxables 
was $14,309,090. There were 5,004 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 454 miles of 
improved roads in Lawrence county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $419,549.64. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
113.98 miles of steam railroad operated in Law- 
rence county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Bed- 
ford Stone; Bedford & Wallner; Bedford & 
Bloomfield branch of the C, I. & L. ; Chicago, In- 
dianapolis & Louisville, and the Chicago, Terre 
Haute & Southeastern railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 



Laurence P. Sanders, county superintendent of 
Lawrence county, there were 111 schoolhouses, 
including eleven high schools, in Lawrence 
county in 1914, employing 238 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 6,189. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $120,547. Estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $418,470, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$93,046.81. 

Agriculture. — There were in Lawrence county 
in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 259,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 110.9 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $8,400,000, 
showing 66.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $21.56. The 
total value of domestic animals was $1,100,000: 
Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $315,000; 
horses 5,400, valued at $470,000; hogs 18,000, 
valued at $131,000; sheep 9,900, valued at 
$40,000. The total value of poultry was about 
$56,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were 
twenty-four industrial establishments in Bedford, 
employing nearly 2,500 persons, the most of 
whom are engaged in the production of stone in 
its various forms. 



MADISON COUNTY 



ANDERSON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



MADISON COUNTY lies in the central 
part of the State and is bounded on the 
north by Grant, on the east by Delaware and 
Henry, on the south by Hancock and on the west 
by Hamilton and Tipton counties. It contains 
465 square miles and its surface is level or gently 
rolling, and the soil is very fertile. White river 
and five creeks with many brooks cross it, af- 
fording excellent drainage and water supply. 
Oil is found in the northern part as well as nat- 
ural gas. Nearly the whole county is underlaid 
with deep beds of sand and gravel. It has a few 
good limestone quarries and many extensive de- 
posits of clay suitable for making brick and drain 
tile. 



Organization. — Madison county, which was 
named in honor of the fourth president of the 
United States, James Madison, was formally or- 
ganized July 1, 1823. Madison county had some 
difficulty in getting its county seat located perma- 
nently. Pendleton, the first county seat, was 
selected in 1823, but it was too far from the 
center of the county to be satisfactory. Accord- 
ing to the act of January 13, 1826, it was located 
at a town called Bedford. The rapid growth of 
Andersontown, a town much nearer the center 
of the county, caused the citizens of the county 
to apply to the Legislature for an act to relocate 
the county seat. The change was made as the 
result of the act of January 4, 1827, and the new 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



303 



site appears to have been chosen in 1828. A 
court-house was not built at Andersontown until 
the latter part of 1831, and the name of the 
county seat was changed from Andersontown to 
Anderson by the legislative act of December 6, 
1848. The court-house, with most of the records, 
was destroyed by fire on December 10, 1880, and 
the present court-house was ready for occupancy 
February 21, 1885. 

Population of Madison county in 1890 was 
36,487: in 1900 was 70,470, and according to 



the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Madison county 
was $15,323,175, value of improvements was 
$8,799,445 and the total net value of taxables was 
$36,815,400. There were 10,918 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There are 836 miles of im- 
proved roads in Madison county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $850,549.89. 




Views in Anderson, Madison County. 1. Court-House 



H. K h 



4. I'.»-t..iti. 



United States Census of 1910 was 65,224, of 
which 2,704 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 16,136 families in the county and 15,579 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Madison county: Adams, 
Anderson, Boone, Duck Creek, Fall Creek, 
Greene, Jackson, Lafayette, Monroe, Pipe Creek, 
Richland, Stony Creek, Union and Van Buren. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Alexandria, 
Anderson, Elwood, Chesterfield, Frankton, In- 
galls, Lapel, Orestes, Pendleton and Summitville. 
Anderson is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 



Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
109.89 miles of steam railroad operated in Madi- 
son county on the Anderson belt by the P., C, C. 
& St. L. ; Central Indiana ; C, W. & M. ; Indian- 
apolis division of the Big Four ; Elwood, Ander- 
son & Lapel ; L. E. & \\\. and the Richmond di- 
vision of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The 
Union Traction Company of Indiana operates 
66.88 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
James W. Frazier, county superintendent of 
Madison county, there were 153 schoolhouses, 
including seven high schools, in Madison county 
in 1914, employing 388 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 11,400. The ag- 



304 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
S245.799.59. The estimated value of school 
property was $1,252,000, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $213,000. 

Agriculture. — There were in Madison county 
in 1910 over 3,200 farms, embraced in 269,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.8 acres. The 
value of all farm properly was over $30,000,000, 
showing 76.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $87.08. The 
total value of domestic animals was $2,600,000 : 
Number of cattle 22,000, valued at $660,000; 
horses 14.000, valued at $1,400,000; hogs 85,000, 



valued at $495,000; sheep 13,000, valued at 
$60,000. The total value of poultry was 
$131,000. 

Industrial. — According to the L*. S. Census 
of 1910. there were 116 industries in Anderson, 
furnishing employment to 5,109 persons. Total 
amount of capital employed $10,727,952. Value 
of products $13,764,933; value added by manu- 
facture $5,637,669. 

There were thirty-seven industries in Elwood, 
furnishing employment to 2,301 persons. Total 
amount of capital employed $4,572,330. Value 
of products $8,407,550; value added by manu- 
facture $2,158,343. 



MARION COUNTY 



INDIANAPOLIS, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



MARION COUNTY is located in the cen- 
ter of the State, almost midway between 
its east and west and north and south boundaries. 
It is bounded on the north by Boone and Ham- 
ilton, on the east by Hancock and Shelby, on the 
south by Johnson and Morgan and on the west 
by Hendricks counties. It contains 400 square 
miles. In the north part of the county, near 
White river. Fall creek and Eagle creek, is a 
rolling country beautifully diversified with hills, 
and a small portion of the southwest of the 
county is of similar description ; the rest of the 
county, with few exceptions, is almost level. 

Organization. — Marion county was created by 
an act of the Legislature December 31, 1821, and 
began its formal existence April 1, 1822. It was 
named in honor of General Francis Marion. In- 
dianapolis was selected as the seat of justice and 
the first court-house in Marion county was built 
on the present site, with a view of utilizing it as 
a state-house until a suitable capital building 
could be erected. It continued to serve the 
double purpose of court-house and state-house 
until 1835, when the capitol was completed. It 
was often used as a public hall, and for many 
years it was frequently used as a house of wor- 
ship. The first court-house, built in 1824. was 
used until 1870, when it was torn down to make 
way for the present building. 



Population of Marion county in 1890 was 
141,156; in 1900 was 197,227, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 263,661, of 
which 21,210 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 65,695 families in the county and 60,292 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Marion county ; Center, De- 
catur, Franklin, Lawrence, Perry, Pike, Warren, 
Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Indianapolis, Beech Grove, Broad 
Ripple, Castleton, Clermont, Southport, Univer- 
sity Heights and Woodruff Place. Indianapolis 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Marion county 
was $121,391,300, value of improvements was 
$80,293,380 and the total net value of taxables 
was $262,709,780. There were 51.259 polls in 
the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 449 miles of 
improved roads in Marion county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $142,859*20. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
177.63 miles of steam railroad operated in Ma- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



305 



rion county by the Central Railroad of Indian- 
apolis ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; Cin- 
cinnati division of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & 
Western; Springfield division of the C, I. & W. ; 
Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis divisions of the 
Big Four; Indianapolis branch of the Illinois 
Central ; Indianapolis Union Belt Railroad ; Belt 
Railroad & Stock Yards ; Indianapolis and Michi- 
gan City division of the L. E. & W. ; Peoria & 
Eastern ; Indianapolis and Louisville divisions of 
the P., C, C. & St. L. ; St. Louis and Vincennes 
divisions of the Vandalia and the White River 
railroads. The Beech Grove Traction Company ; 
Broad Ripple Traction Company; Indianapolis 
& Cincinnati Traction Company ; Indianapolis, 
Newcastle & Eastern Traction Company ; Indian- 
apolis Street Railway Company ; Indianapolis 
Traction & Terminal Company ; Interstate Public 
Service Company; Terre Haute, Indianapolis & 
Eastern Traction Company, and the Union Trac- 
tion Company of Indiana operate 245.11 miles of 
electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Lee A. Swails, superintendent of Marion county, 
there were 140 schoolhouses. including thirteen 



high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 
1,345 teachers. The average daily attendance by 
pupils was 34,799. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- 
cipals and teachers was $1,130,343.45. Esti- 
mated value of school property in the county 
was $4,864,290, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $2,137,220. 

Agriculture. — There were in Marion county 
in 1910 over 3,200 farms, embracing 218,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 67.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $42,000,000, 
showing 74.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $152.85. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,- 
000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $624,- 
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 
29,000, valued at $224,000; sheep 5,600, valued 
at $125,000. The value of poultry was $93,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were 855 industries in Indi- 
anapolis, furnishing employment to 37,929 per- 
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $76,497,- 
083. Value of products, $126,522,113; value 
added by manufacture, $42,371,177. 




MBM^HB^ 



I 



Marion County Court-House, Indianapolis. 



20 



306 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



HISTORICAL 

Indianapolis From the Earliest Period. — 

Indiana was organized as a territory July 4, 1800, 
and admitted as a State December 11, 1816. In 
1810 the Territory of Indiana had a population 
of 24,520, and in 1820, four years after its admis- 
sion to statehood, the population had expanded 
to 147,178. The settlers had not strayed very 
far away from the Ohio river, but there were 
a few settlements along Whitewater, and a. few 
along the Wabash ; but most of them were along 
the southern border of the State. The State 
stretched from the Ohio to the lake, but the cen- 
tral and northern sections were an unknown 
wilderness given over to the Indians. Dense 
forests covered the central section, while to the 
north stretched away the trackless prairies. It 
was not an inviting field for the hardy pioneer. 

It was a struggle for existence. The soil was 
rich enough, but it was the work of years to clear 
a farm and get it ready to produce, and when its 
productions were ready for the harvest there was 
no market, and the malaria arising from the de- 
caying vegetation made the outlook anything but 
favorable. It was under such circumstances In- 
diana became a member of the great Federal 
Union. Indian wars had about ceased east of 
the Mississippi river, but Indian massacres 
had not come to an end. It was not safe to stray 
very far away from the confines of the few set- 
tlements, and if human life was spared stock was 
stolen and driven away, thus depriving the settler 
of all means of cultivating his homestead. Cory- 
don, the capital, was a little village on the south- 
ern border, some miles back from the river, and 
hidden among the hills ; hard to get at in the best 
of seasons, in the winter it was almost inaccessi- 
ble. Around it there was nothing that gave 
promise of future growth ; there was no future 
for it even if the capital remained there. There 
was absolutely no foundation on which to build a 
city. 

The Beginning of Indianapolis. — When the 
State was admitted into the Union Congress do- 
nated to the infant commonwealth four sections 
of land on which to build a capital city, the land 
to be selected by the State from any that re- 
mained unsold. So, in 1820, the Legislature de- 
termined to go out into the wilderness and hunt 
for a site for its future capital city. Commission- 



ers were appointed and sent out to seek for the 
site of its future city, and make selection of the 
land donated by Congress. It might have been a 
prescience of what was to come that led the com- 
missioners to seek a spot as near the geographical 
center of the State as possible. It may be they 
naturally concluded that in time the geographical 
center of the State would be also the center of 
population, but it is more probable they thought 
only of finding a spot to reach which would take 
about the same number of miles travel from the 
four corners. Whatever may have been their mo- 
tive, they did determine on the geographical cen- 
ter. Water furnished then the only, or rather the 
best and surest means of communication with the 
outside world, and as they did not want to get 
too far away from some stream supposed to be 
navigable, they clung to the banks of White river. 
Three sites were offered, one a few miles south 
of the present city, and one a few miles north- 
east. They came here through the wilderness, and 
after much debating and considerable disputing, 
decided on accepting four sections of land around 
the mouth of Fall creek. It was a most unprom- 
ising site. White river itself was not very invit- 
ing, while deep bayous and ravines cut up the 
land in a way to make it look anything but at- 
tractive to one seeking for town lots. But here 
were the four sections with only half a dozen or 
so settlers. It was in the wilderness, it was near 
the geographical center. 

With the exception of a lonely cabin here and 
there, it was sixty miles away from the nearest 
settlements. All around were dense forests ; to 
the south were the hills reaching to the Ohio 
river, and to the north the woods and prairies 
stretching out to the lake. Only a few miles away 
was the boundary which divided the "New Pur- 
chase" from the lands still claimed by the In- 
dians. There was no town, no people, not a road 
leading anywhere. A town had to be built, people 
induced to come, roads to be opened. No farms 
had been opened up, and supplies of every kind 
would have to be wagoned many miles over roads 
often almost impassable, and at that time pack- 
horses were the only means of conveyance. But 
here, in this unpromising locality, the commis- 
sioners staked off a city that in less than three- 
quarters of a century was to become the largest 
inland city on the continent. They believed that 
White river would prove to be navigable for the 




Birdseye View of Indianapolis, Southwest from Blind Asylum, 1854. 




Birdseye View of Indianapolis, Southeast from Blind Asylum, 1854. 



308 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




North Side of Washington Street, Indianapolis, Looking East from Illinois Street, 1854. 



only boats then known on the western waters, 
and by it the people of the new city could be fed 
and clothed. 

Naming the Capital. — The Legislature ap- 
proved the report of the commissioners and pro- 
ceeded to hunt for a name for the new city. It 
was a difficult thing to find. Every member of 
the Legislature had a name to propose. Some 
were of Indian origin, and some compounded 
from Latin words, and others from Greek. 
Finally "Indianapolis" was determined upon, and 
the city in embryo had a name. 

First Survey. — In April, 1821, the work of 
"laying off" the city actively began. Christopher 
Harrison, representing the State, appointed as 
surveyors, Elias P. Fordham and Alexander Ral- 
ston. Some years before, Ralston had been em- 
ployed in some of the work of mapping out 
Washington, the national capital, and at his sug- 
gestion the city was to be one mile square, with 
streets crossing each other at right angles, and 
with four wide avenues pointing toward a circle 
that was to be the center of the new city. The 
ground was uniformly level, but a slight knoll 
was found, and it was determined the city should 
start from that point, or rather that the knoll 
should be in the center, and that it should be 
crowned by a residence for the chief magistrate 
of the commonwealth. 

Streets were marked off, lots laid out and the 
new city was ready for business, that is, the sale 
of lots. The streets ran through the woods and 
the lots were all heavily timbered, but could be 
determined by the stakes set by the surveyors. 



Certain plots of ground were reserved for pub- 
lic purposes. One was to be the site of the ex- 
pected state-house. One was for the court-house, 
and one was reserved on which to build a great 
State educational institution, which already had 
been designated as a university. The university 
never materialized. It having gone abroad 
through the settlements that the new capital city 
had been located, and information given as to 
where it could be found, immigrants began to 
arrive, and among them was the first lawyer. A 
store had been opened up and a sawmill started. 

Most of the settlers had located along the bank 
of the river, taking it for granted that the choice 
corner lots would be in that section. The land 
outside of the mile square was to be laid off into 
out-lots and farms. Mr. Ralston and the com- 
missioners evidently thought that the mile square 
would contain all the inhabitants the city was 
ever likely to have, and had provided no division 
of the city lots from the out-lots but the imagi- 
nary line, but some one suggested that it would 
be the proper thing to bound the city by streets, 
and name them East, West, North and South 
streets, and it was done accordingly. 

First Sale of Lots.— In October, 1821, the 
sale of lots began. The money arising from the 
sale was to be used in erecting the necessary 
buildings for the use of the State, and it was ex- 
pected that there would be a great demand. After 
continuing the sale for several days, and dispos- 
ing of 314 lots, the real estate business was 
stopped for a while. Something more than $7,000 
was realized in cash, the rest of the purchase- 




South Side of Washington Street, Indianapolis, West from Little's Hotel, 1854. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



309 



price of the lots being evidenced by promissory 
notes running over a period of four years. But 
few of the lots were eventually paid for, the pur- 
chasers forfeiting the advance payments and 
abandoning their purchases. Ten years afterward 
the State still owned three-fourths of the lots in 
the city limits, and nearly all of the out-lots. 
They were not finally disposed of until 1842, and 
for its mile square of town lots, and the three 
outlying sections, the State realized less than 
$150,000. 



more new settlers, and the town began to show 
some signs of improving. It had been rumored 
around that notwithstanding the town had been 
laid out for the capital of the State, the capital 
would not be removed here on account of the 
unhealthy location, and this deterred a number 
from coming who had designed doing so. The 
town thus received a "black eye" at the very 
start, and then, too, the seasons were not favor- 
able for crops for a year or two. and this gave 
Indianapolis a bad name. A few hardy souls 




View of Washington Street, Indianapolis, Looking East from Meridian, 1862. 



First Birth and Marriage. — This first year 
of the life of the city witnessed the birth of the 
first child, and the marriage of the first couple, 
the happy bridegroom having been compelled to 
go to Connersville, sixty miles away, for his li- 
cense. 

Last Indian Killing. — In the spring of the 
year, about the time the commissioners were busy 
laying out the new town, George Pogue, the tra- 
ditional first settler, was killed by the Indians, 
and this tragedy kept up the excited fears of the 
people for some months, but it was the last of the 
Indian killings in this section. 

The spring of 1822 came, and brought with it 



stuck to it, however, and began to clamor for rec- 
ognition. They were tired of being the capital of 
the State and having the county seat sixty miles 
away. They were also anxious for mail facili- 
ties. 

First Mail Facilities. — In the beginning of 
1822 the little town boasted of about 500 inhab- 
itants, and they thought it was time they were be- 
ing served with mail. So a meeting of the citi- 
zens of Indianapolis was called at Hawkins' tav- 
ern. Mr. Aaron Drake was appointed postmaster, 
and he made regular trips to Connersville. re- 
ceived the mail for the new settlement and trans- 
ported it through the woods to its destination. 



310 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



This was all done by private enterprise. He re- 
turned from his first trip, reaching the settlement 
some time after the pall of darkness had fallen 
over the woods, but the loud blowing of his horn 
called the people together and he was given a 
royal welcome. A few weeks later the govern- 
ment assumed the duty of conveying the mails 
and distributing them and appointed Samuel 
Henderson as postmaster. 

First Roads Built. — The settlers also began 
asking that the streets be cleared, and the com- 
missioners undertook to have the streets opened 
by cutting down the timber. Roads were needed, 
and the Legislature, in the winter of 1821-2, ap- 
propriated $100,000 to open up and construct a 
number of roads to its new capital. One led 
from the Ohio river, near Lawrenceburg, to In- 
dianapolis, and another came up from Madison, 
while Noblesville, Crawfordsville, and other set- 
tlements were to be connected in the same way 
with Indianapolis. The trees were cut out, leav- 
ing the stumps still standing, and in rainy sea- 
sons, when the mud was deep, those stumps were 
terrible annoyances to wagoners. The wheels 
would sink so deep in the mud that the axle-tree 
of the wagon would strike on the stump, and thus 



the wagon would be stranded sometimes for 
hours. The wants of the new settlement began 
to be numerous, and all supplies had to be hauled 
over these roads, that in the winter were some- 
times impassable for weeks. They were just as 
bad in the rainy seasons of the spring and fall. 

Organizing Marion County. — The Legisla- 
ture of 1821-2 also organized Marion county, 
making Indianapolis the county seat, appropri- 
ating a square of ground and $8,000 to build a 
court-house. Attached to the new county, for ju- 
dicial purposes, was the territory now compris- 
ing the counties of Johnson, Hamilton, Hancock, 
Madison and Boone. A new county demanded a 
new judge and a new sheriff. Hon. William W. 
Wick was made judge, and Hervey Bates sheriff. 
The new city might now be said to be fairly 
launched on the road to greatness. It had a judge 
of its own, a lawyer, Calvin Fletcher, to look 
after the legal wants of all the people, a store, a 
tavern, a sawmill or two, a postorfice, and was 
soon to have its first paper. 

The First Newspaper. — Among the enter- 
prising citizens of Indianapolis were George 
Smith and Nathaniel Bolton, and they became the 
editors and proprietors of the Gazette, Indian- 




View of Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Looking North from Washington Street, 1856. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



311 



apolis' first newspaper. It made its appearance 
January 28, 1822. 

First County Election. — The Legislature 
could name a judge for the new county, but could 
not choose the other officers, so in February, 
1822, Sheriff Bates issued forth his proclamation 
calling on the people of the new county to meet 
together at certain named polling places and 
choose for themselves two associate justices, a 
clerk, a recorder and three county commissioners. 
Two of the voting places were in Indianapolis, 
one near Noblesville, one at Strawtown, one at 
Anderson and the other near Pendleton. Only 
336 votes were cast in the entire county. The 
vote of Indianapolis was about 100. James M. 
Ray was elected clerk, James C. Reed, recorder ; 
John T. Osborne, John McCormack and William 
McCartney, commissioners ; Eliakim Harding 
and James Mcllvain, associate judges. In the 
August following, the election for Governor took 
place, when 317 votes were cast, 315 of them be- 
ing for William Hendricks. 

First Session County Court. — On September 
26, 1822, the court began its first session. There 
being no court-house, its sessions were held in the 
cabin of Jonathan Carr, it being the most pre- 



tentious structure in the town. The grand jury 
returned twenty-two indictments for sundry and 
various offenses against the peace and dignity of 
the commonwealth. A candidate for naturaliza- 
tion appeared, in the person of Richard Goode, 
late of Ireland, and a subject of George IV. No 
jail had been provided, and as the laws then made 
imprisonment for debt permissible, certain streets 
were named as the boundaries within which im- 
prisoned debtors should confine themselves. 

Building First Court-House and Jail. — The 
county commissioners, as soon as they had been 
inducted into office, set industriously about the 
work of erecting a court-house and jail. The 
State had appropriated $8,000 to assist in this 
work, and in September the plan for the pro- 
posed structure submitted by John E. Baker and 
James Paxton was accepted and the contract for 
the building awarded them. They did not begin 
the work of construction until the next summer, 
and it was not until 1824 the building was com- 
pleted. The square of ground selected for a 
court-house and jail was covered with heavy tim- 
ber. A jail made of hewed logs was erected and 
remained as the bastile of Marion county until 
1833, when it was destroyed by fire. A brick 




Same View in 1915. 



312 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



jail was then constructed, and in 1845 it was en- 
larged by an addition made of logs a foot thick. 

First Fourth of July Celebration.^In the 
midst of the turmoil of starting a new city on its 
upward way patriotism was not forgotten, and 
the fourth of July, 1822, was duly celebrated by 
an oration, the reading of the Declaration of In- 
dependence and a barbecue. 

First Camp-Meeting. — The first camp-meet- 
ing was also held that fall, under the auspices of 
Reverend James Scott, the first Methodist 
preacher of the town. 

First Militia. — This year was also signalized 
by the organization of a militia regiment, the 
fortieth, with James Paxton as colonel; Samuel 
Morrow, lieutenant-colonel, and Alexander W. 
Russell, major. Those days all the able-bodied 
citizens had to attend regular musters of the 
militia. 

Beginning of Progress. — The year was not 
one of prosperity to the new settlement, but was 
marked by several important events, among them 
being the establishment of a ferry across White 
river ; the opening of a brick yard ; the erection 
of the first brick and the first two-story frame 
house. The first brick house was erected by John 
Johnson, on Market street, opposite the present 
post-office. The frame house was on Washington 
street, a little east of the present site of the 
Lyceum theater. It was long used for the stor- 
age of documents belonging to the State, and 
afterward became a tavern. 

At that time the capital of the State had no 
member of the Legislature to represent its in- 
terest, and so the actual capital remained at 
Corydon. Again the rumors began to circulate 
that after all Indianapolis would never be the 
capital, and holders of real estate began to get a 
little shaky over their purchases. There was a 
leaven of faith, however, and the citizens began 
to petition the Legislature for representation, and 
at its session in 1823 the people of the new county 
were authorized to elect a representative in the 
following August. In the early days of the 
spring a new newspaper was started with a rather 
startling name — Western Censor and Emigrant's 
Guide — by Harvey Gregg and Douglass Maguire. 
This was now the third year of the town, and 
the second since it had been given its name, but 
the election in August disclosed the fact that its 
growth during the last year had been very 



limited. In August, 1822, at the election for 
Governor, the county had polled 317 votes, and 
at the election in 1823 only 270. It was an "off" 
year, and that may account for the falling off of 
the vote. 

First Theatrical Performance. — Having a 
representative in the Legislature, the town began 
to prepare for the advent of the capital, and a 
new tavern was built by Thomas Carter. It was 
now a rival of Hawkins' tavern that had first 
opened out its doors for the "entertainment of 
man and beast." It became celebrated as being 
a place of the exhibition of the first show ever 
given in Indianapolis. It was given on the last 
night of the year 1823, the bill being "The Doc- 
tor's Courtship, or the Indulgent Father," and 
the farce of the "Jealous Lovers." 

First School and Church. — The first school 
was started in 1821, but its teacher was shortly 
afterward elected county recorder and it was 
temporarily suspended. Religious teachings be- 
gan with the advent of French missionaries 
preaching among the Indians. When the country 
was wrested from the French the order was 
changed somewhat, but it was never very long 
after the hardy pioneer had erected his cabin 
until the "itinerant circuit rider" was knocking 
at his door with his bible and hymn book in hand. 
It has never been definitely settled who preached 
the first sermon in Indianapolis, the honor lying 
between John McClung, a preacher of the New 
Light school, and Rezin Hammond, a Methodist. 
They both preached here in the fall of 1821. 
They were soon followed by Reverend Ludlow 
G. Haines, a Presbyterian. The Presbyterians 
organized the first church, and in 1823 began the 
erection of a house of worship on Pennsylvania 
street opposite where the Denison hotel now 
stands. It was completed the following year at 
the cost of $1,200. The Indianapolis circuit of 
the Methodist denomination was organized in 
1822, under the charge of Reverend William 
Cravens, but Reverend James Scott had preached 
here before that and held one or two camp-meet- 
ings. The Methodists did not begin the erection 
of a church building right away, but in 1823 pur- 
chased a hewed log house on Maryland street, 
near Meridian, to be used for religious meetings. 
The Baptists organized a society in 1822, and 
held meetings at different places until 1829, when 
they erected a church. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



313 



First Permanent School. — Not long after the 
school of Joseph C. Reed suspended on his being 
elected to the office of recorder of the county, a 
meeting of the citizens was called to make ar- 
rangements for a permanent school. Mr. Reed's 
schoolhouse had been at the intersection of Ken- 
tucky avenue and Illinois street. Arrangements 
were made with a Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence to 
open out a school and keep it going. There were 
no free schools then maintained by public tax, 
but thus, soon after its first settlement, Indian- 



that year, State Treasurer Samuel Merrill set out 
on his journey to the new capital with the 
archives of the State, in a large two-horse wagon. 
It was a slow journey over the hills and through 
the woods, a dozen miles a day being all that 
could be accomplished, and that by the hardest 
effort. By the end of November the State was 
settled in its new quarters, and the meeting of 
the first Legislature was impatiently waited for. 
When the members of the Legislature came to 
the new capital in 1825 they found it a straggling 




Old National Bridge at Indianapolis, and Packet Governor Morton on White River, 1865. 



apolis laid the foundation of its educational 
system. 

Removal of the Capital. — At the meeting of 
the Legislature in January, 1824, the final order 
was made for the removal of the capital to Indi- 
anapolis, and this gave an impetus to the town 
and more emigrants began to flock in. The re- 
moval was to be made by January 10, 1825, and 
the next Legislature was to assemble in the court- 
house of Marion county. When Marion county's 
representatives to the Legislature returned home 
from the session of 1824 they were given a grand 
reception at Washington Hall, which was then 
the great tavern of the city. In November of 



village with only one street "cleared," and that 
was still full of stumps. It was a town in the mud, 
hard to get to, and almost impossible to move 
around in after once reached. But it was the 
capital, the State officers were here, and the "do- 
nation" of the general government had been ac- 
cepted, and they had to make the best of it. It 
was a dreary winter, though, here in the deep 
woods, with the houses scattered around over a 
mile square, with only cow tracks through the 
woods from one to the other. The three taverns 
were the center of interest in the evenings, and 
around huge fires in their "bar rooms" the legis- 
lators and citizens gathered to discuss matters of 



314 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



State. During the session one of the taverns, 
Carter's, was destroyed by fire. Some efforts 
were made by the Legislature to improve the 
town, and $50 were appropriated to clean out 
Pogue's run, so as to cut off some of its malaria- 
breeding powers. The outlying portions of the 
donation were also ordered sold or leased in four- 
acre tracts to encourage farming. 

First Organizations. — The coming of the 
Legislature did not add greatly to the permanent 



cessity of a fire company, and as the town was 
too poor to buy an engine a bucket and ladder 
company was organized, which did service for 
ten years until the first fire engine was purchased. 
Building of Governor's Mansion. — The same 
year the Legislature attempted to build a resi- 
dence for the governor. In the original laying 
off of the town the circle in the center of the 
plat was intended for such a structure, and so 
designated, but up to this time no provision had 




View of Canal and State-House, Indianapolis. 



growth of the town, for in February, 1826, the 
population consisted of 762 persons. But the 
town did begin to show signs of permanency and 
several societies were organized, among them be- 
ing the Indianapolis Bible Society, which is still 
in existence. An agricultural society was also or- 
ganized, but it did not last long. The United 
States land office was removed to Indianapolis 
from Brookville, and thus the city was recognized 
by the federal government. Indian depredations 
had ceased, but the military spirit was strong, 
and an artillery company was formed with James 
Blake as captain. The government furnished the 
company with one cannon of small caliber. The 
burning of Carter's tavern demonstrated the ne- 



been made for its building. One of the first acts 
of the Legislature in 1827 was to appropriate 
$4,000 to build a governor's house on the circle, 
and work began by enclosing the circle with a rail 
fence. Under this appropriation a building was 
begun. It was rather elaborate in design, square 
in form, two stories high and a large attic. It had 
a semi-basement. The building was completed 
far enough to be used for public offices, and was 
turned over for that purpose. In 1859 it was 
sold at auction and torn down. 

The governors were still left to hunt homes for 
themselves, until 1839, when the Legislature or- 
dered the State officers to purchase a suitable 
building for such a residence. At that time the 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



315 



handsomest and largest dwelling in the city was 
on the northwest corner of Illinois and Market 
streets. It was owned by Dr. John H. Sanders, 
and the State officers decided upon it, and it was 
bought. Governor Wallace moved into it, and it 
was occupied in turn by Governors Bigger, Whit- 
comb, Wright, Willard and Morton. From some 
cause it had always been an unhealthy building. 
The wife of Governor Whitcomb was the first to 
die there. Governor Wright, during his occu- 
pancy, lost two wives in the same building. The 
family of Governor Willard was sick during the 
whole time he occupied it, and Governor Morton 
suffered so much that he finally abandoned it. 
It was sold in 1865, and since then the State has 
owned no executive mansion. 

Early Navigation. — The growth of the town 
was very slow for some years. The building of 
the National road gave it a slight impetus and 
brought here the first and only steamboat that 
ever succeeded in navigating White river to this 
point. It rejoiced in the name of "Robert 
Hanna," and was owned by General Hanna, one 
of the contractors building the new road for the 
government. It was brought here to tow barges 
loaded with stone and timber for use in con- 
structing the road and its bridges. It arrived here 
April 11, 1831. The next day a free excursion 
was given to the citizens, but the overhanging 
boughs of the trees lining the banks knocked 
down her chimneys and pilot-house and smashed 
a wheel-house. The next day she ran aground 
and remained fast for several weeks. When the 
high water came in the fall it was taken down 
the river and was never seen again. Many years 
afterward a little steamer named after Governor 
Morton was built here to ply up and down for the 
amusement and entertainment of the people, but 
it had bad luck, and was soon destroyed. Even 
keel-boats and flat-boats early abandoned all ef- 
forts to navigate the stream which Mr. Ralston 
had declared to be navigable for at least four 
months in the year. Governor Noble, however, 
would not give up his hopes that the river would 
prove navigable, and offered a reward of $200 
for the first boat that would land at the town. 
Two efforts were made, and one steamer reached 
Spencer and another came a few miles farther. 
A plan for slack water navigation was submitted 
to the Legislature and pressed for several years, 



and in 1851 the White River Navigation Com- 
pany was chartered, but it accomplished nothing. 

First Historical Society. — About this time 
the town thought it was old enough to have a his- 
torical society, so one was formed, with Benja- 
min Parke for president, and B. F. Morris for 
secretary. It did not have many active members, 
but elected about all the distinguished men of the 
nation as honorary members. 

First Internal Improvements, Etc. — The 
craze for internal improvements, that had been 
sweeping over other parts of the country, struck 
Indianapolis early in 1831, and the Legislature 
spent most of its session in granting charters to 
railroads. Six such roads were projected to cen- 
ter in Indianapolis. The roads were all to run to 




Old State-House, Indianapolis, 1832. 

the south, as there was no population to the north. 
Some of the projected roads were partly sur- 
veyed and then the work was dropped. A few 
years later, however, the State entered upon a 
wholesale system of internal improvement, in- 
cluding railroads, canals and turnpikes. None of 
the projected works were ever fully completed 
by the State, but the State debt was increased 
enormously j and the State had to practically go 
into bankruptcy. The State sold out its interest 
in all the works, together with 2,000,000 acres of 
land, in- discharge of half of the debt that had 
been contracted. 

Erection of First State-House. — The State 
had been occupying the court-house for the use of 
the Legislature, and in making its appropriation 
to erect that building had reserved the right to 
so occupy it for fifty years, but it was deemed 



316 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the time had come to erect a building for the use 
of the State. It still owned a considerable portion 
of the original donation by Congress, and it was 
estimated that the lots would sell for $58,000, and 
this was estimated sufficient to erect a suitable 
building. Ithiel Town was the architect and con- 
tracted to build the house for $58,000, and ac- 
tually did complete it for $60,000. It was begun 
in 1832 and finished in time for the meeting of 
the Legislature in 1836, and it served the State 
for forty years. 

Incorporation of the City. — Up to 1832 the 
city's business had been administered under the 
laws of the State, and on September 3, 1832, the 
citizens made the first formal effort toward in- 
corporation. Five trustees were elected, and 
Samuel Henderson, who had been the first regu- 
larly appointed postmaster of the town, was ap- 











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Bank of the State of Indiana Building at Indian- 
apolis, 1854. 

pointed president of the board, with J. P. Griffith 
clerk, and Samuel Jennison marshal and collector. 
This municipal government lasted until 1836, 
when the Legislature granted a special charter. 
About the only notable thing the old municipality 
did was to purchase the first fire engine for the 
town, the State giving one-half of the price. The 
organization had lasted four years, and the en- 
tire income of the fourth year was only $1,510. 
State Bank of Indiana. — In 1834 the Legisla- 
ture chartered the State Bank of Indiana, with 
a capital of $1,600,000. Up to that time Indian- 
apolis had contained nothing but a small private 
bank. The charter of the State bank was to run 
twenty-five years. The State was to take one- 
half of the capital stock, and raised the money 
by the sale of bonds. Her share of the dividends, 
after paying the bonds, was to go to the estab- 
lishment of a general school fund. This was the 
starting point of Indiana's splendid endowment 
of her public schools. The State's share of the 



proceeds was loaned out from time to time on 
real estate security. The final yield of this in- 
vestment by the State was $3,700,000, after pay- 
ing off the bank bonds. The main bank and one 
of its branches were located in Indianapolis. The 
bank began business November 26, 1834, in the 
building on the Governor's Circle which had been 
intended as a residence for the governor. It was 
afterward removed to Washington street. Sam- 
uel Merrill was the first president, and Calvin 
Fletcher, Seaton W. Norris, Robert Morrison 
and Thomas R. Scott were the directors. In 1840 
the bank removed to its new building at the cor- 
ner of Kentucky avenue and Illinois street. The 
Indianapolis branch was organized by the ap- 
pointment of Hervey Bates, president, and B. F. 
Morris, cashier. At the expiration of the charter 
the Bank of the State of Indiana was started, 
with Hugh McCullough as president. In this 
bank the State had no interest. It remained in 
business, with its seventeen branches, until wiped 
out by the institution of the national banks. 

Panic of 1837. — The great financial panic of 
1837 proved very disastrous to Indianapolis. It 
stopped all work on the great enterprises under- 
taken by the State, leaving contractors and labor- 
ers without their pay. The banks were compelled 
to suspend specie payments and private business 
was overwhelmed with the credit of the State. 
Large stocks of goods had been purchased by the 
merchants and remained unsold on their shelves, 
or had been disposed of on credit, and collections 
were impossible. Nobody had any money. East- 
ern creditors were disposed to be very liberal and 
extend time of payments, trusting to a revival of 
business to relieve their debtors from their em- 
barrassment. The Legislature came to the help 
of the debtor by providing that property sold on 
execution should not be sold for less than two- 
thirds of its appraised value. It also exempted a 
certain amount of household property from exe- 
cution. These two measures proved of great 
benefit, but did not relieve the distress altogether. 
There was a lack of currency, and the Legisla- 
ture issued bills secured by the credit of the State, 
and bearing six per cent, interest. This "scrip" 
was made receivable for taxes, but from the want 
of credit by the State abroad the scrip passed 
only at a heavy discount. After a while, when 
confidence was restored again, the "scrip" com- 
manded a large premium, and before it was all 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



317 



finally redeemed it was worth about two dollars 
for one. It was not until 1843, when the Madi- 
son railroad was approaching completion, that an 
upward tendency in business occurred. 

The city has suffered from several panics since, 
the worst in the earlier years being in 1840, '41 
and '42. The State Bank resumed specie pay- 
ment in June, 1842, but it was a year or more be- 
fore business generally revived. These were the 
famous "hard times" following the election of 
William Henry Harrison. So grievous were the 
times that an effort was made, in 1842, to abolish 
the town government on account of its expense, 
although the entire cost of operating the munici- 
pal government was a little less than $3,000. It 
might be well to note at this point the salaries 
paid to the municipal officers in those early days. 
Members of the council received $12 each a year, 
the secretary $200, the treasurer and marshal 
each $100, and the assessors $75. The other sal- 
aries were in a like proportion. 

First Militia Organized. — For some years 
after the organization of the State, a militia was 
maintained by requiring all the able-bodied men 
between certain ages to be enrolled and report at 
stated periods for muster. When the danger 
from Indian wars ceased these musters ended. 
The military spirit of the people, however, did 
not die out, and in February, 1837, the first com- 
pany of militia was organized, with Colonel Rus- 
sell as captain. It was called the "Marion 
Guards." Their uniform was of gray cloth with 
patent leather shakoes. They were armed with 
the old-fashioned flint-lock muskets, and drilled 
according to the Prussian tactics. Thomas A. 
Morris, a graduate of West Point, succeeded 
Captain Russell. In 1838 Captain Thomas Mc- 
Baker organized the "Marion Rifles." The uni- 
form of the Rifles was a blue fringed hunting 
shirt, blue pantaloons and caps. In 1842 the two 
companies organized into a battalion under the 
command of Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey Brown 
and Major George Drum. 

First Female Academy. — In 1837 was opened 
the first female school of the city. It was called 
the "Indianapolis Female Institute," and was 
chartered by the Legislature. It was opened by 
two sisters, Mary J. and Harriet Axtell. It flour- 
ished for several years, and its reputation was so 
high that quite a number of pupils from other 
towns and states attended it. The same year a 



neat frame schoolhouse was erected on Circle 
street, adjoining what was so long known as 
Henry Ward Beecher's church. The school was 
opened by Mr. Gilman Marston, afterward a 
member of Congress from New Hampshire, and 
a distinguished general during the late war. It 
was called the "Franklin Institute." 

Building State Institutions. — In 1839 the 
subject of erecting a hospital for the insane of 
the State had been broached, but nothing definite 
was done, owing to the financial embarrassment 
of the State and people, but as soon as business 
began to exhibit signs of recovery the matter was 
again taken up. 

Insane Hospital. — Dr. John Evans, of Chi- 
cago, who had made a study'of mental diseases, 
delivered a lecture before the members of the 











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Branch Bank Building of Bank of the State of Indiana 
at Indianapolis, 1854. 

Legislature of 1842-3, and the Governor was di- 
rected to obtain plans for the erection of suitable 
buildings. At the next session of the Legislature 
plans were approved and a tax of one cent on 
each one hundred dollars' worth of property was 
levied to provide the means for erecting the 
buildings. All this was but carrying out a direc- 
tion in the constitution adopted at the organiza- 
tion of the State, one of the cares of the framers 
of that document being to provide for the un- 
fortunate. Dr. John Evans, Dr. L. Dunlap and 
James Blake were appointed a commission to ob- 
tain a site for the proposed buildings. They se- 
lected Mount Jackson, where the hospital now 
stands. In 1846 the Legislature ordered the sale 
of "hospital" square, a plat of ground that had 
been reserved for hospital purposes, the proceeds 
to be applied to the work, and an additional sum 
of $15,000 was appropriated. 

The work of construction was begun at once, 
and the main building was completed the next 



318 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



year, at a cost of $75,000. The grounds are hand- 
somely laid out, and every convenience and com- 
fort for this class of unfortunates have been pro- 
vided. 

Deaf and Dumb Asylum. — The Legislature 
of 1843 also began the work of caring for the 
deaf mutes, by levying a tax of one-fifth of a 
cent on each one hundred dollars of property. 
The first work of this kind in the State, however, 
was done by William Willard, a mute who had 
been a teacher of mutes in Ohio. He came to 
Indianapolis in the spring of 1843 and opened a 
school on his own account. In 1844 the State 
adopted his school and appointed a board of trus- 




Circle Hall — Formerly on the Site of English Hotel, Indianapolis 



tees, consisting of the Governor, Treasurer of 
State, Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Gurley, 
L. H. Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, James Morrison and 
.Matthew Simpson, afterward a distinguished 
bishop of the Methodist church. They rented a 
building at the corner of Maryland and Illinois 
streets, and opened the first asylum in October, 
1844. In January, 1846, a site for a permanent 
building was selected just east of the town. The 
permanent building was completed in 1850, at a 
cost of $30,000. 

Blind Asylum. — During the winter of 1844-5, 
through the efforts of James M. Ray, William 
H. Churchman, of the Kentucky Blind Asylum, 
was brought here with some of his pupils and 
gave an exhibition or two in Mr. Beecher's 
church. This had a decidedly good effect on the 
Legislature, which was then in session, and a tax 
of one-fifth of a cent was levied to provide sup- 



port for the blind. James M. Ray, George W. 
Mears and the secretary, auditor and treasurer 
of State, were appointed a commission to carry 
out the work, either by the establishment of an 
asylum or by providing for the care and educa- 
tion of the blind at the institution in Ohio or 
that in Kentucky. In 1847, James M. Ray, 
George W. Mears and Seaton W. Norris were 
appointed to erect a suitable building for this 
purpose and $5,000 was appropriated to purchase 
a site. They purchased the ground formerly oc- 
cupied on East Washington street, and while 
waiting for the erection of a building opened 
a school in the building that had been used for 
the first deaf and dumb asylum. 
This building was completed in 
1851, at the cost of $50,000. 

War with Mexico. — The year 
1846 brought some excitement, 
and for a while made things a 
little more lively. The war with 
Mexico was on, and troops 
called for. Indianapolis raised 
one company for the first regi- 
ment. It was officered by James 
P. Drake as captain and John A. 
McDougal and Lewis Wallace as 
lieutenants. Captain Drake was 
afterward made colonel of the 
two additional companies, one 
each for the fourth and fifth 
regiments. These two com- 
panies were with General Scott on his march 
to the capital of Mexico, and participated in 
some of the battles of that campaign. They 
were commanded by James McDougal and Ed- 
ward Lander. 

The First Railroad. — While the Mexican war 
was going on the railroad that was building to 
connect Indianapolis and the Ohio river at Madi- 
son was slowly creeping along. It was finally 
completed to the city in 1847 amid great re- 
joicing. With the opening of the Madison rail- 
road a change came, and the town put on a 
bustling air of activity. This furnished an open- 
ing to the Ohio river, and by that stream to Cin- 
cinnati and the south. Business at once revived 
and new stores were opened, and new factories 
started, while others were projected. Up to that 
time the stores kept a little of everything, but a 
railroad demanded a division of trade, and stores 




The Earliest Churches in Indianapolis in 1854. 



320 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



for dry goods and stores for groceries were 
opened. The price of property advanced, and a 
new city government organized. At the first set- 
tlement of the town, lots along or near the river 
front were the favorites in the market. The 
sickly season soon drove business and the settle- 
ments farther east, and the opening of the rail- 
road attracted everything toward the south, so 
as to be near the depot. 

First Mayor. — In February, 1847, the Legis- 
lature granted a city charter to Indianapolis, and 
on the 27th of March an election was held to 
determine whether the people would accept or 
not. It was approved by a vote of 449 to 19. An 
election for municipal officers was held on the 
24th of April, and Samuel Henderson was elected 
the first mayor of the city. The population of 
the city was estimated at that time at 6,000. 
Practically there were no streets, except Wash- 
ington, and it was still full of stumps. Some of 
the other streets had been partly cleared, but no 
attempt had been made to improve any of them. 
Here and there on Washington street were 
patches of sidewalks, some of brick and some of 
plank. When it rained mud predominated on the 
only streets that had been opened and used, while 



in the summer the dust was thick enough to be 
almost stifling. 

First Street Improvements. — The new city 
council at once determined to enter upon a sys- 
tematic and general system of street improve- 
ments. Stumps were pulled out, the streets in 
the central portion of the city graded and grav- 
eled and sidewalks were made. This first effort 
at improvement caused a good deal of friction 
and litigation, the property owners objecting to 
the expense entailed upon them. Bowldering for 
streets was not introduced until 1850, when 
Washington street was so paved from Illinois to 
Meridian. Free schools also made their appear- 
ance soon after the formation of the city govern- 
ment. The State had provided a small fund, 
but it was only large enough to keep the schools 
going for three or four months of the year. It 
was decided to levy a small tax on the citizens to 
provide funds for the erection of houses and to 
pay teachers, and by 1853 this tax furnished 
enough to make a more permanent organization 
of the schools necessary. 

First Public Hall and Masonic Temple. — The 
year 1847 brought also the first hall erected for 
the use of the public. The Grand Lodge of Free 



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Funeral of General Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, March 17, 1901. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



321 



Masons determined to erect a building that would 
contain rooms for lodge purposes and a large hall 
that could be used for entertainments, public 
meetings, etc. The location decided upon was the 




First Masonic Temple, Indianapolis, Built 1847. 

southeast corner of Washington and Tennessee 
(now known as Capitol avenue) streets. The cor- 
ner-stone was laid on the 25th of October, but 
the building was not finally completed until 1850. 
The convention to revise the constitution of the 
State held its sessions in the public hall in 1850. 

First Gas Lighting Company. — In 1851 a 
company was chartered to furnish gas light to 
the citizens, but it was not until 1854 the city 
took any gas for the streets, and then only for a 
few lamps. 

First Odd Fellows Building. — The same year 
the Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows began the erec- 
tion of a building on the northeast corner of 
Washington and Pennsylvania streets. 

Change in City Government. — In the same 
year the city again changed its form of govern- 
ment, surrendering the special charter and ac- 
cepting the general law. This change was mainly 
occasioned because the special charter limited the 
power of taxation to 15 cents on the one hun- 
dred dollars, and it had been found totally in- 
adequate to the needs of the city. 

Building Permit Ordinance. — Up to the close 
of the war there had been no steps taken by the 
city to mark the growth of the city in any way, 
but in 1864 the council passed an ordinance re- 
quiring those proposing to build to take out per- 
mits, and since then there has been a record by 
which the changes could be noted. 

First Street Railway.— In 1863 the first at- 
tempt was made to construct a street railroad. 
Two companies applied for a charter, and after 
a long delay and a bitter fight a charter was 



granted to the Citizens' Company, and by 1866 
about seven miles of track was completed. The 
first line was that on Illinois street, and this was 
opened in June, 1864, the mayor of the city driv- 
ing a car over it. 

Indianapolis at Present is the largest inland 
city on the American continent, and one of the 
most important railroad centers in this country. 
It is, too, one of the handsomest cities, and one 
of the most prosperous and progressive. Its 
growth has been practically that of only two dec- 
ades. Within that time it has emerged from a 
rambling village-like town into a city of magnifi- 
cent business blocks, public buildings and hand- 
some residences. It is the commercial, industrial, 
social, religious, educational, political and gov- 
ernmental center of Indiana — rich in natural re- 
sources and one of the most progressive States 
in the Union. It is more typically a capital of a 
State than any other city in the country and is 
recognized as such in all parts of the United 
States. 

The Area actually within the city is over 
thirty square miles. The original plat was one 




First Odd Fellows Hall, Indianapolis, 1854. 

mile square, and for many years after the first 
laying off of the town it kept within those 
bounds. 

The Population has grown in a wonderful 
manner during the last twenty years. In 1870 the 
population was 48,244 ; in 1880 it had grown to 



21 



322 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



75,056. In 1890 it showed another great advance, 
the returns showing 105,436, and, according to 
the United States Census for 1900, the actual 
population was 170,963, including Irvington, a 
suburb, which had since been added to the city. 
According to United States Census the popula- 
tion in 1910 was 233.650; the estimated popula- 
tion for 1915 is 282,877, showing a gain of 77,622 
over estimated population of 1914. Nearly every 
nationality on the globe is represented in this 
population. Of the foreign-born the Germans 
predominate, closely followed by the Irish. 

The State-House is the largest and most im- 
posing structure in the city. It is built of Indiana 
oolitic limestone, the interior being finished in 
marble. It was begun in 1878 and completed in 
1888, at a cost of nearly $2,000,000, and is the 
only great public building in the country built 
within the original estimate of cost. It is located 
in the heart of the business section of the city, 
in the center of a plot of ground containing 
over eight acres. Here are the offices of the Gov- 
ernor of Indiana, Secretary of State, Treasurer, 
Auditor, Attorney-General, reporter of the Su- 
preme Court, Bureau of Statistics, department of 
geology, Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral, custodian and engineer, department of in- 
spection. State Labor Commission, Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction, State Library, State 
Law Library, State Museum, State Board of 
Health and Charities, State Board of Agricul- 
ture, Board of Medical Examination, and the 
Supreme and Appellate Courts of the State, and 
the offices of all of the various departments and 
commissions. 

The City Building, one of the most attractive 
public buildings in the city, was erected in 1897. 
It is a handsome edifice, three stories in height 
and built of Indiana oolitic limestone. Here are 
located the city clerk's office, superintendent of 
police, city police court, Bertillon department, de- 
tective department, bicycle corps, bailiff of police 
court, juvenile court, police patrol, council cham- 
ber, station house, morgue and city dispensary. 

The City Hall Building. — The ground was 
purchased at the northwest corner of Alabama 
and Ohio streets October 30, 1907, on which to 
erect the City Hall building at a cost of $115,000. 
Building operations were begun in 1909, and on 
July 27, 1909, the corner-stone was laid. Before 
the construction of this building the city offices 



were in rented quarters in different portions of 
the city. For many years the city rented rooms 
for the different offices in the Marion county 
court-house. The building cost about $700,000, 
and is one of the most imposing structures in the 
city and one of the most important works of the 
administration of Mayor Charles A. Bookwalter. 

Tomlinson Hall. — Among the generous citi- 
zens of Indianapolis some years ago was Mr. 
Daniel Tomlinson. After his death, on opening 
his will, it was found that he had devised a large 
amount of real estate and other property to the 
city for the erection of a public building, provid- 
ing in his will that the building should be erected 
on the west end of what is known as East Mar- 
ket square. The devise was accepted by the city 
and the bequest taken possession of. Nothing 
was done, however, toward carrying out the 
wishes of the testator for several years. Some 
attempts were then made to use the money as in- 
tended by Mr. Tomlinson, but at every effort 
hostility was aroused, until at last the matter was 
made an issue at a city election. The council then 
took steps and the present Tomlinson Hall was 
built in 1885. 

Marion County Court-House is one of the 
largest and most imposing buildings in the city. 
It was completed in 1877, at a cost of $1,750,000. 
It is occupied by the county offices and the cir- 
cuit, superior and criminal courts, Indiana Bar 
Association library, Marion county library, 
county clerk, recorder, treasurer, assessor, sheriff, 
coroner, commissioners, surveyor, etc. 

The County jail was built in 1892 and is archi- 
tecturally one of the best built buildings in the 
city. It is constructed of Indiana oolitic lime- 
stone and cost $175,000. The sheriff's residence 
is located in the building. 

The Workhouse is located in the northwest- 
ern part of the city, on West Twenty-first street. 
It is a large brick structure and is provided with 
160 cells. Connected with the institution is twelve 
acres of ground, which is kept under cultivation. 
Prisoners from the city and county courts are 
sent here. 

The U. S. Army Post, "Fort Benjamin Har- 
rison," is located about eleven miles northeast 
of the city, where the Government has arranged 
for the care of a regiment of regulars. The build- 
ings for the officers and barracks for the troops 
were completed in 1907, and this post is regarded 



324 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



as one of the best equipped in the United States. 
It is reached by electric cars every hour, and is 
one of the points of greatest interest about the 
city. 

U. S. Court-house and Post-Office is the only 
architectural representative of the federal gov- 
ernment in. the city. The old buildings were sold 
for $400,100 in 1900. The new federal building 
erected in Indianapolis was authorized by an act 
of Congress, approved March 1, 1899, which ap- 
propriated $1,500,000 for the structure. During 
1900 the government acquired possession of the 
whole square lying between Pennsylvania and 
Meridian and Ohio and New York streets by 
paying the various owners of the property a total 
of $626,000. The plans of the building were 
opened to competition and Rankin & Kellogg, of 
Philadelphia, were the successful architects. The 
building is of generous proportions and magnifi- 
cent conception. The length of the building over 
all is 355 feet 5 inches. This is exclusive of steps 
and approaches. The depth over all, exclusive of 
steps and approaches, is 172 feet 6 inches. The 
height over all, from sidewalk, is 91 feet. The 
work on the excavations for the new building be- 
gan in May, 1902 ; the building was completed in 
1904. With the exception of the United States 
weather bureau, the United States army recruit- 
ing office and the bureau of animal industries, all 
the offices of the government are located in this 
building. The Indianapolis post-office has been 
established eighty years, and the following is a 
list of the postmasters : Samuel Henderson, 1822 ; 
John Cain, 1831; Joseph Moore, 1841 (removed 
by President Tyler one month after appointment 
and John Cain appointed) ; Livingston Dunlap, 
1845; Alexander W. Russell, 1849 (died before 
his term expired and his son appointed in his 
place) ; James Russell, 1851 ; William W. Wick, 
1853; John M. Talbott, 1857; A. H. Conner, 
1861 ; D. G. Rose, 1866; W. R. Holloway, 1869; 
J. A. Wildman, 1881 ; Aquilla Jones, Sr., 1885 ; 
William Wallace, 1889 (died April 9, 1891) ; Ed- 
ward P. Thomson, 1891; Albert Sahm, 1894; 
James W. Hess, 1898 (died June, 1900) ; George 
F. McGinnis, 1900; Henry W. Bennett, 1905 (re- 
signed May, 1908) ; Robert H. Bryson, May, 
1908 ; Robert E. Springsteen was appointed April 
24, 1913. 

Other Federal Officers and Officials are 
United States marshal, surveyor of customs, 



revenue collector, pension agent, special examiner 
of pensions, United States weather bureau and 
the bureau of animal industry. 

The Custom House is a very important ad- 
junct to the trade of the city. The value of the 
goods imported into the district of Indianapolis 
for the fiscal year ending 1915 was $653,997; 
total entries, 604; duties collected, $267,468.34. 

Indiana Girls' School. — First established in 
1889 as a part of the Indiana Reformatory In- 
stitution for Women and Girls, in Indianapolis, 
this institution has been variously known as the 
Reform School for Girls (1889), the Industrial 
School for Girls (1899), and the Indiana Girls' 
School (1907). It was housed under the same 
roof with women prisoners until July 11, 1907, 
when it was moved to a new location, as author- 
ized by an act approved March 11, 1903. The 
new school, constructed on the cottage plan, is 
located on a farm seven and one-half miles north- 
west of Indianapolis. Its post-office is Clermont. 
Girls are committed by the courts until they are 
twenty-one years of age, the age limit for com- 
mitment being from ten to eighteen years. The 
girls are given thorough courses in school, man- 
ual and industrial training. They may be released 
on parole at the discretion of the board of trus- 
tees subject to supervision by visiting agents. 

Indiana Woman's Prison. — The Indiana Re- 
formatory Institution for Women and Girls was 
founded by an act of the General Assembly ap- 
proved May 13, 1869. The institution, located 
about one and three-fourths miles from the cen- 
ter of the city of Indianapolis, was opened Octo- 
ber 4, 1873, there being received that day all the 
women then imprisoned in the State prison at 
Jeffersonville. While the organic act provided 
for separate buildings for the women and girls, 
both were housed under one roof. The name of 
the institution was changed first to the Reform 
School for Girls and Woman's Prison, and ten 
years later the two departments were made dis- 
tinct and called the "Industrial School for Girls" 
and the "Indiana Woman's Prison." This change 
in name, however, did not obviate the unsatis- 
factory conditions growing out of the dual nature 
of the institution, and in 1903 the Legislature au- 
thorized the erection of new buildings for the 
girls. It was stipulated that the new location was 
to be outside of Indianapolis, but within ten miles 




United States Court-House and Post-Office, Indianapolis. 




Indiana State Capitol, Indianapolis. 



326 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



thereof. The girls were moved in July, 1907, and 
the quarters thus vacated were remodeled and 
occupied as the correctional department of the 
Indiana Woman's Prison. This department, 
opened February 3, 1908, receives women misde- 
meanants who would otherwise be sent to county 
jails. If the sentence is ninety days or less it is 
left to the discretion of the court whether the 
commitment shall be to the State or to the county 
institutions. The institution is managed solely by 
women. 

Masonic Temple, corner of Illinois and North 
streets, is one of the most beautiful structures of 
the kind in the country. The building is designed 
along classic lines in the Greek-Ionic style, is 
very massive and of monumental character. It is 
100 feet high, with 150 feet on North street and 
130 feet on Illinois street. The entire exterior is 
of Bedford oolitic stone and the structure is 
strictly fireproof. The building was erected un- 
der the direction of the Indianapolis Masonic 
Temple Association in 1908. 

Odd Fellows Building and Grand Lodge Hall, 
at the corner of Washington and Pennsylvania 
streets, is one of the most notable additions to 
the many fine structures that have been erected in 
Indianapolis in recent years. Though it has only 
thirteen stories it is equivalent in height to a fif- 
teen-story building by reason of the high audi- 
torium which occupies the top floor. The twelfth 
floor is used for Grand Lodge offices and the top 
floor contains an auditorium to seat 1,500 per- 
sons. The exterior is entirely of oolitic limestone 
which is enriched by carvings, executed in a bold 
and artistic manner, and so distributed through- 
out the design as to give the building a sense of 
good taste and refinement. The main entrance is 
at the north end of the building on Pennsylvania 
street and is expressed by a massive stone en- 
trance enriched by beautifully wrought carvings 
and the doors are entirely of bronze metal. 

Indiana Pythian Building, which was dedi- 
cated August 14, 1907, is located at the intersec- 
tion of Pennsylvania street and Massachusetts 
avenue. It is one of the monuments that marks 
the new building era of the city and accentuates 
the marked difference in the appearance of the 
"down-town district" that has occurred in recent 
years. 

Murat Temple of the A. A. O. M. S. is one 
of the most unique buildings in America and one 



of the sights of Indianapolis. In it is located the 
Murat theater, said to be one of the finest and 
most complete in the country. It is located at the 
intersection of Massachusetts avenue and New 
Jersey and Michigan streets. The corner-stone 
was laid March 13, 1909, on the twenty-fifth an- 
niversary of the charter of Murat Temple of the 
Mystic Shrine. Prior to the erection of this 
building Murat Temple had its home in the Scot- 
tish Rite building. The erection of this building 
is due to the initiative of Elias J. Jacoby. 

Monuments, Statues, Fountains, Streets, 
Etc. — In Indianapolis the center of attraction 
is Monument Place. Originally it was known as 
the Circle, and was designed by those who made 
the first plat of the city as the spot upon which 
to erect the mansion of the executive of the State 
of Indiana. Now it is the location of the greatest 
monument in the world erected to commemorate 
the services of its citizen soldiery of the State, 
and it is the city's chief adornment. 

The Indiana State Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Monument. — Indianapolis has the proud dis- 
tinction of containing the first monument ever 
erected directly in honor of the private soldier. 
It is also one of the few real works of art in this 
line to be found in America. It is not a plain and 
unsightly shaft like that on Bunker Hill or in 
Washington City, but is a beautiful obelisk of 
artistic design. It was designed by Bruno 
Schmidt, the great German architect. Its con- 
struction was authorized by an act of the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the State of Indiana, and 
passed at the session of 1887. This act appropri- 
ated the sum of $200,000 to defray the cost of 
erection, and empowered certain of the State 
officers to appoint five commissioners who should 
have charge of the work. In addition to the 
amount appropriated by the Legislature, the 
sum raised by the monument committee of the 
G. A. R. was paid over to the commissioners 
to be expended by them. In 1891 the State Leg- 
islature made a further appropriation of $100,000 
to aid in the construction. It was completed at 
a cost in excess of $500,000 and was dedicated 
with fitting ceremonies, attended by thousands of 
citizens from all parts of the State, May 15, 1902. 
It is constructed of Indiana oolitic limestone. The 
park in which it stands has an area of 3.12 acres, 
and lies at the intersection of Meridian and Mar- 
ket streets. It is surrounded by a circular street, 




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328 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



paved with asphalt. There are four approaches 
to the monument from the surrounding street, 
the approaches on the north and south sides lead- 
ing directly to the stairway by which the terrace 
surrounding the base of the pedestal shaft is 
reached. The monument, including the crowning 
figure, is 284y 2 feet in height. The top of the 
monument is reached by an elevator and stairway 
from the base of the interior of the shaft. A 
magnificent view of the city of Indianapolis and 
the surrounding country is obtained from the top 
of the monument. 

Monuments to Notable Men. — Four epochs 




Masonic Temple, Indianapolis. 

in the history of Indiana are commemorated by 
bronze statues of representative men of the 
times occupying positions around the monument 
between the converging points of the intersecting 
streets. These are the period of the Revolution, 
represented by a statue of George Rogers Clark ; 
the war with Mexico, by a statue of Governor 
Whitcomb ; the war of 1812 and the battle of Tip- 
pecanoe, by the statue of William Henry Harri- 
son ; and the war for the Union by Indiana's 
great war Governor, Oliver P. Morton. 

George Rogers Clark Statue stands on the 
northwest of the monument and represents that 
dauntless commander leading his little band of 
men to the capture of Fort Sackville from the 
hands of the British. To Clark, more than to any 



other man, is the United States indebted for the 
acquisition of the territory northwest of the Ohio 
river. The statue was designed by John H. Ma- 
honey, of Indianapolis. 

William Henry Harrison Statue occupies a 
position northeast of the soldiers' monument and 
is a fitting memorial of the period of the Revolu- 
tionary war. General Harrison was appointed 
first Governor of Indiana territory in 1800, and 
during the twelve years he served as executive 
of the embryo State he extinguished the Indian 
titles to more than 29,000,000 acres of land now 
included in the State of Indiana. His campaign 
against the Indians culminated 
in the battle of Tippecanoe, No- 
vember 7, 1811. This statue was 
designed by John H. Mahoney, 
of Indianapolis. 

James Whitcomb Statue com- 
memorates the third period in 
the military history of Indiana, 
and stands to the southwest of 
the monument. During his ad- 
ministration the war with Mex- 
ico occurred, lasting through the 
years 1846-47-48. During the 
six years he served as Governor 
of Indiana he did much to re- 
store the State's credit, which 
had been impaired by the failure 
of the internal improvement sys- 
tem, and it was largely through 
his efforts that a sentiment was 
created among the people in 
favor of the establishment of 
benevolent and reformatory institutions. This 
statue was designed by John H. Mahoney, of In- 
dianapolis. 

Oliver P. Morton Statue stands to the south- 
east of the soldiers' monument. After the death 
of Governor Morton, in 1877, his friends con- 
ceived the plan of erecting a statue in Indian- 
apolis, in commemoration of his inestimable serv- 
ice during the war for the Union ; and to carry 
this plan into effect the "Morton Memorial Asso- 
ciation" was organized. A bronze statue of Gov- 
ernor Morton was cast, for which the association 
paid $14,000. By the authority of the Legislature 
the statue was placed in the center of Circle park,, 
where it stood until the erection of the soldiers'' 
monument, when it was removed to the south- 





Pythian Building, Indianapolis. 



Odd Fellows Building, Indianapolis. 





Murat Temple, Indianapolis. 



Majestic and Scottish Rite Buildings, Indianapolis. 





3 



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William Henry Harrison. 



George Rogers Clark. 





Governor James Whitcomb. Oliver P. Morton. 

Statues in Monument Place, Indianapolis. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



331 



east to represent the fourth period in the military 
history of the State. He will be known to future 
generations, as he is to the present, as Indiana's 
great war Governor. This statue was designed 
by Franklin Simmons, of Rome, Italy, and was 
cast there. 

Schuyler Colfax Statue. — The first citizen 
of Indiana to reach the vice-presidential chair 
was Schuyler Colfax, who had served three terms 
as speaker of the national house of representa- 



statue is of bronze; the pedestal is of Bavano 
granite from the quarries at Lake Maggiore, 
Italy. Two allegorical statues representing "His- 
tory" and "Peace" stand upon the base of the 
monument to its right and left. The monument 
was designed by R. H. Parks, of Florence, Italy. 
Statue of Gen. Henry W. Lawton, who fell 
at San Mateo, Philippine Islands, December 19, 
1899, formerly stood on the southwest corner of 
the county court-house grounds, but was moved 




Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. 



tives. He was a leading member of the Odd Fel- 
lows, and to his memory that organization has 
erected a bronze statue in University park. It 
was erected in 1887. The designer was Laredo 
Taft, of Chicago. 

Thomas A. Hendricks Statue. — Governor, 
senator and Vice-President of the United States, 
Thomas A. Hendricks was one of the distin- 
guished sons of Indiana, and to him the people 
of the State have erected a bronze statue in the 
southeast corner of the state-house grounds. It 
was erected by popular subscription, and unveiled 
in July, 1890. The statue itself is fourteen feet 
six inches high, and the monument as a whole has 
a height of thirty-eight feet six inches. The 



to Garfield park in 1915. It was unveiled May 
30, 1907, with most impressive services, attended 
by President Roosevelt, and was built as a tribute 
to the memory of General Lawton by the people 
of Indiana. It was designed by the noted sculp- 
tor Niehaus. 

Monument to Governor Morton, which stands 
at the east entrance to the state-house, was un- 
veiled July 23, 1907. It is the second statue 
erected in the city, and is a tribute of the State to 
the memory of the great "War Governor." 
Through the efforts of the G. A. R. a bill was 
passed by the Legislature of 1905 appropriating 
$35,000 for the purpose. The figure was designed 
by Rudolph Schwartz. 



332 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Peace Groups, Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. 



Benjamin Harrison Monument was erected 
at the south edge of University park, opposite the 
Federal building, by the Benjamin Harrison 
Monument Association and unveiled October, 
1908. It had its inception in the desire of friends 
of the late President Harrison throughout the 
country to perpetuate the memory of his life and 
services in the city of his residence among the 
people he loved and with whom he spent the 
larger part of his mature years. 

The Park System. — Indianapolis began the 
work of building parks on a systematic plan in 
1895, when J. Clyde Power was appointed park 
engineer. 

Riverside Park is the largest and most pre- 
tentious park in the city. The lands embraced by 
it were purchased in 1898 and contain 950 acres. 
White river runs through the park, the water of 
which is utilized for boating purposes by the erec- 



tion of a substantial dam, which 
is one of the handsomest ma- 
sonry structures of its kind in 
the country. A splendid boule- 
vard stretches along the river 
bluffs within the park, golf links 
have been established, and the 
clubhouse of the Canoe club is 
located here. One of the most 
entertaining features of this park 
is the collection of birds and an- 
imals. 

Garfield Park is located in the 
southeastern section of the city 
and contains about 108 acres. It 
is one of the most pleasing bits 
of landscape in the city. 

Military Park lies between 
New York street and the Indi- 
ana Central canal on the north 
and south, and West and Black- 
ford streets on the east and west, 
and includes fourteen acres. In 
the early days of the city's his- 
tory it was known as "Military 
Reservation," and was the place 
where the militia musters were 
held. All the military companies 
of the city during the pioneer 
days camped and drilled there, 
and at the time of the Black- 
hawk outbreak 300 Indiana mili- 
tia camped there before marching to Chicago. It 
was also the first camping ground of Indiana's 
quota of six regiments under President Lincoln's 
first call for troops, and throughout the war it 
was used as a camp ground. The park was then 
known as Camp Sullivan. Many of the old forest 
trees still stand, with some hundreds of younger 
growth. A large fountain is situated in the cen- 
ter of the park at the meeting place of the con- 
verging pathways. 

University Square comprises four acres, 
lying between Pennsylvania and Meridian streets 
on the east and west, and Vermont and New 
York streets on the north and south. It was the 
site of a university that flourished from 1834 to 
1846, and thus acquired its name. A statue of 
Schuyler Colfax stands in the southwestern side. 
St. Clair Square adjoins the grounds of the 
Institution for the Blind on the north, from Me- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



333 



ridian to Pennsylvania streets, 
extending to St. Clair street. It 
is four acres in extent, and in 
its center there is a fountain. 
Reached by North Pennsylvania 
street cars. 

Brookside Park is one of the 
new additions to the park areas, 
and is located in the eastern part 
of the city. It contains about 
eighty acres of beautifully 
wooded land. 

Fairview Park is the most 
popular outing place near Indi- 
anapolis. It is the property of 
the street car company, is located 
seven miles northwest of the 
and is a beautiful expanse 
about 200 acres of wooded 
and ravines overlooking White 
river and the Indiana Central 
canal. Ample street car service 
is maintained regularly between 
the park and the city, sufficient 
to handle the large crowds that 
attend it. The park is well 
supplied with amusement fea- 
tures, and a well-stocked restau- 
rant conducted at popular prices. 

Other Parks and Park Places 
are Elmwood Place, Fletcher 
Place, McCarty Place, Morris 
Park, Morton Place, Wayne Place and Hendricks 
Place, Ellenberger Park, at Irvington, and other 
parks and places. 

Thoroughfares. — This city can lay claim to 
having some of the handsomest streets and ave- 
nues of any city in the country. In the original 
platting the streets were made broad, but some 
have been narrowed in recent years. 

Lockerbie Street. — A little street that has be- 
come famous because of its association with the 
Hoosier poet, whose home is situated in it, is 
Lockerbie street. His home has been here for 
twenty years or more. Mr. Riley's discovery of 
Lockerbie street impressed him so much that he 
indited a poem to it that first appeared in the 
Indianapolis Journal. The part he refers to is 
but a block long, a roadbed of gravel, greensward 
on the sides, fine old trees with flowers and lawns 
in front of the old-fashioned houses. The march 




War Groups, Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. 



of improvement has not marred its original 
quaintness and beauty and it is yet as when he 
wrote : 

"O, my Lockerbie street ! You are fair to be seen — 
Be it noon of the day or the rare and serene 
Afternoon of the night — you are one to my heart 
And I love you above all the phrases of art, 
For no language could frame and no lips could repeat 
My rhyme-haunted raptures of Lockerbie street !" 

Churches and Charity. — Indiana has from the 
earliest years of its pioneer history given due at- 
tention to the vital matters of morals and religion. 
In the early French occupation the missionary 
priest was always the pioneer, who was on the 
ground long before the immigrants appeared. In 
the American settlement of the west the settler 
came first, but as soon as a small community had 
been formed the earnest pioneer preacher, full of 
fervor and zeal, would come to call the people to 
a realization of their spiritual needs. In the 



334 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 





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autumn of 1821 — the city having been laid out in 
April — the people of the newly incubated me- 
tropolis had the gospel preached to them by min- 
isters of three denominations. Either Rezin 
Hammond, a Methodist circuit rider, or John 
McClung, of the New Light school, can be 
claimed as having been the first to preach in Indi- 
anapolis. They came about the same time in 
1821, and accounts vary as to which was the 



earliest, but both came before the Rev. Ludlow 
G. Haines, of the Presbyterian church. The first 
Catholic service was held here in 1835, and the 
first Jewish congregation was organized in 1855. 

Orphan Asylums. — Several orphan asylums 
are maintained in the city. The Indianapolis 
Orphan Asylum was incorporated in 1851 ; the 
German General Protestant Orphans' Home, 
which is under the supervision of the German 
Protestants of the city ; the German Lutheran 
Orphans' Home, which is supervised by the Ger- 
man Lutherans of the city, and Home for Friend- 
less Colored Children. 

The County Poor Asylum is located north- 
west of the city, and the Poor Farm covers 220 
acres. 

Young Men's Christian Association of Indi- 
anapolis was organized December 12, 1854. In 
the long years of its existence its influence for 
good has been demonstrated in thousands of in- 
stances. The public appreciation of the benefi- 
cent work of this organization was shown in a 
practical way by subscribing over $250,000 in 
1907 to a fund to further its work and extend its 
influence. 

The Young Women's Christian Association 




Lockerbie Street, Indianapolis. Made famous by the Hoosier Poet, James Whitcomb Riley, 

in which his home is situated. 



336 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




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was organized in 1870. It maintains amply sup- 
plied reading rooms and library, a fine gym- 
nasium, etc. There are also classes in German, 
literature, sewing, etc. 

Charities. — Several charities are carried on by 
private contributions, some of which are con- 
nected with special churches, while others are 
nonsectarian. These include homes for orphans, 
home for friendless women, homes for aged poor, 
a summer sanatorium for the benefit of sick 
children, and other organizations of a benevolent 
character for the relief of the poor and suffering. 
In religious endeavor and humanitarian effort, 
no less than material progress, Indianapolis is 
representative of the best ideals and most useful 
activities. 

Crown Hill Cemetery. — This is one of the 
most beautiful and interesting resting places of 
the dead in the country. The organization having 
control of it was founded in 1863 and the ceme- 
tery was dedicated in 1864. It is located about 
three miles northwest from the center of the 
city and embraces over 540 acres. It contains 
the national cemetery, in which are buried the 
Union soldiers who died in Indianapolis and 
those whose bodies were brought here for inter- 
ment. There among the soldiers for whose wel- 
fare he worked so tirelessly lies the body of 
Governor Oliver P. Morton ; also that of Thomas 
A. Hendricks, Vice-President of the United 
States ; President Benjamin Harrison and many 
other notable men and women. 

Other Cemeteries are the Roman Catholic, 
Lutheran and Jewish. 

Sanitary Organizations. — The Quarantine 
Service is under the control of the department 
of public health and charities. The city council 
appropriates a special fund for the prevention of 
the spread of contagious diseases. 

Hospitals. — There are many hospitals in In- 
dianapolis, including the institutions for the in- 
sane, the blind and deaf and dumb, that are 
supported by the State. They are as finely 
equipped and as ably conducted as any in the 
country, and there is no kind of bodily suffering 
that may not find skilful treatment and kindly 
nursing in one or the other of these healing insti- 
tutions, where the most eminent physicians and 
surgeons give freely of their time and skill. The 
wealthy patient may command all the luxuries a 




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338 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




St. Mary's Cathedral. 

fine private home could give, and the poor man 
may enjoy comforts and conveniences not pos- 
sible in his condition. 

The City Hospital is under the control of a 
superintendent appointed by the department of 
public health and charities, assisted by internes 
who are graduates from the regular medical col- 
leges and are selected by a competent board of 
examiners appointed by the board of health. 
The City hospital was built in 1856, and its bene- 
ficiaries are the sick poor of the city. The Indi- 
anapolis Training School for Nurses is conducted 
in this institution under the charge of the hos- 
pital authorities. 

Protestant Deaconess Home and Hospital is 
conducted under the auspices of the German 
Protestants. It is located on North Capitol ave- 
nue in one of the finest hospital buildings in the 
city. Patients are received from any place. 

The Robert W. Long Hospital, which has a 
total capacity of eighty-five beds and sixteen pri- 
vate rooms, was dedicated June 15, 1914. It is a 
part of the equipment of the University Medical 
School, and furnishes superior facilities for clin- 
ical teaching. The building, complete in every 



particular, was erected at a cost of $250,000, and 
is a token of the generosity of Doctor Robert W. 
Long and Mrs. Long, of Indianapolis. 

St. Vincent's Hospital, located on the corner 
of Fall Creek boulevard and Illinois street, is one 
of the greatest of the institutions erected and 
conducted under the auspices of the Catholic 
church in this city. 

The Methodist Episcopal Hospital, which is 
located on Sixteenth street, between Capitol and 
Senate avenues, is conducted under the auspices 
of the Methodists of Indiana. 

Central Hospital for the Insane. — The Legis- 
lature of 1844 enacted a law setting aside a spe- 
cial tax of one cent on each one hundred dollars' 
($100) worth of property listed for taxation for 
the erection of a State Lunatic Asylum. Steps 
were at once taken to carry out the requirements 
of the law. A site on West Washington street, 
three miles from the center of the city of Indi- 
anapolis, was purchased August 29, 1845, and the 
erection of buildings begun, but it was not until 
1848 that it was possible to receive patients. 
The first was admitted November 21 of that 
year. The name was changed first to the Indiana 
Hospital for the Insane and later to the Central 
Indiana Hospital for the Insane. This institu- 
tion is one of the largest of its kind in the United 
States. The hospital has a pathological labora- 
tory completely equipped for scientific study and 
investigation. A lecture course for physicians 
and medical students is maintained. 

Indiana State School for the Deaf. — "The 
Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and 
Dumb" was authorized by an act of the Legisla- 
ture, approved January 15, 1844. The institution 
was opened in a rented building on the southeast 




Robert W. Long Hospital, Indianapolis. 




n 







340 



CKNTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



corner of Illinois and Maryland streets, Indian- 
apolis, October 1, 1844. On October 1, 1846. 
the school was moved to a larger building on the 
south side of Washington street, between Penn- 
sylvania and Delaware streets. The site on East 
Washington street was acquired in 1846, and the 
building erected thereon was occupied October 2, 
1850. An act of the Legislature of 1903 pro- 
vided for the relocation of the school, and on 
May 12, 1905, a commission composed of the 
Governor, the Attorney General and the Board of 
Trustees of the institution purchased a tract 
containing 76.93 acres of land four miles north 
of the center of Indianapolis, where the institu- 
tion is now located. The name of the institu- 
tion was changed by the Legislature of 1907 to 
the Indiana State School for the Deaf. The 
school is open to all deaf children of suitable 
capacity between the ages of eight and twenty- 
one years. Attendance is compulsory for chil- 
dren from eight to sixteen years of age. All 
maintenance expenses are paid by the State, but 
the pupils must be supplied with clothing. This 
institution is not an asylum, but a school and a 
part of the State's educational system. 

Indiana School for the Blind. — By an act ap- 
proved January 27, 1847, provision was made for 
the establishment of the Indiana Institute for the 
Education of the Blind. On October 1, 1847, 
the school was opened in rented" property, the 
building contemplated by the law not being ready 
for occupancy until about the middle of Febru- 
ary, 1853. This building, located on North 
street, between Pennsylvania and Meridian 
streets, Indianapolis, is still in use. The name of 
the institution was changed in 1907 to the Indi- 
ana School for the Blind. The purpose of the ' 
school is purely educational. All the common 
school branches are taught and a thorough course 
is given in several industrial trades. Tuition, 
board and washing are furnished by the State ; 
clothing and traveling expenses bv parents or 
guardians. The school is open to all blind chil- 
dren of suitable capacity between the ages of 
eight and twenty-one years. Attendance is com- 
pulsory for children eight to sixteen years of age. 

Asylum for Incurable Insane. — In May, 1900, 
a new asylum for the incurable insane was com- 
pleted at Julietta which has accommodations for 
150 inmates. The building is fireproof, two 
stories high and modern in every respect. It is 



equipped with a steam heating, water and light- 
ing plant, and cost in construction $106,000. 
The farm which the institution occupies contains 
148 acres and cost $8,857. 

City Dispensary is under the control of a 
superintendent, who is appointed by the board of 
public health and charities, and is assisted by five 
internes. These internes are selected from the 
regular medical colleges by a board of examiners. 
The dispensary maintains an ambulance service 
and responds to emergency calls. 

Bobbs' Free Dispensary, in connection with 
the Indiana University School of Medicine, is 
located on the northwest corner of Senate avenue 
and Market street. 

Notable Private Sanatoriums. — There are 
several here that are sought by the afflicted and 
are nationally known for their efficiency in the 
treatment of mental, nervous and other physical 
ailments. Notable among these are "Neuron- 
hurst," "Norways" and Mt. Jackson sanatoriums. 

Hotels, Clubs and Places of Amusement. — 
The hotel is a necessary institution in any place 
or settlement presenting any kind of urban pre- 
tensions, and Indianapolis, among its first settlers, 
included a tavern-keeper, Hawkins by name, who 
built a cabin from the abundant supply of logs 
which surrounded the site, and gave notice that 
he was prepared to furnish good entertainment 
for man or beast. His monopoly did not last 
very long, for, in 1822, a year after he estab- 
lished business, Thomas Carter erected a larger 
hostelry and furnished entertainment for immi- 
grants, who at that time were coming in some- 
what numerously, and who needed a stopping 
place until they could build cabins of their own. 
Carter's tavern was also utilized for meetings, 
and the first theatrical performance was held in 
it. The Bates House, which, until 1901, was rec- 
ognized as one of the city's chief hostelries, was 
built in 1852. It served its purpose with distinc- 
tion until 1901, when it was torn down to make 
room for the Claypool. 

Clubs and Social Organizations. — Club life in 
Indianapolis has come to be one of its most 
prominent and interesting features. There are 
nearly 250 organizations and miscellaneous soci- 
eties representing club life in the city. These 
embrace social, political, literary, musical, dra- 
matic, athletic, driving clubs, etc. Some of the 
club-houses in point of construction and equip- 



342 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



raent are the equal of the finest in the country 
and represent an investment of many thousands 
of dollars, affording their members a variety of 
luxuries and delights not possible at home. 

Columbia Club. — It might be matter for aston- 
ishment to become aware of what our inland 
Hoosier State has done, not only for her sisters, 
but for the world at large. For out of this Judea 
have come prophets to all people. Statesmen, 
poets, novelists and artists, song and story, and 
men to sit in the highest place of honor have 
been sent out to the world from Indiana ; and 
nowhere in the west is there a people more 
atbirst for knowledge and beauty than in our 
flourishing western capital, Indianapolis. Out of 
this have grown clubs for the propagation of all 
interests — social, artistic, literary and political. 
The Columbia club was dedicated New Year's 
eve, December 31, 1900, and is an organization 
which has grown out of these conditions. The 
features and functions of this club are so unique 
as to call attention to it all over the country. In 
all its acts and influences it fosters the principles 
of Republicanism, and yet is never dominated by 
extreme partisanship. Through the extended in- 



fluence of the many strong men who are among 
its members, it is a potent factor in all public 
questions of Indiana, and often in the politics of 
the country. There is probably no club in this 
country which is more widely known on account 
of events which have taken place within its walls 
affecting large national political interests. Its 
membership is in no sense local. Outside of 
Indianapolis its members are chosen by invitation 
from every county, important town and commu- 
nity in the State. Men who are so honored must 
be Republicans and representative in some dis- 
tinguished manner of the community in which 
they reside. As a business man's club it repre- 
sents eminently a large portion of the leading 
men of affairs in Indiana. It is the foremost 
social club of Indianapolis and of the State, and 
the only social State club in this country. The 
club building is situated on Monument place. 

Indianapolis Maennerchor was organized in 
1854, and is one of the oldest and most influential 
German organizations in this city. It has given 
in concerts and in courses of instruction the best 
works of German composers, and it has been 
potent in developing the love of music in this 








Columbia Club, Indianapolis. 



Severin Hotel, Indianapolis. 




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344 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIAN' \ 




Chamber of Commerce Building, Indianapolis. 

community. Its membership is composed of 
active members who are musicians or students, 
and others to whom the social features of the 
organization appeal. In 1906 it erected its pres- 
ent magnificent building on the northwest corner 
of Michigan and Illinois streets, and it is one of 
the finest examples of club architecture in Amer- 
ica. It is sumptuously furnished and js fitted 
with all the conveniences necessary to modern 
club life. A unique feature of the building is 
the beautiful roof garden. 

Das Deutsche Haus, one of the finest German 
club-houses in the country, is the result of a reso- 
lution passed by the Socialer Turnverein of In- 
dianapolis in 1891 to procure more commodious 
quarters. A building association was founded 
and incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000, 
which was later increased to $160,000. Before 
the building operations were begun it became evi- 
dent that the time was propitious to build a club- 
bouse of sufficient proportions to accommodate 
the Turnverein and other German literary, 
musical and dramatic societies. The first official 
meeting of the stock association was held in 
January, 1892. Real estate was purchased in the 



same year, 135x203 feet, at the corner of New 
Jersey and Michigan streets. Ground was broken 
in the summer of 1893, and the first of the build- 
ings, the eastern half, was dedicated on Washing- 
ton's birthday, 1894. The balance of the real es- 
tate, now comprising a fourth of a block, was 
purchased in 1896. In 1897 the building on the 
corner was begun and completion of the improve- 
ments were celebrated by a three days' festival 
in June. 1898. In pursuance of the plan of the 
builders, Der Deutsche Klub, a social club, was 
organized upon completion of the first building. 
Der Musikverein was founded in October, 1897, 
and in 1899 these two clubs were merged under 
the name of Der Deutsche Klub and Musikverein 
of Indianapolis. Notable features of the club 
are the Sunday school, a girls' industrial school 
and kindergarten that are maintained by indi- 
vidual effort. A series of choral and orchestral 
concerts during the winter, and band concerts in 
the garden, weekly, during the summer months 
are special attractions. 

The Indianapolis Board of Trade. — This or- 
ganization was the successor of the old Chamber 
of Commerce and was organized June 12, 1882. 
It has, at present, a membership of over 500, 
among which are to be found not only the grain 
dealers, but many of the leading merchants, 
manufacturers and financiers of the city. Many 
prominent legal and professional men also hold 
membership in the organization. The objects of 
the association are to promote the commercial, 
financial, industrial and other interests of the 
city of Indianapolis ; to secure uniformity in com- 
mercial usages and customs ; to facilitate business 
intercourse ; to promote commercial ethics, and 
to adjust differences and disputes in trade. The 
Board of Trade is the headquarters for the grain 
trade in this city. The Indianapolis cash grain 
market is established through the medium of its 
grain call, which takes place each business day at 
noon. The fine eight-story office building at the 
southeast corner of Meridian and Ohio streets is 
the home of the Board of Trade. 

Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce was or- 
ganized in December, 1912. It was the request 
of a consolidation of the Indianapolis Commer- 
cial Club, the Indianapolis Trade Association, the 
Indianapolis Freight Bureau, the Manufacturers' 
Association and the Adscript Club. Later the 
Indianapolis Convention and Tourists' Bureau 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



345 



was also absorbed. The purpose of the organiza- 
tion is to promote the commercial, industrial and 
general welfare of the city of Indianapolis and 
vicinity. In addition to its general offices the 
Chamber maintains various departments or divi- 
sions, these being the following : Wholesale 
Trade Division, Manufacturers' Division, Freight 
and Traffic Division, Advertisers Club, Conven- 
tion Division and the Municipal Development 
Division. 

The work of the Chamber is performed by 
nearly half a hundred different committees in 
whose membership are found most of the mem- 
bers of the Chamber. In addition to working for 
the industrial and commercial progress of the 
citv and taking a very lively interest in all public 
affairs, the Chamber maintains an attractive and 
commodious club. It is the owner of an eight- 
story building at Meridian and Pearl streets. 
Three and one-half stories of this building are 
occupied by the Chamber with its general offices, 
departmental offices, social rooms, reading rooms, 
billiard room, committee rooms and cafe. 

The Indianapolis Propylaeum was incorpo- 
rated June 6, 1888, for the purpose of promot- 
ing and encouraging literary endeavors, also for 
erecting and maintaining a suitable building that 
would provide a center of higher culture for the 
public and particularly for the women of Indi- 
anapolis. It is located on North street, opposite 
the State School for the Blind. The membership 
is composed exclusively of women. 

The Independent Turnverein. — This society 
was organized January, 1879. The present hand- 
some club-house is one of the most substantial 
contributions to club architecture in the city. 

Marion Club maintains its club-house on 
North Meridian, opposite the site of the new 
ferleral building. It is maintained for the pur- 
pose of promoting the interests of Republicanism 
and has a very large and active membership, 
which embraces some of the most highly honored 
and popular men in the Republican party. 

The Indiana Club was organized in 1907 by 
prominent Democrats of the city and State lor 
the purpose of advancing the interests ol their 
political organization in local, State and national 
affairs. 

The Canoe Club maintains a splendidly 
equipped club. It has a membership of about 





346 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




a. 



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on 



300 business and professional men, who 
enjoy boating and give encouragement 
to aquatic sports. Beside the club- 
house its members own numerous 
steam and electric launches, canoes 
and other craft, which are cared for in 
a well-appointed boat-house. 

Other Club and Society Buildings. 
— Among other notable club and so- 
ciety buildings are the Scottish Rite 
building, the Elks' Club building, the 
University Club, the club building 
erected by the Knights of Pythias 
lodges, Highland Golf Club and many 
others. 

The Race Track, located on the 
State fair grounds, is one of the best 
in the country. 

The Speedway, which was built in 
1909, is the largest track of its kind in 
the world built specially for motor car 
racing and for large outdoor events. 

Indiana State Fair, which is held in 
Indianapolis in the fall of the year, is 
the great event that attracts thousands 
of Indianians with their families to the 
Hoosier capital. It is the annual ex- 
hibition of progress in agriculture, hor- 
ticulture, stock raising and the various 
departments of husbandry. In 1893 
the State Board of Agriculture secured 
the beautiful tract of 214 acres north- 
east of the city it now has covered 
with convenient buildings, including 
the magnificent coliseum erected in 
1907, which is one of the finest and 
largest in this country. The ground 
formerly occupied by the fair was sold 
in 1892 for $275,000, and is now one 
of the most attractive residential dis- 
tricts in the city. 

Educational Institutions, Libraries, 
Etc. — The streets and highways of In- 
dianapolis had hardly been staked off 
by the surveyor when the few people 
who had gathered here at this embryo 
capital of the State began to look 
around and make some arrangements 
for the education of the children. At 
that time there was no provision for 



348 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



public, or free, schools, and the only means for 
education were by private or "subscription" 
schools. The first building devoted to education 
in the city was erected at the intersection of Ken- 
tucky avenue and Washington and Illinois streets. 
From that little beginning has developed the 
great school system of Indianapolis which has 
made the Indiana capital take high rank in edu- 
cational matters among the cities of the country. 
The magnificently endowed school fund of the 
State of Indiana, and the open-handed liberality 



bright, and the young city was buoyant with ex- 
pectations of the future of the new school sys- 
tem, when the courts decided that the taxation 
provided for by the Legislature was illegal, and 
the schools were compelled to depend for their 
maintenance on what was received from the gen- 
eral school fund. In consequence of this decision 
the schools languished for some years, but after 
a while a brighter day dawned, and once again 
the people were permitted to tax themselves to 
maintain schools for the general education of 



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Indianapolis Speedway. — Photo by W. H. Coburn. 



of the people of Indianapolis, have united in 
building up the present great free school system. 
Just when Indianapolis first began to feel the 
impetus of the legislation in favor of free schools 
it received a severe setback by an adverse de- 
cision of the Supreme .Court. It was just emerg- 
ing from the first crude efforts to establish free 
schools, and was getting on a higher plane when 
this decision came. Graded schools were being 
established in different parts of the city, and the 
"old seminary," wherein many of the youth in 
the early days of the city had been prepared for 
college, had been changed into a high school 
under the jurisdiction of the city. Hope was 



their children. From that day the progress has 
been steady and rapid. The city has been fortu- 
nate in its selection of those chosen to have gen- 
eral management and control of this great 
interest. One idea has been steadily before them, 
and that was to bring the schools up to the high- 
est grade possible, while at the same time fur- 
nishing ample provision to accommo late all the 
children. Cinder the law all persons between the 
ages of six and twenty-one years are entitled to 
school privileges: 

Other Schools. — The efficiency and number oi 
schools which Indianapolis possesses in addition 
to those belonging to the public school system is 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



349 



also a matter of pride and importance. Several 
schools of music are conducted where pupils are 
brought by eminent instructors to the highest 
degree of skill and knowledge to which they are 
capable. In the Herron Art Institute painting, 
sketching, pen-drawing and modeling are taught 
by capable artists. This school is maintained 
and controlled by an association of liberal citi- 
zens. The schools which are connected with the 
Catholic churches are popular and attended by 
many pupils from distant parts of the country, 
and there are other schools of education, of sten- 
ography, telegraphy, business colleges and others 
in great number. For literary culture the people 
of Indianapolis have the advantage of two large 
and' several small but very valuable libraries. 

The Manual Training High School is one of 
the largest and most thoroughly equipped insti- 
tutions of its kind in this country. The history 
of manual training in Indianapolis schools began 
in the establishment of the Gewerbe Schule, 
which was organized by a number of German 
citizens, particularly active among whom was 
Clemens Yonnegut, Sr., who had been a mem- 
ber of the public school board for twenty-seven 
years. Later the Gewerbe Schule was disbanded 
and merged into the Manual Training school. 
With the year 1889. when a course of wood- 
working and mechanical drawing, in charge of 
W. H. Bass, was opened at high school No. 1 
(now Shortridge High school), it became a part 
of the public school work. The numerous appli- 
cations for admission to this department soon 
proved the popularity of a course of this nature 
in the high school curriculum, and the school 
board of 1891 conceived the idea of the estab- 
lishment of a school in which special attention 
should be paid to manual training. The city 
council sanctioned the establishment of such an 
institution, and levied a special tax of five cents 
per hundred dollars for its erection and mainte- 
nance. Consequently ground was purchased in 
1892 and the building begun, costing $165,000, in 
March, 1894. The school was opened February 
18. 1895. The curriculum of the school includes 
a regular high school course and a course in me- 
chanic and domestic arts. The latter consists of 
woodworking, forging, foundry work, pattern 
making, machine shop practise and mechanical 
drawing for the boys ; cooking, sewing, hygiene 





350 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



and home nursing for the girls. Further, courses 
in stenography, typewriting and bookkeeping. 

Free Kindergarten and Domestic Training 
Schools. — There are schools of this character in 
the city under the supervision of a board of di- 
rectors of the Free Kindergarten Association. 

The State Library was started soon after In- 
diana became a State, but for several years it 
met with but little encouragement from the Leg- 
islature, and through carelessness and neglect 
many of its most valuable books were lost or 
destroyed. Within the last few years, however, 
the Legislature has been more liberal in furnish- 
ing means for the purchase of new books and 
caring for the library. The library occupies 
several elegantly appointed rooms in the state- 
house. The library contains about 70,000 vol- 
umes and a large number of pamphlets. 

Public Library was established in 1873 under 
the authority of the school commissioners. It 
occupies a handsome stone building erected for 
its use by the city. It has connected with it a 
reading-room for consulting the books, and for 
the use of those who desire to read the papers 
and periodicals kept there for that purpose. The 
reading-room is kept open from 9 a.m. until 10 
p. M. on each day of the week. Any citizen is 
entitled to withdraw books from the library for 
home reading. The whole is under the control 
of the board of school commissioners. Branch 
libraries were established the latter part of 1896 
in various parts of the city, each being supplied 
with 1.500 to 5,000 volumes, and newspaper, 
magazine and reading-room accommodations. 
There are now five Carnegie and seven sub- 
branch libraries in the city. Beside these there 
are fourteen delivery stations where books are 
delivered to and received from the patrons of 
the library. There are 195,899 volumes and 
pamphlets in the library. 

Agricultural Library of the State Board of 
Agriculture, located in the state-house, contains 
about 1,200 volumes. 

Marion County Library, located in the court- 
house, was established in 1844, and contains 
about 5,200 volumes. It is open on Saturdays. 

State Law Library, which was separated from 
the State library in 1867, contains over 40,000 
volumes. It is located in the state-house. 

Indianapolis Bar Association Library, in the 



Marion county court-house, contains over 8,000 
volumes and was established in 1880. 

Horticultural Library, of the State Horticul- 
tural Society, in the' state-house, contains over 
500 volumes. 

Other Libraries are Bona Thompson Library, 
Butler University, at Irvington ; the St. Aloysius, 
St. Cecilia, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Law School 
library and excellent special libraries in the dif- 
ferent medical colleges. 

Butler College, Indianapolis. — Was incorpo- 
rated by special act of the Legislature in January, 
1850. Its charter was obtained under the 
auspices of the Christian churches of Indiana, 
and its name was then "Northwestern Christian 
University." In 1877, on account of the large 
gifts of land and money from Ovid Butler, the 
institution was renamed in his honor ; but the 
charter was otherwise unchanged, and the spirit 
and scope of the work carried on remained the 
same. The first location of the college was at 
College avenue and Fourteenth street, Indian- 
apolis, but it was changed to the present campus 
in Irvington — then outside of the city — in 1873. 

The college began its work with a subscription 
of $75,000 to its funds. This amount was in- 
creased from time to time by gifts, and still more 
largely augmented by the sale of the old campus 
when the removal was made to the present site. 
Until 1907 the income-bearing endowment had 
for a long time remained stationary at about 
$200,000; but in March, 1907, a movement for 
the increase of the resources of the institution 
culminated in the addition of $250,000 to the 
productive endowment. This additional fund has 
now been collected so that the work of the col- 
lege can be greatly strengthened. The physical 
equipment of the college represents an invest- 
ment of about $300,000 in addition to the 
amounts named above. The campus and adjoin- 
ing property comprise about twenty-five acres, 
the campus proper being beautifully wooded. 
There are five substantial buildings, besides the 
astronomical observatory. The most noteworthy 
of these is the Bona Thompson Memorial Library 
building. 

The college has always been associated with 
the Christian church. It is bound by its charter 
"to teach and inculcate the Christian faith and 
Christian morality as taught in the sacred scrip- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



351 



tures," but is under no other religious or sec- 
tarian limitation. The institution has maintained 
from the beginning a liberal attitude toward all 
classes of students that have come to it. It is 
the first college in the world to open its doors to 
women on exactly equal terms with those offered 
to men. In educational policy the college has 
adhered to the theory that it is the function of a 
college to give a liberal education in the arts and 
sciences. It has resisted the tendency toward 



America and Europe. In 1907 Doctor Scot But- 
ler, for many years president of the college, was 
retired on a pension by the Carnegie Foundation 
for the Advancement of Teaching. He was suc- 
ceeded as president by Professor Thomas C. 
Howe, for many years head of the department of 
Germanic languages. 

Indiana University School of Medicine, Indi- 
anapolis. — By provision of an act of the Legisla- 
ture, Indiana University was expressly author- 




Butler College Buildings and Campus. 



excessive specialization, and continues to stand 
for general culture. It has, nevertheless, kept 
pace with the educational progress of the coun- 
try, advancing its requirements for a degree and 
adding new departments, as these steps were re- 
quired by the educational movements of the age. 
The requirements for admission and graduation 
are now equal to those of the largest universities 
of the country, and the degree of Butler College 
is recognized as equivalent to the corresponding 
degree of any other educational institution. 

The college maintains a faculty of trained spe- 
cialists in their respective departments, who have 
enjoyed the advantages of the best universities of 



ized to teach medicine. Acting upon this 
provision, for many years science courses were, 
given which led up to the course in medicine. 
About 1890 a full biologic course was established 
which was equivalent to the course given in the 
freshman year of the best medical colleges of the 
time, with the exception of dissection in human 
anatomy. In 1903 a full two years' course, in- 
cluding every subject taught in the irishman 
and sophomore years of the standard medical 
college, was established. 

Indiana University School of Medicine now 
represents a union of all of the medical interests 
formerly represented by the Medical College (if 



352 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Indiana, located at Indianapolis, organized in 
1869; the Central College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Indianapolis, organized in 1879; the 
Fort Wayne College of Medicine at Fort Wayne, 
Intl., organized in 1879; the Indiana University 
School of .Medicine at Bloomington, Ind., organ- 




Indiana Dental College. 

ized in 1903, and the State College of Physicians 
and Surgeons of Indianapolis, organized in 1906. 
In September, 1905, the Medical College of In- 
diana, the Central College of Physicians and 
Surgeons and the Fort Wayne College of Medi- 
cine merged under the name of the Medical Col- 
lege of Indiana, the School of Medicine of 
Purdue University. In the summer of 1907 the 
Indiana University School of Medicine and the 
State College of Physicians and Surgeons merged 
under the name of the Indiana University School 
of Medicine, and in April, 1908, negotiations 
were completed whereby the Indiana Medical 
College was united with the Indiana University 
School of Medicine. 

The progressiveness in higher medical educa- 
tion is shown in this school by its requirement that 
each student must possess a credit of at least 
two years of a college course before he is entitled 
"to matriculate as a student of medicine and sanc- 
tion must then be given by the Indiana State 
Medical Board. The American Medical Associa- 
tion placed this school among the A-plus schools. 
Out of the 106 medical institutions now in exist- 
ence, there are but twenty-two given this superior 
standing. The Robert W. Long Hospital, which 
was dedicated June 15, 1914, is a part of the 
equipment of the University Medical School, and 
furnishes superior facilities for clinical teaching. 
The building, complete in every particular, was 
erected at a cost of $250,000, and is a token of 



the generosity of Doctor Robert W. Long and 
Mrs. Long, of Indianapolis. 

The clinical advantages, in addition to its own 
hospital, the Long Hospital, are derived from the 
City hospital, Protestant Deaconess, Methodist, 
St. Vincent's and the Central Indiana Hospital 
for the Insane. Bedside teaching is paramount. 
In addition to this is the Bobbs and City Dispen- 
sary, which is also conducted by the college. 

The officers of the university are : William 
Lowe Bryan, Ph. D., LL. D., president ; Charles 
Phillips Emerson, A. B., M. D., dean of the 
School of Medicine ; Burton D. Myers, A. M., 
M. D., secretary at Bloomington ; Edmund D. 
Clark, M. D.. secretary at Indianapolis, and John 
F. Barnhill, M. D., treasurer. 

The Indiana Law School (Department of 
Law of the University of Indianapolis). — The 
Indiana Law School was organized in 1894 for 
the purpose of giving to the law students of the 
middle west an opportunity to acquire a more 
thorough and systematic knowledge of the law 
than has heretofore been afforded them by any 
institution within easy reach of their homes, and 
especially to give to those young men who con- 
template the practise of law in Indiana the same 
facilities and advantages which are to be found 
in the oldest schools of law. The school, now 





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College of Missions. 

entering upon its twentieth year, has already 
taken high rank among the professional schools 
of the country. Being the capital city of the 
State, where the Supreme and appellate courts, 
the federal courts and the local courts, both civil 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



353 



and criminal, are in session practically through- 
out the year, the students have unusual oppor- 
tunity for witnessing court procedure in all its 
various forms, and the sessions of the Legisla- 
ture enable them to see how the business of law- 




Indiana Veterinary College, Indianapolis. 

making is transacted. With the rapid growth of 
the State in wealth and population, the law of 
Indiana, while in its general and elementary fea- 
tures like that of the other States of the Union, 
has developed a jurisprudence of its own. A 
thorough and practical knowledge of this law can 
not be acquired at law schools located in other 
States. The course of study covers a period of 
three years of thirty-two weeks each, and the 
two classes have separate and distinct instruction 
throughout the course. The dean of the Indiana ' 
Law School is James A. Rohbach, A. M., LL. B. 

Indiana Dental College, Indianapolis. — Was 
established in the fall of 1879. The course in the 
college consists of three sessions of eight months 
each. The institution is co-educational, admitting 
women on the same terms as men. 

The college has about 1,500 graduates, and 
they are in practise all over the globe. Many of 
them have attained national distinction in their 
profession. 

The clinic of the college is large and interest- 
ing. The operatory is eighty feet long and fifty- 
four feet wide, on the second floor of the build- 
ing, facing on both North and Meridian streets. 
Here work is done for the general public. The 
college sees about 3,000 patients each year, and 
as the most of these have several operations per- 
formed, the total of operations runs into the tens 
of thousands. Every operation known to dental 
surgery is performed. The oral surgical clinic 



is especially good, and all operations which do 
not require that the patient be put to bed after it 
are performed at the college. Graver operations 
are performed at one of the hospitals, the stu- 
dents having an opportunity to be present. The 
dean of the college is Frederic R. Henshaw, 
D. D. S. 

Indiana Veterinary College, Indianapolis, 
was established by Louis A. Greiner in 1892. It 
is one of the most distinguished of this character 
of educational institutions in the United States. 
In its earlier development it was materially as- 
sisted by Ferdinand A. Mueller, its present sec- 
retary and treasurer, in the financial direction 
and erection of the present college building in 
1909. Doctors William 1!. Craig, dean of the 
faculty; G. H. Roberts, president, and Joseph 
W. Koltz, vice president, notable veterinarians 
and educators, are the executive officers of the 
college. The college maintains one of the finest 
hospitals for the treatment of animals in the 
country, which is one of the most important ad- 
juncts to the college building. Graduates of this 
school are eligible to membership in the Ameri- 
can Veterinary Association and are recognized 
by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United 
States. 




Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. 

Indianapolis College of Pharmacy was or 
ganized in 1904 as a department of Winona 
Technical Institute, at Indianapolis. Since its 
organization it ^ development has been steady and 
several hundred students have graduated from 



•23 



354 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



it from all parts of the United States and foreign 
countries. The course leading to the degree of 
Ph.G. covers two years of twenty-six weeks each. 
Each year is divided into two terms of thirteen 
weeks each. A period of about five months sepa- 
rates the two college years. This often is of 
great advantage, enabling students to spend the 
intervening time in practical and profitable work 
in pharmaceutical establishments. The college 
was reorganized May 14 with a capital stock of 
$50,000 to secure added facilities for the work. 
The officers are Ferdinand A. Mueller, president, 
and Edward H. Niles, secretary. 

Teachers' College. — The Teachers' College of 
Indianapolis has become one of the most favor- 
ably known teacher-training schools in the 




Lain Business College. 

United States. Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker, the presi- 
dent of Teachers' College and superintendent of 
the Free Kindergarten schools of Indianapolis 
since their organization in 1882, was called to 
Indianapolis by Mr. A. C. Shortridge to estab- 
lish a kindergarten in the Hadley-Roberts Acad- 
emy. Later she organized the system of free 
kindergartens in Indianapolis, which has received 
the indorsement of Indianapolis citizens and the 
substantial support of the General Assembly of 
Indiana. Teachers' College of Indianapolis was 
first founded in 1882 under the name of Kinder- 
garten Normal Training School, which later was 
changed to the Indiana Kindergarten and Primary 
Normal Training School. In 1893 the name was 
again changed to the Teachers' College of Indi- 
anapolis. The aim of the school during its for- 
mative period was the training of kindergartners. 
While this is still continued as an essential de- 
partment of the teacher-training, the courses of 
instruction now included in the curriculum of the 
college are not only arranged for the training of 
kindergartners and grade school teachers, but 
also afford the specialized training so necessary 



to the teachers of domestic science, art, music 
and manual work. In 1907 the Teachers' College 
was fully accredited by the State Board of Edu- 
cation and thus has obtained official recognition. 
In addition, the students are also fitted for play- 
ground work, for teaching defective children and 
for work in social settlements. During the 
thirty-three years of its existence some 3,000 
students have received diplomas, while at least 
double that number have taken partial courses 
and work in certificate courses. 

Lain Business College is the leading private 
commercial school in Indianapolis. It was estab- 
lished in 1906 by Mr. and Mrs. Marvin M. Lain. 
The building occupied by the school was built 
by them, and is one of the largest business col- 
lege buildings in the State. 

The Normal College of the North American 
Gymnastic Union is an institution established 
for the purpose of educating teachers of physical 
training for schools maintained by gymnastic so- 
cieties, for public schools and for higher educa- 
tional institutions. The college is empowered by 
law to confer academic titles and degrees on 
students that complete certain prescribed courses. 

The Normal College is associated with, and 
controlled by, the North American Gymnastic 
Union, which was organized in 1850 for the pur- 
pose of bringing up men and women strong in 
body, mind and morals, and for the promotion 
and dissemination of progressive and liberal 
ideas. It is not a money-making institution, as 
the tuition fees cover but a fraction of its ex- 
penses. The additional income required for the 
defrayal of expenses is derived from appropria- 
tions made by the North American Gymnastic 
Union and from assessments that are levied on a 
guaranty fund created by subscriptions. The 
college is located in the east wing of the German 
House. 

College of Missions. — The Sarah A. Davis- 
Deterding Memorial is located in Irvington and 
is conducted under the auspices of the Christian 
Woman's Board of Missions for the purpose of 
training missionaries and Christian workers. 
The ground was broken for the erection of the 
building August 29, 1907. The offices of the 
Christian Woman's Board of Missions are lo- 
cated in this building. 

Indiana Central University, just south of In- 
dianapolis, was incorporated October 6, 1902. It 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



355 



was not, however, until September 26, 1905, that 
its doors were opened for the reception of stu- 
dents. The school came as the result of a want 
long felt by the Church of the United Brethren 
in Christ for a school in Indiana. In a sense the 
school is the logical successor of the old Harts- 
ville College, which for many years flourished at 
Hartsville, a village east of Columbus, Ind. The 
latter school had gone down under the disastrous 
fire which destroyed the building, and certain 
differences which had arisen from changes of 
the fundamental laws of the church. Several 
times there had been put forth plans for the re- 
newal of church educational enterprises in the 
State, in the interim between the closing down of 
the did school and the opening of the new, but 
it was not until the summer of 1902 that plans 
sufficiently matured and practicable to invite co- 
operation were advanced. The church felt at 
that time the work could be done, and the subse- 
quent history of the new school has justified the 
hopes of those who backed the enterprise. The 
proposition laid before the three annual confer- 
ences by William L. Elder, a well-known busi- 
ness man of Indianapolis, to give, upon certain 
conditions, the land for a campus and to erect a 
college building thereon, met with favor in the 
conferences, and the college is the direct out- 
growth of his proposition. The present beauti- 
ful and imposing administration building was 
erected and the property turned over to the board 
of trustees. 

University Heights, the home of the college, is 
at the junction of the Pennsylvania railroad and 
the Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern Traction 
Company, a little more than a mile south of the 
present city limits of Indianapolis. 

Railway Facilities. — The great resources of 
Indianapolis have been made available as ele- 
ments of progress by the development of trans- 
portation facilities that are exceptional in their 
completeness. The earliest years of the State's 
history preceded the railway era, and during 
those first years the towns that were located upon 
the Ohio river and the lower Wabash had a great 
advantage over any other of the locations in the 
State. Soon afterward came the canal building 
era, when American enterprise manifested itself 
all over the country in the endeavor to give con- 
venient outlets to the products of the various 
sections through the medium of artificial water- 



ways, Indiana especially participating in the ex- 
tensive canal building activity by constructing 
the Wabash & Erie canal from Toledo to Evans- 
ville, 476 miles, which is the longest in the United 
States, part of which is being held by the slack- 
water navigation on the Maumee and Wabash 
rivers. The Whitewater canal, from Lawrence- 
burg, on the Ohio, to Hagerstown, was also built, 
and these waterways for many years constituted 
the principal features, outside of the Ohio river, 
in the transportation facilities of the State. The 



A 




Union Station, Indianapolis. 

canals are still used to a considerable extent, 
although the section of the Wabash & Erie canal 
between Fort Wayne and Lafayette has not been 
used for many years. In 1847 the first railroad 
was completed into Indianapolis, and connected 
this city with the Ohio river at Madison. This 
was the beginning, and the transportation facili- 
ties have continued to increase, until now there 
are sixteen completed lines in Indianapolis, con- 
necting in the State with many other lines, which 
all bring their passengers to one magnificent 
union station. The erection of the present union 
passenger station was begun in 1888. No capital 
city in any of the States is more advantageously 
situated with reference to convenience of access 



356 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



by the citizens of the- State, and there are but 
few county seats in the entire State from which 
it is not possible to reach Indianapolis and return 
the same day. 

Indianapolis Union Railway Company. — The 
Indianapolis Union Railway Company succeeded 
in 1883 to the enterprise inaugurated in 1853 by 
the Union Railway Company. The company 
operates fourteen miles of track known as the 
Belt railroad, which is double-tracked and ex- 
tends around the city, and also has a mile of 
track in the city, connecting the Belt with the 
union passenger station, which is also owned by 



ated in and out of Indianapolis every twenty- 
four hours, and these carry more than 6.000,000 
people annually. 

Indianapolis secured its first interurban lines 
in 1900, when two short lines were completed, 
one between Indianapolis and Greenfield, a dis- 
tance of sixteen miles, and between Indianapolis 
and Greenwood, a distance of twelve miles. 

Indianapolis Terminal Station, for use of the 
electric roads entering Indianapolis, was the idea 
of Hugh J. McGowan, president of the Indian- 
apolis Terminal and Traction Company. It is 
the greatest station of its kind in the world, and 




Belt Railroad and Stock Yards. 



this company. The station is one of the finest in 
the United States, has a train shed 300 x 650 
feet, and has a handsome three-story brick build- 
ing surmounted by a lofty tower, which is a 
beautiful structure in Romanesque architecture, 
used for offices and waiting rooms of the station. 
( her one million freight cars are handled annu- 
ally over the Belt railroad. It was the first 
switching railroad to be built in the country, 
and transfers freight from factory switches to 
all roads. 

Interurban Railways. — Coming into its great 
terminal station, the finest in the world, are four- 
teen independent electric traction lines, connect- 
ing with more than twenty-five roads, which tap 
one of the richest and most densely populated 
sections of the country. Over 600 cars are oper- 



was built at a cost of $1,000,000. The building, 
in addition to being the terminal for all electric 
traction interests, is one of the finest office struc- 
tures in the city. 

The Indianapolis Terminal and Traction 
Company. — The completeness of the street car 
service of Indianapolis is one of its most notable 
features. Over 168 miles of track are in opera- 
tion, reaching all sections of the city, parks and 
suburbs. The first street car line was built in 
this city in 1864, and from this grew the present 
magnificent system. Under the management of 
the present company, which was organized 
August 4, 1902, many notable improvements and 
extensions have been made. 

The Belt Railroad & Stock Yard Company 
of Indianapolis was organized in 1877. The geo- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



.V?7 



graphical location of the yards has made this the 
most important point in the country for the un- 
loading, watering and marketing of stock des- 
tined for New England and export slaughter. 
The system of railroads centering at Indianapolis 
makes it the most accessible point in the country 
for live stock shippers. The great capacity of 
the yards and the facilities for unloading, resting 
and reshipping are unequaled by any other yards 
in the country, east or west. 

Track Elevation in Indianapolis was started 
by the Commercial Club at a meeting held in 
1894. The meeting authorized the appointment 
of a permanent commission on track elevation to 
continue the effort in Indianapolis until success- 
ful. The commission was headed in the begin- 
ning by Colonel Eli Lilly as chairman and Will- 
iam Fortune as secretary. On the death of 
Colonel Lilly in 1898, Mr. Fortune became the 
chairman, and has since continued at the head of 
the commission. In 1898 an ordinance was 
passed under the Taggart administration regard- 
ing elevation of tracks, but was defeated in the 
courts. Finally in 1905, under the Holtzman 
administration, track elevation at the Massachu- 
setts avenue crossing was started. 

Early Banking in Indiana. — The history of 
banking in Indiana from the earliest settlement 
of the territory until the inauguration of the 
national banking system has furnished many in- 
teresting pages — vivid pictures of frenzied 
finance, with eras of artificial prosperity and wild 
speculation, to be followed by periods of depres- 
sion and financial failure. 

In the earlier days money was rarely seen. 
Peltries were used as currency and values were 
estimated in coon skins and other commodities. 
Many interesting anecdotes are related to illus- 
trate the expedients to which the early settlers 
were driven to supply mediums of exchange. 
One that aptly describes the situation is told of 
a settler near Vincennes who required the serv- 
ices of a doctor. When time for settlement came 
he discharged the obligation by giving the doc- 
tor an agreed number of ax handles, the only 
commodity he had. The doctor in turn drove 
to town and made a purchase of bacon, flour, 
etc.. paving the merchant in ax handles. After 
computing the value of the ax handles, as the 
amount was greater than the value of the mer- 
chandise purchased, the merchant gave the doc- 




Indiana National Bank. 

tor two hatchet handles as change for the differ- 
ence due him. 

Indiana had no distinctive currency of its own. 
Spanish milled dollars and a few notes of the 
Bank of the United States and its branches am] 
"cut silver," an attempted division of a dollar 
into five quarters, according to E. Chamberlain, 
an early historian, was the only circulating 
medium. 

First Banks in Indiana. — In 1814. the Ter- 
ritorial Legislature chartered the Bank of Vin- 
cennes and the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank 
of Madison, and on January 1, 1817, the Bank 
of Vincennes was adopted by the Legislature as 
a State bank. It was empowered conditionally 
to adopt the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank of 
Madison as one of its branches and to establish 
other branches at Brookville, Corydon and Ve- 
vay. Immediately upon its adoption, its man- 




Fletcher American National Bank. 



358 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



agers entered upon a system of frenzied finance, 
issuing more paper than the bank could possibly 
redeem, and embezzling $250,000 deposited in 
the bank by an agent of the United States for 
safekeeping. The notes of the bank became 
worthless, but the bills of the Farmers' and 
.Merchants' Bank of Madison were ultimately re- 
deemed after passing at a depreciated value for 
many years. 

In 1832, when the State began a vast scheme 
of internal improvements, witnessed another 
period of inflated currency. Cheap money, im- 





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Merchants' National Bank Building. 

ported from Michigan by the contractors on the 
canals and other public works, was used by them 
in paying their laborers. It was paid out in 
vast sums and very little of any other kind of 
money was in circulation in Indiana. Merchants 
and millers and others also issued bills. Wra. 
H. Smith, in his history of Indiana, says: "As 
a rule these bills, or 'shin-plasters,' were redeem- 
able oidy at the mill or the store of the issuer. 
. . . Most of the merchants or mi'lers 
eventually became bankrupts and left thousands 
of dollars of their currency unredeemed." Ac- 



cording to the same authority, Asbury Univer- 
sity issued a great many of these "shin-plasters," 
all of which the university redeemed. 

Present Financial Institutions. — According to 
the report of the Banking Department of the 
State of Indiana, of June 23, 1915, there were 
258 national banks in operation in the State, with 
total resources of $244,134,274.76. Under State 
supervision, there were 378 State banks, total 
resources $103,441,098.16; there were 144 trust 
companies, total resources $126,116,750.76; there 
were 201 private banks, total resources $30,058,- 
998.12; there were five savings banks, total re- 
sources $14,703,030.30, and 341 building and 
loan associations December 31, 1914, with total 
resources of $56,427,548.66. The grand total 
of all resources of building and loan associations 
and all banking institutions in Indiana according 
to this report was $575,242,318.61. 

Banking in Indianapolis. — The history of 
banking in Indianapolis dates back to the early 
days of the city, when a private bank was started ; 
but the first chartered bank was the State Bank 
of Indiana, which was chartered in 1834, with a 
capital of $1,600,000. The charter was to run 
twenty-five years and half of the capital stock- 
was to be taken by the State, which raised the 
money by the sale of bonds. The State's share 
of the dividends, after paying the bonds, was to 
go to the establishment of a general school fund, 
and this was the foundation of the excellent en- 
dowment of Indiana's public schools. The in- 
vestment ultimately yielded to the State $3,- 
700,000 after the payment of the bank bonds. 
The main bank and one of its branches were 
located in Indianapolis, beginning business No- 
vember 26, 1832. The first president of this bank 
was Samuel Merrill, with whom were associated 
Calvin Fletcher, Seaton W. Norris, Robert Mor- 
rison and Thomas R. Scott as directors. In 1840 
the bank removed to its new building at Ken- 
tucky avenue and Illinois street. The Indian- 
apolis branch was organized with Hervey Bates 
president and B. F. Morris cashier. After the 
charter expired, the Bank of the State of Indiana 
was chartered, the interest of the State being 
withdrawn, and Hugh McCulloch, who was later 
secretary of the treasury of the United States, 
became president of the bank, which remained 
in business, with seventeen branches, until the 
inauguration of the national banking system, 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



359 



when the various branches were merged into dif- 
ferent national banks in their respective localities. 
William H. English organized the first national 
bank that was established in Indianapolis May 
11, 1863. It was known as the First National 
Bank of Indianapolis and was one of the first 
in the country to operate under the national 
banking act. The bank facilities of Indianapolis 
are furnished by six national banks, with re- 
sources of more than $55,000,000, and nine trust 
companies, with capital and resources in excess 
of more than $39,000,000, in addition to State 
banks, most of which are devoted more especially 
to investment banking and the loaning of money 
on mortgages for clients. 

Beginning of Trust Companies. — The devel- 
opment of the trust company business in Indian- 
apolis and throughout the State has been the 
most important feature of financial business dur- 
ing the past twenty years. The law authorizing 
the establishment of trust companies was passed 
by the Legislature in 1893, but prior to that time 
there had been several attempts to secure such 
a law. Forty years ago a tentative organization 
was formed for a safety deposit company with 





Indiana Trust Company Building. 



Union Trust Company Building. 

some trust features, but the Legislature refused 
to grant the necessary rights, and the matter was 
dropped. In 1891 several citizens of Indian- 
apolis, notable among whom were John H. Holli- 
day and John P. Frenzel, seeing the need of such 
institutions, presented the matter to the Legis- 
lature, but without success. At the next session, 
in 1893, the matter was brought forward again 
by them, and a fair and substantial law was 
adopted. So good was it that few changes have 
been made in it since, only one of which, that 
permitting the organization of companies in 
smaller towns with smaller capital stock, has had 
any particular effect upon the business. 

First Trust Companies. — Conditions were 
ripe in Indianapolis for the organization of two 
companies immediately, and the establishment of 
the Indiana Trust Company on April 4, 1893, 
and the Union Trust Company on May 31, 1893, 
speedily followed. This was followed by the 
Marion Trust Company, December 10, 1895, 
after which time nine others were established. 
Of these one failed and three have gone out of 
business by sale or consolidation, leaving nine 
in the field. Trust companies have also been 
established in almost every county seat, the prin- 
cipal towns having more than one. 

The great factor in building up the business 
has been the lack of savings banks. The anti- 
quated law authorizing such institutions has been 
prohibitory, and no successful savings bank has 
been started in more than sixty years. This has 
left a rich and virgin field which the trust com- 



360 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Fletcher Savings and Trust Company Building. 

parries have occupied, thus satisfying "a long-felt 
want." This has been recognized and permitted 
by the authorities, although not specifically au- 
thorized in the fundamental law. It is safe to 
say that seventy-five per cent, of the trust com- 
pany deposits are of this character or such that 
interest is paid on them. The trust companies, 
dealing mainly in time money, can afford to do 
this, and the benefit to the people of the State 
is incalculable. They are not only encouraged 
to save money by being provided with ample de- 
positories and receive interest on it, but the enor- 
mous amount that is gathered in this way is made 
available for the uses of business. Indiana se- 
curities for many years went abroad, but now 
they are almost entirely absorbed by her own 
people, whose ability to take them has been 
greatly enhanced by the existence of trust com- 
panies. These companies have also proved of 
great value in their work of trusteeship in its 
varied necessities, and their use in this line wi 



increase as wealth accumulates and their great 
advantages are realized. — John H. Holliday. 

Journalism and Publishing. — Indianapolis 
had a newspaper before it had mail facilities, 
roads, or even the most primitive means of reg- 
ular communication with the outside world. 
There are at present over ninety daily, weekly, 
bi-monthly, monthly and quarterly publications 
issued from this city. In class or industrial pub- 
lications Indianapolis is exceptionally well repre- 
sented, some of the most influential journals of 
their kind in the country being published here. 
In recent years this city has also become prom- 
inent as a book and music publishing center. In 
the mechanical and manufacturing branches of 
the printing business it has kept pace with the 
largest cities in the country, and it affords ad- 
vantages in the production of blank books, 
coupon books, bank and county office supplies 
not excelled elsewhere. There are several large 
plants located here 
engaged in this work, 
and Indianapolis 
ranks third in size as 
a publishing center in 
this country. 

The Indianapolis 
News, now the oldest 
daily paper published 
in Indianapolis, is lo- 
cated in the ten-story 
building constructed 
for its needs, in 1909, 
by Delavan Smith, 
one of its owners. 
The building is on 
the site of the old 
News building in 
'Washington street 
and immediately in 
front of the News 
Mechanical building 
in Court street. The 
business and editorial 
offices of the paper 
are in the new build- 
ing, while the manu- 
facturing processes 
are carried on in the 
11 fireproof building Indianapolis News Building. 




CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



361 



constructed for that purpose in 1896. The News 
was founded by John H. Holliday in 1869, and 
has had a continuous existence from that date. 
It was the first two-cent (ten cents weekly) daily 
paper in the West. Though not an old paper, 
as compared with other publications in the East, 
yet its career spans practically the period of de- 
velopment of the modern newspaper. 

The News has had but two owners, its founder 
and his associates, including Major W. Richards, 
and the present proprietor, Delavan Smith, with 
whom was associated for about twenty years 
Charles R. Williams as editor. Mr. Smith is 
now the publisher and sole owner. Louis How- 
lam 1 is the editor and Richard Smith the man- 
aging editor. There are employes in every de- 
partment who have grown up with it, including 
the present general manager, Hilton U. Brown, 
who began as market reporter in 1881. 

The Indiana Times was established on May 
12, 1888, under the name of The Indianapolis 
Sun. It is a daily afternoon paper and for a 
period published a Sunday morning edition. 

The Indianapolis Star was established in 
1903, first issue appearing on June 6th. Immedi- 
ately after it was started the Star associated itself 
with the Muncie Star and the Terre Haute Ex- 
press, now the Terre Haute Star, the three form- 
ing the chain of papers known as the Star 
League. On June 8, 1904, the Star management 
bought the Indianapolis Journal, its morning con- 
temporary, a high-class newspaper established 
as a weekly in 1823, and as a daily in 1850. The 
Journal was merged with the Star and some of 
its best features incorporated in the latter paper. 
In February. 1906, the Star bought the Sunday 
Sentinel and combined it with the Sunday Star. 
Thus the Star became the only Sunday and 
morning newspaper in Indianapolis. In June. 
1907, the Indianapolis Star removed to its present 
quarters at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania 





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Indianapolis Star Building. 

and New York streets, a building built especially 
for its use. John C. Shaffer is editor and pub- 
lisher of the Star, B. F. Lawrence is business 
manager and Ernest Bross managing editor. 

The German Daily Telegraph and Tribune. 
— Established 1865, is the only German and the 
oldest daily newspaper published in Indianapolis. 
It is independent-democratic in politics, and is a 
member of the Associated Press. It is published 
by the Gutenberg Co. The Sunday Spottvogel, 
a humorous and literary paper, established in 
1865, is also published by this company. August 
Tamm is president of the company. 

The Indianapolis Commercial. — Published 
daily by the Central City Publishing Co., makes 
a specialty of court news, financial matters, etc., 
and has a wide and influential circulation. It is 
considered the standard for newspapers of this 
class in the United States. Fred L. Purdy is 
the editor and O. L. Thayer secretary-treasurer. 

The Indianapolis Daily Live Stock Journal 
is devoted to the interests of shippers and is pub- 
lished at the Union Stock Yards. 

Other Publications are numerous, embracing 
weeklies, semi-monthly and monthly issues, 
among which are a number of the most influ- 
ential trade journals in America. 




Interior Big Four Railway Shops, Beech Grove. 



362 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



MARSHALL COUNTY 



PLYMOUTH, SEAT OK JUSTICE 



MARSHALL COUNTY lies in the second 
tier of comities south of the Michigan- 
Indiana State line. It forms a square with an 
area of 441 square miles. The principal drainage 
stream of the county is Yellow river, which flows 
diagonally across its area from northeast to 
southwest. The southeastern portion is drained 
by the Tippecanoe river, which crosses the outlet 
through Pine creek into the Kankakee. There are 
a number of picturesque lakes, among them being 
Maxinkuckee, one of the largest and most beau- 
tiful in the State. 

The surface of the county is composed of gla- 
cial drift, and when first settled most of it was 
covered with a fine growth of timber. By the 
labor of the sturdy pioneers the land has been 
cleared and drained, so that immense crops of 
corn, wheat, oats, hay and other products have 
been produced on the muck lands, which were 



formerly considered almost useless. It is bounded 
on the north by St. Joseph, on the east by Elk- 
hart and Kosciusko, on the south by Fulton, on 
the west by Pulaski, Starke and Laporte coun- 
ties. 

Organization. — Marshall county, named after 
Chief Justice Marshall, was formally organized 
on April 1, 1836. Plymouth has been the county 
seat of Marshall county since its beginning. 

Population of Marshall county in 1890 was 
23,818; in 1900 was 25,119, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 24,175, of 
which 828 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,057 families in the county and 5,962 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Marshall county : Bourbon, 
Center, German, Green, North, Polk, Tippecanoe, 
Union, Walnut and West. The incorporated 




Parade Grounds and Battalion Review, Culver Military Academy, Marshall County. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



363 




South Barrack, Culver Academy. 

cities and towns are Plymouth, Argos, Bourbon, 
Bremen, Culver and LaPaz. Plymouth is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Marshall county 
was $7,710,705 ; value of improvements was 
$2,739,815, and the total net value of taxables 
was $18,975,070. There were 3,881 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 105 miles of 
improved roads in Marshall county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding. $189,426.40. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
113.24 miles of steam railroad operated in Mar- 
shall county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; Indian- 
apolis cc Michigan City division of the L. E. & 
W. ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pittsburg, 
Fort Wayne & Chicago, and the Michigan City 
division of the Vandalia railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Louis E. Steinbach, county superintendent of 
Marshall county, there were 123 schoolhouses, 
including ten high schools, in Marshall county 
in 1914, employing 201 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 4,991. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$97,638.05. The estimated value of school prop- 
erty was $392,475, and the total amount of in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was $62,000. In 



addition to the above. Marshall county has a Lu- 
theran school in Bremen, a Catholic academy at 
Plymouth and Culver Military Academy on Lake 
Maxinkuckee, at Culver. 

Agriculture. — There were in Marshall county 
in 1910 over 2,803 farms embraced in 268,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 95.3 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $22,000,000, 
showing 75.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $58.76. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,200,- 
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $595,- 
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 
41,000, valued at $280,000; sheep 24,000, valued 
at $107,000. The total value of poultry was $104,- 
000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were 
eight industrial establishments in Plymouth, 
which furnished employment to 250 persons. 

Culver Military Academy. — Culver was 
founded in 1894 by Henry Harrison Culver, a 
business man of St. Louis, Missouri, who had 
come to realize the lack of system, order and im- 
mediate obedience on the part of the young men 
whom he took into his employment. The first 
school opened in a frame building with twenty- 




Black Horse Troop and Riding Hall, Culver 
Military Acad. 



364 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Cutter Race on Lake Maxinkuckee by Culver 
Naval School. 



five pupils. This building was destroyed by lire, 
but was replaced with a fireproof brick barracks, 
which was opened in 1895. The following year, 
after the military academy at Mexico, Missouri, 
had burned, Mr. Culver succeeded in effecting 
a combination of the Indiana and Missouri 
schools under the management of Colonel A. F. 
Fleet, the founder of the Missouri Academy. 
Under his superintendency, the Culver Military 
Academy acquired an enrolment of nearly seven 
hundred cadets and achieved high rank as a mili- 
tary school. Colonel Fleet retired as superin- 
tendent in 1910, and was succeeded by Major 
Leigh R. Gignilliat, who had been commandant 
of cadets at Culver from 1896. Mr. Culver, the 
founder, dying in 1897, members of his family 
since that time have greatly strengthened the in- 
stitution and beautified the grounds. Five bar- 
racks, for cadets, a gymnasium, riding hall, hospi- 



tal, administration building, class rooms and lab- 
oratories, and a magnificent mess hall and kitchen, 
which Governor Marshall helped to dedicate in 
1911, constitute the material equipment of the 
school. The academy is a member of the North 
Central Association of Schools and Colleges. The 
entire routine of the school is ordered closely on 
the lines followed at West Point. One of the 
favorite features of the work at Culver has been 
the cavalry drill and the Culver Black Horse 
Troop has made a reputation for horsemanship 
that has traveled beyond the United States. 
After President McKinley was inaugurated in 
1896, the black horses used by his Ohio escort 
were sold to the Culver Academy and have al- 
ways been replaced from time to time.* Dur- 
ing the inauguration of President Wilson and 
Vice-President Marshall, the Culver Black Horse 
Troop acted as personal escort to Mr. Marshall. 
The Culver Summer Naval School was estab- 
lished in 1902, with a session of eight weeks in 
which naval drills supplant the infantry drills of 
the winter school. The United States Navy De- 
partment supplies ten- and twelve-oar cutters for 
the use of the school. The instructions are 
under an Annapolis graduate and an act of the 
Legislature has also authorized the mustering 
in each summer of the cadets as the First Bat- 
talion of the Indiana Naval Militia. In 1912, a 
school of woodcraft was added to the Culver 
program with Daniel Carter Beard, founder of 
the Boy Scouts of America and chief scout com- 
missioner, in charge of this department. The 
Culver Military Academy is located on the north 
shore of Maxinkuckee, overlooking Aubbenaub- 
bee Bay. 

* On October 24, 1915, many of these horses were lost in a 
disastrous fire which destroyed the barns. 



MARTIN COUNTY 



SHOALS, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



MARTIN COUNTY is located in the south- 
western part of the State, about fifty 
miles north of the Ohio river and forty miles 
east of the Wabash, or western border of the 
State. The east fork of White river trav- 
erses the county from the northeast to the 



southwest. It is bounded on the north by 
Greene, on the east by Lawrence and Orange, 
on the south by Dubois and on the west by 
Daviess counties. Its surface is broken and 
hilly and the conditions render the county as a 
whole unsuitable for general farming, but there 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



365 



is quite an amount of Martin count)-, which is 
bottom land, that is very fertile and produces all 
kinds of grain and grasses. In its original state, 
the county was very heavily timbered with black 
walnut, yellow poplar, white and red oak and 
other hardwoods. There is still quite an area that 
is heavily timbered, but the landowners, recog- 
nizing the agricultural possibilities, are reclaim- 
ing the waste lands by proper scientific methods 
and are establishing commercial orchards and go- 
ing into the production of grains and grasses on 
an extensive scale and into stock raising and 
grazing. The soil in the major portion of Martin 
county is freestone soil, underlaid at varying 
depths from six to seventy-five feet in sandstone ; 
also much of the lands are underlaid with a very 
fine grade of bituminous coal. There are many 
drift mines in the county and a few shaft mines. 
From the central portion of the county to the 
northern quarter there are found numerous iron 
deposits of red and blue hemastite. On one part, 
near the eastern border of the county, a company 
is mining a vein some forty feet in depth. The 
county is dotted with fine springs of pure, cold 
water. The renowned Trinity and Indian Mineral 
Springs and the famous LaSalle Springs are lo- 
cated here. In addition, nature has been lavish 
in carving out some of the most beautiful scenery 
that is to be found in America. "Jug Rock," 
which is located at the north boundary of the 
town of Shoals, takes its name from the resem- 
blance to a jug, and stands seventy-six feet high. 
It stands alone and causes one who views it to be 
impressed with wonder how this marvelous curi- 
osity was created. East of this rock, and within 
one-quarter of a mile, is what is known as "The 
Pinnacle," where a backbone extends out to the 
river's edge, affording a view to White river, 276 



feet below. There is also "House Rock," the 
"Aquatic Rock." the "Cedar Cliff" and "Gor- 
merly Bluff," all of which are beautiful. 

Organization. — Martin county, named in honor 
of the late Major Martin, of Newport, Ky., was 
formally organized February 1, 1820. Martin 
county holds the record for the greatest number 
of county seat changes. It seems that the citizens 
of the county were hard to satisfy. When 
they failed to change the location of the county 
seat, they did the next best thing and changed 
the name of the town where the county seat 
was located. The first town to have the honor 
was Hindostan. Before a court-house was 
built, the county seat was changed to Mount 
Pleasant, where it remained until May, 1844, 
when it was removed to Memphis, the present 
site of Shoals, only to be moved in the fall of the 
same year to Harrisonville, near the site of Trin- 
ity Springs. On April 30, 1845, a new location 
was selected at Hillsboro, changing the name to 
Dover Hill by a legislative act of February 11, 
1848. While the county buildings were being built 
at Dover Hill, the county seat was established at 
Mount Pleasant. After the building of the Ohio 
& Mississippi railroad through the county in 1856, 
for the sixth time an agitation was started to 
change the county seat and on December 11, 1869, 
the county seat was located on the west side of 
White river at Memphis, which was christened 
the town of "West Shoals." where business was 
opened July 4, 1871. On April 27, 1876, the court- 
house was destroyed by fire, and pending the 
erection of new buildings, the offices were moved 
across the river to Shoals. A few years later, 
the boundaries of West Shoals were dissolved 
and extended to take in that territory, thus 
placing the county seat at Shoals. 




White River from Pinnacle Rock. 



Hindostan Falls, Martin County. 



366 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Jug Rock, Shoals, Martin County. 

Population of Martin county in 1890 was 
13,973: in 1900 was 14,711, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 12,950, of 
which 105 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 2,840 families in the county and 2,791 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Martin county : Baker, Brown, 
Center, Halbert, Lost River, McCameron, 
Mitchelltree, Perry and Rutherford. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Loogootee, 
Shoals and West Shoals. Shoals is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 



the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Martin county 
was $1,782,770, value of improvements was 
$821,260 and the total net value of taxables was 
$4,474,544. There were 1,856 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were ninety-four 
miles of improved roads in Martin county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commis- 
sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $98,279. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
31.44 miles of steam railroad operated in Martin 
county by the Baltimore & Ohio & Southwestern 
and the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern 
railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Charles O. Williams, county superintendent of 
Martin county, there were ninety-six school- 
houses, including five high schools, in Martin 
county in 1914, employing 115 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 2,273. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $44,424.57. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $84,300, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$3,000. There is one parochial school at Loo- 
gootee. 

Agriculture. — There were in Martin county 
in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced in 194,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 111.9 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $5,500,000, 
showing 53.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $18.11. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $847,- 
000: Number of cattle 9,700, valued at $212,000; 
horses 4,100, valued at $379,000; hogs 13,000, 
valued at $89,000; sheep 12,000, valued at 
$47,000. The total value of poultry was $51,000. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



367 



MIAMI COUNTY 



PERU, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



MIAMI COUNTY, which is located in the 
central part of the northern half of the 
State, is bounded on the north by Fulton, on the 
east by Wabash and Grant, on the south by How- 
ard and on the west by Cass and Fulton counties. 
It contains 384 square miles and includes, within 
its borders, nearly every industry known to that 
section of the State. The county is rich agricul- 
turally and the variety of its soil enables it to 
produce every crop which can be grown in Indi- 
ana. Across the southern end of the county ex- 
tends a broad belt of black loam, through the 
center run the fertile valleys of the Wabash and 
Mississinewa and Eel rivers. Stock raising is 
engaged in generally, and there are many fine 
breeding farms in the county. 

Organization. — Miami county began its ca- 
reer officially March 1. 1834, and was named 
after the tribe of Indians who once possessed this 
land and the adjoining parts of the State. The 



first county seat of Miami county was at Miamis- 
port, a town laid out in 1828. It was on the same 
section of land that is now occupied by Peru, a 
section originally set aside as a reservation for 
John B. Richardville, the noted Miami Indian 
chief. He sold the east half to William N. Hood 
and the western half to Joseph Holman, and the 
two men then laid out the town of Miamisport. 
They failed to agree and Hood outbid Holman 
and secured the location east of Miamisport, 
where Peru now stands. The growth of Peru 
was such that Miamisport was taken within its 
limits and it was ordered vacated June, 1841. 
The first court-house was burned down March 
16, 1843, destroying all of the county records 
but those of the county commissioners. The 
Legislature helped to straighten out the situation 
with the act of December 26, 1843. 

Population of Miami county in 1890 was 
25,823 ; in 1900 was 28,344, and according to 




Peru— 1. Postomce. 2. Miami County Court-House. 3. Carnegie Library. 4. Y. M. C. A. Building, 



3<,s 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



United States Census of 1910 was 29,350, of 
which 1,245 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,339 families in the county and 7,190 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Miami county : Allen, 
Butler, Clay, Deer Creek, Erie, Harrison, Jack- 
son, Jefferson, Perry, Peru, Pipe Creek, Rich- 
land, Union and Washington. The incorporated 
cities and towns are Peru, Amboy, Bunker Hill, 
Converse, Macy, North Grove, Ridgeview and 
South Peru. Peru is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Miami county 
was $7,665,740, value of improvements was 
$2,915,900 and the total net value of taxables was 
$17,444,250. There were 3,649 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 351 miles of 
improved roads in Miami county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $496,339.88. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
102.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Miami 
county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago & 
Erie ; C, I. & E. by the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Indi- 
anapolis and Michigan City division of the L. E. 
& W. ; Logansport division of the P., C, C. & 
St. L. ; the Butler branch of the Vandalia, and 
the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne & 



Northern Indiana Traction Company, Union 
Traction Company of Indiana and the Winona 
Interurban Railway Company operate 45.75 
miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
E. B. Wetherow, county superintendent of Miami 
county, there were 107 schoolhouses, including 
eight high schools, in the county in 1914, em- 
ploying 215 teachers. The average daily attend- 
ance by pupils was 4,920. The aggregate amount 
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, 
principals and teachers was $115,122.47. Esti- 
mated value of school property in the county was 
$519,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, 
including bonds, was $109,695. 

Agriculture. — There were in Miami county 
in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 229,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 97.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, 
showing 86.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $78.46. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,- 
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $614,- 
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 
54,000, valued at $329,000; sheep 15,000, valued 
at $67,000. The total value of poultry was $98,- 
000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were thirty-one industries 
in Peru, furnishing employment to 692 persons. 
Total amount of capital employed, $1,654,050. 
Value of products, $1,097,156; value added by 
manufacture, $614,707.. 



MONROE COUNTY 



BLOOMINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



MONROE COUNTY, the center of popu- 
lation of the United States, is located 
near the center of the southern half of the State, 
and is bounded on the north by Morgan and a 
part of Owen, on the east by Brown and Jack- 
son, on the south by Lawrence and on the west 
by Greene and Owen counties, and contains 450 
square miles. It excels not only in the quarrying 
of limestone for building and ornamental pur- 
poses but also in preparing it for the market. 



This stone is shipped all over the United States 
and Canada, and aside from Lawrence county, 
Monroe has no competitors in the amount of 
quarry products. 

This county excels in its public schools, and 
Indiana University, which is located in Bloom- 
ington, is doing a work second to no other in 
the middle west. 

Organization. — Monroe county, named in 
honor of James Monroe, the fifth President of 




2i 



370 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the United States, was organized April 10, 1818, 
when it began its official existence. Bloomington 
has been the county seat since its organization. 

Indiana University, the head of the common 
school system of the State, was established at 
Bloomington in 1820. This act was taken in ac- 
cordance with a provision of the first Constitu- 
tion of the State, which provided for a general 
system of education ascending in regular grada- 
tion from the township school to the University. 
The first building was erected in 1824, and its 
doors were opened for the reception of students 
that year when ten boys entered. The attendance 
from 1824 to 1884 varied from ten to 194. It 
was not until 1886 that the attendance exceeded 
200. In 1885 the elective course was established 
and from that date the attendance rapidly in- 
creased. The attendance for 1915 was 2,644. 
Almost six thousand degrees have been con- 
ferred by the University. 

The school was made co-educational in 1867. 
For many years the number of men and women 
has remained relatively constant at a ratio of two 
to one. For many years every county in the 
State has been represented, and a large number 
of students from other states and foreign coun- 
tries are in attendance annually. 

The University consists of the College of 
Liberal Arts, the School of Education, the School 
of Law, the School of Medicine, the Graduate 
School and the Extension Division. In the com- 
bined faculties there are more than 200 members. 

There are ten large buildings on the campus at 
Bloomington, nearly all of which are of native 
stone. The campus consists of 125 acres, and is 
recognized as one of the most beautiful in the 
United States. The buildings and campus are 
valued at one million dollars. The President of 
the University is William Lowe Bryan. 

Population of Monroe county in 1890 was 
17,673 ; in 1900 was 20,873, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 23,426, of 
which 273 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,556 families in the county and 5,373 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Monroe county : Bean Blos- 
som, Benton, Bloomington, Clear Creek, Indian 
Creek, Marion, Perry, Polk, Richland, Salt 
Creek, Van Buren and Washington. The incor- 



porated cities and towns are Bloomington, Elletts- 
ville, Perry City and Stinesville. Bloomington 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Monroe count) 
was $3,967,760, value of improvements was 
$3,157,060 and the total net value of taxables 
was $11,016,332. There were 3.675 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 328 miles of 
improved roads in Monroe county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $267,721.19. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
69.57 miles of steam railroad operated in Monroe 
county by the Bloomington Southern ; Chicago, 
Indianapolis & Louisville, and the Indianapolis 
branch of the Illinois Central. 

Educational. — According to the report of Will- 
iam H. Jones, county superintendent of Monroe 
county, there were 110 schoolhouses, including 
four high schools, in Monroe county in 1914, em- 
ploying 191 teachers. The average daily attend- 
ance by pupils was 4,774. The aggregate amount 
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, 
principals and teachers was $94,483.27. The esti- 
mated value of school property in the county was 
$471,845, and the total amount of indebtedness, 
including bonds, was $140,000. 

Agriculture. — There were in Monroe county 
in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 228,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 103.9 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $7,800,000. 
showing 52.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $22.02. The 
total value of domestic animals was $974,000: 
Number of cattle 10.000, valued at $257,000; 
horses 5,800, valued at $506,000; hogs 13.000, 
valued at $91,000 ; sheep 9,000, valued at $31,000. 
The total value of poultry was $55,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were 
thirty industrial establishments, furnishing em- 
ployment to over 1,200 persons, principally em- 
ployed in the production of stone in its various 
forms. There is one large furniture factory in 
Bloomington which employs nearly 400 persons. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



37] 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY 



C KAWFORDSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY lies in the 
richest agricultural section of the State, 
less than forty miles northwest from the State 
capital, and contains 504 square miles. It is 
bounded on the north by Tippecanoe, on the east 
b) Clinton, Boone and Hendricks, on the south 
by Putnam and Parke and on the west by Foun- 
tain and Parke counties. Aside from being a 
great agricultural and stock raising center, the 
county has an inexhaustible supply of shale, 
which is manufactured into paving and fancy 
building brick. 

Perhaps no county in the Union is more favor- 
ably known in the field of education than Mont- 
gomery county. It was the home of Caleb Mills, 
the founder of the great public school system of 
the State. It is also the home of the late General 
Lew Wallace and Maurice Thompson, whose 
homes were in Crawfordsville, which is the site 
of Wabash College. 

Organization. — Montgomery county, named 
in honor of General Richard Montgomery, began 
its official existence March 1, 1823. Crawfords- 
ville has been the county seat since its organi- 
zation. 

Wabash College. — This institution owes its 
origin to a few friends of sound learning who 
were the first settlers of the upper Wabash val- 
When it was founded there were but two 
colleges in the State, and both in the southern 
part. Educated men themselves — among them 
graduates of Dartmouth in the east and Miami 
in the west — the founders felt the necessity of 
bringing the college to the doors of the sons of 
pioneers here who could not afford the expense 
of seeking the older and more distant institu- 
tions. 

So it was that in the fall of 1832 a meeting 
was held in Crawfordsville, at which "it was re- 
solved unanimously that such an institution be 
established, at first a classical and English high 
school, rising into a college as soon as the wants 
of the country demand." Trustees were chosen, 
a frame building was erected — which still stands 
— and in December, 1833, the first classes were 



formed under the direction of the Reverend 
Caleb Mills, a graduate of Dartmouth and An- 
dover Theological Seminary, lie was known as 
the father of the "Public School System of In- 
diana." 

It was first chartered as "Wabash Manual 
Labor College and Teachers' Seminary," and in 
1838 it conferred the degree of A. B. on two 
men, and since that time has turned out its quota 
of full-fledged graduates annually, with the ex- 
ception of one year, 1841. The manual labor fea- 
ture seems never to have been carried out fully, 
perhaps for want of suitable equipment. Very 
soon Wabash was offering the regular curricu- 
lum, which was the standard among colleges. 

Many of the professors have served long 
terms, John Lyle Campbell having been a mem- 
ber of the faculty fifty-five years, from 1849 
to 1904. 

Wabash is one of the few western colleges 
which does not admit women, and its list of 
graduates numbers more than 1,200, which is 
only a small fraction of those who have studied 
here one, two or three years. Among its alumni 
are Vice-President Marshall and Judge Ander- 
son, and among those no longer living were Judge 
William Allen Woods, John A. Finch, John Ma) - 
nard Butler and General John Coburn. Among 
its nongraduates were General Lew Wallace, 
E. R. S. Canby and Bayless W. I [anna. 

From the first Wabash has been a Christian 
college without being under the control of any 
denomination. George 1.. .Mackintosh, an alum- 
nus of the college, is the president. 

Population of Montgomery county in 1890 
was 28,025: in 1900 was 29,388, and according 
to United States Census of 1910 was _ >:, .-"'< 
which 333 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,685 families in the county and 7.445 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Montgomery count) : Bro 
Clark, Coal Creek, Franklin, Madison, Ripley. 
Scott, Sugar Creek, Union, Walnut and Wayne. 
The incorporated cities and town-, arc Craw- 



372 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



fordsville, Alamo, Darlington, Ladoga, Linden, 
Newmarket, New Richmond, New Ross, Wave- 
land, Waynetown and Wingate. Craw fordsville 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the animal report of the Auditor of Slate from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Montgomery 
county \va> $13,363,660, value of improvements 
was $4,753,145 and the total net value of taxa- 
ble was $28,090,155. There were 4.969 polls 
in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 520 miles of 
improved roads in Montgomery county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $793,857. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There arc 
119.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Mont- 
gomery county by the Central Indiana Railway 
Company ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; 
Western division of the Peoria & Eastern ; To- 
ledo, St. Louis & Western, and the Michigan 
division of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre 



Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- 
pany operates 24.63 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Karl C. James, county superintendent of Mont- 
gomery county, there were fifty schoolhouses, 
including thirteen high schools, in Montgomery 
county in 1914, employing 193 teachers. The 
average daily attendance 1>\ pupils was 3,880. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $132,771.55. Estimated value of school 
property in the county was $833,900, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $362,991.94. 

Agriculture. — There were in Montgomery 
county in 1910 over 2,800 farms, embraced in 
307,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 109.6 
acres. The value of all farm property was over 
$34,000,000, showing 92.9 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$87.45. The total value of domestic animals 
was $2,800,000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued 
at $596,000; horses 13.000. valued at $1,300,000; 




Wabash College and Campus, Craw fordsville. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



373 



hogs 100,000, valued at $621,000; sheep 30,000, 
valued at $139,000. The total value of poultry 
was $119,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 



State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 then' were 
twenty-five industrial establishments, furnishing 
employment to 700 persons. Its largest industry 
is engaged in making wire, nails and tanks. 



MORGAN COUNTY 



MARTINSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



MORGAN COUNTY, which lies directly 
southeast and adjoining Marion county, 
is bounded on the north by Hendricks and Ma- 
rion, on the east by Johnson, on the south by 
Brown and Monroe and on the west by Owen 
and Putnam counties. It contains 453 square 
miles and is in the valley of the west fork of 
White river. Morgan county is an agricultural, 
rich, fertile body of highly cultivated soil. The 
only natural resources are fine sandstone and 
hard brick shale that is being manufactured into 
hard paving brick, and its wonderful hardwoods 
— oak, yellow poplar and black walnut timber — 



and the sugar camps so common to the early 
settlers of Indiana. After the discovery of nat- 
ural gas in eastern Indiana, the citizens of .Mar- 
tinsville, now- familiarly known as the "Artesian 
City" of medicated waters, bored a well 700 feet 
deep, which produced a flowing well. This has 
been followed by many others, and several sana- 
toriums have been erected, where thousands of 
afflicted people come to partake of the wati i and 
get relief for their ailments. 

Organization. — Morgan county, which was 
named in honor of General Daniel Morgan, began 
its official existence Februarv 15, 1822, and Mar- 




Pioneer Well on a Farm m Morgan County. This type of well is rapidly di 



374 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



tinsville has been its county seat since the day of 
its organization. 

Population of Morgan county in 1890 was 
18,643 ; in 1900 was 20,457, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 21,182, of 
which 178 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,320 families in the county and 5,216 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Morgan county : Adams, 
Ashland, Baker, Brown, Clay, Green, Gregg, 
Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, 
Ray and Washington. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Martinsville, Brooklyn, Moores- 
ville, Morgantown and Paragon. Martinsville is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Morgan county 
was $6,765,700, value of improvements was 
$2,599,690 and the total net value of taxables 
was $13,378,020. There were 3,374 polls in the 
county. 



Improved Roads. — There were 278 miles of 
improved roads in Morgan county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $370,723.90. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
42.71 miles of steam railroad operated in Morgan 
county by the Fairland, Franklin & Martinsville ; 
Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and 
the Yincennes division of the Vandalia railroads. 
The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Trac- 
tion Company operates 16.30 miles of electric 
line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
William D. Curtis, county superintendent of 
public instruction, there were ninety-seven school- 
houses, including seven high schools, in Morgan 
county in 1914, employing 183 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,796. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $92,014.08. Estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $347,500, and total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, $99,031.10. 




Grassy Fork Farm, Morgan County, Largest Goldfish Hatchery in United States. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



375 



Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were 
seventeen industrial establishments in Martins- 
ville, furnishing employment to nearly 400 per- 
sons. The largest industries are engaged in the 
manufacture of rustic chairs and furniture, coop- 
erage, wooden ware, and building and paving 
brick. 

Agriculture. — There were in Morgan county 
in 1910 over 2.700 farms, embraced in 240,000 



acres. Average acres per farm, 87.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $17,000,000, 
showing 96.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $53.47. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,- 
000 : Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $432,000 ; 
horses 9,200, valued at $876,000; hogs 32,000. 
valued at $229,000; sheep 11,000, valued at 
$46,000. The total value of poultry was ap- 
proximately $85,000. 



NEWTON COUNTY 



KENTLAND, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



NEWT< >N COUNTY, located in the north- 
western part of the State, is bounded on 
the north by Lake county, the Kankakee river 
being the dividing line between the two coun- 
ties ; on the east by,Jasper, on the south by Ben- 
ton and on the west by the State of Illinois. It 
contains a little over 400 square miles, and the 
south half of the county is a rolling prairie, with 
skirts of timber along the banks of the streams. 
It is very fertile, producing as fine crops of 
wheat, corn, oats and hay as are raised in the 
State. In recent years there has been a great 
production of small fruits, vegetables and melons, 
and the indications are that this county will be- 
come the "truck-patch" for Chicago and the 
northern part of Indiana. Three miles east of 
Kentland, along the right of way of the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Company, is a quarry said to 
be the finest road-building limestone in the State ; 
the foundation of the quarry being peculiar, as it 
stands mi edge instead of lying flat, evidently 
caused from some volcanic upheaval. The stone 
is verv hard and flintlike, and when crushed and 
placed on the roadway becomes almost as solid 
as cement. Here also is located the celebrated 
I Irchafd Lake stock farm, home of the greatest 



herd of Hereford cattle in the world, the head of 
which is "Perfection Fairfax," the bull that was 
given the title, "King of Hereford Sires." 

Organization. — Newton county, the last 
county organized in the State of Indiana, began 
its official existence December 9, 1859. It was 
first organized by the act of 1838 and later joined 
to Jasper county and continued as a part of that 
county for twenty years, until December 8, 1859, 
when the commissioners of Jasper county made 
the final border defining the boundaries of the 
new county. Kent, a town two miles from the 
southern line of the county, was made the county 
seat. From that period there were many efforts 
made to relocate the county seat until the election 
held June 19, 1900, when Kentland was made the 
permanent county seat. 

Population of Newton county in 1890 was 
8,803; in 1900 was 10,448, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 10,504, of 
which 597 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 2,516 families in the county and 2.490 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Newton county: Beaver, Col- 
tax. Grant, Iroquois, Jackson. Jefferson, hake. 



_ -v. ■ • ! 



-?■? * 




' *, 






Orchard Lake Farm. Newton County. Home of the Greatest Herd of Hereford Cattle in the World. 



376 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Lincoln, McClellan and Washington. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Brook, Goodland, 
Kentland, Morocco and Mt. Ayr. Kentland is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Newton county 
was $7,715,410, value of improvements was 
$1,601,170 and the total net value of taxable^ 
was $13,758,800. There were 1,658 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 300 miles of 
improved roads in Newton county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $412,071.90. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
96 miles of steam railroad operated in Newton 
county by the Brazil and LaCrosse divisions of 
the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Chicago, Indian- 
apolis & Louisville ; Danville and Kankakee divi- 
sions of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern; Cin- 
cinnati, Lafayette & Chicago, and the Effner 
branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. 



Educational. — According to the report of 
Win. O. Schanlaub, county superintendent of 
Newton county, there were sixty schoolhouses, 
including five high schools, in Newton county 
in 1914, employing 105 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 2,162. The aggre- 
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, 
supervisors, principals and teachers was $55,- 
421.37. The estimated value of school property 
in the county was $151,500, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $28,846. 
St. Joseph's Parochial School is located in Kent- 
land. 

Agriculture. — There were in Newton county 
in 1910 over 1,000 farms, embraced in 231,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 231.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, 
showing 94.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $87.21. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 
000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $420,- 
000; horses 7,100, valued at $844,000; hogs 
17,000, valued at $149,000; sheep 5,300, valued 
at $25,000. The total value of poultry was 
$50,000. 




View of Orchard Lake Stock Farm, Newton County. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



177 



NOBLE COUNTY 



ALBION, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



N( IBLE O il'NTY is located in the north- 
eastern part of the State and is separated 
from the State of Michigan on the north by the 
county of Lagrange, and is bounded on the east 
by Dekalb, on the south by Allen and Whitley 
and on the west by Kosciusko and Elkhart coun- 
ties. It contains 420 square miles, the surface 
of which is marked by twenty-three lakes, rally- 
ing in area from eleven acres to 1.100 acres, be- 
sides numerous small lakes. Those of the north- 
eastern part of the county flow into the Elkhart 
river, while the drainage of the lakes of the 



In the early history of Indiana there was a fa- 
mous band of horse thieves and counterfeiters 
who had headquarters in this county. They were 
called "Blacklegs." This gang was notorious all 
over the United States, and every township was 
infested with them, lint the safest place was in 
the northeastern part around Rome City at a 
spot called "The Tamarock." Here is where 
they made their bogus money. In 1852 the State 
Legislature enacted a law authorizing the forma- 
tion of companies of "Regulators" to put a stop 
to their operation. Several companies were 




A Xohle County Jewel. 

southwestern half of the county is into the Tip- 
pecanoe river. With the exception of the arti- 
ficial lake at Rome City, known as Sylvan lake, 
there are no important summer resorts in the 
county. 

Organization. — Noble county was first in- 
cluded in Randolph county, next in Allen county, 
then in Lagrange county and finally in 1836 
X «il ile county was organized as it stands to-day, 
except for a strip two miles wide, which was 
joined to Whitley. The county seat was first lo- 
cated in Sparta township on the old Fort Wayne 
and Goshen trail. Next, came Augusta, near 
Albion. In 1844 it was located at Fort Mitchell, 
and some buildings were constructed. In 1846, 
by a vote of the people, it was changed to "The 
Center," which was afterward called Albion, 
where it has since remained. The county was 
named after Noah Noble, Governor of Indiana 
from 1831 to 1837, 



Woodland Beach, Noble County. 

formed in Noble count\ who soon overthrew the 
"Blacklegs." 

Many evidences of Mound Builders are found 
all over the county. The Indian tribes here were 
the Miamis and Pottawatomies, and their vil- 
lages were in the county as late as 1848. 

Population of Noble county in 1890 was 
23,359; in 1900 was 23,533, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 24,009, of 
which 942 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,201 families in the county and 6,090 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Noble count) : Ubion, Al- 
len, Elkhart, Green, Jefferson, Noble, < trange, 
Perry, Sparta. Swan, Washington, Wayne and 
York. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Kendallville, Ligonier, Ubion, \\illa. Cromwell, 
\\ olcottville, Albion is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 



378 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Noble county was 
$7,501,505, value of improvements was $3,306,- 
455 and the total net value of taxables was 
$19,460,245. There were 3,701 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were no improved 
roads in Noble county in 1915. Amount of gravel 
road bonds outstanding, $12,000. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
77.50 miles of steam railroad operated in Noble 
county by the B. & O. & Chicago; Grand Rapids 
& Indiana ; Lake Shore & Michigan Southern ; 
Montpelier <& Chicago, by the Wabash and the 
Butler branch of the Vandalia railroads. The 
Fort Wayne & Northwestern Railroad Company 
operates 8.12 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
C. V. Kilgore, county superintendent of Noble 
county, there were eighty-seven schoolhouses, in- 
cluding nine high schools, in Noble county in 



1914, employing 176 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 4,023. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $97,828.07. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $378,750, and the total amount of 
indebtedness, including bonds, was $96,866. In 
parochial schools there were 208 pupils enrolled, 
under control of Catholic, German Lutheran and 
Adventist denominations. 

Agriculture. — There were in Noble count}- in 
1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 266,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 93 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $22,000,000, 
showing 80.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $59.79. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,- 
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $620,- 
000; horses 9,800, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 
45,000, valued at $313,000; sheep 41,000, valued 
at $175,000. The total value of poultry was 
$104,000. 



OHIO COUNTY 



RISING SUN, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



OHIO COUNTY is situated in the south- 
eastern corner of the State and is bounded 
on the north by Dearborn, on the east by the 
State of Ohio, on the south by Switzerland and 
on the west by Switzerland and Ripley counties. 
It is the smallest county in the State, containing 
but ninety square miles. The surface is very 
broken and marked by several ranges of rugged 
hills and the soil is very fertile. The Ohio river 
flows along the southern border of the county. 
There are no railroads in the county and all 
products are shipped and brought by boats which 
ply the Ohio from Cincinnati, I.awrenceburg and 
Louisville and other neighboring cities. 

Organization. — Ohio county was organized by 
a legislative act January 15, 1844. and its origin 
was undoubtedly due to the county seat contest in 
Dearborn county. The question arising as to the 
constitutionality of its organization has been 
waived to meet the convenience of the public. 
Rising Sun has been the county seat since the 
organization. Automobile bus and mail lines 



have been established between Rising Sun and 
Aurora, which is ten miles distant. 

Population of Ohio county in 1890 was 4,955 : 
in 1900 was 4,724, and according to United States 
Census of 1910 was 4,329, of which 119 were of 
white foreign birth. There were 1,127 families 
in the county and 1,109 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
four townships in Ohio county : Cass, Pike, Ran- 
dolph and Union. Rising Sun is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Ohio county was 
$907,580, value of improvements was $500,195, 
and the total net value of taxables was $2,026,- 
090. There were 690 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were forty-two 
miles of improved roads in Ohio county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $20,141.25. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



379 



Educational. — According to the report of 
Charles H. French, county superintendent of 
Ohio county, there were twenty-three school- 
houses, including one high school, in Ohio county 
in 1914, employing thirty-four teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 602. The 
aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$13,949.55. The estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $29,200, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds. $5,400. 



Agriculture. — There were in ( thio county in 
1910 over 652 farms, embraced in 54,000 acres. 
Average acres per farm, 81 acres. The value of 
all farm property was over $2,500,000, showing 
39.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The average 
value of land per acre was $29.95. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $292,000: 
Number of cattle 3,200, valued at $78,000; horses 
1,500, valued at $145,000; hogs 2,600, valued at 
$22,000; sheep 4,300, valued at $18,000. The 
total value of poultry was 820,000. 



ORANGE COUNTY 



PAOLI, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



ORANGE COUNTY, which is located in 
the center of the southern part of the 
State, is bounded on the north by Lawrence, on 
the east by Washington and a very small section 
of Crawford, on the south by Crawford and on 
the west by Dubois and Martin counties, and is 
about twenty miles north of the Ohio river. The 
country is of a very rugged nature and the sur- 
face broken with hills, a condition that makes it 
unsuitable for farming. Fruit growing, dairying 



and stock raising is receiving marked attention, 
and in recent years has made considerable prog- 
ress. 

The great resources of Orange county are its 
mineral waters that have made it world famous, 
and the magnificent establishments, the most 
noted of which are the French Lick hotel at 
French Lick Springs, and the West Baden hotel, 
at West Baden, besides many others more or less 
notable. Countless thousands from all over the 




French Lick Hotel, Orange County. 



380 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 





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Tlie Famous Pluto Spring, French Lick. 

world have visited these institutions, enjoyed 
their hospitality, departing with health and 
vigor restored and converts to the charms of 
this ideal spot. Nature has given a touch of the 
mystic to this region, with its underground cav- 
erns and channels, about which have been woven 
many stories. Here is the wonderful Lost river, 
with its curious blind fish, that ripples along, 
only to be swallowed up, disappearing into the 
earth to rise again some miles away. 

Organization. — Orange county was named by 
the early settlers who came from North Carolina 
after the county by that name from which they 
hailed. Its formal organization became effective 
February 1, 1816, and Paoli has been the seat of 
justice from its beginning. 

Population of Orange county in 1890 was 
14,678; in 1900 was 16,854, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 17,192, of 
which seventy were of white foreign birth. 
There were 4,011 families in the county and 3,924 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Orange county : French Lick, 
Greenfield, Jackson, North East, North West, 
Orangeville, Orleans, Paoli, South East and 
Stampers' Creek. The incorporated cities and 
towns are French Lick, Orleans, Paoli and West 
Baden. Paoli is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 



the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Orange county 
was $2,846,780, value of improvements was 
$1,711,645 and the total net value of taxables 
was $6,557,520. There were 2,737 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 300 miles of 
improved roads in Orange county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $190,125. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
34.16 miles of steam railroad operated in Orange 
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; 
Orleans, West Baden and French Lick branch of 
the C, I. & L. ; and the Jasper and French Lick 
branch of the Southern Railroad Company. The 
French Lick & West Baden Street Railway Com- 
pany operates 1.90 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Claude E. Cogswell, county superintendent of 
Orange county, there were ninety-two school- 
houses, including four high schools, in Orange 
county in 1914, employing 139 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,426. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $61,764.28. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $148,100, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $55,903.81. The schools of Orleans town- 
ship are consolidated with those of the town, 
making a joint school between the two corpora- 
tions. In no other townships are the schools 
combined. 

Agriculture. — There were in Orange county 
in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 260,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 100.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $7,400,000, 
showing 79.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $19.87. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,- 
000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at 
$249,000 ; horses 5,600, valued at $502,000 ; hogs 
16,000, valued at $108,000; sheep 12,000. valued 
at $54,000. The total value of poultry was 
$69,000. 



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382 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



OWEN COUNTY 



SPENCER, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



OWEN COUNTY.— One hundred years 
ago that part of the White river valley in 
which Owen county is located was an unbroken 
wilderness, but even in that time the county was 
noted far and wide among the Indians for its 
beauty and its healthy climate. To-day there are 
yet to be seen through the magnificent forests 
frequent signs that show where "Sweet Owen" 
now is, which was then a favorite camping place 
for the Indians. There is also much in evidence 
that this locality was formerly inhabited by pre- 
historic peoples, as their mounds and burial 
places testify. It is certain that in latter times 
the Delaware, Eel River, Miami and Pottawato- 
mie Indians swarmed the hills and valleys. 

Owen county is located in the northern edge of 
southern Indiana. It is bounded on the north by 
Putnam and a small section of Morgan, on the 
east by Morgan and Monroe, on the south by 
Greene and on the west by Clay counties. It 
contains 396 square miles, rich in natural re- 



sources and blessed with ideal conditions, well 
balanced between hill land and rich creek and 
river bottoms. The soil is diversified and very 
productive, and is unsurpassed for tobacco rais- 
ing. This county is best known, however, for 
its stone and coal output. At Romona is found 
the famous Bedford oolitic limestone, used ex- 
tensively in the construction of Government 
buildings and sold throughout America. Owen 
county's coal has been pronounced by the State 
Geologist as Indiana's best coal. It exceeds any 
other bituminous coal in heat units and shows 
only 15 per cent. ash. The county is beginning to 
be recognized as a splendid fruit growing lo- 
cality. 

Organization.— Owen county was named after 
Colonel Abraham Owen, who was killed in the 
battle of Tippecanoe while serving as volunteer 
aid to General Harrison. It was organized Jan- 
uary 1, 1819. The first county seat of Owen was 
located about a half mile up the river from the 




White River at Gosport, Owen County. — Photo by Wm. M. Herschell. 




%■. 



M 








Upper Falls on Eel River, Owen County. — Photo by W in. M. Herschell. 




Cataract Falls on Eel River, Owen County. — Photo by Wm. 1. Hoffmann. 



384 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



present town of Spencer on 150 acres that were 
donated by John Dunn. The place was called 
Lancaster. On account of a defect in the title 
to the land, commissioners were appointed to 
change the location, and the present site was se- 
lected and Spencer became the county seat Feb- 
ruary 12, 1820. Eel river falls, which are lo- 
cated in tliis county, are among the most re- 
markable of nature's handiwork in the State. 
They are three-fourths of a mile apart. The 
upper fall is forty-five feet within a short dis- 
tance and the lower thirty-five feet perpendicular. 

Population of Owen county in 1890 was 
15,040; in 1900 was 15,149, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 14,053, of 
which 136 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,476 families in the county and 3,320 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Owen county: Clay, Frank- 
lin, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Jennings, La- 
fayette, Marion, Montgomery, Morgan, Taylor, 
Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Gosport and Spencer. Spencer is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Owen county was 
$2,966,935, value of improvements was $1,136,- 
070 and the total net value of taxables was 
$6,808,061. There were 2,099 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 240 miles of 



improved roads in Owen county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $165,659.08. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
63.96 miles of steam railroad operated in Owen 
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; 
Indianapolis and Louisville branch of the C, I. 
& L. ; Evansville & Indianapolis, and the Vin- 
cennes division of the Vandalia railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
W. H. Stone, county superintendent, there were 
ninety-one schoolhouses, including six high 
schools, in Owen county in 1914, employing 130 
teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils 
was 2,645. The aggregate amount paid in sal- 
aries to superintendents, supervisors, principals 
and teachers was $50,768.16. Estimated value 
of school property in the county was $147,550, 
and the total amount of indebtedness, including 
bonds, was $50,410. 

Agriculture. — There were in Owen county in 
1910 over 1,900 farms, embraced in 251,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 116.6 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $9,000,000, 
showing 62.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $26.57. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,- 
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at 
$275,000; horses 5,800, valued at $520,000; hogs 
15,000, valued at $106,000; sheep 15,000, valued 
at $58,000. The total value of poultry was 
$57,000. 



PARKE COUNTY 



ROCKVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



PARKE COUNTY is located in the central 
part of the tier of counties on the Wabash 
river in the western part of the State. It is 
bounded on the north by Fountain, on the east 
by Montgomery and Putnam, on the south by 
< lay and Vigo and on the west by Vermilion 
counties. It contains about 440 square miles. It 
is an agricultural county, that being the principal 
resource. Coal mining is carried on to some ex- 
tent and, according to the State Mine Inspector's 
report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 



1914, there were five mines in operation under 
his jurisdiction that produced 339,682 tons of 
coal. Parke county has become familiar to thou- 
sands of lovers of natural beauty by Blooming- 
dale Glens and Turkey Run. An effort has been 
made to preserve this region for the future as a 
State park. 

Hospital for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. 
— By an act approved March 8, 1907, the General 
Assembly authorized the establishment of a hos- 
pital for the treatment of incipient pulmonary 




Scenes in Turkey Run, Parke County, Indiana. 



•2.-. 



386 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



tuberculosis. The commission created by the 
act selected a site, containing 504 acres, three 
miles east of Rockville and purchased it in Sep- 
tember, 1908. 

Organization. — Parke county, named in honor 
of Benjamin Parke, the first member of Congress 
for the Territory, and afterward a territorial and 
then district judge, was organized January 9, 
1821. The first county seats were located tem- 
porarily at Roseville and Armiesburg. In 1823 
the locating commissioners named Rockville as 
the permanent seat of justice. No county build- 
ings were erected until 1826, when a log court- 
house was built, which served the dual purpose 
of a temple of justice and a house of worship. 

Rockville has become famous as the home of 
Mrs. Juliet V. Strauss, familiarly known as "The 
Country Contributor," one of Indiana's most pro- 
lific writers. 

Population of Parke county in 1890 was 
20,296; in 1900 was 23,000, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 22,214, of 
which 856 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,414 families in the county and 5,349 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Parke county : Adams, 
Florida, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Liberty, 
Penn, Raccoon, Reserve, Sugar Creek, Union, 
Wabash and Washington. The incorporated 
cities and towns are Bloomingdale, Diamond, 
Judson, Marshall, Montezuma, Rockville and 
Rosedale. The county seat of Parke county is 
situated at Rockville. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Parke county was 
$6,782,720, value of improvements was $2,214,- 
725 and the total net value of taxables was 
$14,815,715. There were 3,333 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 710 miles of 



improved roads in Parke county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $416,549.98. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
91.45 miles of steam railroad operated in Parke 
county by the Central Indiana Railway, Brazil 
and Terre Haute divisions of the Chicago & 
Eastern Illinois ; Springfield division of the C, 
I. & W. ; St. Louis division of the Big Four ; To- 
ledo, St. Louis & Western, and the Michigan di- 
vision of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre 
Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- 
pany operates 4.16 miles of electric line in the 
county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Homer J. Skeeters, county superintendent of 
Parke county, there were 104 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding eight high schools, in Parke county in 
1914, employing 170 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 4,707. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $77,001.75. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $251,500, and the total amount of 
indebtedness, including bonds, was $65,275. 
Friends' Bloomingdale Academy at Blooming- 
dale offers a high school course of commissioned 
high school grade. In addition to the academic 
work strong courses in manual training, domestic 
science and agriculture are offered. 

Agriculture. — There were in Parke county in 
1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 256,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 104.7 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000, 
showing 87.1 per cent, increase over 1900. 
The average value of land per acre was $51.27. 
The total value of domestic animals was over 
$1,800,000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at 
$464,000; horses 9,100, valued at $890,000; hogs 
43,000, valued at $297,000; sheep 18,000, valued 
at $89,000. The total value of poultry was 
$90,000. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



387 



PERRY COUNTY 



CANNELTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



PERRY COUNTY is situated on the Ohio 
river, just west of a central line dividing 
the State from north to south. It contains about 
400 square miles and is bounded on the north 
by Dubois and Crawford counties, on the east 
and south by the Ohio river and on the west by 
Spencer and Dubois counties. It is in the coal 
belt and has an almost inexhaustible supply of 
coal which has not been extensively developed, 
excepting along the river. According to the State 
Mine Inspector's report for the fiscal year end- 
ing September 30, 1914, there was one mine in 
operation in Perry county, under his jurisdiction, 
which produced 3,250 tons of coal. Clay and 
sandstone are also found in paying quantities. 
The county is primarily an agricultural one, 
although manufacturing is carried on to some 
extent. The abundant and easily accessible veins 
of coal in Perry county early attracted the atten- 
tion of capitalists to this section. The Legisla- 
tures of the early thirties granted liberal charters, 
and many large enterprises, with several million 
dollars' capital, were launched, notable among 
which were the Indiana Cotton Mills and the 
American Cannel Coal Company. This lat- 
ter company purchased 7,000 acres of land 
and proceeded to lay out the town of Can- 
nelton on a site of 1,000 acres on a bend of 
the Ohio river. It became the home of the 
early "boomer," and some of the optimistic 
claims made at that time have a familiar ring 
to-day. Regarding one of the enterprises that 
was being exploited the following was published: 
"... The mill is to contain 2,000 spindles 
and make coarse ticking and flannel. . . . 
This enterprise is intended to be but the begin- 
ning of a movement which may result in giving 
the control of the price of cotton to the country 
where it is produced. It may, too, operate as a 
check to overproduction by giving planters other 
means of investment besides lands and slaves, 
and may result in changing the character of the 
present cotton manufacturing districts of the 
world, for the coal districts in this vicinity and 
the fertile and healthy regions around present 
opportunities for the increase of manufactures 



to an unlimited extent. The wealth of Indiana 
may be eventually concentrated in this part of 
the State, which was so long overlooked by the 
emigrants." And to this an early historian 
added : "The home market that will here be 
made for our agricultural products, and the cap- 
ital and population which will be attracted from 
abroad by this affluent combination of manufac- 
turing advantages, warrants the anticipation that 
Cannelton at no distant day will become a 
large and important manufacturing city." Thus 
Perry county holds the record for first bringing 
Indiana and its lavish opportunities before the 
world. 

Organization. — Perry county, which was 
named after Commodore Oliver PI. Perry, was 
the fourth county organized, in 1814, and the 
thirteenth and last county to be created before 
the Territory of Indiana applied to Congress for 
an enabling act. In November of the same year 
the commissioners chose a site on the Ohio river 
for the new county seat and gave it the classical 
name of Troy ; later it was moved to Washing- 
ton, which changed its name to Franklin, and in 
September, 1819, found the county seat moved 
to Rome. Here it remained until December 7, 
1859, when it was moved to Cannelton, where a 
new court-house had been built and donated as an 
inducement to move by an enterprising coal com- 
pany that was interested in booming the town. 

Population of Perry county in 1890 was 
18,240; in 1900 was \^,77». and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 18.078, of 
which 753 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,919 families in the county and 3.814 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
seven townships in Terry county: Anderson, 
Clark, Leopold, Oil, Tobin, Troy ami Union. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Cannelton, 
Tell City and Troy. Cannelton is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Perry county was 



388 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



$1,526,180, value of improvements was $1,379,- 
010 and the total net value of taxables was 
$4,164,500. There were 2,608 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were fourteen miles 
of improved roads in Perry county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $66,500. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
8.41 miles of steam railroad operated in Perry 
county by the Southern Railway Company. 

Educational. — According to the annual report 
of Lee B. Mullen, county superintendent of 
Perry county, there were 109 schoolhouses. in- 
cluding seven high schools, in the county in 1914. 
employing 152 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 2.900. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $67,493.27. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 



was $139,683, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $22,104.93. 

Agriculture. — There were in Perry county in 
1910 over 1,900 farms, embraced in 212,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 109.3 acres. 
The value of all farm property was over $5,100,- 
000, showing 82.9 per cent, increase over 1900. 
The average value of land per acre was $14.29. 
The total value of domestic animals was over 
$762,000: Number of cattle 7,300, valued at 
$139,000; horses 4,500, valued at $431,000; hogs 
9,900. valued at $68,000; sheep 3,900, valued at 
$12,000. The total value of poultry was $41,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
Slate Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were 
eii;lil industrial establishments in Cannelton, fur- 
nishing employment to over 200 persons. The 
principal products are cotton sheeting and sewer 
pipe-. At Tell City there are sixteen industries, 
which employ over 500 persons. The principal 
products are furniture, desks and wood hames. 



PIKE COUNTY 



PETERSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



PIKE COUNTY is situated in the southwest- 
ern section of the State. It is bounded on 
the north by Knox and Daviess, on the east by 
Dubois, on the south by Warrick and on the west 
by < iibson counties. It contains 337 square miles, 
part of which is hilly, while the western part is 
rolling and contains much fine bottom land. 
Great interest is taken in farming and stock rais- 
ing, and this is said to be one of the largest live 
stock shipping points in Indiana. Pike county is 
rich in bituminous coal deposits, most of the land 
being underlaid with fine workable veins of from 
four tu nine feet in thickness. According to the 
State Mine Inspector's report for the fiscal year 
ending September 30, 1914, there were thirteen 
mines in operation under his jurisdiction, from 
which 602,032 tons were produced. 

Organization. — Pike county which was named 
in honor of General Z. M. Pike, who fell at the 
capture of York April 27. 1813, was organized 
on February 1, 1817, with Petersburg as the 
county seat since its organization. 

Population of Pike county in 1890 was 18,544; 



in 1900 was 20,486, and according to United 
States Census of 1910 was 19,684, of which 164 
were of white foreign birth. There were 4.522 
families in the county and 4,468 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Pike county: Clay, Jefferson, 
Lockhart, Logan, Madison, Marion, Monroe, Pa- 
toka and Washington. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Petersburg and Winslow. Peters- 
burg is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Pike county was 
S.i, 578,320; value of improvements was $1,215,- 
010, and the total net value of taxables was 
$7,347,910. There were 2,909 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were seventy-eight 
miles of improved roads in Pike county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $156,887.60. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



389 



28.72 miles of steam railroad operated in Pike 
county by the Evansville & Indianapolis and the 
Southern Railway Company of Indiana. 

Agriculture. — There were in Pike county in 
1910 over 2,400 farms embraced in 194,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 79.8 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $9,700,000, 
showing 63.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $33.10. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,300,- 
000 : Number of cattle 9,700, valued at $238,000 ; 
horses 7,500, valued at $696,000; hogs 26,000, 
valued at $167,000; sheep 9,400, valued at $35,- 



000. The total value of poultry was about 
$73,000. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Andrew Jewell, county superintendent of Pike 
county, there were ninety-seven schoolhouses, in- 
cluding six high schools, in Pike county in 1914, 
employing 152 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 3,758. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $57,264.68. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $159,300, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $39,270. 




Scene on the Patoka River. Rises in northern part of Orange county and flows west through Crawford, Dubois, 
Pike and Gibson counties, and empties into the Wabash River below the mouth of White River.— Photo by 
Mm. M. Herschell. 



390 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



PORTER COUNTY 



VALPARAISO, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



PORTER COUNTY, located in the north- 
western part of the State, bordering on 
Lake Michigan, is bounded on the east by La- 
porte, on the south by Jasper and on the west by 
Lake counties. It is divided into three sections ; 
the southern contains the great Kankakee marsh ; 
the central part, the Morainic hills, and the 
northern section the three beaches of old Lake 
Chicago and the present beach of Lake Michi- 
gan. It contains 575 square miles. For many 
years the Kankakee marsh was considered al- 
most worthless, but since it has been drained it 
forms one of the most valuable parts of the 
county, much of which has been given to the 
raising of hay. Hebron, a thriving town of 800, 
has the distinction of shipping more native hay 
than any other town in the world. The proximity 
of Chicago has encouraged dairy farming and 
the county ships daily over 10,000 gallons of 
milk. Valuable clay deposits are found in the 
county, the different kinds producing several of 
the best varieties of brick. 

The scenic beauty of the county is notable ; 
the two most attractive features being the group 
of Morainic-basin and kettle-hole lakes around 
Valparaiso, and the magnificent range of sand 
hills near Lake Michigan. 

Valparaiso University was founded Septem- 
ber 16, 1873, by Henry B. Brown. Two years 
alter the university was started, Oliver P. Kin- 
sey became associated with Mr. Brown, and to- 
gether they applied to their problem all of their 
knowledge on the subject. Valparaiso University' 
has an enrolment of more than 5,000 students, 
twenty-two departments, eleven school buildings, 
including three in Chicago for medical and dental 
work and a library containing over 12,000 works 
of reference. The classes are in session the entire 
year. Its largest department is the normal col- 
lege, which gives instruction to more than 1,100 
students annually, and a large percentage of the 
students earn all or a part of their expenses at 
Valparaiso. The university has no secret socie- 
ties, nor does it compete with other institutions 
in the field of athletics. It is one of the largest 
universities in the United States in point of at- 



tendance and its students come from all over the 
United States and foreign countries. 

Organization. — Porter county, organized Feb- 
ruary 1, 1836, was named in honor of Commo- 
dore David Porter, of the United States Navy. 
The county seat has always been at Valparaiso, 
although the first plat dated July 7, 1836, bears 
the name of Portersville. The name of the 
county seat was changed to Valparaiso during 
the first year and it seems to have been done by 
the local authorities. 

Population of Porter county in 1890 was 
18,052; in 1900 was 19,175, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,540, of 
which 2,939 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,544 families in the county and 4,396 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Porter county: Boone, Cen- 
ter, Jackson, Liberty, Morgan, Pine, Pleasant, 
Portage, Porter, Union, Washington and West- 
chester. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Valparaiso, Chesterton, Hebron and Porter. 
Valparaiso is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Porter county 
was $6,938,790; value of improvements was 
$2,841,160, and the total net value of taxables 
was $21,950,810. There were 2,516 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of 
improved roads in Porter county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $707,526.50. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
187.82 miles of steam railroad operated in Por- 
ter county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; C. & O. ; 
C. & E. ; LaCrosse branch of the Chicago & 
Eastern Illinois ; Dune Park extension of the 
C, I. & S. ; Elgin, Joliet & Eastern ; Grand 
Trunk & Western ; L. S. & M. S. ; Michigan Cen- 
tral ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wabash ; New 
York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pere Marquette ; 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



391 




Valparaiso University, Porter County. 



Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. ; 
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago, and the In- 
diana Harbor Belt railroads. The Chicago, Lake 
Shore & South Bend and the Gary & Interurban 
Railroad Companies operate 42.50 miles of elec- 
tric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Fred H. Cole, county superintendent of Porter 
county, there were ninety-one schoolhouses, in- 
cluding seven high schools, in Porter county in 
1914, employing 164 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 3,540. The ag- 
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 



$102,388.42. Estimated value of school property 
in the county was $392,745, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $99,310.79. 
Agriculture. — There were in Porter county 
in 1910 over 1,900 farms embraced in 239,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 125 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $19,000,000, 
showing 78.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $58.09. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,- 
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $664.- 
000; horses 8,200, valued at $869,000; hogs 17,- 
000, valued at $141,000; sheep 7,700, valued at 
$38,000. The total value of poultry was $68,000. 



POSEY COUNTY 



MOUNT VERNON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



Pi ISEY C< »UNTY is located in the extreme 
southwestern corner or "pocket" of the 
State, is bounded on the north by Gibson county, 
on the east by Vanderburg, on the south by the 
Ohio river, the north bank of which separates it 
from the State of Kentucky, and on the west by 
the Wabash river, the dividing line between In- 
diana and Illinois. The county contains 420 
square miles, and the surface is level or slightly 
rolling, with a few sand-clay hills, due to the ac- 
tion of the wind. The soils of the county are 
well adapted to the raising of grains and vege- 
tables of all kinds, including watermelons and 
muskmelons, for which the county has become 
noted. 

Within the borders of Posey county, fifty 



miles from the mouth of the Wabash, is the 
famous town of New Harmony, which was first 
settled in 1814, by Frederick Rapp and a Ger- 
man colony from western Pennsylvania. Here 
he cleared an immense farm of 17,000 acre-, 
planted fine orchards and vineyards and erected 
mills and manufactories, 200 neat and comfort- 
able houses in the town, among which were two 
churches, one of which was then much the largest 
in the State. In 1825, the celebrated Robert 
Owen purchased the town and a considerable 
part of the land for the purpose of making an 
experiment of his "social system," and Rapp and 
his company returned to Pennsylvania. 

Organization. — Posey county was organized 
November 1, 1814, and was the twelfth in order 



392 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



of organization. It was named after Thomas 
Posey, the second and last Governor of Indiana 
Territory, who aided in the creation of the 
county. 

Posey county had three county seat changes 
within the first ten years of its history, and built 
a new court-house at each place. The first location 
was at Blackford, in the northeastern corner of 
.Mars township, the town being named after 
Judge Isaac Blackford, a famous lawyer in In- 
diana for more than forty years. In 1817, it was 
removed to Springfield, near the town of Har- 
monie, where Frederick Rapp and his colony of 
Rappites lived. Here it remained until, by the 
legislative act of February 12, 1825, it was re- 
moved to Mount Vernon, which has remained 
the county seat ever since. 

Population of Posey county in 1890 was 
21,529; in 1900 was 22,333, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 21,670, of 
which 710 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,063 families in the county and 4,984 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Posey county : Bethel, Black. 
Center, Harmony, Lynn, Mars, Point. Robb, 
Robinson and Smith. The incorporated cities 



and towns are Mount Vernon, Cynthiana, Griffin, 
New Harmony and Posey ville. Mount Vernon 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Posey county was 
$8,501,580; value of improvements was $2,797,- 
105, and the total net value of taxables was 
$15,705,991. There were 3,079 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 210 miles of 
improved roads in Posey county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $499,111.86. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
72.80 miles of steam railroad operated in Posey 
county by the Evansville, Mount Carmel & 
Northern branch of the Big Four ; Mount Ver- 
non branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; 
Peoria division and the New Harmony branch 
of the Illinois Central, and the Louisville & Nash- 
ville railroads. The Evansville Railways Com- 
pany operates 11.69 miles of electric line in the 
count} - . 

Educational. — According to the report of 





Laboratory of Dr. David Dale Owen, New Harmony, 
Posev County. 



Library, Workingmen's Institute, New 
Harmony, Posey County. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



393 



G. E. Behrens, county superintendent of Posey 
county, there were seventy-eight schoolhouses, in- 
cluding six high schools, in the county in 1914, 
employing 164 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 3,381. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $90,431.67. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $427,350, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $117,007.65. 

Agriculture. — There were in Posey county 



in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 238,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 112 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000, 
showing 56.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $58.65. 
The total value of domestic animals was over 
$1,400,000: Number of cattle 8,000, valued at 
$190,000; horses 6,500, valued at $619,000; hogs 
27,000, valued at $123,000; sheep 4,600, valued 
at $20,000. The total value of poultry was 
$48,000. 



PULASKI COUNTY 



WINAMAC, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



PULASKI COUNTY is located in the north 
central part of Indiana. It is bounded on the 
north by Starke, on the east by Fulton, on the 
south by Cass and White and on the west by 
Jasper counties. It contains 432 square miles 
and is now considered among the best farming 
counties in the State. The soil is clay, sand. 
muck or loam, and corn is the principal product. 
Through it flows the Tippecanoe, one of the most 
beautiful rivers in Indiana. 

Organization. — Pulaski county began its of- 
ficial existence May 6, 1840, and was named after 
the celebrated Polish soldier, Count Pulaski, who. 
failing to sustain the independence of his own 
country, came to America during the Revolu- 
tionary war, was appointed a brigadier-general, 
and fell mortally wounded in the attack on Sa- 
vannah in 1779. Winamac was selected as the 
county seat May 6, 1839. The town was named 
in honor of Winamac of the Pottawatomies, who 
lived at this place. 

Population of Pulaski county in 1890 was 
11,233; in 1900 was 14,033, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 13,312, of 
which 825 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,036 families in the county and 3,006 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Pulaski county : Beaver, 
Cass, Franklin, Harrison, Indian Creek, Jeffer- 
son, Monroe, Rich Grove, Salem, Tippecanoe, 
Van Buren and White Post. The incorporated 
cities and towns are Francesville, Medaryville, 



Monterey and Winamac. The county seat is 
Winamac. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Pulaski county 
was $4,314,610; value of improvements was 
$1,289,235, and the total net value of taxables 
was $9,601,490. There were 2,111 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 302 miles of 
improved roads in Pulaski county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $332,823.85. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
56.27 miles of steam railroad operated in Pu- 
laski county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Clu 
& Erie; Michigan City branch of the C, I. & L.. 
and the Logansport division of the I'.. C, C. & 
St. L. railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report ol 
Homer L. Rogers, county superintendent of 
Pulaski county, there were seventy-five school- 
houses, including seven high schools, in Pulaski 
county in 1914. employing 123 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was _' 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $53,657.14. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $362,000, and the to- 
tal amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$93,100. 



394 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Agriculture. — There were in Pulaski county 
in 1910 over 1,800 farms embraced in 258,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 136 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $16,000,000, 
showing 105.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $47.97. The 



total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 
000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $424,- 
000 ; horses 8,000, valued at $856,000 ; hogs 18,- 
000, valued at $143,000; sheep 12,000, valued 
at $53,000. The total value of poultry was 
$90,000. 



PUTNAM COUNTY 



GREENCASTLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



PUTNAM COUNTY, popularly known as 
the Blue Grass county of Indiana, comprises 
486 square miles. It is bounded on the north by 
Montgomery, on the east by Hendricks and Mor- 
gan, on the south by Owen and Clay, and on the 
west by Parke counties. Its principal stream, 
Walnut creek, traverses the county in a south- 
westerly direction, and just before passing into 
Clay county is joined by Deer and Mill creeks 
and thus forms Eel river. The surface of the 
land in the northern half of the county is gen- 
erally level, but south of Greencastle it becomes 
undulating and, in some cases, hilly and precipi- 
tant. The soil is known as rich calcareous loam 
or clay, especially adapted to grain or grass, and 
to the profitable cultivation of fruits. In two 
other items, however, Putnam county is greatly 
in the lead of other counties — live stock and lime- 
stone rock. Its pre-eminence in the development 
of live stock dates from 1853, when the late Dr. 
Alexander C. Stevenson visited England and 
succeeded in bringing across the Atlantic from 
that country several head of pedigreed short- 
horn or Durham cattle, the first of the kind to 
reach this part of the country. From this modest 
beginning has sprung the many valuable strains 
of cattle for which the county has long been 
noted. 

The State Farm for Misdemeanants is lo- 
cated in Putnam county. It contains 1,600 acres. 

De Pauw University. — With the breaking of 
the ground in 1915 for the new $100,000 gym- 
nasium, "The Thomas Bowman Memorial," 
which followed a campaign placing the active 
endowment beyond $1,000,000, De Pauw Univer- 
sity, at Greencastle, has become one of the best 
equipped institutions in the Middle West. Ac- 
cording to an early record, the college was first 



conceived and advocated as early as 1832, but it 
was not until 1836, at the session of the Indiana 
Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, that it was finally determined upon. As 
the largest subscriptions were procured at Green- 
castle, this location was selected as the site for 
the college. 

The name of the university at the time of its 
founding was "Indiana Asbury University," 
which name it was given in honor of Francis As- 
bury, the great pioneer bishop. This name was 
changed to De Pauw University in 1884, in rec- 
ognition of liberal gifts from Washington T. De 
Pauw, of New Albany, Ind. 

Ten buildings scattered over a campus of 
twenty-five acres, in the heart of Greencastle, 
are given over to the work of De Pauw Univer- 
sity. The college library contains over 41,000 
bound volumes and several thousand pamphlets. 
It numbers among its alumni Daniel W. Voor- 
hees, Albert G. Porter, John Clark Ridpath, Al- 
bert J. Beveridge and other distinguished men. 
Dr. George R. Grose is the president of the uni- 
versity. 

Organization. — Putnam county was organ- 
ized April 1, 1822, and was named in honor of 
General Israel Putnam of the war of the Revo- 
lution. Greencastle, the county seat of Putnam 
county, was so named at the suggestion of 
Ephraim Dukes, one of the donors of the land 
on which the county seat was established, after 
Greencastle, Pa., his native town. 

Population of Putnam county in 1890 was 
22,335; in 1900 was 21,478, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,520, of 
which 201 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,317 families in the county and 5,199 
dwellings. 




DePauw University (Formerly Asbury), Greencastle. 



396 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Putnam county : Clinton, 
Cloverdale, Floyd, Franklin, Greencastle, Jack- 
son, Jefferson, Madison, Marion, Mill Creek, 
Monroe, Russell, Warren and Washington. The 
incorporated cities and towns are Greencastle, 
Bainbridge, Cloverdale, Roachdale and Russell- 
ville. Greencastle is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Putnam county 
was $7,660,835 ; value of improvements was 
$2,757,325, and the total net value of taxables 
was $17,283,771. There were 3,368 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 800 miles of 
improved roads in Putnam county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $646,126. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
89.42 miles of steam railroad operated in Putnam 
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louis- 
ville ; Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western ; St. 
Louis division of the Big Four, and the St. Louis 
division of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre 
Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com- 
pany operates 20.33 miles of electric lines in the 
county. 



Educational. — According to the report of 
L. G. Wright, county superintendent of Putnam 
county, there were 104 schoolhouses, including 
eighteen high schools, in Putnam county in 1914, 
employing 183 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 3,506. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $73,144.02. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $255,219, and the total amount of in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was $50,299. 

Agriculture. — There were in Putnam county 
in 1910 over 2,900 farms embraced in 292,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 98.7 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $20,000,000, 
showing 71.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $49.41. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,- 
000 : Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $581,- 
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 
58,000, valued at $393,000; sheep 25,000, valued 
at $116,000. The total value of poultry was 
$114,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1915, there were 
eleven industrial establishments in Greencastle 
which employ nearly 200 persons. The leading 
industries are engaged in the production of lum- 
ber and veneer, kitchen cabinets and lightning 
rods. 



RANDOLPH COUNTY 



WINCHESTER, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



RANDOLPH COUNTY is situated in the 
east central part of the State and is marked 
by the highest altitude in Indiana. The highest 
of surveyed points is on the Springfield division 
of the Big Four, about four miles west of Lynn 
and is 1,285 feet above sea level. It is quite 
probable that the highest point in the State is 
north and east of this point about three miles at 
the head of the west fork of White river. The 
entire county is a level plateau, there being no 
hills of any consequence whatever. The natural 
resources of Randolph county consist of gas, 
oil and stone. The gas and oil are about ex- 
hausted, but the limestone is being used more 



than ever. The quarry and crusher are at Bridge- 
ville and are among the largest in the State. Ran- 
dolph county contains 450 square miles and is 
bounded on the north by Jay, on the east by the 
State of Ohio, on the south by Union and Fay- 
ette, and on the west by Henry and a small sec- 
tion of Fayette county. In or near this county 
are the head waters of the Big Miami, White 
Water, Blue river, White river, the Mississin- 
ewa, the Salamonie, Wabash and St. Mans, all 
of which run in different directions. 

Organization. — Randolph county is said to 
have been named at the request of the settlers 
after the county in North Carolina from which 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



397 



they emigrated, though it is said also that the 
name was given in honor of Thomas Randolph, 
attorney-general of the territory, who was killed 
in the battle of Tippecanoe. It was organized 
August 10, 1818, and Winchester has been the 
county seat since its organization. 

Population of Randolph county in 1890 was 
28,085; in 1900 was 28,653, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 29,013, of 
which 555 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,354 families in the county and 7,260 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Randolph county : Frank- 
lin, Green, Greens Fork, Jackson, Monroe, Nettle 
Creek, Stony Creek, Ward, 'Washington, Wayne. 
\\ est River and White River. The incorporated 
cities and towns are Union City, Winchester, 
Easl Modoc, West Modoc, Farmland, Losant- 
ville. Lynn, Parker City. Ridgeville and Sara- 
toga. Winchester is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Randolph county 
was S10,442,230; value of improvements was 
84,101,820, and the total net value of taxables 
was S23.267.290. There were 4,718 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 515 miles of 
improved roads in Randolph county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $621,221.16. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
^/..^.^ miles of steam railroad operated in Ran- 
dolph county by the Chesapeake & Ohio; Cincin- 
nati, Richmond & Fort Wayne; Indianapolis di- 
vision of the Big Four; Eastern division of the 
1 'cria & Eastern; Grand Rapids & Indiana, and 
tin Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. 
L. railroads. The Union Traction Company of 
Indiana operates 23.49 miles of electric line in 
the countw 

Educational. — According t<> the report of 



Lee L. Driver, county superintendent of Ran- 
dolph county, there were eighty-seven school- 
houses (twenty-four of which were not in use), 
including eighteen high schools, in Randolph 
county in 1914, employing 239 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 5,441. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $120,462.61. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $598,600, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $229,077. 

Randolph county has twenty consolidated 
schools, fifteen of which are consolidated high 
schools, to which last year 2,144 pupils were 
transported, by ninety-one school wagons and 
interurban. Of the ninety-seven abandoned dis- 
trict schools of this county, twenty one have been 
abandoned because of lack of attendance, the re- 
maining seventy-six were abandoned upon peti- 
tion of the patrons. The high school attendance 
in township schools has increased in eight years 
from sixty-one to 601. The per cent, of eighth- 
year graduates to enter high school has increased 
in the same length of time from 21 per cent, to 
50 per cent, before consolidation to 93 per cent. 
to 100 per cent, since consolidation, varying in 
the different corporations. 

Agriculture. — There were in Randolph county 
in 1910 over 3,200 farms embraced in 280,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.1 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $29,000,000, 
showing 106.7 per cent, increase over 1,900. The 
average value of land per acre was $78.03. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,750,- 
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $636,- 
000; horses 13.000. valued at $1,500,000; hogs 
81,000, valued at $472,000; sheep 18,000, valued 
.it SS4,000. Total value of poultry $131,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were 
seventeen industrial establishments in Winches- 
ter, which furnish employment to over 6(H) per- 
sons. The largest industry is engaged in the 
manufacture of glass bottles and bottle pack 



398 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



RIPLEY COUNTY 



VERSAILLES, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



RIPLEY COUNTY is in the southeastern 
part of Indiana, -and contains 440 square 
miles. It is bounded on the north by Decatur 
and Franklin, on the east by Dearborn and Ohio, 
on the south by Switzerland and Jefferson and 
on the west by Jennings counties. It is situated 
in the Ohio valley approximately fifteen miles 
from the Ohio river. A small tributary of the 
Ohio, the Laughrey, drains the greater part of 
the county. Its source is in the north central part 
and flows directly south of southeast, cutting a 
picturesque channel through a bed of limestone. 
Although, as one approaches the Ohio river, the 
surface is undulating, the contour in general is 
level. The top soil is of three types, that formed 
by giaciation, that formed by decaying limestone, 
and that formed by overflow of the streams. 
This, together with the temperate climate, is fa- 
vorable for the production of grains, grasses, 
fruits and vegetables. Many valuable and dense 



forests are still found in this section and poultry 
and dairy products are extensive. While farming 
is the leading industry, quarrying is a profitable 
one on account of the abundance of limestone. 

Organization. — Ripley county, which was 
named in honor of General E. W. Ripley, a dis- 
tinguished officer of the war of 1812, was organ- 
ized April 10, 1818. The first courts in Ripley 
county were held at Marion, as a county seat was 
not selected until April 27, 1818. The place se- 
lected was the present site of Versailles, now the 
county seat, on land donated by John Paul, of 
Jefferson county. The first lots were sold on 
September 21, 1818, and temporary provisions 
were made for holding the courts in the spring 
of 1819. A court-house was not built until 1821. 

Population of Ripley county in 1890 was 
19,350; in 1900 was 19,881, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 19,452, of 
which 1,019 were of white foreign birth. There 




The Muscatatuck River. Rises in Ripley county and flows into White River near west lines of Washington and 
Jackson counties; one of its branches rises within two miles of the Ohio River, near Hanover. — Photograph 
by Wm. M. Herschell. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



399 



were 4,796 families in the county and 4,701 
dwellings. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Ripley county 
was $3,569,965 ; value of improvements was 
$1,902,175, and the total net value of taxables 
was $8,680,560. The county had 3,126 polls. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in Ripley county : Adams, 
Brown, Center, Delaware, Franklin, Jackson, 
Johnson, Laughrey, Otter Creek, Shelby and 
Washington. The incorporated cities and towns 
are Batesville, Milan, Osgood, Sunman, Ver- 
sailles. The county seat is Versailles. 

Improved Roads. — There were 283 miles of 
improved roads in Ripley county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $266,639. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
30.29 miles of steam railroad operated in Ripley 
county by the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 



and the Chicago division of the Big Four rail- 
roads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Charles R. Hertenstein, county superintendent 
of Ripley county, there were 100 schoolhouses, 
including eight high schools, in Ripley county in 
1914, employing 137 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 3,500. The aggre- 
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, 
supervisors, principals and teachers was $57,- 
470.51. The estimated value of school property 
in the county was $187,660, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $33,744. 

Agriculture. — There were in Ripley county 
in 1910 over 3,000 farms embraced in 273,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, ninety-one acres. 
The value of all farm property was over $12,- 
000,000, showing 74.5 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$27.11. The total value of domestic animals was 
over $1,500,000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued 
at $455,000; horses 8,300, valued at $825,000; 
hogs 19,000, valued at $134,000; sheep 6,200, 
valued at $24,000. The value of poultry, $118,000. 



RUSH COUNTY 



RUSHVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



RUSH COUNTY is situated in the second 
tier of counties east of Indianapolis and 
is bounded on the north by Hancock and Henry, 
on the east by Fayette and Franklin, on the 
south by Decatur and on the west by Shelby and 
Hancock counties. It contains 414 square miles 
of the most fertile land in the State. The county 
is given particularly to the most advanced type 
of farming and stock raising. A special feature 
for which the county is noted is the importing 
and breeding of Jersey cattle. Several large stock 
farms of national reputation are conducted here 
that are devoted to this particular industry. 
.Many fine orchards are in the county that have 
won prizes for their apples in America and Eu- 
rope. Hundreds of farmers are doing excellent 
work, adding to the fame of Rush county in the 
raising of all classes of horses, cattle, sheep and 
hogs. 

Organization. — Rush county was organized 
by an act of the Legislature December 31, 1821, 



which became effective April 1, 1822. At the 
suggestion of Dr. Laughlin it was named in 
honor of Dr. Rush, as well as the town of Rush- 
ville, which has been the county seat since the 
organization. 

Population of Rush county in 1890 was 
19,034; in 1900 was 20,148. and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 19,349, of 
which 214 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,994 families in the county and 4,895 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Rush county : Anderson, 
Center, Jackson, Noble, < (range, Posey, Richland, 
Ripley, Rushville. Union, Walker and Washing- 
ton. The incorporated cities and towns are Rush- 
ville, Carthage and Glenwood. Rushville is the 
county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 



400 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Ford on Flat Rock. Rises in northeast corner of Henry 
County, flows through Rush, Decatur. Shelby and 
Bartholomew counties, and empties into east fork 
of White River. The Indian name is Puck-op-ka. 
— Photograph by Wm. M. Hcrschcll. 

total value of lands and lots in Rush county was 
$10,775,375 ; value of improvements was $3,346,- 
285, and the total net value of taxables was $20,- 
957,525. There were 3,377 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of 
improved roads in Rush county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $579,937.90. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 



77.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Rush 
county by the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & West- 
ern ; Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan ; Big Four 
over Lake Erie & Western ; Fort Wayne, Cin- 
cinnati & Louisville; Indianapolis division and 
Cambridge City branch of the P., C, C. & St. L., 
and the Vernon, Greensburg & Rushville rail- 
roads. The Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction 
Company operates 18.73 miles of electric line in 
the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Chester M. George, the county superintendent, 
there were fifty-seven schoolhouses, including 
nine high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- 
ing 146 teachers. The average daily attendance 
by pupils was 3,059. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- 
cipals and teachers was $88,231.12. Estimated 
value of school property in the county was $561,- 
500, and the total amount of indebtedness, includ- 
ing bonds, was $187,960. 

Agriculture. — There were in Rush county 
in 1910 over 2.100 farms embraced in 253,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 118.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $31,000,000, 
showing 92.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $95.45. The 
total value of. domestic animals was over $2,700,- 
000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $505,- 
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 
122,000. valued at $782,000; sheep 15,000, valued 
at $65,000. The total value of poultry. $96,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were 
twenty-three industrial establishments in Rush- 
ville, furnishing employment to over 500 per- 
sons. The principal articles manufactured are 
furniture and lumber. 



SCOTT COUNTY 



SCOTTSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



SCOTT COUNTY, the fourth smallest 
county in the State, is located a little to the 
east of the central part of the southern section 
of Indiana. It contains about 200 square miles 
and is bounded on the north by Jackson and Jen- 
nings, on the east by Jefferson, on the south by 
Clark and on the west by Washington, Jackson 



and a small section of Clark counties. There are 
three distinct kinds of land in the county: hill, 
table and bottom land. Few counties contain 
more real good bottom land compared with its 
areas. Straightening, shortening and cleaning 
the streams have been resorted to in relieving the 
low lands of surplus rainfall, one of the most 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



401 



notable improvements being the shortening of 
Stucker creek from fourteen to seven miles in 
length. Numerous good-sized streams afford ex- 
cellent drainage facilities, and the soil is admira- 
bly adapted to the cultivation of farm and garden 
products. The breeding and raising of horses and 
mules is carried on extensively. 

Organization. — Scott county, which was 
named in honor of General Charles Scott, a dis- 
tinguished officer of the army of the Revolution, 
then in the Indian wars and afterward Governor 
of Kentucky, was organized January 12, 1820. 
For more than fifty years the county seat was 
located at the town of Lexington. Several ap- 
peals were made to the Legislature to relocate 
the county seat and this was not done until the 
building of a railroad through the county in 1871 
was accomplished. A new town was laid out on 
the railroad March 27, 1871, named Scottsburg, 
in honor of Thomas Scott, president of the Jef- 
fersonville, Madison & Indianapolis railroad, to 
which the seat of justice was removed after com- 
pletion of the new court-house. A statue of the 
late William H. English, who was born in Scott 
county, has been erected in the court-house yard. 

Population of Scott county in 1890 was 
7.833 ; in 1900 was 8,307, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 8,323, of 
which fifty-three were of white foreign birth. 
There were 1,980 families in the county and 
1,967 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
five townships in Scott county: Finley, Jennings, 
Johnson, Lexington and Vienna. Scottsburg is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract from the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Scott county was 
SI. 432, 700; value of improvements was $638,110, 
and the total net value of taxables was $3,626,- 
590. There were 1,279 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 153 miles of 
improved roads in Scott county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing. SI 24,640.86. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
21.35 miles of steam railroad operated in Scott 
count}- by the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern ; 
Big Four, and the Louisville division of the P., 

26 



C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapolis & 
Louisville Traction Company operates 12.09 
miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
William S. Griffith, county superintendent of 
Scott county, there were forty-six schoolhouses, 
including three high schools, in Scott county in 
1914, employing sixty-eight teachers. The aver- 
age daily attendance by pupils was 1,643. The 
aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- 
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$25,441.72. The estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $115,500, and the amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $33,289.46. 

Agriculture. — There were in Scott county in 
1910 over 1,300 farms embraced in 111,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.3 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $4,600,000, 
showing 97.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $26.90. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $572,- 
000 : Number of cattle 3,800, valued at $97,000 ; 
horses 3,300, valued at $317,000; hogs 6,100, 
valued at $44,000 ; sheep 2,000, valued at $9,000. 
The total value of poultry was $39,000. 




Statue of Win. 11 English on Court-House 
Grounds, Scottsburg. 



402 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



SHELBY COUNTY 



SHELBYVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



SHELBY COUNTY adjoins Marion county 
on the southeast and contains about 408 
square miles. It is bounded on the north by Han- 
cock, on the east by Rush and Decatur, on the 
south by Bartholomew and a very small section 
of Decatur, and on the west by Marion and 
Johnson. The soil is very fertile and there is 
practically no waste land. The county is trav- 
ersed by small rivers and creeks, affording fine 



were 6,905 families in the county and 6,779 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fourteen townships in Shelby county : Addison, 
Brandywine, Hanover, Hendricks, Jackson, Lib- 
erty, Marion, Moral, Noble, Shelby, Sugar Creek, 
Union, Van Buren and Washington. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Shelbyville and 
Morristown. Shelbyville is the county seat. 











1 m 




4K*I^ ; A 




. _•■ 






Wd^^ 


'i 




jgggT-V ; 


- ^ 



• Ford on the Brandywine. The Brandywine rises in Hancock county, 
empties into Blue River in Shelby county. 



flows through and 



drainage, insuring bountiful crops of all farm 
products. 

Organization. — Shelby county, which was 
named in honor of Isaac Shelby, an officer of 
distinction in the Revolutionary war and in that 
of 1812, also Governor of Kentucky, was organ- 
ized April 1, 1822. It was formerly a part of 
Delaware county and was occupied by the Miami 
Indians, but vacated by them before the organi- 
zation of the county. Shelbyville was made the 
seat of justice at the organization. It is now one 
of the State's most important manufacturing 
centers, devoted largely to the manufacture of 
furniture. 

Population of Shelby county in 1890 was 
25,454; in 1900 was 26,491, and according to 
United States Census in 1910 was 26.802, of 
which 401 were of white foreign birth. There 



Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Shelby county 
was $12,477,000; value of improvements was 
$3,833,930, and the total net value of taxables 
was $23,646,356. There were 4,993 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 332 miles of 
improved roads in Shelby county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $243,608.20. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
58.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Shelby 
county by the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & West- 
ern ; Chicago division of the Big Four ; Fairland, 
Franklin & Martinsville, and the Cambridge City 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



403 



branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The 
Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Company 
operates 32.13 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
William Everson, the county superintendent, 
there were ninety-three schoolhouses, including 
six high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- 
ing 201 teachers. The average daily attendance 
by pupils was 4,655. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- 
cipals and teachers was $112,951.71. Estimated 
value of school property in the county was $524,- 
300, and the total amount of indebtedness, includ- 
ing bonds, was $167,946. 

Agriculture. — There were in Shelby county 
in 1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 251,000 



acres. Average acres per farm, 93.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $31,000,000, 
showing 91.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $98.81. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,- 
000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $462,- 
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,250,000; hogs 
49,000, valued at $306,000 ; sheep 10,000, valued 
at $46,000. The total value of poultry was $111,- 
000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were 
twenty-two industrial establishments in Shelby- 
ville, which employ nearly 1,600 persons. Shelby- 
ville is one of the largest furniture manufactur- 
ing centers in Indiana. 



SPENCER COUNTY 



ROCKPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



SPENCER COUNTY, situated upon the 
Ohio river, reaches as far south as any 
other county in the State. It contains about 410 
square miles, and leads all other counties in the 
State in the production of tobacco, and much 
corn is raised on the rich bottom lands along the 
river. In the northern part of the county are 
some rich beds of coal, one mine being in opera- 
tion in 1914 under the jurisdiction of the State 
mine inspector. 

Organization. — Spencer county, which was 
first settled by Kentuckians, was organized by an 
act of the Legislature, which became effective 
February 1. 1818. It was named in honor of 
Captain Spier Spencer, of Harrison county, who 



was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. Rockport 
has been the seat of justice since the organiza- 
tion of the county. Spencer county has the dis- 
tinction of having been the home of Abraham 
Lincoln, and the site of his father's log cabin is 
still pointed out by old settlers about Lincoln 
City. 

St. Meinrad's Abbey, Spencer county, Indi- 
ana, is the name of that flourishing branch of the 
great and venerable Benedictine Order, which 
some sixty years ago was transplanted from Eu- 
rope to America. 

The name which this institution of piety and 
learning bears is taken from the holy man and 
hermit. St. Meinrad, born in the year 797, a mem- 




Nancy Hanks Park and Monument, Lincoln City, Spencer County. 



404 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ber of the noble house of Hohenzollern (the 
same that to-day in the person of Emperor Will- 
iam II rules in Germany). For years he lived 
as a hermit a life of prayer and penance at a 
spot which to-day is the world-renowned place 
of pilgrimage in Switzerland — Maria Einsiedeln 
(Our Lady of the Hermits). There he died as a 
martyr in the year 861, being slain by two rob- 
bers, who falsely thought that the holy man had 
concealed in his hut rich gifts received from the 
pilgrims. Although aware of the impending dan- 
ger, he nevertheless extended to them the hospi- 
tality of his humble cell, thus falling a victim to 
his own charity. 

It was by this famous Abbey of Einsiedeln in 
Switzerland that the Abbey of St. Meinrad in 
Spencer County, Indiana, was founded. In 1852 
the Rev. Joseph Kundeck, of Jasper, Ind., upon 
the urgent request of Bishop de Saint Palais, 
of Vincennes, Ind., secured from Einsiedeln 
several Benedictine recruits for the American 
missions — the Rev. Bede O'Connor and the Rev. 
Ulrich Christin, who arrived in New York Jan- 
uary 31, 1853. Shortly after, more recruits were 
sent from the mother house, and on March 21, 
1854, full possession was taken of the new Bene- 
dictine colony established at St. Meinrad. The 
Rev. Kundeck dedicated the little log cabin, 
held solemn celebration of high-mass in the open 
air, and preached to the throng that had gathered 
from all directions. Soon frame buildings and a 
church were erected ; missions, together with a 
school (college and seminary), were begun; and 
by re-enforcement of members the new settle- 
ment was able, in 1866, to count in its family 
twenty religieux, all ready to sacrifice their time, 
their strength and even their lives for the good 
cause. Many were the hardships and struggles 
during these years ; but in spite of all adversity, 
the Benedictine colony progressed so satisfac- 
torily that it was deemed feasible to have it ele- 
vated by Rome to the title of an independent Ab- 
bey, with all rights and privileges ; this was ef- 
fected on September 30, 1870. The Rev. Martin 
Marty, up to this time Prior, became its first Ab- 
bot ; but in 1880 he was appointed Bishop of all 
the Dakotas, where he accomplished an immense 
amount of good work for the Indian cause, set- 
tling many a difference between the Indians and 
the government. He died as Bishop of St. Cloud 
in 1896. 



With this elevation to the title and rank of an 
Abbey, a period of great activity set in for the 
institution under the leadership of Abbot Marty. 
In 1872 the corner-stone of the new Abbey build- 
ing was laid, and in 1874 the community aban- 
doned their old frame buildings and occupied 
their new stately edifice constructed of sandstone 
from its own quarry. The successor of Abbot 
Marty was Abbot Fintan (1880-1898), under 
whose administration the large and spacious col- 
lege building of stone was erected; he also 
founded a new Benedictine colony at St. Bene- 
dict's in the State of Arkansas, and one at St. 
Joseph's in the State of Louisiana. 

Affairs had thus made marked progress at St. 
Meinrad. Its missions, as well as college and 
seminary, were in a flourishing condition ; the 
institution enjoyed a great increase of members 
not only in the community, but also in all depart- 
ments of the student body; when of a sudden, on 
September 2, 1887, at the noon hour, a terrific 
disaster fell upon the Abbey, bringing gloom and 
desolation with it. On that day the Abbey build- 
ings, church, library, college, seminary and all 
workshops were destroyed by fire. What had 
taken many years of labor and self-sacrifice 
to build up, an unexpected conflagration of an 
hour or two turned into a waste of smoldering 
ruins. The community immediately set to work 
for the reconstruction of the new Abbey build- 
ings, and on the second anniversary day of the 
fire, September 2, 1889, the new Abbey was 
ready for occupancy. 

In 1898, after the death of Abbot Fintan, the 
third incumbent of the abbatial chair was elected, 
the choice falling upon the rector of the semi- 
nary — Reverend Athanasius Schmitt, O. S. B. 
His chief aim was to erect a church large enough 
to accommodate choir members, priests, clerics, 
brothers, students of the college, philosophers, 
theologians and a large number of lay people. 
This church is a huge structure of solid stone 
masonry built in the pure Romanesque style of 
architecture, 200 feet long by 72 feet wide, with 
two beautiful towers containing a chime of six 
bells. These towers are covered with copper 
shingles, whilst the roofing of the church proper 
is of slate. The magnificent art glass windows 
were imported from Munich, Germany. The high 
altar, a unique, gorgeous structure of Italian 
marble and fire-gilt bronze, hails likewise from 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



405 



the art studios of Germany and Italy. Beneath 
the chancel there is a crypt containing four dif- 
ferent grottoes ; these grottoes are built of natural 
stone obtained from a cave in Ohio. The church 
contains fourteen altars, with baptismal chapel 
and a chapel of Our Lady near the entrance. The 
mammoth double organ is an instrument of fifty- 
five registers and 3,015 pipes. 

After completion of the beautiful church a 
new four-storv library 125 feet by 30 feet and a 



brethren, to-wit : carpenters, blacksmiths, wagon- 
makers, gardeners, butchers, shoemakers, tailors, 
bookbinders, cooks, electricians, tinners, mechan- 
ics, painters, scientists, musicians, etc., and is 
again proof, as in past centuries, that such set- 
tlements become centers of industry, art, science, 
learning and piety, all of which naturally will 
exercise an influence upon its surroundings. 

St. Meinrad's College, which was first opened 
for the education of young men on January 1, 




St. Meinrad Abbey, St. Meinrad, Spencer County. 



new seminary 200 feet by 40 feet, five stories 
high, built entirely of sandstone (from the mon- 
astery's own quarry), reinforced concrete and 
with tile roofs were added; also a reinforced 
concrete water tank, containing 500,000 gallons 
of water for supply and fire protection purposes 
was erected. 

The membership of the Abbey at present is 
as follows : Priests, fifty-five ; clerics, twelve ; 
lay-brothers, forty; students of the college, 120; 
of the seminary, seventy ; besides workingmen 
and employes, averaging about 300 all in all. 

A Benedictine family is an industrious colony 
in itself, with agricultural facilities and practi- 
cally all kinds of trades represented in the lay- 



1857, has developed since its establishment into 
an institution with three distinct departments 
and faculties : St. Meinrad's Seminary, St. Mein- 
rad's College, and Jasper College. The three de- 
partments of this institution are conducted by the 
Fathers of the Benedictine Order, and are con- 
nected with the Abbey of St. Meinrad: the first 
two (for ecclesiastical students) at St. Meinrad, 
Ind., the last named (for secular students) at 
Jasper, Ind. All three departments were incor- 
porated in the year 1890 under the title of "St. 
Meinrad's Abbey," subject to the laws of incor- 
poration of the State of Indiana, ami empowered 
to confer Collegiate degrees. 

Population of Spencer county in 1890 was 



406 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



22,060; in 1900 was 22,407, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 20,676, of 
which 527 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,819 families in the county and 4,700 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Spencer county : Carter, Clay, 
Grass, Hammond, Harrison, Huff, Jackson, Luce 
and Ohio. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Rockport, Chrisney, Dale, Gentryville, Grand- 
view and St. Meinrad. Rockport is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Spencer county 
was $4,358,750; value of improvements was 
$1,541,760, and the total net value of taxables 
was $8,105,790. There were 3,005 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were forty-two 
miles of improved roads in Spencer county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commission- 
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $81,483-50. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
41.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Spen- 
cer county by the Southern Railroad Company. 
The Evansville Railways Company operates 21.77 
miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Joseph W. Strassell, county superintendent of 
Spencer county, there were 111 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding seven high schools, in Spencer county in 



1914, employing 182 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 3,001 ; elementary high 
schools, 315. The aggregate amount paid in sal- 
aries to superintendents, supervisors, principals 
and teachers was $74,655. The estimated value of 
school property in the county was $179,835, and 
the total amount of indebtedness, including 
bonds, was $38,662. Spencer county has just be- 
gun to consolidate her district schools. Seven 
wagons are used to transport the children. In 
Luce township there remain but five district 
schools out of twenty-three. Three consolidated 
graded buildings have been erected in their 
stead. It has increased the general school effi- 
ciency and reduced the cost per capita from $22 
to $14. 

Agriculture. — There were in Spencer county 
in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 236,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 83.3 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $13,000,000, 
showing 103.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $38.59. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,270,- 
000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $208,- 
000 ; horses 7,400, valued at $677,000 ; hogs 18,- 
000, valued at $112,000; sheep 3,000, valued at 
$9,900. The value of poultry was estimated to 
be $65,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were 
eight industrial establishments in Rockport, 
which employ nearly 200 persons. The leading 
industries are the manufacture of tile and pearl 
buttons. 



STARKE COUNTY 



KNOX, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



STARKE COUNTY is located in the north- 
ern part of the State, west of the dividing 
line from north to south, and contains about 320 
square miles. It is bounded on the north and 
northwest by Laporte and St. Joseph, on the east 
by Marshall, on the south by Pulaski, and on the 
west by Jasper counties. Up to the time of its 
organization it was situated mostly in the 
marshes of Kankakee and was at that time not 
supposed to have any particular value except 



for stock raising. In the late '90s, a system of 
dredge ditches were established and every year 
since that time more and more of the lowlands 
have been brought under cultivation. Prior to 
that time, only the highlands were tilled and no 
one even suspected the value of the black soil 
that lay between the sand hills, beneath from one 
to four feet of water. Fully one-third of the 
county surface is covered with a deposit of muck 
from one to ten feet deep. On it can be grown 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



407 



any kind of a crop, the most valuable one, how- 
ever, being onions, $1,800 of which it is said 
have been sold off of one acre of this muck land. 
Organization. — Starke county, named in 
honor of General John Starke, the victor in the 
battle of Bennington, was organized by an act 
of the Legislature of January 15, 1844, but the 
organization was not made effective until Janu- 
ary 15, 1850. The locating commissioners estab- 
lished the county seat on April 1, 1850, at the 
present site of Knox. There was no town there 
at the time, but the site was chosen because of its 
central location. There are a number of beauti- 
ful lakes in the county. The best known and one 
of the largest lakes in Indiana is Bass lake, which 



was $8,271,910. There were 1,729 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 288 miles of 
improved roads in Starke county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $283,711.44. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
99.36 miles of steam railroad operated in Starke 
county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago & 
Erie; Michigan City division of the C, I. & L. ; 
Kankakee division of the Chicago, Indiana & 
Southern ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Lo- 
gansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L., and 
the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroads. 




Views of Bass Lake, Starke County. 



lies in the southern part of the county and 
has an area of over 1,600 acres. The early sur- 
veyors called it Cedar lake and it was known by 
this name for many years. 

Population of Starke county in 1890 was 
7,339; in 1900 was 10,431, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 10,567, of 
which 1,484 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 2,481 families in the county and 2,460 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Starke county: California, 
Center, Davis, Jackson, North Bend, Oregon, 
Railroad, Washington and Wayne. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Hamlet, Knox and 
North Judson. Knox is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Starke county 
was $2,429,885 ; value of improvements was 
$907,660, and the total net value of taxables 



Educational. — According to the report of 
Carroll W. Cannon, county superintendent of 
Starke county, there were fifty-five schoolhouses, 
including six high schools, in the county in 1914, 
employing 101 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 2,395. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $51,874.02. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $178,500, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $47,650. 

Agriculture. — There were in Starke county 
in 1910 over 1.300 farms embraced in 158,000 
acres. Average acres per farm. 114.3 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $8,900,000, 
showing 64.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $40.64. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $751,- 
000: Number of cattle 9,300, valued at $232,000; 
horses 4,300, valued at $432,000; hogs 8,000, 
valued at $63,000; sheep 1,400, valued at $7,100. 
The total value of poultry was $40,000. 



41 IS 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ST. JOSEPH COUNTY 



SOUTH BEND, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, which is situated in 
the northern part of the State, is bounded 
on the north by the State of Michigan, on the 
east by Elkhart, on the south by Marshall and 
Starke and on the west by Laporte counties. 
This county is at the division of the waters flow- 
ing into the St. Lawrence river and the Gulf of 
Mexico. It contains 477 square miles, and the 
soil is well adapted for the cultivation of crops 
of all kinds and the raising of fruit. 

Organization. — St. Joseph county was organ- 
ized January 29, 1830, the organization becom- 




High School, South Bend. 

ing effective April 1, 1830. The first county seat 
was located on a farm owned by William Brook- 
field a few miles southwest of South Bend, in 
( rerman township. However, it is known that the 
first board of justices met at the house of Alexis 
Coquillard, at South Bend, and the courts were 
also held in his house. Judge Timothy A. How- 
ard, in his history of St. Joseph county, says : 
"Theoretically, the county seat was for a time 
mi the farm owned by William Brookfield, at 
the town laid out by him at the portage of the 
St. Joseph river. This town was called St. Jo- 
seph. Though named as the first county seat, it 
was never more than a town on paper. The lo- 
cation of the county seat at St. Joseph on May 
24, 1830, was made by the commissioners under 
section 3 of the act for the formation of St. 
Joseph and Elkhart counties." By an act of Feb- 
ruary 1, 1831, five commissioners were named to 



relocate the county seat, which was done Sep- 
tember 7, 1831, when South Bend was chosen 
as the seat of justice. 

The county owns and maintains one of the 
best county asylums in the State. The court- 
house is also a modern substantial building cost- 
ing $184,246. The largest manufacturers of farm 
tools, wagons, plows, windmills, gas engines, au- 
tomobiles and watches are located in St. Joseph 
county. Within the county are numerous springs, 
lakes and streams that are popular as summer re- 
sorts. 




Public Library, South Bend. 

South Bend, the county seat, is the intersecting 
point of six railroads and the terminal point of 
three steam railroads and two interurbans. Ac- 
cording to the United States Census of 1910, it 
was the fourth largest city in the State, with a 
population of 53,684. South Bend maintains thir- 
teen public parks and playgrounds with a total 
area of 204 acres for park purposes. The city 
has its own water plant, the water being taken 
from deep artesian wells and furnished free to 
seventeen public schools, nine private and paro- 
chial schools, and for other public purposes. On 
July 25, 1911, the city adopted a free public mar- 
ket, which is kept open three days each week at 
the city's expense. 

The University of Notre Dame, which is 
situated adjoining the city, was founded in 1842 
by the Very Reverend Edward Sorin, the late 
superior general of the Congregation of Holy 




View of Notre Dame University. 




St. Mary's Academy, Notre Dame. 



410 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Cross. The Legislature, in 1844, gave the uni- 
versity power to grant degrees. From one col- 
lege program of studies in 1842 leading to the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts, the University has 
expanded to six distinct colleges, offering twenty- 
two different programs in arts, letters, sciences, 
engineering, architecture and law. The equip- 
ment, especially in technical lines, is complete and 
of the latest type. The main library has 75,000 
volumes and 16,000 manuscripts. There are de- 
partment libraries equally well supplied. In the 
general museum the historical collection is espe- 
cially noteworthy and valuable. In the scientific 
museum the department of botany has, in the 
Edward Lee Green collection, the most valuable 
herbaria in America. 

St. Mary's Academy, located one mile west 
from Notre Dame, is conducted by the Sisters of 
the Holy Cross and is one of the largest and 
best equipped institutions of its kind in the 
United States. The early history of St. Mary's 
is touchingly interesting, brightened by the faith 
that is endured through hardships. St. Mary's 
as it stands to-day is a realization of the hopes 
and dreams of Father Sorin, made possible by 
the co-operation of the great Mother Angela, a 
woman fitted by nature, grace and education to 
dare and to do. The community itself may be 
said to have had its beginning with the four Sis- 
ters of the Holy Cross, who came from France 
in 1843 in response to an invitation from Father 
Sorin, the founder of Notre Dame. Bringing with 
them the statue of Our Lady, which is still 
sacredly preserved in the Sisters' Infirmary at 
St. Mary's, these humble-hearted women became 
founders of a community and school destined to 
be beacon lights in the history of religious orders 
and Catholic education in the LTnited States. 

St. Mary's of to-day is a city in itself, includ- 
ing in its system of buildings, connected, yet dis- 
tinct, the college, academy, music hall, convent, 
novitiate, conventual chapel, loretto, presbytery, 
St. Joseph's hall or students' infirmary, St. An- 
gela's hall, used for gymnasium and commence- 
ment exercises ; Sisters' infirmary, laundry, St. 
Basil's hall, and rosary hall — the latter a plain, 
strong brick building which is used for kitchen, 
dairy and industrial purposes. The college is 
built in the form of a "T." Every room in the 
college is an "outside room" with an abundance 
of daylight and fresh air. 



Population of St. Joseph county in 1890 was 
42,457; in 1900 was 58,881, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 84,312, of 
which 16,866 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 19,067 families in the county and 18,004 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in St. Joseph county : Center, 
Clay, German, Green, Harris, Liberty, Lincoln, 
Madison, Olive, Penn, Portage, Union and War- 
ren. The incorporated cities and towns are Mish- 
awaka, South Bend, Lakeville, New Carlisle, 
North Liberty, Osceola and Walkerton. South 
Bend is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in St. Joseph county 
was $25,187,250; value of improvements was 
$14,145,460, and the total net value of taxables 
was $50,917,230. There were 16,804 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were thirty-one 
miles of improved roads in St. Joseph county 
built and under jurisdiction of the county com- 
missioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel 
road bonds outstanding, $149,550. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
159.03 miles of steam railroad operated in St. Jo- 
seph county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; Kankakee 
division of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ; 
Chicago & South Bend ; C, W. & M. ; Elkhart & 
Western by the L. S. & M. S. ; Grand Trunk 
Western ; Indiana Northern ; Indianapolis & 
Michigan City division of the L. E. & W. ; Lake 
Shore & Michigan S.outhern ; Michigan Air Line 
by the Michigan Central ; Michigan Central over 
the L. S. & M. S. and the C, I. & S. ; New Jer- 
sey, Indiana & Illinois ; St. Joseph, South Bend 
& Southern by the Michigan Central ; Michigan 
division of the Vandalia, and the Montpelier & 
Chicago by the Wabash railroads. The Chicago, 
Lake Shore & South Bend Railroad Company; 
Chicago, South Bend & Northern Indiana Rail- 
road Company, and the Southern Michigan Rail- 
road Company operate 61.60 miles of electric line 
in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Ralph Longfield, county superintendent of St. 
Joseph county, there were 138 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding six high schools, in St. Joseph county in 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



411 




View of Notre Dame from St. Mary's Lake, St. Joseph County. 



1914, employing 541 teachers. The average daily 
attendance by pupils was 12,800. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $375,- 
007.54. The estimated value of school property 
in the county was $2,230,600, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$680,500. 

Agriculture. — There were in St. Joseph county 
in 1910 over 2,400 farms embraced in 253,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 103 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $25,000,000, 
showing 51.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $73.55. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 



000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $555,- 
000; horses, 9,600, valued at $1,100,000; hogs 
20,000, valued at $168,000; sheep 12,000, val- 
ued at $57,000. The total value of poultry was 
$84,000. 

Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census 
of 1910, there were 218 industries in South Bend, 
furnishing employment to 13,609 persons. Total 
amount of capital employed $41,466,882. Value 
of products, $27,854,527 ; value added by manu- 
facture, $12,601,359. At Mishawaka, there were 
forty-two establishments employing 3,934 per- 
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $14,- 
223,645. Value of products, $10,882,846; value 
added by manufacture, $5,612,884. 



STEUBEN COUNTY 



ANGOLA, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



STEUBEN COUNTY, frequently spoken of 
as "the Switzerland of Indiana" because of 
its more than fifty sparkling lakes, is located at 
the extreme northeastern corner of the State and 
contains 330 square miles. The surface of Steu- 
ben county is somewhat broken, especially in the 
central portion. The west part is rolling and 



level and is composed of what was originally 
called "openings" and prairie land. The soil is 
generally good, being especially adapted to the 
raising of stock and cereals. The lowlands being 
especially adapted to the raising of onions and 
peppermint, industries that are growing rapidly. 
The county is widely known for its fresh water 



412 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



lake, teeming with bass, blue gills, perch and 
other good fish. P. T. Barnura, traveling with 
his show through the county, with wagons over 
forty years ago, coming to the shore of beautiful 
Lake James, exclaimed as he drove into the lake 
to water his team: "This is the most beautiful 
body of water I have ever seen, and all that 
Steuben county needs is advertising." This state- 
ment has proven to be true, for thousands of 
people come here from all over the United States 
seeking pleasure and erecting their summer 
homes here. — 0. F. Rakestraw. 

Organization. — Beginning with February 2, 
1832, the territory was included in the organiza- 
tion of Lagrange county and so continued until 
May 1, 1837, when Steuben county was formally 
organized. Two sites were offered the locating 
commissioners on which to locate the county seat, 
but Angola was accepted and has been the county 
seat since the organization of the county. The 
county was named after Baron Steuben, who 
joined the American army during the Revolu- 
tionary war. 

Before the white men came, the Indians, at- 



tracted by the many lakes and good fishing, were 
here in great numbers. They were Pottawato- 
mies, and their chief was BawBeese. Indian 
mounds and burials places are found on all the 
shores of larger lakes, indicating that this had 
been their favorite resort for ages. They left 
Steuben in 1840. 

Tri-State College. — The Association was 
formed July 23, 1823, at Angola. L. M. Smith, 
the first president, has remained at the head of 
the school for thirty-two years. Tri-State is a 
college of respectable departments planted and 
grown wholly by private enterprise, receiving no 
assistance from church or State, nor has it any 
income through the beneficence of the rich. All 
its expenses, including teachers' salaries, are ob- 
tained from the tuition fees. It is rated by the 
State Board of Education as a standard normal 
school. The enrolment varies from 350 to 650 
students, usually being greatest in the spring and 
summer terms, when teachers' training classes 
add to the attendance. 

Population of Steuben county in 1890 was 
14,478; in 1900 was 15,219, and according to 




Scenes in Steuben County. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



413 



United States Census of 1910 was 14,274, of 
which 195 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 3,997 families in the county and 3.931 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There arc 
twelve townships in Steuben county : Clear Lake, 
Fremont, Jackson. Jamestown, Mill Grove, 
Otsego, Pleasant, Richland, Salem, Scott, Steu- 
ben and York. The incorporated cities and towns 
are Angola, Ashley, Fremont and Hudson. An- 
gola is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Steuben county 
was $4,558,055, value of improvements was 
$1,897,625, and the total net value of taxables 
was $9,217,960. There were 2,371 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There was but one mile of 
improved roads reported in Steuben county in 
1915 and no road bonds outstanding. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
51.67 miles of steam railroad operated in Steuben 
county by the Fort Wayne & Jackson by the 
L. S. & M. S. ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wa- 
bash, and the St. Joseph Valley railroads. The 
Indiana Utilities Company operates 3.70 miles of 
electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
H. Lyle Shank, the county superintendent, there 
were ninety-one schoolhouses, including seven 



•~4 




Hfilt 


J&r- *^ 




' • ^2 B» 




a 5fcl mm 


KaA ' • 


,j « 






fc !T' ,JI 


-JxSntfWHnr ' '- ■> 


" — 







Tri-State College, Angola. 

high schools, in the county in 1914, employing 
130 teachers. The average daily attendance by 
pupils was 2,664. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- 
cipals and teachers was $58,405.29. Estimated 
value of school property in the county was $284,- 
000, and the total amount of indebtedness, in- 
cluding bonds, was $35,632. 

Agriculture. — There were in Steuben county 
in 1910 over 1,800 farms, embraced in 183,001) 
acres. Average acres per farm, 96.8 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $13,700,000, 
showing 71.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $47.34. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,650, 
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $353,- 
000; horses 6,200, valued at $731,000; hogs 
40,000, valued at $293,000; sheep 58,000, valued 
at $262,000. The value of poultry was $80,000. 



SULLIVAN COUNTY 



SULLIVAN, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



SULLIVAN COUNTY is situated in the 
western part of the State in the central part 
of the southern section of Indiana and is 
bounded on the north by Vigo, on the east by 
Clay and Greene and a small part of Knox, on 
the south by Knox and on the west by the State 
of Illinois, the Wabash forming the boundary 
line. Sullivan county is one of the largest coal- 
producing counties in the State. According to 
the report of the State Mine Inspector of Sep- 
tember 30, 1914, there were twenty-four coal 
mines in operation under his jurisdiction that 



produced 3,152,083 tons of coal. The western 
half of the county is devoted almost wholly to 
agriculture. It is noted for its luscious melons 
and many acres are cultivated in this industry. 
The mines are located in the eastern half of the 
county and are of every character, some with the 
most improved machinery, while others are sim- 
ply "strip mines." Union Christian College of 
Merom is located in this county and is situated 
on the bluff of the Wabash, visible for miles in 
every direction. 

Organization. — Sullivan county was organ- 



414 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ized by an act of the Legislature which became 
effective January 15, 1817, and was named after 
Daniel Sullivan, who was killed by the Indians 
on the road from Vincennes to Louisville while 
carrying an express in the public service between 
those places. The first county seat of Sullivan 
county was Carlisle, from where it was moved 
to Merom, a town on the Wabash, in 1819. For 
twenty-nine years it remained at this point. On 
February 15, 1841, the Legislature passed an act 



nine townships in Sullivan county : Cass, Curry, 
Fairbanks, Gill, Haddon, Hamilton, Jackson, Jef- 
ferson and Turman. The incorporated cities and 
towns are Sullivan, Carlisle, Dugger, Farmers- 
burg, Hymera, Merom and Shelburn. Sullivan 
is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Sullivan county 




Wabash River, Sullivan County. 



which provided for a board of commissioners to 
select a new seat of justice, to be located as near 
the center of the county as possible. The pres- 
ent site of Sullivan, then an unbroken wilderness, 
was selected and the present town was platted. 
The formal transfer of records took place in 
1843. The Sullivan county court-house, with all 
its records, was destroyed February 6, 1850. 

Population of Sullivan county in 1890 was 
21,877; in 1900 was 26,005, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 32,437, of 
which 1,474 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 7,571 families in the county and 7,473 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 



was $9,043,155, value of improvements was 
$4,003,530 and the total net value of taxables was 
$19,968,170. There were 5,951 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 464 miles of 
improved roads in Sullivan county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $714,681.36. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
72.59 miles of steam railroad operated in Sulli- 
van county by the Chicago, Terre Haute & 
Southeastern ; Sullivan branch of the Chicago, 
Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Evansville division 
of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Indianapolis 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



415 



and Louisville division of the C, I. & L. ; Indi- 
anapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and the 
Green County Coal branch of the Vandalia rail- 
roads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & East- 
ern Traction Company operates 11.46 miles of 
electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Richard Park, county superintendent of Sullivan 
county, there were 119 schoolhouses, including 
115 high schools, in Sullivan county in 1914, 
employing 233 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 6,952. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $118,- 
932.95. The estimated value of school property 
in the county was $453,000, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $203,378. 



Sullivan county has consolidated schools at 
Fairbanks, Graysville, New Lebanon, Merom and 
Paxton. A large joint high school (Carlisle and 
Haddon townships) is located at Carlisle. Every 
township has at least one high school within its 
borders. 

Agriculture. — There were in Sullivan county 
in 1910 over 2,900 farms, embraced in 255,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 87.5 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000, 
showing 66.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $51.46. The 
total value of domestic animals was $1,800,000: 
Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $378,000; 
horses 11,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 36,000, 
valued at $239,000; sheep 19,000, valued at 
$80,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000. 



SWITZERLAND COUNTY 



VEVAY, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



SWITZERLAND COUNTY, in the extreme 
southeastern part of the State, part of 
which extends east of the meridian which forms 
the boundary between Ohio and Indiana, fully 
deserves its name, as the most beautiful scenery 
is found along the Ohio, which forms its eastern 
and southern boundaries. This river also affords 
the best means of transportation in the county, 
no part of which is more than twelve miles from 
it. Lying, as it does, along the edge of the break 
of the river valley, the surface is broken and is 
drained by several large creeks. It contains 
about 225 square miles and is bounded on the 
north by Ohio and a very small portion of Ripley, 
and on the west by Jefferson counties. Along 
the creeks and the rivers are large alluvial bot- 
toms, thousands of acres in extent, while the 
uplands are fertile and form excellent pasture 
and meadow lands. Formerly, the whole county 
was very heavily wooded with valuable timber. 
( )nly a few tracts of this timber remains stand- 
ing, and these are being gradually used by a 
furniture factory at Vevay, which makes goods 
for exportation to Mexico. 

Organization. — Switzerland county was or- 
ganized formally C Mober 1. 1814, and derived 
its name from a settlement of Swiss who came 



within the bounds of the county in 1802 and 
there began the cultivation of grapes. The leader 
of the colony was John James DuFour, who 
procured a grant of land from the United States 
for his little colony on long credit, and by this 
means about 200 acres of land was procured for 
each of the original settlers. They were very 
industrious and prudent, and they and their pos- 
terity have been prosperous. Vevay has been the 
seat of justice since the organization of the 
county. It constitutes a part of the tract of land 
sold by the VJnited States for the Swiss settle- 




Home in Which Edward Eggleston Was Born, Vevay. 



416 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



ment in 1802. It was laid out in 1813 by the 
brothers, J. J., J. F. and Daniel DuFour and re- 
ceived the name of a town in Switzerland from 
the vicinity from which they had emigrated. 

Population of Switzerland county in 1890 
was 12,514; in 1900 was 11,840, and according to 
the United States Census of 1910 was 9,914, of 
which 123 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 2,521 families in the county and 2,487 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
six townships in Switzerland county : Cotton, 
Craig, Jefferson, Pleasant, Posey and York. The 
incorporated cities and towns are Vevay, Moore- 
field and Patriot. Vevay is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of land and lots in Switzerland county 
was $1,599,875, value of improvements was 
$749,375 and the total net value of taxables was 
$3,325,885. There were 1,600 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 124 miles of 
improved roads in Switzerland county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 



January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $61,373.40. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Oliver M. Given, county superintendent of 
Switzerland county, there were seventy-six 
schoolhouses, including three high schools, in 
Switzerland county in 1914, employing ninety- 
five teachers. The average daily attendance by 
pupils was 1,641.6. The aggregate amount paid 
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- 
cipals and teachers was $35,840.02. The esti- 
mated value of school property in the county was 
$69,250, and the total amount of indebtedness, 
including bonds, was $13,245. 

Agriculture. — There were in Switzerland 
county in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced in 
136,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 76.4 
acres. The value of all farm property was over 
$5,600,000, showing 43 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$23.77. The total value of domestic animals was 
$750,000: Number of cattle 7,000, valued at 
$179,000; horses 4,200, valued at $432,000; 
hogs 5,700, valued at $42,000; sheep 7,900, 
valued at $36,000. The total value of poultry 
was $49,000. 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY 



LAFAYETTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY, located in the 
second tier of counties northwest of Indi- 
anapolis, is bounded on the north by White and 
Carroll, on the east by Carroll and Clinton, on 
the south by Montgomery and on the west by 
Fountain, Warren and Benton counties. It con- 
tains 504 square miles. The surface of the 
county in most parts is comparatively level. 
There are, however, along the Wabash and its 
tributaries many ranges of hills from 50 to 200 
feet in height that spread out into table-lands and 
present much beautiful scenery. The Wabash 
river flows through the county from the north- 
east corner to the middle of the west side. The 
soil of the county is peculiarly adapted to the 
production of corn, as well as wheat and oats. 
Here, within the county, is the famous "Battle 



Ground," where the battle of Tippecanoe was 
fought by General William Henry Harrison on 
November 7, 1811. 

At West Lafayette is the seat of Purdue Uni- 
versity, one of the greatest technical schools in 
the United States. 

Organization. — Tippecanoe county was for- 
mally organized March 1, 1826, and Lafayette, 
which has been the seat of justice since the 
county was organized, was laid out in 1825 by 
William Digby. It is situated near the center of 
the county on the east bank of the Wabash. Ac- 
cording to the United States Census of 1910 it 
had a population of 20,081, and is the only in- 
corporated city in the county. 

Population of Tippecanoe county in 1890 was 
35,078; in 1900 was 38,659, and according to 




HJ 



n 
- 





418 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



United States Census of 1910 was 40,063, of 
which 3,111 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 9,814 families in the county and 9,401 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
thirteen townships in Tippecanoe county : Fair- 
field, Jackson, Lauramie, Perry, Randolph, Shef- 
field, Shelby, Tippecanoe, Union, Wabash, 
Washington, Wayne and Wea. The incorpo- 
rated cities and towns are Lafayette, Battle 
Ground, Clarks Hill and West Lafayette. La- 
fayette is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 




Public Library, Lafayette. 

total value of lands and lots in Tippecanoe county 
was $15,581,775, value of improvements was 
$8,830,545 and the total net value of taxables was 
$36,170,290. There are 6,861 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 597 miles of 
improved roads in Tippecanoe county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $377,826.7S. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
110.55 miles of steam railroad operated in Tippe- 
canoe county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & 
Louisville; Chicago division of the Big Four; 
Big Four over the Lake Erie & Western ; La- 
fayette Union ; Lake Erie & Western ; Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western, and Wabash railroads. The 
Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Com- 
pany and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & East- 
ern Traction Company operate 43.11 miles of 
electric line in the county. 



Educational. — According to the report of 
Brainard Hooker, county superintendent of Tip- 
pecanoe county, there were seventy-three school- 
houses, including fifteen high schools, in Tippe- 
canoe county in 1914, employing 282 teachers. 
The average daily attendance by pupils was 
6,245. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to 
superintendents, supervisors, principals and 
teachers was $193,409.06. The estimated value 
of school property in the county was $1,236,- 
997.05, and the total amount of indebtedness, in- 
cluding bonds, was $335,740. 

Six of the thirteen townships are completely 
consolidated. But one township remains under 
the old district system completely ; the remaining 
townships are in various stages of evolution from 
the district to the consolidated system of schools. 

There were 1,386 children transported to 
school last year at public expense in more than a 
hundred wagons at a total expense of $31,864.87, 
or an average cost per pupil of $22.99. The per 
cent, of pupils transported varied from 7 per 
cent, in the township under the district system to 
99 per cent, in LTnion and in Wea townships. 
The average transportation for the county was 
41 per cent. 

Three townships have had medical inspection 
with excellent results. 

St. Ignatius Academy (Catholic) is located 
here, besides several parochial schools, both 
Catholic and Lutheran; also Lafayette Voca- 
tional School (public), and the Lafayette Busi- 
ness College (private). 

Agriculture. — There were in Tippecanoe 
county in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 
299,000 acres. Average acres per farm. 121.9 
acres. The value of all farm property was over 
$34,000,000, showing 90.1 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$90.03. The total value of domestic animals was 
over $2,500,000: Number of cattle 16,000. valued 
at $552,000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,460,000; 
hogs 53,000, valued at $365,000; sheep 8,400, 
valued at $38,000. The total value of poultry 
was $88,000. 

Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census of 
1910 there were sixty-nine industries in Lafay- 
ette, furnishing employment to 1,660 persons. 
Total amount of capital employed was $3,913,788. 
Value of products, $5,541,966; value added by 
manufacture, $2,096,232. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



419 



The Lafayette Public Library was estab- 
lished in November, 1882, under the Indiana 
State law passed in 1881. The beginning was 
made possible at that time by the gift of $10,000 
from Mr. J. J. Perrin. This gift enabled the 
library to start with 8,000 volumes. It has now 
increased to some 28,000, and its magazine list 
includes the leading periodicals. The library also 
houses and circulates what is probably the best 
collection of missionary books in the State, and 
the collection is constantly growing. These books 
are the property of the First Baptist church of 
Lafayette and are the gift of Mr. Frank Lever- 
ing, a missionary worker in India. 

Among the historic possessions of the library 
is an interesting portrait of William Digby, the 



much unrecorded work done for schools, clubs 
and individuals. 

State Soldiers' Home. — After the Soldiers' 
and Seamen's Home at Knightstown was burned 
in 1871, the State made no provision for the care 
of this class of citizens until the Indiana State 
Soldiers' Home was opened in July, 1896, at 
Lafayette. This home is "an institution for the 
support of disabled or destitute soldiers, sailors, 
and marines and their wives or the destitute 
widows of such soldiers, sailors and marines." 
It was established by an act approved February 
23, 1895. In 1905 the Legislature authorized the 
admission also of disabled or destitute army 
nurses. The institution buildings include a num- 
ber erected by the State and several frame cot- 




Campus, Purdue University, 1908. 



founder of the city of Lafayette. The painting 
was made in the first half of the last century and 
is the work of Mr. George Winter. An old plat 
of the city, dating from 1844, and a colored print 
showing the place about ten years later are also 
objects of interest. Other treasures are an auto- 
graph letter written by the Marquis de Lafayette, 
a bronze medallion and an old engraving, both 
portraits of the distinguished Frenchman. 

For some years the library occupied a part of 
the high school building; but it now has as its 
home an old residence, the gift of Mrs. W. F. 
Reynolds in 1901. This building was at one time 
one of the handsomest homes in Lafayette, and 
is surrounded by considerable ground ; though it 
is not adapted to the needs of a library, there is 
a certain quaintness and charm about the place 
that appeals to the aesthetic sense. The library 
is not large, but it is rich in history, literature and 
reference books. Last year there were taken out 
for home use 61,500 books, and there is also 



tages constructed by counties or private funds. 
The State appropriates $16 per month for each 
inmate, officer and employe residing at the home 
and is reimbursed by the United States govern- 
ment at the rate of $100 per annum for each 
soldier. 

Purdue University. — Situated on the banks 
of the Wabash at West Lafayette, this university 
stands as an exponent of the opportunities offered 
for the practical education of the youth of the 
land. Purdue belongs to the group of land- 
grant colleges, one of which has been established 
in each State under the Morrill act of Congress 
of 1862. This bill donated public lauds to each 
State accepting the act for the "endowment, sup- 
porl and maintenance of at least one college, 
where the leading subject shall be, without I \ 
eluding other scientific and classical studies and 
including military tactics, to teach such branches 
of learning as are related to agriculture and me- 
chanic arts." On July 2, 1862, the act received 



420 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the signature of President Lincoln and became 
a law. 

Indiana was quick to accept the provisions of 
the act. On March 6, 1865, the formal accept- 
ance by the State was made. In accordance with 
provisions contained, which granted each State 
30,000 acres of land for every senator and repre- 
sentative to which the State was entitled, follow- 
ing the census of 1860, Indiana received a tract 
of 390,000 acres as its share. From this source 
was realized the sum of $340,000, which has 



canoe county, together with numerous minor 
gifts, and, as a mark of its appreciation, the Leg- 
islature elected John Purdue a life member of the 
board of trustees and agreed to call the institu- 
tion by the name of Purdue University. 

On account of unforeseen events and delays 
the work of construction was not begun until the 
spring of 1874, and then only in a provisional 
way. in order to meet conditions of the federal 
government. 

The university derives its support from Fed- 




View of Lafayette from Point Lookout. 



since remained as a permanent endowment, the 
interest of which is guaranteed by the State 
under the provisions of the Morrill act. Imme- 
diately following the State's acceptance a board 
composed of five trustees was appointed to pro- 
vide for the management of the school and act as 
its supervisors. 

The location of the institution created rivalry, 
and it was not until 1869 that the location of the 
institution at West Lafayette was determined 
upon. By this action the institution received a 
sum of $150,000 from John Purdue, a donation 
of 100 acres of land from the citizens of West 
Lafayette, a donation of $50,000 from Tippe- 



eral and State appropriations, from fees from 
students and from its endowment fund. While 
the State has, from time to time, made special 
appropriations for buildings and equipment, a 
large part of the actual support of the institution 
as well as the property now owned by the State 
at Purdue, has come from Federal and private 
sources. During the forty years of existence it 
has received from the United States treasury 
for its department of instruction a sum aggregat- 
ing $1,400,000, and for the experiment station 
$510,000. Beginning with 1915 it will receive a 
regular appropriation to the Department of Agri- 
cultural Extension of $10,000, which in a few 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



421 



years will amount to $100,000 annually. From 
private sources it has received gifts aggregating 
more than $500,000. 

The university offers instruction in agricul- 
ture, applied sciences, mechanical engineering, 
civil engineering, electrical engineering, chemical 
engineering and pharmacy. The followng gen- 
eral departments of instruction are maintained in 
connection with the above : English, mathematics, 
home economics, modern languages, history, 
economics, education and military science. 



is the Department of Agricultural Extension, or- 
ganized under the act of the Legislature of 1911, 
and has for its function the extension of knowl- 
edge, carrying the work of the experiment sta- 
tion and the school of agriculture to persons not 
in attendance at the university. This department 
has made most rapid expansion during the past 
three years and is an important factor in better- 
ing agricultural conditions of the State. 

The university is equipped with over a score 
of fine buildings, fitted with complete laboratories 




View of Lafayette from Point Lookout. 



In addition to the departments of instruction, 
the university has two other branches of great 
importance to the public : The Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, organized under the act of 
Congress, approved in 1887, "to promote scien- 
tific investigation and experiments respecting the 
principles and applications of agricultural sci- 
ence." The experiment station is a scientific 
bureau not concerned with teaching students, but 
an independent staff of scientific workers with 
separate funds and an extensive plant of offices 
and laboratories. Its functions are closely re- 
lated to the school of agriculture. 

The third co-ordinate branch of the university 



and shops. The important buildings are: Fowler 
hall, containing a large auditorium for public 
exercises; general library, erected in 1912 at a 
cost of $100,000; university hall; Purdue hall; 
ladies' hall; memorial gymnasium, erected in 
1908 in memory of the football team that lost 
their lives in the wreck in 1903 ; mechanical en- 
gineering building, which the university owes 
largely to Amos Heavilon. a citizen of Clinton 
county ; electrical engineering building ; civil en- 
gineering building ; practical mechanics building ; 
chemistry hall; physics hall; science hall; phar- 
macy building ; agricultural experiment station ; 
agricultural hall; Smith hall, the new fifty-thou- 



422 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



sand-dollar dairy building with a twenty-eight- 
thousand-dollar equipment, made possible by the 
bequest of the late W. C. Smith, of Williams- 
port; farm mechanics building; dairy cattle barn ; 
live stock judging pavilion ; serum plant and farm 




John Purdue. 

buildings. A thirty-thousand-dollar greenhouse 
is the latest addition to the resources of the insti- 
tution. The extensive equipment and the use of 
the laboratories in every department, and the fa- 
cilities offered for students to study their special- 
ties in contact with real machines and apparatus 



such as is actually used in commercial business 
life, viz., the locomotive, known to every Purdue 
student as "Old Schenectady" ; the shops, the 
electric test car, the dairy laboratories with ex- 
tensive working equipment, the fine herds, ex- 
perimental fields and the general library are all 
features of the laboratory equipment. Pro- 
fessor W. E. Stone is president of Purdue Uni- 
versity. 

John Purdue. — The founder of Purdue Uni- 
versity was born in Huntington county, Pennsyl- 
vania, October 31, 1802, of a pioneer family in 
very humble circumstances. His early years 
were spent in Marion county, Ohio, where he en- 
gaged in farming. He came to Lafayette, Indi- 
ana, in 1837, and opened a store of general mer- 
chandise in 1839. By thrift and good judgment 
he acquired a fortune. During the controversy 
which arose between various sections of the State 
for the location of the college provided for in the 
act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, Mr. Pur- 
due's donation was the deciding factor. On May 
6, 1869, the State Legislature voted to accept his 
donation of $150,000 and in consideration thereof 
the institution "shall have the name and style of 
Purdue University and the faith of the State is 
pledged that such name and style shall be a per- 
manent designation of said institution without 
addition thereto or modification thereof." John 
Purdue died September 12, 1876, and his body 
rests upon the campus of the University. 



TIPTON COUNTY 



TIPTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



TIPTON COUNTY is located near the 
center of the north half of Indiana and is 
bounded on the north by Howard, on the east by 
Grant and Madison, on the south by Hamilton 
and on the west by Boone, Clinton and a small 
section of Howard counties. It contains 260 
square miles. The surface of the county is level, 
and in an early day was covered with water ex- 
cept on the higher levels. By a system of public 
and private ditches the marshes have been 
drained, and to-day is looked upon as one of the 
garden spots of Indiana. On account of the fer- 



tility of the soil Tipton county ranks high in the 
production of all grains and vegetables. "Corn 
is King," an average of from 75 to 80 bushels 
per acre not being an unusual yield, and the 
county has held the highest rank in the State on 
several occasions in the yield per acre of corn. 
In recent years the cultivation of peas, sugar 
corn and tomatoes for the canning factories lo- 
cated in the county has become a profitable and 
important industry. 

Organization. — Tipton county was organized 
May 1, 1844, and was named in honor of General 




1. Tipton County Court-House. 2. High School. 3. Public Library. 





O 01 







St. Joseph's Academy. Tipton. 



424 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



John Tipton, a distinguished citizen of the State 
and a United States senator from 1832 until his 
death in 1839. Tiptontown, which was named 
after him, also has been the county seat since the 
organization of the county. 

St. Joseph's Academy, a noted Catholic edu- 
cational institution, is located about a mile north 
of Tipton. It is conducted by the Sisters of St. 
Joseph and was opened September 18. 1891. The 
academy is located in a quiet vale, surrounded by 
a large campus, skirted by forests and shady 
groves. Its location makes it peculiarly beautiful 
and healthful, and the pure country air and the 
delights of the rustic scenery contribute to make 
it an ideal home for the student. It is far enough 
removed from the city to insure the quiet sur- 
roundings so necessary to student life, yet it is, 
at the same time, easily accessible by the Lake 
Erie & Western railroad, the Louisville division 
of the Pennsylvania lines and the Indiana Union 
Traction system. The building, which is an 
academy for young ladies, has a frontage of over 
150 feet and a depth of 53 feet, and is five stories 
high, including the basement. The object of the 
institution is to form the hearts of the students 
to virtue, order and industry. The aim of the 
sisters is to surround the children, committed to 
their care, with a quiet influence of a Christian 
home ; to strengthen their bodies by regular 
hours, exercise and wholesome food ; to adorn 
their minds with culture and their manners with 
refined grace, and above all to develop in their 
youthful minds the principles of virtue and re- 
ligion, which alone can render education profit- 
able. 

Tipton Public Library was organized in 1901 
under the laws of the State of Indiana and was 
the first one in the State to be organized under 
the new law. The library was opened in 1901. 
A year later, in answer to a request by Mrs. 
Sam Mathews, a letter was received from 
Andrew Carnegie offering a gift of $10,000 for 
a library, with the understanding that the city 
guarantee $100,000 for its maintenance. Later 
-Mr. Carnegie made a gift of $3,000. The corner- 
stone of the new library was laid on October 15, 
1902. the Masonic order of Tipton having charge 
of the ceremony. On invitation by the city, Mrs. 
Sam Mathews placed the first brick in the struc- 
ture. Within a year after the dedication of the 
building the library was perpetually endowed 



with a gift of $5,000 by Mrs. Nannie R. Shirk 
as a memorial to her late husband, E. H. Shirk. 

Population of Tipton county in 1890 was 
18,157; in 1900 was 19,116, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 17,459, of 
which 206 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,325 families in the county and 4,242 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
six townships in Tipton county : Cicero, Jeffer- 
son, Liberty, Madison, Prairie and Wild Cat. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Kempton, 
Tipton and Windfall. Tipton is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Tipton county 
was $7,491,055, value of improvements was 
$2,343,440 and the total net value of taxables 
was $14,152,390. There were 3,036 polls in 
the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 665 miles of 
improved roads in Tipton county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu- 
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out- 
standing, $376,487. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
45.37 miles of steam railroad operated in Tipton 
county by the main line of the Indianapolis and 
Michigan City division of the Lake Erie & West- 
ern ; the Richmond division of the P., C, C. & 
St. L.. and the P., C, C. & St. L. over the Lake 
Erie & Western railroads. The Union Traction 
Company of Indiana operates 23.79 miles of 
electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Larkin D. Summers, county superintendent, 
there were sixty schoolhouses. including seven 
high schools, in Tipton county in 1914. employing 
124 teachers. The average daily attendance by 
pupils was 3,142. The aggregate amount paid in 
salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi- 
pals and teachers was $62,840. Estimated value 
of school property in the county was $270,140, 
and the total amount of indebtedness, including 
bonds, was $66,260. The schools in Jefferson 
township are all consolidated at Kempton and 
Goldsmith, with the exception of two large dis- 
trict schools on the south side of the township. 
In addition to the public schools in Tipton county 
the Catholics maintain St. Joseph's and St. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



425 



Mary's Academy and St. John's School for Chil- 
dren. The German Lutherans also maintain a 
school for grade children. 

Agriculture. — There were in Tipton county 
in 1910 over 2,000 farms, embraced in 163,000 
acres. Average acres per farm. 79.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $23,600,000, 
showing 116.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $113.94. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,- 



000: Number of cattle 13,000, valued at 
S401.000; horses 9,200, valued at $1,049,000; 
hogs 60,000, valued at $360,000; sheep 12,000, 
valued at $62,000. The total value of poultry 
was $90,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection there were nineteen 
industrial establishments in Tipton, employing 
nearly 500 persons. The principal industry is the 
canning of vegetables. 



UNION COUNTY 



LIBERTY, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



UNION COUNTY is located in the south- 
eastern part of the State, and contains 168 
square miles. It is bounded on the north by 
Wayne, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the 
south by Franklin and on the west by Fayette 
counties. The eastern portion of the county is 
level, and there are large areas of level land in 
the north, central and southern portions. The 
western part of the county is undulating or hilly. 
The east fork of White Water river flows from 
north to south through the western part. Beau- 
tiful scenery is found along the streams and 
among the hills. The soil of the eastern portion 
of the county is a deep, rich, fertile, dark loam. 
Other parts have mostly a clay with a slight mix- 
ture of sand and gravel. An abundance of lime- 
stone suitable for building purposes is found in 
the western part of the county. Where once 
stood forests of oak, ash, maple, poplar, beech 
and walnut now grow abundant crops of cereals 
and fruits, pasture lands and meadows. 

Organization. — Union county was organized 
February 1, 1821, deriving its name from the 
hope that it would harmonize the difficulties that 
existed in relation to the county seats in Wayne 
and Fayette counties. Brownsville, located in 
the northwestern part of the county, was the 
first county seat, but within a year an agitation 
was started to change it to Liberty, in the center 
of the county. This was done by the legislative 
act of December 21, 1822, the change being made 
to Liberty in 1823. and it has been the seat of 
justice since that period. 

Population of Union county in 1890 was 



7,006 ; in 1900 was 6,748. and according to United 
States Census of 1910 was 6,260, of which 105 
were of white foreign birth. There were 1.743 
families in the county and 1,704 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
six townships in Union county : Brownsville, 
Center, Harmony, Harrison, Liberty and Union. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Liberty 
and West College Corner. Liberty is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the x\uditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Union county was 
$3,284,510, value of improvements was $1,032,- 
990 and the total net value of taxables was 
$6,400,510. There were 875 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 120 miles of 
improved roads in Union county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 




Union County Court-House, Liberty. 



426 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $44,680.30. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
30.34 miles of steam railroad operated in Union 
county by the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Cin- 
cinnati, Indianapolis & Western railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Charles C. Abernathy, county superintendent of 
Union county, there were thirty-two school- 
houses, including eight high schools, in Union 
county in 1914, employing fifty teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 1,053. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $23,862.56. The estimated value of school 



property in the county was $148,500, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $29,500. 

Agriculture. — There were in Union county in 
1910 over 817 farms, embraced in 102,000 acres. 
Average acres per farm, 125 acres. The value of 
all farm property was over $9,400,000, showing 
65.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average 
value of land per acre was $66.38. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $989,000: 
Number of cattle 7,300, valued at $222,000; 
horses 3,500, valued at $394,000; hogs 38,000, 
valued at $290,000; sheep 8,100, valued at 
$35,000. The total value of poultry was about 
$33,000. 



VANDERBURG COUNTY 



EVANSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



VANDERBURG COUNTY, located in the 
southwest part of the State, on the Ohio 
river, is one of the leading counties in In- 
diana. Its importance is due to location, soil 
and proximity to ready markets for its products. 
It contains 240 square miles. The extreme width 
of the county is twelve and one-half miles, yet 
more than thirty miles of its southern border is 
washed by the waters of the Ohio. Farming and 
manufacturing are the principal occupations of 
the people and coal mining is carried on to a 
limited extent. According to the State Mine In- 
spector's report for the fiscal year ending Sep- 
tember 30, 1914, there were four mines in opera- 
tion in the county, under his jurisdiction, which 
produced 295,469 tons of coal. The county is 
bounded on the north by Gibson, on the east by 



Warrick and on the south by the Ohio river, 
which separates it from Kentucky, with the ex- 
ception of a small tract of land adjoining the city 
of Evansville. This particular spot is unique, as 
it is the only place in Indiana from which one 
can go into Kentucky without crossing the Ohio 
river. 

Organization. — Vanderburg county was or- 
ganized February 1, 1818, in honor of Henry 
Vanderburg, who had been a captain in the 
Revolution, a member of the Legislative Council 
of the Northwest Territory and a judge of the 
first court ever formed in the Indiana Territory. 
Evansville was selected as the county seat, which 
enjoys the unique distinction of being the only 
town in the State which has been the county seat 
of two counties, it having been the county seat 




Southern Indiana Hospital for the Insane. 



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VKXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



429 



of Warrick county up to September 1, 1814. 
According to the United States Census of 1910 
Evansville had a population of 69,647, and was 
rated as the second largest city in the State. As 
a manufacturing city it stands pre-eminent in 
the central west, with 400 factories, notable in 
the production of furniture, flour, stoves, plows, 
brooms, lumber, buggies, beer, steam shovels, 
pottery and locomotive headlights. The average 
number of wage-earners employed in the fac- 
tories of Evansville is 12,000; the average value 
of products is $27,000,000 annually ; the amount 
of capital invested is $24,500,000. It is the larg- 
est exclusive winter wheat market in the world, 
with live flour mills having an output of 6,500 
barrels daily. It is the second largest hardwood 
lumber market in the world, with seven saw mills 
that cut and ship lumber to all parts of this coun- 
try and Europe, and is second in rank in the pro- 
duction of furniture in the United States. Several 
of its factories are the largest of their kind in the 
world. Evansville has forty-five miles of street 
railway, seven steam railroads, six traction lines 
and six steamboat lines. It has eighty-eight 
miles of water mains, 250 miles of sidewalk, over 
fifty miles of improved streets and over forty- 
seven miles of sewer, a new improved Holly sys- 
tem of water works, with a total pumping ca- 
pacity of .iD.OOO.OOO gallons and perfect filtra- 
tion plant. It has three public libraries, twenty- 
five school buildings, including a junior high 
school and a manual training school, in addition 
to sixteen private and parochial schools. 

Southern Hospital for the Insane. — The 
Southern Hospital for the Insane, "Woodmere," 
was the only one of the three "additional hos- 
pitals" whose location was fixed by the Legisla- 
ture. The law approved March 7, 1883, stated 
that one of these should be located at or near 
Evansville. The site purchased on January 3, 
1884. is four miles east of the city. The original 
building i- an arrangement of wings radiating 
from the central block. Additional wings have 
been added from time to time. The first patients 
were admitted October 30, 1890. The hospital 
receives patients from what is known as the 
southern district for the insane, composed of the 
sixteen counties which form the southwestern 
part of the State. 

Green River Island. — It is not generally 
known that Kentucky can be reached from In- 



diana without some means of crossing the Ohio 
River. To do so, however, requires but a few 
minutes' walk from Evansville. 

Green River Island, a part of the State of Ken- 
tucky, is taxed by Henderson county. It adjoins 
Vanderburg county and by reason of its being 
north of the Ohio river is generally credited with 
being Indiana territory. The island contains ap- 
proximately 2,800 acres of bottom land and is 
about seven miles long and a mile wide at the 
widest point. 

It has an interesting history, in that it was cre- 
ated by a peculiar change in the course of the 
Ohio river and has been the subject of dispute 
between the States of Indiana and Kentucky. 

Many years ago the Ohio, which, in the region 
of the mouth of Green river, has always had a 



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Map of Green River Island, a Part of Kentucky Ad- 
joining Vanderburg County, Indiana. Arrow points 
to Green River Island. 



tendency to cut into the Kentucky shore during 
flood times, gradually wore a new channel for a 
distance of six or seven miles through the north- 
ern part of Henderson county, Ky., deserting the 
original lied along a part of the southern border 
of Vanderburg county. The new channel cut 
into the State of Kentucky at a point about a 
mile below the mouth of Green river and emerged 
again into the original bed about a mile above 
the Port of Evansville. The old bed became a 
slough and filled with water only at flood times. 

After this change in the river channel a ques- 
tion arose as to whether Indiana or Kentucky 
should rule the island formed by the old and 
new beds. The contention grew, Indiana claim- 
ing, since the river was the dividing line between 
the two States that she had gained so much ter- 
ritory bv the change in the stream's course, while 
the Blue Grass State was reluctant to give up 
the land, and insisted thai it was hers originally, 
and should remain so. 

The question dragged on for several years until 



430 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the two States finally agreed that the original 
river bed was properly the dividing line and, in 
legal parlance, an "agreed" suit was filed in the 
federal courts to legally establish the boundary 
which had been in question. 

The question dragged along for several years 
until a suit was commenced in the Supreme Court 
of the United States (Indiana vs. Kentucky, 136 
U. S. 479) to establish the boundary. At that 
time a commissioner came from Washington to 
Evansville to take testimony which in printed 
form is now part of the records in the case now 
on file in Washington.* 

An old river pilot, who had steamboated on 
this part of the Ohio for years, was produced 
and testified that he had piloted boats on the river 
when it flowed in its old bed on the north side 
of the island. His testimony satisfied the en- 
gineer that the slough was the original river bed 
and as such should remain the boundary between 
the two States. 

This hearing was held about thirty years ago, 
in the office of United States Commissioner 
Wartmann, the present commissioner, who was 
then young in his career as clerk of the United 
States District Court at Evansville. 

After the decision of the federal agent a new 
survey was run on the north side of the old bed 
and the line between the only part of the two 
States that join, is now fixed by small stone 
markers, on one side of which is chiseled the 
word Indiana and on the opposite side Kentucky. 

Most of the island is owned by Henderson, 
Ky., people. Despite the officially established 
boundaries complications not infrequently arise. 
Recently what proved to be an accidental shoot- 
ing occurred on the island. The police of this 
city were notified and, for purposes of investiga- 
tion, took the man who did the shooting into 
custody. Not until after he had been held an 
hour or more did it develop that the shooting 
had taken place in Kentucky. The man arrested 
was about to be turned over to Henderson au- 
thorities when it was satisfactorily proved the 
shooting was accidental. 

Henderson county seldom needs to give at- 
tention to the island and it has gradually taken 
on an atmosphere of being a little province of 
its own. 

Population of Vanderburg county in 1890 



* Report W. A. Ketcham, Atty. Gen. Ind., 1897-98, page 23. 



was 59,809; in 1900 was 71,769, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 77,438, of 
which 4,944 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 17,779 families in the county and 16,807 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eight townships in Vanderburg county : Arm- 
strong, Center, German, Knight, Perry, Pigeon, 
Scott and Union. The incorporated cities and 
towns are Evansville and Howell. Evansville is 
the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Vanderburg 
county was $18,266,680, value of improvements 
was $17,909,230 and the total net value of taxa- 
bles was $50,740,190. There were 19,267 polls 
in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 201 miles of 
improved roads in Vanderburg county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $345,180. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
77.06 miles of steam railroad operated in Vander- 
burg county by the Chicago, St. Louis & New 
Orleans ; Evansville division and Evansville belt 
of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois; Evansville & 
Indianapolis ; Evansville, Mt. Carmel and North- 
ern branch of the Big Four; Peoria division of 
the Illinois Central ; Louisville, Henderson & St. 
Louis over the Louisville & Nashville ; the Louis- 
ville & Nashville, and the Evansville branch of 
the Southern Railway Company. The Evansville 
Railways Company, the Evansville Suburban & 
Newburgh Railway Company and the Public 
Utilities Company operate 57.89 miles of electric 
line in the. county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Floyd C. Ragland, the county superintendent, 
there were ninety-one schoolhouses, including 
two high schools, in the county in 1914, em- 
ploying 418 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 10,401. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- 
visors, principals and teachers was $318,611.40. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $1,347,900, and the total amount of indebt- 
edness, including bonds, was $101,450. 

Agriculture. — There were in Vanderburg 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



431 



county in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced in 
132,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 74.6 
acres. The value of all farm property was over 
$13,000,000, showing 54.9 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$68.02. The total value of domestic animals was 
over $1,000,000: Number of cattle 8,800, valued 
at $225,000; horses 3,900, valued at $404,000; 



hogs 11,000, valued at $63,000; sheep 900. valued 
at $3,300. The value of poultry was $38,000. 
Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were 299 industries in 
Evansville, furnishing employment to 10,162 per- 
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $20.- 
092,572. Value of products. $22,929,024 ; value 
added by manufacture, $10,135,180. 



VERMILION COUNTY 



NEWPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



VERMILION COUNTY, located west of 
the Wabash river in the central part of the 
western border of the State, bounded on the 
north by Warren, on the east by Fountain and 
Parke, on the south by Vigo county and on 
the west by the State of Illinois, is commonly 
known as the "Shoe String County." Its length 
is approximately thirty-seven miles, with an 
average width of six miles. It contains about 222 
square miles. The surface is high and generally 
level, except near the streams. All of the soil 
is excellent for agricultural purposes, and the 
raising of Shetland ponies, as well as fruit rais- 
ing, in the county has been well developed. Un- 
derlying all the ridge or uplands, between High- 
land on the south and Newport on the north, are 
veins of "block coal." The same seam underlies 
the greater part of the county still farther south 
from the Indiana blast furnace to the Horse Shoe 
on the Little Vermilion river. The total thick- 
ness of the bed ranges from five to seven feet, 
and is separated into two or more seams of shale 
or fire clay. According to the State Mine In- 
spector's report for the year ending September 
30, 1914, there were seventeen mines in opera- 
tion in the county under his jurisdiction, which 
produced 2,388*182 tons of coal. 

Organization. — Vermilion county, named so 
from the color of the stream by that name which 
flows through it, was organized January 2. 1824. 
Newport has been the county seat since the or- 
ganization of the county. The court-house at 
Newport was destroyed by fire on two occasions, 
January 24, 1844, and on January 5, 18^6. At 
neither time, fortunately, were the county rec- 
ords lost. 



Population of Vermilion county in 1890 was 
13,154; in 1900 was 15,252, and according to 
United States Census in 1910 was 18,865, of 
which 2,334 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 4,544 families in the county and 4,347 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
five townships in Vermilion county : Clinton, 
Eugene, Helt, Highland and Vermilion. The in- 
corporated cities and towns are Clinton, Cayuga, 
Dana, Fairview Park and Newport. The count} 
seat is Newport. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Vermilion county 
was $6,152,150, value of improvements was 
$2,555,295 and the total net value of taxables 
was $14,594,330. There were 4,150 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 407 miles of 
improved roads in Vermilion county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 




Pioneer Hoosier Log Cabin. 



432 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $416,724. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
72.41 miles of steam railroad operated in Ver- 
milion county by the Bunsen Coal Company ; 
Terre Haute division of the Chicago & Eastern 
Illinois ; Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern over the 
C. & E. I. ; Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western ; 
Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Western 
division of the Peoria & Eastern, and the Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western railroads. Terre Haute, In- 
dianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operates 
1.40 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
R. H. Valentine, county superintendent of Ver- 
milion county, there were sixty-one school- 
houses, including six high schools, in Vermilion 
county in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The 



average daily attendance by pupils was 4,735. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $92,801.92. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $348,350, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $87,475. 

Agriculture. — There were in Vermilion county 
in 1910 over 1,300 farms, embraced in 149,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 110.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $13,000,000, 
showing 81.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $71.79. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $927,- 
000: Number of cattle 7,600, valued at $216,000; 
horses 5,900, valued at $504,000; hogs 20,000, 
valued at $134,000; sheep 3,500, valued at 
$16,000. The total value of poultry was $45,000. 



VIGO COUNTY 



TERRE HAUTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



VIGO COUNTY is situated in the western 
tier of counties near the center of the 
State. It is bounded on the north by Vermilion 
and Parke, on the east by Clay, on the south by 
Sullivan and on the west by the State of Illinois. 
It contains about 400 square miles, and the Wa- 
bash flows through the county in a southeasterly 
direction. The surface of the county is prac- 
tically level, there being no prominent hills of 
rugged scenery. Every acre of the county is 
underlaid with coal, in most places several veins, 
and all workable. On the west side of the river 
are four veins with an average thickness of 
twenty-one feet. According to the State Aline 
Inspector's report for the fiscal year ending Sep- 
tember 30, 1914, there were thirty-four mines in 
operation in the county, under his jurisdiction, 
with an output of 4,723,316 tons, leading all other 
counties in Indiana in the production of coal. It 
is estimated that there are over 3,000,000,000 
tons of coal underlying the lands in Vigo county. 
The county is also rich in clay and shale of a 
superior quality, large deposits being available 
for manufacturing purposes in various localities. 
In places the shale ranges from fifteen to two 
hundred feet in thickness, under which are coal 



deposits and under the coal there is more shale 
and clay. 

Organization. — Vigo county was organized by 
an act of the Legislature January 21, 1818, which 
was made effective February 15, 1818. It was 
named in honor of Colonel Francis Vigo, who 
was a native of Sardinia, Italy, and came to 
Vincennes about 1777 as a Spanish merchant and 
died in Vincennes in March, 1836. In his will he 
bequeathed $500 to this county to buy a bell for 
the court-house, provided a certain claim was col- 
lected from the government for supplies fur- 
nished the destitute army of Colonel George 
Rogers Clark in 1778. This claim was paid to 
his heirs in 1884 and the amount was paid by the 
heirs to the county in 1887. This amount is a 
part of the expense of the bell now in the dome 
of the new court-house and has the name of 
Colonel Francis Vigo inscribed upon it. 

The territory now comprising Vigo county was 
originally a part of Sullivan count)', and was set 
off by an act of the Legislature at Corydon Jan- 
uary 1, 1818. In September, 1811, General Will- 
iam Henry Harrison advanced up the Wabash 
river with troops in his command, and selected 
the site of Fort Harrison on the east bank of the 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



433 



Wabash river, one mile above the present city of 
Terre Haute. About 1816 settlers began to come 
in and locate near the fort. Soon afterward the 
town of Terre Haute was laid off, and on March 
21, 1818, the town was selected for the county 
seat by the commissioners appointed by the Leg- 
islature. The first steamboat that ever ascended 
the Wabash to this point was the "Florence," in 
the spring of 1822, and the captain was awarded 
a town lot as a premium. The first regular ferry 



The Big Four and Vandalia lines reaching St. 
Louis to the west in about five hours and the 
same lines reaching Indianapolis to the east in 
about two hours and a half. The Chicago & East- 
ern Illinois furnishes a service that places Chi- 
cago within five hours to the north and Evans- 
ville to the south in about three hours. The Van- 
dalia also operates lines northeast to South Bend 
and northwest to Peoria, and the Terre Haute & 
Southeastern operates to the southeast and north 




Terre Haute — 1. Vigo County Court-House. i. 
Memorial Library. 



Rose Polytechnic Institute. 
4. Wiley High School. 



3. Emeline Fairbanks 



was established by Dr. Modesitt and James Far- 
rington in 1818. 

Terre Haute is the fourth largest city in the 
State, having a population in 1910, according to 
the United States Census, of more than 58,100. 
With the Indiana State Normal, the Rose Poly- 
technic Institute, the widely known St. Mary's- 
of-the-Woods Academy for Girls across the Wa- 
bash, and with its numerous private, parochial, 
and other technical, classical and business schools 
and colleges, it merits the reputation as one of 
the leading seats of learning in America. Its pub- 
lic schools vie with the best in the country. Terre 
Haute has exceptional transportation facilities. 



into Chicago. In addition to the steam lines 
Terre Haute has an excellent hourly interurban 
service to the north, east, south and west. It is 
the center of the greatest bituminous coal beds in 
the world. It has been estimated by the State 
geologist that there is enough coal under and in 
the vicinity of Terre Haute to last 250 years. It 
has the largest distillery in the United States, 
with a daily capacity of 60,000 gallons and over 
400,000 barrels of beer are made here annually. 
The Terre Haute United States revenue district 
collects over $21,000,000 annually for the gov- 
ernment. Its glass factories make on an average 
over 500,000 bottles daily. It is the headquarters 



28 



434 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



of the Vandalia-Pennsylvania railroad, whose 
new shops, when completed, will cost $2,000,000 
and furnish employment to 4,500 men. There are 
over sixty churches and missions in the city and 
its church edifices are among the most stately 
and beautiful houses of worship in Indiana. 

Population of Vigo county in 1890 was 50,- 
195 ; in 1900 was 62,035, and according to the 
United States Census of 1910 was 87,930, of 
which 5,574 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 21,148 families in the county and 20,164 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
twelve townships in Vigo county : Fayette, Har- 
rison, Honey Creek, Linton, Lost Creek, Nevins, 
Otter Creek, Pierson, Prairie Creek, Prairieton, 
Riley and Sugar Creek. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Terre Haute, Seeleyville and 
West Terre Haute. Terre Haute is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to- 
tal value of lands and lots in Vigo county was 
$20,441,740; value of improvements was $18,- 
486,510, and the total net value of taxables was 
$53,771,715. The county had 13,601 polls. 

Improved Roads. — There were 402 miles of 
improved roads in Vigo county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $536,555.68. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
127.66 miles of steam railroad operated in Vigo 
county by the Brazil, Terre Haute & Evansville 
divisions and the Brazil branch of the Chicago & 
Eastern Illinois ; Terre Haute division of the C. 
& E. I. over the Vandalia ; St. Louis division of 
the Big Four ; Chicago, Terre Haute & South- 
eastern ; Sullivan branch & Chicago extension 
of the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; the 
Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern over the 
Vandalia ; Evansville & Indianapolis, and the 
Michigan & St. Louis divisions of the Vandalia 
railroads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & 
Eastern Traction Company operates 65.10 miles 
of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
James M. Propst, county superintendent of Vigo 
county, there were 140 schoolhouses, including 
eight high schools, in the county in 1914, employ- 



ing 566 teachers. The average daily attendance 
by pupils was 14,681. The aggregate amount 
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, 
principals and teachers was $385,299.30. Esti- 
mated value of school property in the count}- was 
$1,756,545, and the total amount of indebtedness, 
including bonds, was $497,801.82. 

Agriculture. — There were in Vigo county in 
1910 over 3,000 farms embraced in 230,000 acres. 
Average acres per farm, 76.1 acres. The value of 
all farm property was over $20,000,000, showing 
74.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average 
value of land per acre was $67.90. The total 
value of domestic animals was over $1,480,000: 
Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $339,000; 
horses 9,700, valued at $819,000; hogs 19,000. 
valued at $130,000 ; sheep 4,700, valued at $18,- 
000. The total value of poultry was $64,000. 

Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census 
of 1910 there were 170 industries in Terre 
Haute, furnishing employment to 5,159 persons. 
Total amount of capital employed, $10,371,261. 
Value of products, $21,793,446; value added by 
manufacture. $13,136,014. 

Indiana State Normal School was organized 
under an act of the Legislature December 20, 
1865. This act defined the object of the school 
to be "the preparation of teachers for teaching 
in the common schools of Indiana," provided for 
the appointment of a number of trustees, loca- 
tion of the buildings, the organization of a train- 
ing school and the adoption of courses ol study, 
and created the normal school fund for the 
maintenance of the institution. The act further 
required the trustees to locate the school at the 
town or city of the State that would obligate it- 
self to give the largest amount in cash, or build- 
ings and grounds to secure the school. Terre 
Haute was the only place to offer any induce- 
ments whatever and secured the location of the 
institution. The first annual appropriation for 
maintenance was $15,000. 

The school was opened January 6, 1870, thir- 
teen young women and eight young men pre- 
senting themselves as students. At the end of 
the first term of three months, the number had 
increased to fifty-one. It had meager attendance 
and little popular sympathy, and began its work 
under very discouraging conditions. It was 
really at work in an environment somewhat hos- 
tile to it, with a verv small maintenance fund. 



436 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



This, however, was increased from time to time 
by the Legislature, and appropriations were also 
made to complete the original building and to 
erect additional buildings. In 1888 the original 
building was destroyed by fire, together with all 
its contents, including a library that had been 
accumulating for eighteen years. Under its con- 
tract to meet half its expense for repairs, the city 
of Terre Haute gave $50,000 in cash, with which 
to begin the work of rebuilding and the next 
General Assembly appropriated $100,000. Since 
1889, three large buildings have been added and 
one new building for manual training and do- 
mestic science has just been completed. The 
school now has a library of 65,000 volumes, one 
of the largest of any normal school in the coun- 
try, which has been collected since the fire of 
1888. The books are selected with primary ref- 
erence to the needs of the various lines of work 
represented in the curriculum of the school. 

At the beginning of the school, there was or- 
ganized an elementary course of two years, the 
instruction being limited to the common school 
branches, psychology, methods, observation and 
practise. The aim in reconsidering the common 
school branches was to master them more thor- 
oughly and to organize each branch from a peda- 
gogical viewpoint. Later, there was formed an 
advance course of study which required two ad- 
ditional years of work. This included the study 
of Latin, German, higher mathematics, science 
and advance work in history. After two years 
this advance course was temporarily discon- 
tinued and the elementary course changed to 
a course of three years. Later, this course 
of three years was based upon graduation 
from certified high schools or its equivalent. 
In the year 1907, a college course of four 
years was established. This included, along with 
branches belonging to a college curriculum, nine 
courses in professional work, consisting of gen- 
eral and educational psychology, history and 
philosophy of education, observation and prac- 
tise. In connection with the State Normal School, 
there has been maintained from the first a train- 
ing school for observation and practise. During 
the last year of the work, in the State Normal 
School, the student enters upon a period of ob- 
servation and practise so as to gain actual skill 
in managing a school and in instructing scien- 
tifically. 



The schools for observation and practise con- 
sist at this time of the eight grades, a high school 
and a country training school. The eight grades 
and the high school are in a large training school 
building adjacent to the Normal school building. 
The country training school is situated several 
miles east of the city. William Woods Parsons is 
president and Howard Sandison is vice-presi- 
dent of the school. 

Rose Polytechnic Institute, which was estab- 
lished in 1874 as the Terre Haute school of in- 
dustrial science, owes its existence as well as its 
name to Chauncey Rose, one of Indiana's great- 
est philanthropists, who came to Terre Haute as 
a young man and began his career contempo- 
raneously with the birth of the city in 1818. For 
sixty years he was closely identified with the 
town on the banks of the Wabash, during which 
time he rose from a poor boy to a millionaire. 
His fortune, in addition to $1,500,000, inherited 
from his brother, was practically all bestowed 
ultimately upon philanthropies during his life- 
time. 

As he neared the close of his long life, mind- 
ful of his own struggles, his thoughts were 
turned to plans for helping young men. He 
called into council some of his friends, which 
led to the establishment in 1874 of the Terre 
Haute School of Industrial Science for the train- 
ing of young men in "the useful and practical 
knowledge of some art or occupation, by which 
they could be better able to earn a competent liv- 
ing." Mr. Rose selected to co-operate with him 
a board of managers comprised of Barnabas C. 
Hobbs, Josephus Collett, Charles R. Peddle and 
six other trusted friends. 

The erection of suitable buildings upon the 
ten-acre campus was begun with little delay and 
the corner-stone of the academic building was 
laid with appropriate ceremonies January 11, 
1875, at which time the name was changed to 
Rose Polytechnic Institute over the protest of the 
founder. 

Mr. Rose did not live to see his ambition real- 
ized, for he passed away in the summer of 1877. 
By his will the institute was made his residuary 
legatee, thus bringing his gifts to this one philan- 
thropy to more than $500,000. Since that time 
the institute has received from the Rose heirs 
almost another half million, so that from the 
original estate the school has benefited through 



438 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



this one man to the amount of more than $1,000,- 
000. 

A tract of 125 acres near Terre Haute has 
been bought as a new site and plans are being 
made for new buildings, the present location 
within Terre Haute being too small. C. Leo 
Mees is president of Rose Polytechnic Institute. 

The Terre Haute Veterinary College was 
organized and incorporated under the laws of 
Indiana in 1909 and is now entering upon its 
seventh annual session. Students may enter, who 
are graduates from recognized colleges, normal 
or high schools, without an examination, but all 
other candidates are required to pass an exami- 
nation in United States history, United States 
geography, arithmetic, spelling, penmanship, 
copying from plain copy and a composition on a 
given subject, requiring an average of not less 
than 70 per cent, to pass. Negroes are not ad- 
mitted. Advance standing is given students who 
have attended one or more terms at a recognized 
veterinary college, upon presentation of a certifi- 
cate showing sufficient attendance and having at- 
tained the studies and grades in accordance with 
the curriculum of this college. The officers of 
the college are S. V. Ramsey, D. V. S., president ; 
L. A. Greiner, D. S., vice-president, and C. I. 
Fleming, M. D. C, dean. 

St. Mary-of-the-Woods — College and Acad- 
emy. — This educational institution, the pioneer 
of conventual establishments in Indiana, orig- 
inated in the year 1840, when a sisterhood from 
France made a foundation in Vigo county, about 
four miles west of the Wabash river at a spot 
they named St. Mary-of-the-Woods. 

The little colony consisted of six members be- 
longing to the order of Sisters of Providence at 
Ruille-sur-Loir, one of the earliest and most 
popular teaching organizations having birth in 
France after the Great Revolution. 

The foundress of St. Mary-of-the-Woods was 
the illustrious Mother Theodore Guerin, widely 
celebrated on both continents for her beneficent 
and religious activities, her masterly qualifica- 
tions and influence. Honored in her native 
country with medallion decorations from the 
French Academy, and with the plaudits of the 
court and ecclesiastical authorities, her fame 
nevertheless rests upon the magnificent institu- 
tion she founded, which, in its ideals, its scope, 
and its attainments, perpetuate her teachings and 



represents the most progressive and cultured 
educational system of our day. 

Like all our earlier institutions, St. Mary-of- 
the-Woods had an humble beginning. A log cabin 
served for a church, a rough board house, small, 
and primitive in every sense, constituted the con- 
vent, surrounded by a few acres of uncleared 
land in the heart of a dense and desolate wilder- 
ness. 

St. Mary-of-the-Woods to-day presents a 
scene vastly different from St. Mary's of earlier 
days. For fifty years the institution grew stead- 
ily, though slowly, passing through many vicissi- 
tudes. The twenty-five years that have since fol- 
lowed may truly be called a period of marvelous 
development. Instead of the forest primeval and 
a poor little frame dwelling, there may now be 
seen an array of buildings, the massiveness, 
adaptability, and elegance of which are unsur- 
passed in our country. Enclosing within its pre- 
cincts a six-hundred-acre plot, St. Mary-of-the- 
Woods is a little world in itself, self-governing 
and self-sustaining, preserving all the charm of 
sylvan environment and yet possessing all mod- 
ern conveniences, from its railway and interur- 
ban stations to its coal mine. 

The principal buildings are arranged in a semi- 
circle, with a frontage of 1,100 feet, a magnifi- 
cent white stone conventual church occupying the 
center of the group. To the east is the convent, 
a large and commanding brick edifice, adjoining 
which, to the north, is another large three-story 
brick building, the Normal training school for 
those who are aspiring to become members of the 
community. West of the church is St. Agatha's 
hall, a dormitory structure connecting with the 
academy or main building. To the southwest is 
the conservatory of music, and farther on. the 
( hierin college hall. The main building is of 
white Bedford stone, in pure Renaissance archi- 
tecture, four stories in height, a faithful imita- 
tion of the early Florentine palaces designed by 
Michael Angelo. The new college hall is also a 
handsome four-story edifice in Renaissance 
style, built of Bedford stone and light brick. Of 
similar style and construction is the conserva- 
tory of music, its elegant auditorium having a 
seating capacity of 1,000. Other buildings on the 
grounds are the gymnasium and natatorium ; the 
"Woodland," an inn for the accommodation of 
guests of the institution ; the presbytery ; the 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



439 



pharmacy and infirmary ; the laundry, the bakery, 
and the power house, which furnishes light and 
heat and the power for some fifty motors used 
in various ways on the premises. 

The hilly location of the grounds gives them 
a varied beauty. A mile of cement walks, afford- 
ing opportunity for exercise, even in most un- 
propitious weather, wind around and through the 
parks, from which extend tennis courts and golf 
links ; while orchards and gardens and spread- 
ing fields yield their bounty, and wooded tracts 
and meadow lands furnish grazing for the cattle. 

Twenty-five thousand young people are now 
receiving instruction from the Sisters of Provi- 
dence in their various schools and academies 
throughout Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts, and 
at Washington, D. C. Many women of distinc- 
tion in society and of prominence in the business 
and professional world claim St. Mary-of-the- 
Woods as their Alma Mater. A large and enthu- 
siastic alumnae association evidences the attach- 
ment of the "old girls" and contributes to the 
further progress of the school. 

Every summer the sisters return to the Mother 
house from the cities in which they are engaged 
during the scholastic year. A regular normal in- 
stitute is conducted during the vacation, with 
lecture courses and studio work by eminent edu- 
cators, professors, and artists. At present writ- 
ing (1915) when the establishment is rounding 
out its seventy-fifth year of existence, more than 
1,000 members of the order have just dispersed 
to resume their activities in the schools under 




Terre Haute Veterinary College. 

their charge. The Novitiate, or training school 
(the recruiting station of the Sisterhood), after 
contributing forty-six members to the body of 
the professed religieux during the past year, still 
numbers about 100. The probationary period 
covers nearly three years. 

While the Sisters of Providence now concen- 
trate all their forces in the field of education, 
they have at times engaged in other work. Dur- 
ing the Civil war they had charge of the military 
hospitals at Indianapolis and Vincennes, and the 
cholera epidemic that raged so violently half a 
century ago found them devoting themselves to 
the plague-stricken and forsaken. Should any 
other public distress claim their assistance, they 
will be ready to respond to humanity's need, for 
these women have left the world not to live for 
themselves alone, but that the world may be bet- 
tered by their service. 



WABASH COUNTY 



WABASH, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WABASH COUNTY is located a little 
north of the center of the northern part 
of the State. It is bounded on the north by Kos- 
ciusko, on the east by Whitley and Huntington, 
on the south by Grant and Miami and on the 
west by Miami counties. It contains 448 square 
miles. There are no high or steep hills in the 
county, though the land is rolling or undulating 
near the Mississinewa, Salamonie, Wabash and 
Eel rivers, and their numerous branches. There 
is a goodly area of river bottom land, which is 



corn-producing. The most part of the upland is 
of the best farming land. Hogs, cattle and sheep 
are very extensively raised and the county is dis- 
tinguished for its hoise markets, and one of the 
most advanced in manufacturing in the State. 

Organization. — Wabash county was formally 
organized March 1, 1835, being a part of what 
is now Huntington county and named by its lo- 
cation on the Wabash river, one of the principal 
rivers of the county. Wabash was selected as the 
county seat by the commissioners named in the 



440 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Memorial Building, Wabash. 



Carnegie Library, Wabash. 



legislative act on May 19, 1835. The first court- 
house was a brick structure forty feet square, 
costing $3,000. It was finished in 1839 and con- 
tinued in use until June 17, 1871, when it was 
destroyed by fire. The present court-house was 
built in 1878, and paid for as soon as the build- 
ing was completed. Wabash has the distinction 
of being the first city in the world to be lighted 
by electricity. It also is particularly noted for 
having one of the few memorial halls built in 
memory of the soldiers of the Civil war, together 
with a fine government building and public li- 
brary. About five miles from Wabash is situated 
the "White's Institute," a home maintained by 
the Friends' Yearly Meeting for homeless chil- 
dren. 

Population of Wabash county in 1890 was 
27,126; in 1900 was 28,235, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 26,926, of 
which 629 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 6,851 families in the county and 6,711 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
seven townships in Wabash county : Chester, 
Lagro, Liberty, Noble, Paw-Paw, Pleasant and 
Waltz. The incorporated cities and towns are 
Wabash, LaFontaine, Lagro, North Manchester, 
and Roann. Wabash is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 



total value of lands and lots in Wabash county 
was $9,723,395; value of improvements was 
$4,250,050, and the total net value of taxables 
was $21,222,275. There were 4,400 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 425 miles of 
improved roads in Wabash county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $813,001. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
80.49 miles of steam railroad operated in Wa- 
bash county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati, 
Wabash & Michigan ; Butler branch of the Van- 
dalia, and the Wabash railroads. The Fort 
Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company 
and Union Traction Company of Indiana operate 
32.28 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Robert K. Devricks, county superintendent of 
Wabash county, there were eighty-four school- 
houses, including seven high schools, in Wabash 
county in 1915, employing 218 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 4,979. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $135,902. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $762,000, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $230,000. 

Agriculture. — There were in Wabash county 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



441 




High School. Wabash. 



Wabash County Court-House. 



in 1910 over 2,500 farms embraced in 249,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 98.7 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $26,000,000, 
showing 98.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $75.22. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,570,- 
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $632,- 
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,340,000; hogs 



61,000, valued at $412,000; sheep 22,000, valued 
at $115,000. The value of poultry was $103,000. 
Industrial. — According to the State Bureau 
of Inspection for 1912, there were thirteen indus- 
trial establishments in Wabash, which furnish 
employment to over 500 persons. The manufac- 
ture of box-board and of woodwork are the prin- 
cipal industries. 



WARREN COUNTY 



WILLIAMSPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WARREN COUNTY is located in the 
western part of the State, a little north 
of the center in the western tier of counties, and 
lies in the edge of the Grand Prairie. It is 
bounded on the north by Benton, on the east by 
Tippecanoe, on the southeast and south by Foun- 
tain and Vermilion counties, and on the west by 
the State of Illinois. The Wabash river flows 
along its entire southeastern border. Its surface 
is about half a rolling prairie and the other half, 
a once well-wooded timber surface, broken by 
streams and hills. The northwest part of the 
county has a rich black loam soil, yielding large 
crops of corn, oats and hay. In the southeast 
half, bordering on the Wabash river and the 
small tributary streams, the soil is clay and the 



crops are principally corn, wheat, timothy and 
clover. The bluffs along or near the Wabash fur- 
nish much excellent gravel for building, cement 
and road-making. Coal of an excellent quality, 
rivaling the Brazil block coal, has been found in 
the county and promises to become an important 
industry. At Kramer is located a well-known 
sanatorium where mud baths are given rheumatic 
patients and this locality has grown to be the 
rival of many of the noted health resorts. 

Organization. — Warren county was organ- 
ized March 1, 1827, and was named in honor of 
Gen. Joseph Warren, of the Revolution, who 
fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. The first 
seat of justice of Warren county was located 
at Warrentown, two miles up the river from 



442 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the present county seat. For reasons unknown, 
this site proved unsatisfactory and the Legis- 
lature, January 22, 1829, passed an act for the 
relocation of the county seat. On the second 
Monday of the following June, locating commis- 
sioners met at Warrentown, and after a liberal 
donation of land by William Harrison, selected 
the present site of Williamsport for the new 
county seat. In 1870, West Lebanon made an 
effort to secure the location of the county seat 
at that point without success. The court-house 
at Williamsport was destroyed by fire on Sun- 
day, January 20, 1907. All the records but 




Warren County Court-House, Williamsport. 

those of the commissioners were saved. Near 
Williamsport is a remarkable water-fall which 
is precipitated over a perpendicular rock into a 
wild glen, and there is much other wild and ro- 
mantic scenery within an hour's ride from Will- 
iamsport. 

Population of Warren county in 1890 was 
10,955; in 1900 was 11,371, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 10,899, of 
which 210 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 2,772 families in the county and 2,752 
dwellings. 

Improved Roads. — There were 380 miles of 
improved roads in Warren county built and un- 
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $43 1 ,770.26. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 



twelve townships in Warren county : Adams, 
Jordan, Kent, Liberty, Medina, Mount, Pike, 
Pine, Prairie, Steuben, Warren and Washington. 
The incorporated cities and towns are Pine Vil- 
lage, State Line, West Lebanon and Williams- 
port. The county seat is Williamsport. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Warren county 
was $7,873,695 ; value of improvements was 
$1,190,885, and the total net value of taxables 
was $13,472,850. There were 1,724 polls in the 
county. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
69.58 miles of steam railroad operated in War- 
ren county by the Danville division of the Chi- 
cago, Indiana & Southern ; Brazil division and 
Judyville branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illi- 
nois; Rantoul division of the Illinois Central; 
Western division of the Peoria & Eastern, and 
the Wabash railroads. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Harry Evans, county superintendent of Warren 
county, there were eighty schoolhouses, includ- 
ing three high schools, in Warren county in 1914, 
employing 106 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 1,893. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $47,942.35. 
The estimated value of school property in the 
county was $137,800, and the total amount of 
indebtedness, including bonds, was $6,700. 

Agriculture. — There were in Warren county 
in 1910 over 1,300 farms embraced in 217,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 161.4 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $24,000,000, 
showing 88.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $92.17. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,- 
000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $331,- 
000; horses 9,000, valued at $980,000; hogs 
29,000, valued at $201,000; sheep 7.700, valued 
at $36,000. The total value of poultry was $48,- 
000. 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



443 



WARRICK COUNTY 



BOONVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WARRICK COUNTY.— Less than 100 
years ago the territory which now com- 
prises Warrick county was an unblazed forest, a 

wilderness in which the red man reigned su- 
preme. It is situated in the southwestern part of 
Indiana and borders on the Ohio river, and is 
bounded on the north by < libson, Pike and Du- 
bois, on the east by Little Pigeon creek, which 
separates it from Spencer county ; on the south 
by the Ohio, and on the west by Vanderburg and 
a very small portion of Gibson counties. It has 
an area of about 388 square miles. The face of 
the country is mostly rolling or undulating, 
though there is a range of hills back of the river 
bottoms and large tracts of bottom lands along 
the Pigeon and other creeks, with which the 
country is watered. The soil in the bottom lands 
is very rich and large crops of corn are produced 
here. Much of the upland is of very good qual- 
ity and tobacco raising is one of the important 
industries of the county. Coal is found in 
abundance and is the principal natural resource. 
According to the State mine inspector's report 
for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, 
there were seventeen mines in operation in the 
county under his jurisdiction which produced 
515,368 tons of coal. 

Organization. — Warrick county was organ- 
ized March 9, 1813, by an act of the Legislature, 
which became effective April 1, 1813. It was 
named in honor of Captain Jacob Warrick, who 
fell at the head of his company at the battle of 
Tippecanoe. At the time of its organization, 
Warrick embraced practically all of the present 
counties of Posey. Vanderburg, Spencer. Perry 
and a part of Crawford county. Evansville was 
selected as the first county seat, which was prob 
ably done on account of the donation of 10 I 
acres of land as a site for the county seat by 
I olonel Hugh McGary, July 15, 1814. Within 
three months from the time Evansville was made 
the county seat of Warrick, Posey county was 
organized with practically its present limits, 
leaving Evansville in the extreme southwestern 
corner of Warrick, with the result that the Ter- 
ritorial Legislature, September 1, 1814, moved 



the county seat from Evansville to Darlington, a 
town on the Ohio river. The organization of 
Vanderburg and Spencer counties. February 1. 
1818, out of Warrick county, left it with nearly 
its present boundaries, and as Darlington was in 
the southeastern corner of Warrick, after the 
two counties were cut off from either side of it, 
the Legislature was again called upon to name 
commissioners to select a more central site, with 
the result that the present site of Boonville was 
selected. Some authorities state that the town 
was called "Boonsville" in honor of Ratliff Boon. 
According to authentic, local historians, Warrick 
county had one court-house fire on September 3, 
1833, and it is stated that another fire occurred 
sometime in 1818. The first white man said to 
have settled in Warrick county was John 
Sprinkle, a native of Pennsylvania, who founded 
the town of Sprinklesburg, now known as New- 
burg. Among its distinguished citizens are Gen- 
eral Joseph Lane, who once represented Warrick 
county in the State senate, and had a national 
reputation as a Mexican war veteran, once Unv- 
ernor of Oregon and a candidate for Vice- 
President of the United States on the Brecken- 
ridge ticket in 1860 ; former Governor of Alaska 
Wilford D. Hoggatt ; former United States Sena- 
tor James A. Hemenway, and many others of 
Slate and national reputation. 

Population of Warrick county in 1890 was 
21,161; in 1900 was 22,329, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 21,911, of 
which 508 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,071 families in the county and 5,015 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Warrick county : Anderson, 
Boon, Campbell, Greer, Hart, Lane, Ohio, Owen, 
I 'igeon and Skelton. The incorporated cities and 
towns are Boonville, Elberfeld, Lynnville, New- 
burg and Tennyson. Boonville is the county 
seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Warrick countv 



444 



( I.XTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



was $4,219,470; value of improvements was 
$2,114,785, and the total net value of taxables 
was $9,075,025. There were 3,459 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were fifty-five 
miles of improved roads in Warrick county built 
and under jurisdiction of the county commission- 
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road 
bonds outstanding, $88,107. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
28.49 miles of steam railroad operated in War- 
rick county by the Evansville & Indianapolis, 
and the Evansville branch of the Southern Rail- 
way Companies. The Evansville Railways Com- 
pany and the Evansville Suburban & Newburg 
Railroad Company operate 24.06 miles of electric 
line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Andrew J. Hopkins, superintendent of public 
instruction, there were 121 schoolhouses, includ- 



ing five high schools, in Warrick county in 1914, 
employing 186 teachers. The average daily at- 
tendance by pupils was 4,506. The aggregate 
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su- 
pervisors, principals and teachers was $86,278.75. 
Estimated value of school property in the county 
was $216,750, and the total amount of indebted- 
ness, including bonds, was $73,280.43. 

Agriculture. — There were in Warrick county 
in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 235,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.9 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $13,000,000, 
showing 89.8 per cent, increase over 19 DO. The 
average value of land per acre was $37.11. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,- 
000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $248,- 
000; horses 7,600, valued at $744,000; hogs 17,- 
000, valued at $113,000; sheep 7,600, valued at 
$32,000. The total value of poultry in the county 
was $70,000. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY 



SALEM, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WASHINGTON COUNTY is located in 
the southern part of the State in the cen- 
ter of the second tier of counties north of the 
Ohio river. It contains about 510 square miles 
and is bounded on the north by Jackson, on the 
east by Scott and Clark, on the south by a section 
of Floyd, Harrison and Crawford, and on the 
west by Orange and Lawrence counties. This 
county presents more variety of surface and soils 
than any other part of the State of equal size and 




Birthplace of John Hay, Salem. 



fur beauty of scenery is not surpassed by any 
other county in the State. About ten per cent, of 
the territory is embraced by what is known as 
"The Barrens," so named for the reason that the 
land is nearly barren of timber. The range of 
hills called "The Knobs" passes along the east 
side of Washington county separating it from 
Clark and Scott counties until they are lost in 
the bluffs of the Muscatatuck and White rivers. 
Other parts of the county are curiously diver- 
sified with "sink holes" varying in shape and size, 
but all showing the cavernous nature of the earth 
beneath. The county is watered by the Muscata- 
tuck and east fork of White river on the north 
and northwest, Lost river in the west and by the 
head waters of Blue river in the east and south. 
About one-fifth of the county is bottom lands 
and very productive. The upland is rolling and 
in many parts, especially along the water courses, 
is quite broken. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, 
potatoes, butter, wool, pork and live stock are 
produced in abundance. No portion of the State 
is better adapted to fruit growing, and fruits and 
berries of all kinds are raised and shipped yearly 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



445 



from the county. A number of streams traversing 
the county, many of them fed by never-failing 
springs of pure cold water, render it one of the 
very foremost for stock raising. Fine quarries of 
oolitic are found in almost all parts of the county. 
In the eastern portion, however, it is a sandstone, 
and after being worked becomes quite hardened. 
Good clay for the manufacture of brick and tile 
is also found in abundance throughout the 
county. Fossils of every variety are found, espe- 
cially at Spurgeon's Hill, four miles east of Sa- 




Chimney Rock in Washington County. Is ten miles 
south of Salem, formed by erosion. Rock is of hard 
limestone and about twenty feet high. — Photo by 
Orra Hopper. 

lem, which has been visited by geologists from 
all over the United States. There are quite a 
number of caves in the county, the largest and 
most noted of which is located one mile west of 
Salem and has been explored for some distance. 
Clifty Cave, in the northwest part of the county, 
is quite a resort and the county is marked gen- 
erally with scenery of a romantic character. 

Organization. — Washington county was or- 
ganized December 21, 1813, by an act of the Leg- 
islature, which became effective January 17, 
1814. It was created out of Clark and Harrison 



counties. Orange and Jackson counties were 
taken from Washington county in 1815, and 
Scott was carved out in 1820, reducing Wash- 
ington county to its present boundaries. Salem 
has been the seat of justice since the organization 
of the county. 

Salem is particularly distinguished as the birth- 
place of John Hay, one time private secretary to 
President Lincoln, who represented the United 
States abroad as secretary of the legations at 
Paris, Madrid and Vienna, and was charge 



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Lovers' Leap "Clifty," Washington County. This ledge 
is about twenty-five feet high and called "Lovers' 
Leap" because many betrothed have tried to leap 
from the rocks to the main ledge, five feet away. 

d'affaires at Vienna ; ambassador to England, 
1897-8; Secretary of State from 1898 to Septem- 
ber 20, 1905. He was the author of "Pike 
County Ballots," "Castulian Days" and the "Bio- 
graphs of Lincoln." 

Population of Washington county in 1800 
was 18.619; in 1900 was 19,409, and ai cording to 
United States Census of 1910 was 17,445, of 
which fifty-six were of white foreign birth. 
There were 4,146 families in the county and 
4,093 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 



446 



( PXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 




Washington County Court-House, Salem. 

thirteen townships in Washington county : 
Brown, Franklin, Gibson, Howard, Jackson, Jef- 
ferson, Madison, Monroe, Pierce, Polk, Posey, 
Vernon and Washington. The incorporated cities 
and towns are Campbellsburg, Fredericksburg, 
Hardinsburg, Little York, Livonia, New Pekin, 
Salem and Saltillo. Salem is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Washington 
county was $3,685,895 ; value of improvements 



was $1,529,400, and the total net value of taxa- 
bles was $8,511,305. There were 2,793 polls in 
the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 225 miles of 
improved roads in Washington county built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $254,323. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
27.71 miles of steam railroad operated in Wash- 
ington county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & 
Louisville Railroad Company. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Orra Hopper, county superintendent of Wash- 
ington county, there were 124 schoolhouses, in- 
cluding six high schools, in Washington county 
in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The average 
daily attendance by pupils was 3.823. The aggre- 
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, 
supervisors, principals and teachers was i$73,- 
816.41. The estimated value of school property 
in the county was $179,290, and the total amount 
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $24,355. 
There are three commissioned high schools at 
Campbellsburg, Salem and New Pekin, and three 
non-certified high schools and one township con- 
solidated graded school in the county. 

Agriculture. — There were in Washington 
county in 1910 over 2,600 farms embraced in 
310,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 115.6 
acres. The value of all farm property was over 
$11,000,000, showing 76.1 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$23.20. The total value of domestic animals was 
over $1,500,000: Number of cattle 14,000. valued 
at $349,000; horses 7,600, valued at $750,000; 
hogs 26,000, valued at $169,000; sheep 16,000, 
valued at $71,000. The poultry value was $83,000. 



WAYNE COUNTY 



RICHMOND, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WAYNE COUNTY is located in the cen- 
tral part of the eastern tier of counties 
and is bounded on the north by Randolph, on the 
east by the State of Ohio, on the south by Union 
and Fayette and on the west by Henry and Fay- 
ette counties. The Cumberland or National road 



runs through it, and in the early days was the 
gateway to the State and the great Northwest 
beyond, over which the tide of emigration moved 
from the East. Its area is about 394 square 
miles. The soil is rich and varied, from the 
alluvial to the heavy clays of the elevated por- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OE INDIANA 



447 



tions, and all susceptible to a high state of culti- 
vation. Every section is well watered, and few 
localities are better adapted to dairying. Wayne 
county is famous for its production of wheat, 
corn, hogs, cattle and horses. The soil and cli- 
mate are well adapted to the production of fruit, 
and an eminent authority has said: "Wayne 
count}' lies in the coming apple belt of the Cen- 
tral States." Agriculture has received much en- 
couragement in the public schools, in associations 
and in institutes, conducted from year to year 
among the farmers, and it was among the first 
in the State to add agriculture to its common 
school course of study. 

Organization. — Wayne county, the seventh 
in line in the State, was organized under an act 
of the Legislature of November 27, 1810, made 
effective February 1, 1811. It was named in 
honor of General Anthony Wayne, known to 
history as "Mad Anthony," whose name has been 
indelibly fixed upon the pages of the early his- 
tory of this country because of his victory at the 
battle of "Fallen Timbers" and the defeat of 
Little Turtle. The city of Fort Wayne is also 
named in his honor. He died December 15, 1796. 

The first countv seat of Wavne count v was 



located at Salisbury, which by a Legislative act 
was changed to Centerville December 21, 1816. 
The dissensions which this created were as noth- 
ing compared with the struggle that was precipi- 
tated following the change of the county seat 
from Centerville to Richmond. This stretched 
over a period of fifty years, and had a marked 
effect on the political fortunes of State and 
county officials, judges and members of the Leg- 
islature, as well as Governors. This struggle re- 
sulted in the creation of a number of acts of the 
Legislature providing for the removal of county 
seats. The removal of the county seat of Wayne 
county from Centerville to Richmond occurred 
August 15, 1873, terminating the longest and bit- 
terest county seat war in Indiana. The rancor 
which it engendered has not entirely died out to 
this day. 

Richmond has a population, according to the 
United States Census of 1910, of 22,324, and it 
is one of the most thriving industrial cities in 
Indiana. It is located on the east bank of the 
east fork of White Water on the National road, 
four miles from the ( thio line. It was first 
settled in 1816, and it was here that the 
"Friends' Boarding School" was established June 




Earlham College, Richmond, Wayne County. 



448 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



7, 1847, and from which has developed Earlham 
College. 

Earlham College took its name from "Earl- 
ham Hall," the name of the Gurney home, at 
Norfolk, England, the source of the far-reaching 
humanitarian work of John Gurney, the promi- 
nent English Quaker banker, and his better 
known sister, Elizabeth Fry. 

As to location no isolated spot was chosen. A 
large tract of land was purchased on either side 
of "The Great Road," as the Friends referred to 
the now historic "National road," which led 
straight into the unbounded west. Here, on the 
now beautiful campus they built "their house by 
the side of the road," a token of the service for 
which the college was to stand. 

Nine years after Louis Agassiz came to Har- 




First Log Schoolhouse, Wayne County, 1813. 

vard, a young Earlham instructor, Joseph Moore, 
who was later to be Earlham's president, went 
east to work with him, and the young Indiana 
college was thus early linked with the movement 
to add natural science to its curriculum. In 1847 
the college was the beneficiary of a contribution 
of £300 sterling from English Friends, two- 
thirds of which was set apart to the college 
authorities to purchase scientific apparatus and 
start a library. In 1853 the foundation of the 
Joseph Moore museum was laid, in the beginning 
of a permanent collection of materials in the field 
of natural science as a subject for instruction. 
On the Earlham campus was established the first 
astronomical observatory in the State, where is 
located the transit mounted at Fort Sumter at 
the outbreak of the Civil war. It was the first 
college in Indiana to establish a laboratory 
equipped for the use of students, and is one of 



the very first institutions committed to the mod- 
ern policy of co-education. In a list, prepared 
at the request of the German universities, by the 
Association of American Universities, Earlham 
was listed as one whose work ranks with their 
own. It was one of the colleges among the six 
mentioned by Doctor K. C. Babcock, educa- 
tional expert of the United States Bureau of 
Education, as representing the most progressive 
and efficient work now being done among Amer- 
ican colleges. 

Eastern Hospital for the Insane. — The East- 
ern Hospital for the Insane, "Easthaven," lo- 
cated a short distance west of Richmond, was 
the second of the additional hospitals to be 
opened. Its site was purchased August 9, 1883, 
and it was constructed on the cottage plan. The 
arrangement is in the form of a modified quad- 
rangle, with the power-house in the center and 
the cottages on two sides and a part of the front. 
As previously mentioned, some of the buildings 
were completed in 1887 and were occupied by 
the School for Feeble-Minded Youth. The 
school was moved to its new location July 8, 
1890, and on August 4 following the Eastern 
hospital received its first patient. 

Population of Wayne county in 1890 was 
37,628; in 1900 was 38,970, and according to 
Lhiited States Census of 1910 was 43,757, of 
which 2,044 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 11,404 families in the county and 10,958 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
fifteen townships in Wayne county: Abington, 
Boston, Center, Clay, Dalton, Franklin, Green, 
Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Newgarden, Perry, 
Washington, Wayne and Webster. The incor- 
porated cities and towns are Richmond, Boston, 
Cambridge City, Centerville, Dublin, East Ger- 
mantown, Fountain City, Hagerstown, Milton, 
Mt. Auburn, Spring Grove and Whitewater. 
Richmond is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Wayne county 
was $12,724,870, value of improvements was 
$9,371,110 and the total net value of taxables 
was $35,344,585. There were 8,099 polls in the 
county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 312 miles of 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



449 



improved roads in Wayne county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $311,088. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
110.81 miles of steam railroad operated in 
Wayne county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Cin- 
cinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Fort Wayne, 
Cincinnati & Louisville ; Grand Rapids & Indiana 
over C, R. & Ft. W. and the P., C, C. & St. L. ; 
Indianapolis and Richmond divisions of the P., 
C, C. & St. L., and the White Water railroads. 
The Ohio Electric Railway Company and the 
Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction 
Company operate 27.80 miles of electric line in 
the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Charles O. Williams, county superintendent of 
Wayne county, there were sixty-eight school- 
houses, including twelve high schools, in Wayne 
county in 1914, employing 148 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 2,748. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 



intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $176,818.03. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $1,096,096, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $224,900. 

Agriculture. — There were in Wayne county 
in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in 247,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 94 acres. 
The value of all farm property was over 
$24,000,000, showing 70.2 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$68.97. The total value of domestic animals was 
over $2,190,000: Number of cattle 17,000, valued 
at $525,000; horses 9,600, valued at $1,000,000; 
hogs 85,000, valued at $532,000; sheep 12,000, 
valued at $56,000. The total value of poultry 
was $82,000. 

Industrial. — According to the United States 
Census of 1910 there were 107 industries in 
Richmond, furnishing employment to 4,432 per- 
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $13,139,- 
159. Value of products, $10,373,837; value added 
by manufacture, $5,255,401. 



WELLS COUNTY 



BLUFFTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WELLS COUNTY is located in the north- 
western part of Indiana, about twenty-five 
miles south of Fort Wayne. It contains 372 
square miles and is bounded on the north by Al- 
len, on the east by Adams, on the south by Jay 
and Blackford, and on the west by Grant and 
Huntington counties. The Wabash river in the 
northern part and the Salamonie river in the 
southern part of the county afford ample drain- 
age. The soil is fertile, producing abundant crops. 
The southern part of the county is in the oil and 
gas field, which was opened up in 1897. Very 
few new oil wells are being drilled and the sound 
of the oil pump is fast dying away ; the oil peo- 
ple are moving to new fields of labor, while the 
farmer is paying more attention to agriculture 
in this territory, which is the main occupation of 
the people in the county. 

Organization. — Wells county was organized 
by an act of the Legislature February 17, 1837, 
which became effective May 1, of that year. The 
29 



county was named in honor of Captain William 
H. Wells of Fort Wayne, who was killed by the 
Indians on August 15, 1812, near Chicago, in an 
attempt to escort the garrison of Fort Dearborn 
to Fort Wayne. Bluffton was selected as the 
county seat at the organization of the county. 

Population of Wells county in 1890 was 
21,514; in 1900 was 23,449, and according to 
United States Census of 1910 was 22,418, of 
which 330 were of white foreign birth. There 
were 5,566 families in the county and 5,489 
dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
nine townships in Wells county : Chester, Harri- 
son, Jackson, Jefferson, Lancaster, Liberty, Not- 
tington, Rock Creek, and Union. The incorpo- 
rated cities and towns are Bluffton, Keystone, 
Markle, Ossian, Poneto, Uniondale and Vera 
Cruz. Bluffton is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 



450 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Wells county was 
$8,055,770; value of improvements was $2,793,- 

000, and the total net value of taxables was $17,- 
813,615. There were 3,527 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 728 miles of 
improved roads in Wells county built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 

1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $631,415. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
80.40 miles of steam railroad operated in Wells 
county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati, Bluff- 
ton & Chicago ; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louis- 
ville, and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western rail- 
roads. The Bluffton, Geneva & Celina Traction 
Company ; Fort W'ayne & Northern Indiana 
Traction Company ; Marion, Bluffton & Eastern 
Traction Company, and the Union Traction 
Company of Indiana operate 43.36 miles of elec- 
tric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Arthur R. Huyette,. county superintendent of 
Wells county, there were ninety-six school- 
houses, including nine high schools in Wells 



county in 1914, employing 160 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 4,136. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- 
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers 
was $178,789.96. The estimated value of school 
property in the county was $332,245, and the 
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, 
was $58,800. 

Agriculture. — There were in Wells county 
in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in 226,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.2 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $26,000,000, 
showing 116.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $82.54. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,350,- 
000 : Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $474,000 ; 
horses 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 69,000, 
valued at $418,000; sheep 25,000, valued at $120,- 
000. The total value of poultry, $122,000. 

Industrial. — According to the report of the 
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912. there were 
fourteen industrial establishments in Bluffton 
employing nearly 300 persons. The manufac- 
ture of pianos, oil-field machinery, drain tile and 
cooperage are the leading industries. 



WHITE COUNTY 



MONTICELLO, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WHITE COUNTY is located in the fourth 
tier of counties northwest of Indianapolis 
and is bounded on the north by Jasper and Pu- 
laski, on the east by Cass and Carroll, on the 
south by Tippecanoe, and on the west by Benton 
and Jasper counties. It contains 504 square 
miles. The soil is chiefly rich, black farm land, 
producing large yields of corn, oats, wheat and 
other agricultural products. Cattle and hogs are 
fed in large numbers. At Motion there is a lime- 
stone quarry, which is the only place where stone 
is found near the surface. The county is crossed 
by the Tippecanoe river in its lower course, a 
stream of crystal water that has cut a channel 
about 100 feet deep, with frequent rapids and 
fine fishing. The banks are dotted with sum- 
mer resorts. 

Organization. — White county was organized 
April 1, 1834. It was named in honor of Col. 



Isaac White, of Gallatin county, Illinois, who 
volunteered his services as a private in the Tip- 
pecanoe campaign and fell at the side of Major 
Daviess in the battle of Tippecanoe. The com- 
missioners, who were selected by the Legislature 
to choose the county seat, did not make a report 
until September 5, 1834, when they chose Monti- 
cello, which has been the county seat ever since 
the organization of the county. 

Population of White county in 1890 was 
15,671 ; in 1900 was 19,138, and, according to 
U. S. Census, in 1910 was 17,602, of which 589 
were of white foreign birth. There were 4,294 
families in the county and 4,249 dwellings. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
eleven townships in White county: Big Creek, 
Cass, Honey Creek, Jackson, Liberty, Motion, 
Prairie, Princeton Round Grove, Union and 
West Point. The incorporated cities and towns 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



451 



are Monticello, Brookston, Burnettsville, Chal- 
mers, Monon, Reynolds and Wolcott. Monti- 
cello is the county seat. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in White cou lty was 
$8.339,500 ; value of improvements was $2,392,- 
160, and the total net value of taxables was $15,- 
246,560. There were 2,979 polls in the county. 

Improved Roads. — There were 349 miles of 
improved roads in White county, built and under 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- 
ing, $449,876.25. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Henry J. Reid, county superintendent, there 
were ninety-eight schoolhouses. including seven 
high schools, in White county in 1914, employing 
162 teachers. The daily average attendance by 
pupils was 3,571. The aggregate amount paid 



to superintendents, supervisors, principals and 
teachers was $83,818.37. Estimated value of 
school property was $307,850, and the total 
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was 
$55,909.52. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
69.35 miles of steam railroad operated in White 
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville 
and its Michigan City branch, and the Effner 
branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. 

Agriculture. — There were in White county 
in 1910 over 2,000 farms, embraced in 314.000 
acres. Average acres per farm, 150.4 acres. The 
value of all farm property was over $30,003,000, 
showing 93 per cent, increase over 1900. The 
average value of land per acre was $77.69. The 
total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,- 
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $641.- 
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,400,000; hogs 
29,030. valued at $235,000; sheep 10,000, valued 
at $55,000. The value of poultry was $100,000. 



WHITLEY COUNTY 



COLUMBIA CITY, SEAT OF JUSTICE 



WHITLEY COUNTY lies in the northeast 
corner of the State and is bounded oiv 
the north by Noble, on the east by Allen, on the 
south by Huntington and Wabash and on the 
west by Kosciusko and Wabash counties. It 
contains 336 square miles. Eel river, flowing 
across the county from the northeast to the south- 
west, is the principal stream within its bound- 
aries. Fed by its main tributary, Blue river, 
and a network of small creeks, it affords an out- 
let for almost the entire drainage of the county. 
In the northern part of the county lie some of 
the most beautiful lakes in Indiana. Blue river 
lake, the largest, lies in Smith township near the 
town of Churubusco. In Troy township are 
Robinson, Cedar, Spruce and New lakes and 
several smaller ones. In Etna township is Old 
lake and a part of Loon lake. Cedar and 
Shriner lakes in Thorncreek township, widely 
known as Tri-Lake-Resort. forms the most at- 
tractive group. Here the State Fish and Game 
Commission has established a fish hatchery. A 
portion of Crooked lake, with its heavily wooded 



shores, regarded by many as the most beautiful 
lake in the county, also lies in Thorncreek town- 
ship. The abundant supply of fish with which 
these lakes are stocked, and their picturesque 
surroundings, attract many pleasure seekers from 
all parts of the middle west. 

The character of the soil is a rich, clay loam, 
varied in parts of the county with sandy soil, and 
is very productive. All of the different varieties 
of the staple farm products are raised in alum- 
dance, and sugar beets, peppermint, hemp and 
millet are raised on a smaller scale. A large 
area of muck lands, once regarded as worthless, 
are now utilized for onion raising, which has be- 
come one of the principal industries. 

Organization. — Whitley county was organ- 
ized by an act of the Legislature January 29, 
1839, which became effective April 1, 1839. It 
was named in honor of Col. William Whitley, 
of Lincoln county, Kentucky, one of the lira vest 
of the early pioneers of that State, who. after 
being a successful leader in many daring expedi- 
tions, fell at last at the age of 64. in the battle of 



452 



CKXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



the Thames, where he had volunteered to serve 
as a private. Whitley county was formed out of 
what was originally Cleveland township of Hunt- 
ington county. The site for the first county 
seat, which was selected by the State commis- 
sioners, did not prove satisfactory and the Leg- 
islature passed an act February 18, 1839, naming 
five commissioners to relocate the county seat. 
On October 19, 1839, the commissioners met and 
decided to locate the county seat on fractional 
section 11, township 31 north, range 9, east, on 
land owned by Elihu Chauncey, of Philadelphia. 
He was to donate 222 ^ acres and build a saw- 
mill on the land. There was not a white family 
living within one mile and a half at the time, 
but its central location had been the determining 
factor in making the choice. The new town was 
first called Columbia and afterward changed to 
Columbia City, now particularly distinguished as 
the home of Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall, 
former Governor of Indiana. 

The territory comprising Whitley county was 
at one time dotted with villages of the Miami In- 
dians, the most important of which was Turtle 
Village, located on the banks of Eel river in 
Union township. This was the home of Little 
Turtle, one of the greatest of the Miami chiefs. 
He is known as having been the first of the In- 
dians to discard the practise of the Medicine 
Man and adopt vaccination for the prevention 
of smallpox among his people. His village was 
destroyed by a detail from General Harrison's 
army in the year 1812. Coesse, a nephew of 
Little Turtle, was another famous Indian chief 
who lived in this county. The village of Coesse 
is named for him. Kilsoquah, the granddaughter 
of Little Turtle, was one of the most interesting 
figures in the Indian history of the State. She 
died recently, at the town of Roanoke, at the age 
of 105 years. Some of the richest lands of the 
county were granted by treaty to the Indians, 
several hundred acres being comprised in the 
Beaver, Seeks Village and Chapine Reservations 
in Columbia and Union townships and the Rac- 
coon Reservations in the southeast corner of Jef- 
ferson township. — Phil C. McNagny. 

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are 
ten townships in Whitley county : Cleveland, Co- 
lumbia, Etna, Jefferson, Richland, Smith, Thorn- 
creek, Troy, Union and Washington. The incor- 



porated cities and towns are Columbia City, 
Churubusco and South Whitley. Columbia City 
is the county seat. 

Population of Whitley county in 1890 was 
17,768; in 1900 was 17,328, and according to 
U. S. Census in 1910 was 16,892, of which 298 
were of white foreign birth. There were 4,306 
families in the county and 4,242 dwellings. 

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to 
the annual report of the Auditor of State from 
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 
total value of lands and lots in Whitley county 
was $6,645,205 ; value of improvements was $2,- 
422,222, and the total net value of taxables was 
$14,869,000. The county had 2,835 polls. 

Improved Roads. — There were fifteen miles 
of improved roads in Whitley county, built and 
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners, 
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds 
outstanding, $179,947.50. 

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are 
58.70 miles of steam railroad operated in Whit- 
ley county by the New York, Chicago & St. 
Louis ; Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago, and the 
Butler branch of the Vandalia railroad. The 
Ft. Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Co. 
operates .66 miles of electric line in the county. 

Educational. — According to the report of 
Alvin R. Fleck, county superintendent of Whit- 
ley county, there were seventy-three school 
houses, including nine high schools, in Whitley 
county in 1914, employing 130 teachers. The 
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,173.6. 
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superin- 
tendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was 
$68,299.14. The estimated value of school prop- 
erty in the county was $307,850, and the total in- 
debtedness, including bonds, was $43,300. 

Agriculture. — There were in Whitley county 
in 1910 over 2.100 farms, embraced in 202,000 
acres. Average acres per farm, ninety-four 
acres. The value of all farm property was over 
$18,000,000, showing 98.5 per cent, increase over 
1900. The average value of land per acre was 
$61.97. The total value of domestic animals was 
over $1,790,000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued 
at $463,000; horses 8,100, valued at $956,000; 
hogs 37,000, valued at $250,000; sheep 21,000, 
valued at $93,000. The total value of poultry 
was $95,000. 




Views in Columbia City, Whitley County. 



454 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns in 
Indiana, U. S. Census 1910. 



CITY OR TOWN. 



Advance town. 
Aetna town — 
Alamo town — 
Albany town... 
Albion town... 



Alexandria city. 

Alton town 

Altona town 

Ambla town 

Amboy town 



Anderson city.. 
Andrews town. 

Angola city 

Arcadia town.. 
Argostown 



Ashley town.. 

Atlanta town. 
Attica city.... 
Auburn city.. 
Aurora city... 



Avllla town 

Balnbridge town 

Batesville city 

Battle Oround town. 
Bedford city 



Beech Grove town. 

Berne town 

Bicknejl town 

Birdseye town 

Bloomfleld town... 



Bloomingdale town. 
Bloom ington city. . . 

Blufltonclty 

Boonville city 

Boston town 



Boswell town 

Bourbon town 

Bowling Green town. 

Brazil city 

Bremen town 



County. 



1910 



Bristol town 

Broadrlpple town 

Bronson town (Losantville P. O.) 

Brook town 

Brooklyn town 



Brooksburg town . . 
Brookston town.... 
Brookville town — 
Brownsburg town.. 
Brownstown town. 



Bryant town 

Bunker Hill town. . . 
Bumettsville town. 

Butler town 

Cadiz town 



Cambridge City town. 

Camden town 

Campbellsburg town . . 

Cannelburg town 

Cannelton city 



Carbon town 

Carlisle town 

Carmeltown 

Carthage town.. 
Castleton town: 
Cayuga town... 



Boone 

Lake 

Montgomery. 

Delaware 

Noble 



Madison.. 
Crawford. 
Dekalb..., 
Benton... 
Miami 



Madison 

Huntington. 

Steuben 

Hamilton... 
Marshall. . .. 



Dekalb... 
Steuben . . 
Hamilton. 
Fountain.. 
Dekalb.... 
Dearborn . 



Noble 

Putnam 

Ripley 

Tippecanoe. 
Lawrence... 



Marlon.. 
Adams.. 
Knox... 
Dubois.. 
Greene.. 



Parke 

Monroe... 
Wells.... 
Warrick.. 
Wayne... 



Benton... 
Marshall. 

Clay 

Clay 

Marshall. 



Elkhart.... 

Marlon 

Randolph.. 

Newton 

Morgan 

Jefferson... 

White 

Franklin... 
Hendricks.. 
Jackson 



Jay 

Miami 

White 

Dekalb 

Henry 

Wayne 

Carroll 

Washington.. 

Daviess 

Perry 



Clay 

Sullivan... 
Hamilton. 

Rush 

Marlon 

Vermilion.. 



416 

161 

209 

1,289 

1,213 

6,096 
161 
349 
369 
621 

22,476 
957 

2,610 
990 

1,088 

639 

876 
3,336 
3,919 
4,410 

579 
449 

2,151 
443 

8,716 

668 
1,316 
2,794 

439 
2,069 



8,838 

4,987 

3,934 

122 



1900 



241 
2,116 
1,324 



438 
402 

20,178 

746 

2,141 

1,413 

1,307 

1,040 
1,000 
3,005 
3,396 
3,645 

658 

431 
1,384 

150 
6,115 



1,037 



476 
1,588 

505 

6,460 
4,479 
2,849 
134 



814 


824 


1,163 


1,187 


336 


432 


9,340 


7,786 


2,008 


1,671 


535 


546 


770 


487 


300 


177 


1,067 


677 


572 




150 


149 


907 


949 


2,169 


2,037 


876 


676 


1,492 


1,685 


469 


384 


668 


568 


489 


497 


1,818 


2,063 


209 


253 


2,237 


1,754 


557 




666 


672 


300 


280 


2,130 


2,188 


493 


951 


850 


699 


626 


498 


873 


1,028 


194 


199 


911 


832 



CITY OR TOWN. 



Cedar Grove town 

Center Point town 

Centervllle town 

Chalmers town 

Charlestown town 

Chesterfield town 

Chesterton town 

Chrisney town 

Churubusco town 

Cicero town 

Clarkshill town 

Clarksvllle town 

Clay City town 

Claypool town 

Claysburg town 

Clayton town 

Clermont town 

Clifford town 

Clinton city 

Cloverdale town 

Coatesville town 

Colfax town 

College Park town 

Columbia city 

Columbus city 

Connersville city 

Converse town 

Corunna town 

Corydon town 

Covington city 

Crandall town 

Crawlordsville city 

Cromwell town 

Crothersville town 

Crown Point town 

Culver town 

Cynthiana town 

Dale town 

Dana town 

Danville town 

Darlington town 

Decatur city 

Delphi city 

Diamond town 

Dills boro town 

Dublin town 

Dugger town 

Dunkirk city 

Dunreith town 

Dyer town 

Earl Park town 

East Chicago city 

East Connersville town . 

East Gary town 

East Gennantown town 

Eaton town 

Edinburg town 

Elberfela town 

Elizabeth town 

Elizabeth town town 

Elkhart city 

Ellettsville town 

Elnora town 

Elwoodcity 

English town 

Etna Green town 



County. 



Franklin 

Clay 

Wayne 

White 

Clark 

Madison 

Porter 

Spencer.. 

Whitley 

Hamilton 

Tippecanoe.. 

ClaA 

Clay 

Kosciusko — 
Clark 

Hendricks 

Marion 

Bartholomew, 

Vermilion 

Putnam 

Hendricks 

Clinton 

Huntington.. 

Whitley 

Bartholomew, 

Fayette 

Miami 

Dekalb 

Harrison 

Fountain 

Harrison 

Montgomery. 

Noble 

Jackson 

Lake 

Marshall 

Posey 

Spencer 

Vermilion . . . 
Hendricks. . . 

Montgomery. 

Adams 

Carroll 

Parke 

Dearborn 

Wayne 

Sullivan 

(Blackford.... 
Uay 

Henry 

Lake 

Benton 

Lake 

Fayette 

Lake 

Wayne 

Delaware 

Johnson 

Warrick 

Harrison 

Bartholomew 

Elkhart 

Monroe 

Daviess 

Madison 

Crawford 

Kosciusko.... 



185 
414 
1,019 
613 
864 

285 
1,400 
524 
870 
990 

463 

2,743 

1,213 

408 

380 

497 
205 
210 
6,229 
624 

472 

801 

103 

3,448 

8,813 

7,738 

1,164 

318 

1,703 



133 
9,371 

520 
1,038 
2,526 

810 
610 
5S3 
748 
1,640 

780 
4,471 
2,161 
1,070 

425 

704 
1,226 
3,031 

181 

545 

609 

19,098 
706 
484 
302 

1,428 

2,040 

438 

238 

350 

19,282 
676 
961 

11,028 
583 
431 



600 
785 
462 
915 



1,603 

539 

2,370 

1,503 

399 

116 



233 

2,918 

445 



2,975 
8,130 

6,836 
1,415 

i,'6l6' 
2,213 

137 
6,619 

"765 
2,336 

505 

502 
624 
893 



727 
4,142 
2,135 



3,187 
205 



563 

3,411 

556 



1,567 
1,820 

""in 

407 

15,184 
70S 
908 

12,950 
649 
420 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



455 



CITY OE TOWN. 



Evansvllle city 

Fairmount town 

Fairvlew Park town. 
Farmersburg town . . 
Farmland town 

Ferdinand town 

Fishers Station town 

Flora town 

Forest Hill town 

Fort Branch town . .. 

Fort Wayne city 

Fortville town, 

Fountain City town. 

Fowler town 

Fowlerton town 

Francesville town 

Francisco town 

Frankfort city 

Franklin city 

Frankton town 

Fredericksburg town. 

Fremont town 

French Lick town. . . 

Fulton town 

Galveston town 

Garrett city 

Gary city 

Gas city 

Gaston town 

Geneva town 

Gentryvtlle town 

Georgetown town 

Glenwood town 

Goodland town 

Goshen city 

Gosport town 

Grand view town 

G reencastle city 

Greendale town 

Greenfield city 

Greensboro town 

Greens burg city 

Greentown town 

Greenville town 

Greenwood town 

Griffin town 

Griffith town 

Hagerstown town 

Hamlet town 

Hammond city 

Hanover town 

Hardlnsburg town . . . 

Hartford City 

HartsviUe town 

Hazelton town 

Hebron town 

Highland town 

Hlflshoro town 

Hobart town 

Hope town 

Hudson town 

Huntingburg city 

Huntington city 

Huron town , 

Hytnera town 

Indianapolis city 

Tngalls town 

Jamestown town 

Jason vllle town 

Jasper town 

Jeffersonville city — 

Jonesboro town 

Jonesvlile town 

Judson town 

Kempton town 

Kendall ville city 

Kennard town 

Kentland town 

Kewanna town 

Keystone town 

Kingman town 

Klrkllntown 

Knlchtstown town.. 
Knights vllle town. . . 

Knox town 

Kokomoelty 

La Fontaine town. . . 

Laconia town 

Ladoga town 

Lafayette city 

Lagrange town 



Dekalb... 

Lake 

Grant 

Delaware. 
Adams 



Spencer. 

Floyd... 
/Fayette.. 
\Rush 

Newton. 

Elkhart. 



County. 



Vanderburg. . 

Grant 

Vermilion 

Sullivan 

Randolph — 

Dubois 

Hamilton 

Carrolh 

Decatur 

Gibson 



Allen.... 
Hancock. 
Wayne... 
Benton... 
Grant 



Pulaski.. 
Gibson... 
Clinton . . 
Johnson.. 
Madison. 



Washington.. 

Steuben 

Orange 

Fulton 



Owen 

Spencer... 
Putnam.. 
Dearborn. 
Hancock.. 



Henry... 
Decatur. . 
Howard.. 
Floyd.... 
Johnson., 



Posey... 

Lake 

Wayne. 
Starke.. 
Lake — 



Jefferson 

Washington... 

Blackford 

Bartholomew 

Gibson 



Porter 

Lake 

Fountain 

Lake 

Bartholomew . . 
Steuben 



Dubois 

Huntington. 
Lawrence... 

Sullivan 

Marlon 



Madison. 
Boone... 
Greene. . . 
Dubois... 
Clark.... 



Grant 

Bartholomew. 

Parke 

Tipton 

Noble 



Henry 

Newton... 
Fulton.... 

Wells 

Fountain . 



Clinton.. 
Henry... 

Clay 

Starke... 
Howard. 



Harrison 

Montgomery. 
Tippecanoe.. 
Lagrange 



69,647 

2,506 

630 

1,115 

907 

827 
188 

1,386 
111 

1,182 

63,933 
1,174 

448 
1,491 

293 

729 

407 
8,634 
4,502 

936 

271 

694 

1,803 

296 

658 

4,149 
16,802 
3,224 
638 
1,140 

383 
331 



1,105 
8,514 

776 
735 

3,790 
697 

4,448 

250 
5,420 
1,166 

227 
1,608 

275 

523 

936 

579 

20,925 

356 
254 
6,187 
358 
648 

821 

304 

528 

1,753 

1,223 

390 

2,464 

10,272 

197 

1,515 

233,650 

322 

690 
3,295 
2,196 
10,412 

1,573 
213 
141 

600 
4,981 

449 
1,209 
728 
242 
535 

699 
2,008 
1,081 
1,644 
17,010 

683 

82 

1,148 



59,007 
3,205 



625 
870 



1,209 
152 
849 

45,115 

1,006 

455 

1,429 



7,100 
4,005 
1,464 

281 

709 
260 



3,910 
3,622 



464 
350 



1,205 
7,810 

726 

822 
3,661 

473 
4,489 

284 
5,034 
1,287 

309 
1,503 



862 

432 

12,376 

377 
210 
5,912 
439 
758 

794 



600 
1,390 
1,088 

558 

2,527 
9,491 



1G9.164 



642 
640 



1,863 
10,774 

1,838 
268 
136 



3,354 

417 

1,006 

646 

250 



624 
1,942 
1,171 
1,466 
10,609 



135 
1,176 

1,703 



CITY OB TOWN. 



Lagro town 

Lakevllle town. . 
Lanesville town . 

Lapel town 

Laporte city 



Laurel town 

Lawrenceburg city . . 
Leavenworth town . 

Lebanon city 

T«esburg town 



Lewlsvllle town.. 

Liberty town 

LIgoniercity 

Linden town 

Linton city 



Little York town. 

Livonia town 

Llzton town 

Logansport city. . . 
Loogootee city 



Lowell town 

Lynn town 

Lynnvllle town . 

Lyons town 

Macy town 



Madison city 

Marengo town 

Marion city 

M ark I e town 

Marshall town 

Martinsville city.. 
Matthews town... 
Mauckport town . . 
Medaryville town. 
Mellott town 



Men tone town 

Merom town 

Michigan City 

Mlchigantown town. 
Middlebury town 



Middletown town. 

Milan town 

Milford town 

MUford town 

Miller town 



Mlllersburg town. . . 
Mlllhousen town... 

Milltown town 

Milton town 

Mlshawaka city 

Mitchell city 

Modoc town 

Monon town 

Monroe town 

Monroe City town.. 



Monroeville town . . 

Monterey town 

Montezuma town . . 
Montgomery town. 
Monticello city 



Montpelier city. .. 
Moorefield town. . . 
Mooreland town... 
Moores Hill town. 
Mooresville town.. 



Morgan town town 

Morocco town 

Morristown town 

Mount Auburn town. . 
Mount Ayr town 

Mount Carmel town... 

Mount Etna town 

Mount Summit town . 

Mount Vernon city 

Munciecity 



Munster town. 

Nappanee town 

Nashville town 

New Albany city 

New Amsterdam town. 
New Carlisle town 



New Castle city 

New Chicago town 

New Harmony town. 

New Haven town 

New Market town — 



County. 



New Middletown town 

New Palestine town 

New Pekin town 

New Providence town (Borden 

P. O.). 
New Richmond town 



Wabash 

St. Joseph . 
Harrison . . , 
Madison. . . 
Laporte — 



Franklin... 
Dearborn . . 
Crawford... 

Boone 

Kosciusko. 



Henry 

Union 

Noble 

Montgomery. 
Greene 



Washington.. 
Washington.. 
Hendricks. . . 

Cass 

Martin 



Lake 

Randolph. 
Warrick... 

Greene ' 

Miami 



Jefferson 

Crawford 

Grant 

/Huntington . 

\Wells 

Parke 



Morgan... 

Grant 

Harrison . . 
Pulaski... 
Fountain. 



Kosciusko. 
Sullivan... 

Laporte 

Clinton 

Elkhart.... 



Henry 

Ripley 

Decatur 

Kosciusko. 
Lake 



Elkhart... 
Decatur.. 
Crawford. 



ivne 

Joseph.. 



St 



Lawrence. 
Randolph., 

White 

Adams 

Knox 



Allen... 
Pulaski. 
Parke... 
Daviess. 
White... 



Blackford 

Switzerland. , 

Henry 

Dearborn 

Morgan , 



Morgan.. 
Newton. 
Shelby.. 
Waytfe.. 
Newton. 



Franklin 

Huntington. 

Henry 

Posey 

Delaware... 



Lake 

Elkhart.... 

Brown 

Floyd 

Harrison... 
St. Joseph.. 



nenry 

Lake 

Posey 

Allen 

Montgomery. 

Harrison 

Hancock 

Washington.. 
Clark 



1910 



Montgomery. 



463 

227 

290 

1,045 

10,525 

503 

3,930 
690 

5,474 
401 

446 
1,338 
2,173 

556 
5,906 

195 

197 

224 

19,050 

2,154 

1,235 
917 
297 
993 
320 



19,359 
820 
334 

4,529 
688 
279 
710 
372 

728 
521 
19,027 
395 
600 

1,174 
657 



428 
211 
586 
601 
11,886 

3,438 
261 

1,184 
334 
630 

910 

280 
1,537 

611 
2,168 

2,786 
94 
455 
424 

1,608 

667 
927 
622 
167 
231 

142 

148 

193 

5,563 

24,005 

543 
2,260 
354 
20,029 
134 
612 

9,446 

105 

1,229 

1.0.1S 

334 

145 
450 
246 
350 



1900 



464 



456 

"324' 

869 

7,113 

600 
4,326 

655 
4,465 

390 

404 
1,449 
2,231 

572 
3,071 

224 
200 



16,204 
1,382 

1,275 
705 



314 

7,835 

700 

17,337 

729 



4,038 
'"296 



757 
478 
14,860 
417 
672 

1,801 
422 
211 
905 



481 
265 



1,772 

221 

1,160 



688 

690 
261 

1,172 
616 

2,107 

3,405 
113 
309 
338 
974 



920 
665 
163 



153 
175 



5,132 
20,942 



2,208 

393 

20,628 

200 

597 

3,406 



1,341 
950 



107 
444 



357 



456 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



CITY OB TOWN. 



New Ross town. 
Newberry town. 
Newburg town. . 
Newpointtown. 
Newport town.. 



County. 



Montgomery. 

Greene 

Warrick 

Decatur 

Vermilion 



Noblesville city Hamilton . 

Normal City town I Delaware.. 

North Judson town Starke 

North Liberty town I St. Joseph. 

North Manchester town I Wabash 



North Salem town ' Hendricks. 

North Vernon city i Jennings... 

Oakland City town ' Gibson 

Oaktown town l Knox 

Odon town 'Daviess 



Oldenburg town I Franklin 



Oolitic town. 
Orestes town. . 
Orleans town. 
Osgood town. . 



Ossian town 

Otterbein town.. 
Owensville town. 

Oxford town 

Palmyra town... 



Paol! town 

Paragon town 

Parker City town. 

Patoka town 

Patriot town 



Lawrence. 
Madison.. 

Orange 

Ripley 



Wells.... 

Benton.. 
Gibson... 
Benton... 
Harrison. 



Madison. 

Jay 

Miami... 



Pendleton town 

Pennville town 

Peru city 

Petersburg town ! Pike. 

Pierceton town I Kosciusko.. 

Pine Village town I Warren 

Plttsboro town ' Hendricks . 

Plainfield town i Hendricks . 

Plymouth city • Marshall . . . 

Poneto town Wells 



Port Fulton town ' Clark 

Porter town j Porter 

Portland city Jay 

Posey ville town Posey 

Princeton city Gibson 

Redkey town J Jay 

Remington town Jasper 

Rensselaer city Jasper 

Reynolds town White 

Richmond city Wayne 

Rldgevlew town Miami 

Ridgeville town i Randolph. , 

Rising Sun city Ohio 

River Park town I St. Joseph. 

Riverside town I Delaware.. 



Roachdale town. 

Roann town 

Roanoke town . . , 
Rochester city . . . 
Rockport city. . . . 



Rockville city 

Rosedale town 

Rossville town 

Royal Center town. 
Rush vlUe city 



Russellville town.. 

St. Joe town 

St. Leon town 

St. Meuirad town. 
Salamonla town.. . 



Salem town 

Saltlilotown.... 
Sandborn town. 
Saratoga town... 



Scottsburg town . 
SeelyviHe town... 
Sellersburg town . 

Selina town 

Seymour city.... 



Putnam 

Wabash 

Huntington . 

Fulton 

Spencer 



Parke... 
Parke... 
Clinton.. 

Cass 

Rush.... 



Putnam 

Dekalb 

Dearborn... 

Spencer 

Jay 

Washington. 
Washington. 

Knox 

Randolph... 



Scott 

Vigo 

Clark 

Delaware. 
Jackson . . . 



1910 



Orange 

Morgan I 

Randolph I 

Gibson 

Switzerland... 



296 
455 
1,097 
341 
732 

5,073 
1,122 
1,143 
681 
2,428 

569 
2,915 
2,370 

608 
1,004 

956 
1,079 

420 
1,367 
1,169 

661 

652 
1,237 
1,010 

252 

1,278 
409 
800 
657 
340 

1,293 

800 

10,910 

2,170 

817 

352 

408 
1,303 
3,838 

308 

1,060 
524 

5,130 
780 

6,448 

1,714 

982 

2,393 

377 

22, 324 

440 
1,302 
1,513 
1,505 

863 

849 

447 

699 

3.364 

2,736 

1,943 

1,166 

677 

909 

4,925 

443 
391 
261 

538 
169 

2,283 
162 
445 
410 

1,669 

1,188 

676 

350 

6.305 



1900 



284 



1,371 
451 
610 

4,792 
868 
944 
504 

2,398 

599 
2,823 
1,991 



923 



957 



778 
1,236 
1,035 

529 



1,019 
949 



1,186 
413 
909 
710 
408 

1,512 

773 

8,463 

1,751 

S86 

279 



3,656 
332 

1,101 



4,798 

628 

0,041 

2,206 

1,120 

2,255 

393 

18,226 



1,098 
1,548 



942 
631 

536 
3,421 
2,882 

2,045 
865 
698 
657 

4,541 

298 
483 
369 
525 
168 

1,995 
207 



1,274 
6.445 



CITY OB TOWN. 



Shelburn town 

Shelbyvillectty... 
Sheridan town 

Shirley town 

Shirley City town. 



Shoals town 

Silver Grove town.. 
Sliver Lake town... 
South Bend city... 
South Peru town... 



South Whitley town. 

Southport town 

Spenoer city 

Spiceland town 

Spring Grove town... 



State Line city. . 
Staunton town.. 
Stinesville town. 
Straugrm town.. 
Sullivan city 



Sulphur Springs town.. 

Summitville town 

Sunman town , 

Swayzee town 

Syracuse town , 



Tell City 

Tennyson town.. 
Terre Haute city. 
Thorntown town. 
Tipton city 



Troy town 

Union City i 

Uniondale town 

University Heights town.. 
Upland town , 



Versailles town. . 

Vevay city 

Vincennes city.. 

Wabash city 

Wakarusa town. 



Walkerton town.., 

Wallace town 

Walton town 

Warren town 

Warsaw city 

Washington city.. 

Waterloo town 

Waveland town. . . 
Waynetown town. 
West Baden town.. 



Sullivan... 

Shelby.... 

Hamilton . 
i Hancock.. 
\Henry 

Allen 



Valparaiso city Porter 

Van Buren town Grant 

Veedersburg city Fountain., 

Vera Cruz town Wells 

Vernon town Jennings.. 



County. 



Martin 

Floyd 

Kosciusko.. 
St. Joseph.. 
Miami 



Whitley.. 
Marion. . . 

Owen 

Henry . . . 
Wayne... 



Warren . . 

Clay 

Monroe... 
Henry... 
Sullivan.. 



Henry 

Madison 

Ripley 

Grant 

Kosciusko.. 



Perry 

Warrick.. 

Vigo 

Boone 

Tipton... 



Perry 

Randolph. 

Wells 

Marion 

Grant 



Ripley 

Switzerland . 

Knox 

Wabash 

Elkhart 



St. Joseph... 

Fountain 

Cass 

Huntington. 
Kosciusko... 



Daviess 

Dekalb 

Montgomery. 
Montgomery . 
Orange 



West College Corner town Union 

West Harrison town 2 Dearborn... 

West Lafayette town Tippecanoe. 

I West Lebanon town I Warren 

West Terra Haute town ! Vigo 

Westfleld town Hamilton... 

Westport town Decatur 

Westville town ! Laporte 

Wheatfield town I Jasper 

Whlteland town I Johnson.... 



Whitewater town ! Wayne 

Whiting city | Lake 

Williamsport city i Warren 

Winamac town I Pulaski..., 

Winchester city Randolph. 



Windfall city... 
Wlngate town.. 
Wlnslow town. 
Wolcott town.. 



Wolcottvllle town.. 

Woodruff town 

Worthington town. 
Zlonsvlile town.... 



Tipton 

Montgomery. 

Pike 

White 



/Lagrange., 

\Noble 

Marlon 

Greene 

Boone 



1910 



2,055 
9,500 
1,768 

1,619 

375 

1,015 

783 

493 

53.6S4 

1 863 

1,176 
352 

2,150 
622 
122 

194 
746 
497 
234 
4,115 

209 

1,387 

353 

836 

1,379 

3,369 

371 

58,157 

1,508 

4,075 

510 

3,209 
189 
102 

l,0SO 

6,987 

1,189 

1,757 

133 

453 

486 

1,256 

14,895 

8,687 

859 

1,003 

116 

579 

1,189 

4,430 

7,854 

1,167 

676 

734 

746 

432 

281 
3,867 

642 
3,083 

700 
675 
503 
357 
343 

112 
0,587 
1,243 
1,607 
4,206 



446 
932 
873 

627 j 

833 i 

1,732 I 

840 ; 



659 

477 

1,448 

765 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



457 



ADDENDA 



The First Monopoly. — The first French set- 
tlement in the Province of Louisiana was made 
at Biloxi, on the shores of Lake Borgne, by 
D'Ibberville and Bienville in 1699. After the 
war between England and France in 1702, the 
colony was neglected until September 14, 1712, 
when Louis XIV, king of France, granted letters 
patent to Crozat, an officer of his household, 
giving him a virtual monopoly of trade through- 
out "all the lands possessed by us and bounded 
by New Mexico and by the lands of the English 
of Carolina, . . . the river of St. Louis, 
heretofore called the Mississippi, from the edge 
of the sea as far as the Illinois, together with the 
river St. Philip, heretofore called Missouri, and 
of St. Jerome, heretofore called Ouabache ; with 
all the countries, territories, lakes within land, 
and rivers which fall directly or indirectly into 
that part of the river St. Louis. . . ."* 

After the death of Louis XIV, Crozat sur- 
rendered his charter and the Province of Louisi- 
ana was granted a monopoly to what was called 
the Mississippi Company, which ceded to it for- 
ever "all the lands, coasts, havens, islands which 
formed the Province of Louisiana." Early in 
1719, after extended activities had been begun 
in the Province of Louisiana, and having re- 
ceived enlarged privileges from the crown, the 
name of the company was changed to the Com- 
pany of the Indies. In 1721, the country was 
divided into nine districts, which were called 
New Orleans, Biloxi, Mobile, Alabama, Natchez, 
Yazoo, Natchitoches, Arkansas and Illinois. The 
district of Illinois included the territory now 
lying within the borders of the State of Indi- 
ana. — (See Matthse Seutteri's Map of 1720, 
page 11.) 

Religious Intolerance : Expulsion of Jews. — 
That the activities of the Company of the Indies 
in the extension of trade throughout the Province 
of Louisiana attracted Portuguese, Spanish and 
French Jewish traders, numbers of whom must 
have undoubtedly come at an earlier period, and 
whose presence was undesirable, is apparent 
from the edict of Louis XV. In March, 1724. 
the king of France published an ordinance which 
was designed to serve "as a regulation for the 



government and administration of justice . . . 
in the Province of Louisiana." The first article 
of the ordinance reads as follows : 

"The edict of the late King Louis XIII, of 
glorious memory, dated the 23rd of April, 1615, 
Mi ill be in force in our Province of Louisiana; 
in the execution of which, we enjoin the directors 
general of said company, to remove from said 
country all the Jews who have taken up their 
abode there." 

Prior to this, in the Charter granted by 
James I of England to the Colony of Virginia, 
May 23, 1609, an order was made to prevent the 
settlement of Catholics in the Colony of Vir- 
ginia : from which colony, in 1642, all catholic 
priests were ordered to depart in five days, t 

The Indiana Historical Commission. — The 
Legislature of 1915 passed an act creating an 
Indiana Historical Commission, whose function 
should be twofold. Its permanent function is 
to edit and publish documentary and other ma- 
terials on the history of the State of Indiana — 
in short, to conserve the historic interests of the 
State. Its more immediate purpose is to prepare 
and execute plans for a historical and educa- 
tional celebration of the Centennial of Indiana. 

The membership of the Commission is in part 
ex-officio, but for the most part appointive by 
the Governor. The members are : Governor 
Samuel M. Ralston, president; Frank B. Wynn, 
Indianapolis, vice-president ; Harlow Lindley, 
Richmond, secretary; James A. Woodburn, 
Bloomington ; Charles W. Moores, Indianap- 
olis ; Samuel M. Foster, Fort Wayne ; Charity 
Dye, Indianapolis ; John Cavanaugh, Notre 
Dame; Lew M. O'Bannon, Corydon. 

The State Institutions. — There are nineteen 
State charitable and correctional institutions. 
Five of these institutions are devoted to the 
treatment of the insane, one each to the educa- 
tion of the deaf and blind, one each to the care 
and training of the feeble-minded and the epilep- 
tic, one to the treatment of pulmonary tubercu- 
losis, five to the detention and reformation of 
delinquents ; there is one home for soldiers' and 
sailors' orphans, and one general hospital. 

All these institutions are maintained by appro- 



* Dillon, pp. 24, 25. 



t Dillon, pp. 31, 32. 



458 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



priations from the State's general fund, made bi- 
ennially by the Legislature. The one exception 
to this rule is the State Soldiers' Home, which 
receives a statutory monthly allowance of $16 
for each member, officer and employe in the 
home. The State is subsequently reimbursed by 
the Federal government at the rate of $100 per 
annum for each soldier. The State also receives 
from the various counties one-half the mainte- 
nance cost of the Indiana Boys' School and the 
Girls' School, and the total expense for clothing 
indigent patients in the hospitals for insane and 
Village for Epileptics. In making appropria- 
tions, the Legislature is guided by a committee 
of three of its members — one from the Senate 
and two from the House — appointed by the Gov- 
ernor within ten days after the November gen- 
eral election. This "Legislative Investigating 
Committee" inquires into the needs of the in- 
stitutions, boards and officers maintained by the 
State, and makes recommendations to the Gen- 
eral Assembly. The State makes no subsidies to 
private institutions. 

The law requires that these institutions shall 
be conducted on a thorough non-partisan basis. 
Each is managed by a board of trustees, ap- 
pointed by the Governor. Not more than two 
members of a board may be of the same political 
party. Only honorably discharged soldiers or 
sailors of the civil war may serve as trustees of 
the Soldiers' Home and the Soldiers' and Sail- 
ors' Orphans' Home ; none but women may be 
appointed on the boards of the Woman's Prison 
and the Indiana Girls' School ; one member of 
the School for Feeble-Minded Youth board and 
the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home board 
may be a woman. These trustees receive an an- 
nual compensation of $300 each and reasonable 
expenses, not to exceed $125 a year, each. Each 
board appoints the superintendent of its partic- 
ular institution, and the superintendent in turn 
appoints and discharges all officers and employes. 
Such appointments must be made on the basis of 
fitness and regardless of political or religious 
affiliation. The trustees are forbidden to "so- 
licit or request or in any way interfere with the 
appointment or discharge of any officer or em- 
ploye." Campaign assessments are forbidden. 

Supplies are purchased by competitive bids, 
the contract being awarded to the lowest and best 
responsible bidder. 



Annual reports, uniform in character, are made 
to the Governor and printed for general dis- 
tribution. Each institution also makes to the 
Governor a semi-annual report of all receipts 
and earnings. The Board of State Charities re- 
ceives from each a quarterly statistical report of 
receipts and earnings, expenditures and move- 
ment of population, and from all except the Sol- 
diers' Home and the School for the Blind a 
statement of daily population and a monthly re- 
port of admissions and discharges. 

All these institutions are subject to supervi- 
sion by the Board of State Charities, of which 
the Governor is president ex-officio. 

The Ripley County Lynching. — On Septem- 
ber 15, 1897, the State and county was shocked 
by the news that five persons had been taken 
out of the jail at Versailles in the early hours 
of the morning and hung. Although an investi- 
gation was immediately undertaken by the State 
authorities with a view of prosecuting those who 
participated in the lynching, it was openly and 
defiantly proclaimed throughout Ripley county 
that nothing would come of the investigation. 
At the time of the lynching the court was in 
session, and the judge called the attention of 
the grand jury to the heinous character of the 
crime, that it be investigated and the guilty par- 
ties, if they could be ascertained, be indicted. 
This jury accomplished nothing and it remained 
for the attorney-general, Wm. A. Ketcham, on 
behalf of the State, to undertake the investiga- 
tion, discover the guilty parties and prosecute 
them. That he discovered who some of the guilty 
parties were is evident from a summary of the 
case by Attorney-General Ketcham (Biennial Re- 
port 1897-98, page 47), in which he says: "The 
case, although dependent upon circumstantial evi- 
dence, outside of this particular witness, was an 
impregnable one, and the defendant and his 
counsel recognized, before the case was con- 
cluded, that a case had been made," and his 
failure to bring the guilty to justice is set forth 
in his unique report to Governor Mount on the 
subject of The Ripley County Lynching, as fol- 
lows : 

March 2, 1898. 

To His Excellency Jcunes A. Mount, Governor of In- 
diana: 

I have the honor to submit the following report of my 
efforts during the last ten days in endeavoring to ascer- 
tain the method and manner of the killing of five citi- 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 



459 



zens in Indiana, in Ripley county jail, on the night of 
the 14th and morning of the 15th of Septemher last. I 
ascertained the following facts to be indisputably true, 
namely: 

1. Some time prior to that time one Wilder Levi had 
pawned at McCoy's store, in Osgood, a 44-calibre re- 
volver. 

2. That this revolver was in McCoy's store under 
pawn on the evening of the 14th of September. 

3. That neither McCoy, nor any employe of his, on 
that evening, had aught to do with this revolver. 

4. That Lyle Levi was killed on the night of the 14th. 
or the morning of the 15th, with this identical revolver, 
and was subsequently found hanging to a tree in the 
neighborhood of the jail. 

5. That of the four other inmates of the jail, two, 
Henry Schuter and William Jenkins, were killed in 
jail and subsequently hung with the other two, who 
were not killed in jail, on the same tree with Levi. 

6. That the sheriff of the county, being disabled, and 
therefore incapacitated from attending to the business 
during the night when wrongs might be perpetrated, 
was absent from his post of duty during that particular 
night and the two preceding nights, although being con- 
spicuously present, with his wife, at the jail during the 
day, when harm could not be expected to come to the 
inmates. 

7. That in the absence of the sheriff, the jail was 
carefully and sedulously watched by five vigilant and 
faithful guards, who had been selected by the sheriff 
for that purpose. 

8. That of the guards, some were armed with re- 
volvers, some with shotguns, and some, apparently, with 
the weapons that nature had conferred on them, and 
that in order to make their weapons more efficient, the 
loads had been withdrawn from the shotguns, so that, 
undoubtedly in the case of an emergency requiring ac- 
tion, a sufficient charge could be placed in the gun to 
deter any persons bent on crime from approaching the 
body of the jail. 

9. That no person whatever, either of the county, or 
from any other place, participated either directly or in- 
directly in the killing of those five men, or any of them. 

Conan Doyle, who has devoted great thought and at- 
tention to the ferreting out of crime, and of the prin- 
ciples upon which discoveries in that line shall be made, 
lays down the following axiom as a cardinal principle 
in detective work, namely : That when you have ex- 
cluded every other possible hypothesis, the one remain- 
ing is undoubtedly the correct one. however improbable 
or unreasonable it may seem. This proposition com- 
mends itself to my judgment, and must, I submit, com- 
mend itself to yours; and as every other possible 
hypothesis is necessarily excluded by the foregoing 
statement of facts (which are each undoubtedly true), 
I submit that the following is the only correct and true 
solution of the killing of these men. namely: 

That Lyle Levi, having been incarcerated in the jail. 
and nut being satisfied with surroundings or associates, 
and knowing that Wilder Levi's revolver was at Mc- 
store in Osgood, broke jail — it's not important in 
this connection to ascertain how he broke jail — and 
went to Osgood — the manner of his getting to ' Isgood 



is likewise immaterial — that he broke into McCoy's 
store, stole Wilder Levi's revolver, returned to Ver- 
sailles, broke back into jail, without the knowledge of 
the guards, who apparently were asleep at their posts 
at this time, returned to his cell, shot himself, then 
killed Schuter and Jenkins and with a rope that he had 
got hold of somehow — but the evidence does not dis- 
close how or in what place he obtained it — hung the 
dead bodies of Schuter and Jenkins to the tree, put the 
finishing touches to his crime by hanging Andrews and 
Gordon, and then, in order that suspicion might be 
directed against innocent men, finally hung himself, 
and his nefarious conduct in attempting to distract 
attention from himself and divert suspicion to the good 
citizens of Osgood, Napoleon, Milan and Versailles, all 
of whom were in the habit of retiring to their beds 
(and followed that habit on this particular night), im- 
mediately after eleven o'clock at night — the hour at 
which, under the law, saloons are required to be closed 
— is the more reprehensible, as apparently nothing in his 
life so became him as the leaving of it. 

It is clear that, except as to Levi, nobody was abroad 
that night. It is clear that everybody, especially in 
Versailles, Osgood, Napoleon and Milan, condemns in 
the strongest language the conduct of Levi in thus sum- 
marily putting an end to the lives of his companions in 
crime, imprisonment and death. Every one in the 
county, especially the men (other than Levi) suspected 
of the crime, the lawyers, the officials and the justices, 
condemn in unmeasured terms the unlawful taking of 
life. I know of no crime they regard as worse than 
that, unless it be the crimes of which these five men 
were suspected, and on account of which they were in- 
carcerated. It will doubtless be a great relief to your 
mind, as it is to mine, to know that the sentiment of 
Ripley county is a unit, outside of the five men who 
where hung, and I had no opportunity to discover what 
their sentiments on that subject were against the com- 
mission of any such crimes as the community outside 
of Ripley county has heretofore, without any just cause, 
charged upon the good citizens of the county. In this 
feeling the Methodist minister in charge at Versailles 
measurably coincides, but only within limits. While 
opposed in the abstract to the killing of prisoners con- 
fined in jail, the crimes of which the men so confined 
were accused, seem to him to be the more heinous of 
the two, and I sincerely trust that when your mind is 
coerced to the conclusion, as it must be by this report, 
that Levi, and Levi alone, is guilty of the killing, and 
that it is simply one more crime added to the long list 
of which he has been charged and suspected, the good 
man in his relief at knowing that nobody else in Ripley 
county except Levi was responsible for the killing, will 
feel at liberty to denounce this additional crime by Levi 
in the manner that it deserves, and that as a result of 
this sad chapter in the history of the State, all criminals 
henceforth confined in county jails will be deterred 
from adding further to their crimes, and permit their 
fellow prisoners to be hung decently and in order, by 
the constituted authorities, under the law of the land, 
and not attempt to add to their other crimes the killing 
of those who are confined with them, and finish the 
story by suicide. 



GENERAL INDEX 



Maps and Illustrations are. Indicated by Italic Figures.] 



Academy of Immaculate Conception, Ferdi- 
nand: 241, 242; Oldenburg, 249, 254, 
254. 

Adams county, 200, 210. 

Agriculture: 107; 1840-50, 124; State 
Board of, 125; survey, 1860, 134. See 
County Histories, 209-453. 

Agricultural advancement since Civil War: 
Area farmed and values, 187; crops 
and their distribution, 187 ; live stock, 
190; organization of farmers, 190; agri- 
cultural tendencies, 191; social status of 
farmers, 192; state aid, 192. See 
County Histories, 209-453. 

Agricultural societies, 108, 125, 187-193. 

Allen county, 210, 211, 212, 211, 214. 

Allen, John, 210. 

Auburn, 238. 

Audubon Society of Indiana, 174. 

Automobile era, 166, 167. 

Asb'ury University, 358, 395. 

Banks: first, 48; "Wildcat," 121; State of 
Indiana, 122; Indianapolis, 316; Indian- 
apolis branch, 317; number of national, 
State and savings. See Present 
Financial Institutions, 358. 

Banking, Early, 84, 357. 

Baptist Church: Little Cedar, 1812, Brook- 
ville, 253. 

"Barrens, The," 444. 

Bartholomew county, 214, 215. 

Bartholomew, General Joseph, 214. 

Bass lake, 407. 

Bedford, 179. 

Beecher, Henry Ward, 318. 

Benevolent institutions, 112, 212, 214, 225, 
269. 

Benton county, 216. 

Bird life, conservation of, 174. 

Benton, Thomas H., 216. 

"Big Tree," Greene county, 261. 

Blackford county, 218. 

Blind, State School for, 112-318, 340, 341. 

Blockhouses, 63, 64, 212, 234. 

Bonded indebtedness. See Educational in 
County Histories, 209-453. 

Boon, Ratliff, 81. 

Boone county, 21Q. 

Bounties, 144. 

Bowman's Journal, 30. 

Brandy wine, The: 263, ford on, 402. 

Bridge over Richland creek, 260. 

Bright's, Senator, disloyalty, 144. 

Broad Ripple, 208. 

Brookville, 53, 249, 250, 25;. 

Brown county, 82, 91, no] 150, 220, 221, 222. 

Brownstown, 53. 

Buena Vista, Battle of, 118. 

Building and loan associations. See Pres- 
ent Financial Institutions, 358. 

Busseron's, Francis, Commission as Justice, 
39. 

Butler bill compromise. 111. 

Butler College, 350, 351. 

Canaan Road, 278. 

Canals, 75, .101. 

"Capital in the Woods," 81. 

Capital, locating the, 1820, 78. 

Capital, removal of, 78, 313. 

Carroll county, 223. 

Cass county, 224. 

Cataract Falls, 117. 

Catholic Church, first, 50, 90. 

Caves: "Wet Cave," Washington county, 

147; Marengo, 231; Wyandotte, 231, 

*&* 233- 
Cement industry, 181. 

Census, 1900-1910, cities and towns, 454. 
Centennial, Indiana Historical Commission, 

4 5 7. 
Centerville, 53. 

Central Hospital for the Insane, 317, 338. 
Central Normal College, 267. 
Charities, State. See State Institutions. 
Charlestown, 53, 226. 
Christian or Disciples church, 90. 
Churches: first, 50; 1850, 116. 
Churchman, William H., 112, 318. 



Cities and towns. See County Histories, 
209-453. 

Civil organization, the first, 33. 

Civil War period: antecedent conditions, 
135; the Secession Issue and Morton's 
stand, 135; conditions at beginning, 
136; Morion's activity, 136; organiza- 
tion of State troops, 138; six first regi- 
ments, 138; extra session of Legisla- 
ture, 138; the Hundred Days' troops, 
139; the Indiana Legion, 140; invasions 
of the St.ile, 14D; Julmsnn and Hine-, 
140; the Morgan raid, 141; the disloyal 
element, 142; Sons of Liberty, 143: 
Senator Bright's disloyalty, 144; the 
draft, 144; bounties, 144; Indiana's care 
for her soldiers, 146; the military 
agency, 146; sanitary commission, 146; 
relief of soldiers' families, 148; tempo- 
rary and permanent homes, 148; influ- 
ences of the war, 153. 

Clark county, 53, 225. 

Clark, George Rogers, 17, 29, 225, 227, 328, 
330. 

(.lark's campaign, documentary material, 
29. 

Clark's conquest, story of, 17-29. 

Clark's "Grant," 31, 226. 

Clark's ill-fortune, 30. 

Clark's memoirs and letter to Mason, 30. 

Clay county, 228. 

Clays of Indiana, 180. 

Clifty Falls: Bartholomew county, 215; 
Jefferson county, jSi; Clinton county, 
230, 231. 

Coal, early history, 174. 

Coal, amount mined, and number of mines. 
See County Histories — Clay, Daviess, 
Gibson, Fountain, Greene, Knox, Parke, 
Perry, Pike, Spencer, Sullivan, Vander- 
burg, Vermilion, Vigo and Warrick 
counties. 

Colfax, Schuyler, 331. 

College buildings, early, 49. 

College beginnings, 88. 

Colleges. See Educational Institutions. 

Columbia City, views in, 453. 

Conner, Davis, 239. 

Connersville, 245. 

Constitution, the new, 119. 

Constitutional convention: 71; 1850, 120. 

Convent of Sisters of St. Francis, Olden- 
burg, 185. 

Corydon: 53; Pastoral Elegy (song), 55; 
Old Constitutional Elm, 79; first State- 
house, 79, 264. 

County organization. See County His- 
tories, 209-453. 

County divisions and towns, 52. 

County histories, 203-453. 

Crawford, Col. William, 231. 

Crawford county, 231. 

"Crazy Asylum," first, 113. 

Cultural Beginnings, 52. 

Culver Military Academy (parade ground), 
362, 363, 363. 

Danger period, the, Indian History, 57, 67. 

"Dan Patch," 216. 

Daviess county, 233. 

Deaf and Dumb, State School for, 112- 
318, 338, 341. 

Dearborn county, 53, 235. 

Decatur county, 236. 

Decius, letters of, 56. 

Deitch, Guilford A. (contribution, "Insur- 
ance in Indiana"), 200. 

Dekalb, Baron, 237. 

Dekalb county, 237. 

Delaware county, 239. 

DePauw University: sketch of, 395; views 
of, 394- 

Developments to 1836: 83; prior to 1840, 
107; 1840-1850, 111; 1850-1860, 119; 
since 1870, 153; outline from earliest 
period, 205. 

Draft, the, 144. 

Dubois county, 241. 

Dubois, Toussaint, 241. 

Dunn, Jacob Piatt (note), 205. 

461 



Earlham College, 40, 447, 448. 

Early Indian types, 19. 

Eastern Hospital for Insane, 448. 

Education: constitutional provision, 86; 
school law of 1824, 87; typical log 
schoolhouse, $~; illiteracy, 1840-1850, 
108; new movement in latter '40s, 122; 
law of 1852, 124; Perkins' decision, 124. 
See Cm niv Histories, 209-453. 

Educational beginnings, 49. 

Educational Institutions; Academy of Im- 
maculate Conception, Ferdinand, 242; 
Oldenburg, 254; Butler College, 350; 
College of Missions, 354; Convent, Sis- 
ters St. Francis, Oldenburg, 254; Cul- 
ver Military Academy, 363; DePauw 
University, 395; Earlham College, 448; 
Franklin College, 285; Goshen College, 
343; Hanover College, 280; Howe 
School, 293; Indiana Central Univer- 
sity, 354; Indiana Dental College, 353; 
Indiana Law School, 352; Indiana State 
Normal, 434; Indiana University, 370; 
School of Medicine, 351; Indiana Veter- 
inary College, 353; Indianapolis College 
of Pharmacy, 353; Interlaken School, 
297; Jasper College, 242; Lain Business 
College, Indianapolis, 354; Moores Hill 
College, 235; North American Gym- 
nastic Union, 354; Notre Dame Uni- 
versity, 408; Oakland City College, 258; 
Purdue University, 419; Rose Poly- 
technic Institute, 436; Sacred Heart 
Academy, Fort Wayne, 213; St. Agnes 
Academy, 341; St. Joseph's Academy, 
424; St. Marv's Academy, Notre Dame, 
410; St. Marys-of-the-Woods, 437; St. 
Meinrad's College, 403: Teachers' I ..I 
lege of Indianapolis, 354; Terre Haute 
Veterinary College, 438; Tri-State Col- 
lege, 412; Valparaiso University, 390; 
Vincennes University, 287; Wabash Col- 
lege, 371; Winona College, 288; Winona 
Agricultural College, 291. See County 
Histories, 209-453. 

Eel River Falls, Owen county, 381; Cata- 
ract Falls, 383. 

Eggleston, Edward, home of, 415. 

Electric railways, 162, 166, 356. See 
County Histories, 209-453. 

Electric railways, map of, 1915, 165. 

Elkhart county, 243. 

Enabling Act (text of), The, 69; Ordinance 
of Acceptance (text), 70. 

English, William H.: 232; statue of, 401. 

"Erie War," The, 131. 

Evans, Rowland (contribution, "The V. S. 
Courts for District of Indiana"), 194. 

Evansville: 426-429; notable buildings, 
V-Y, 4-8. 

Express and transportation companies, 166. 

Fallen Timbers, battle of, 447. 

Falls of the Ohio, 246. 

Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Madison, 

84, 357. 
Fayette county, 244. 
Federal acts relating to Indiana, 71. 
Feeble-minded youth, school for, 212, 214. 
Financial embarrassment of State, 111. 
Financial institutions, present, 358. 
First American occupancy, 29. 
First automobile, 167. 
First bank, 48. 
First civil organization, 33. 
First county division and towns, 52. 
First "crazy" asylum, //;. 
First election, 73. 
First electric lines, 164. 
First geological survey, 109. 
First immigrants, 38. 
First insane asylum, 113. 
First laws, 46. 
First legislation, 73. 
First library, 286. 
First monopoly, 457. 
First newspaper, 52. 
First party division, 45. 
First public questions, 43. 
First railroad, 128-130. 



462 



GENERAL INDEX 



First settler central Indiana, 77, 239. 

First State fair, 125. 

Fish hatchery, 374. 

Flat Rock, ford on, 400. 

Floyd county, 246. 

Forests of Indiana, resources, destruction, 

169-172. 
Forest reserve, State, 73, 226. 
Forestry building, 171. 
Fort Harrison, attack on, 62, 63. 
Fort McKniglit, 63, 
Fort Miamis, 213. 
Fort Sackville, monument marking site of, 

23- 
Fort Wayne, 212. 
Fort Wayne in 1794, 212. 
Forts, 234. 

Fountain county, 247. 
Fowler, 217. 

Franklin county, 53, 183, 249, 251. 
Franklin College, 49, 108, 285. 
French, abuse of, 39. 
French and American differences, 38. 
French beginnings, 12. 

French history, geologic antecedents, 16. 
French Lick Springs and Hotel, 183, 379- 

381. 
"French Locations," 233. 
French maps, early, 11, 15. 
French, music of the, 14. 
French, passing of the, 29. 
French period, the, 10, 16, 457. 
French settlers. 10, 457. 
Frenzel, John P., 359. 
"Friends' Boarding School," 447. 
Friends' church, first, 51. 
Frontier defense, 63. 
Fulton county, 255. 
Fur trade, early, 14. 

Garber, Mrs. M. C. (contribution, "Story 

of Jefferson county"), 277. 
Gary, 295, 296, 
Geological survey, first, 109. 
Gibault, Father Pierre, 22, 32. 
Gibson county, 53, 256, 257. 
Gibson, John, 54, 256. 
Glass sand, 181. 
"Godfrey Reserve," 218. 
"Gore," the, 42-45. 
Goshen College, 243. 
Government, beginning of at Vincennes, 

42. 
"Grand Prairie," 223. 
Grant county, 258. 
Greasy creek, Brown county, 82. 
Greensburg, 236, 237. 

Green River Island: 429; map of, 429. 
Greene county, 260. 
"Grouseland," 55. 

Hair buyer, General, 28. 

Hamilton county, 262. 

Hammond, 294. 

Hancock county, 263. 

Hanging Rock, Jefferson county, 279. 

Hanover College, 49, 51, 88, 280, 282. 

Harmar, General Josiah, 213. 

Harmonic, 1816, 05. 

Harrison, Benjamin, funeral of, 320; monu- 
ment, 332, 334. 

Harrison, Christopher, 80, 279. 

Harrison, Fort, attack on, 62. 

Harrison's military circular, 63. 

Harrison, William Henrv: 45, 54, 59; pass- 
ing of, 67, 225. 2H8, 328, 330. 

Harrison county, 53, 264. 

Hartford City, 218. 

Hay, John, birthplace of, 4^4. 

Haynes, El wood, 167. 

Hazelton Ferry, 257. 

Hendricks, Thomas A., 156. 

Hendricks county, 266. 

Henry county, 268. 

Historical Commission (Centennial), 457. 

Hoagland, Merica (contribution, "Music of 
the French"), 14. 

Hohenpoint, Brown county, 220. 

Holliday, John H. (contribution, "Begin 
ning of Trust Companies"), 359. 

"Hoosier," the word, 194. 

"Hoosier Limited," 120, 

Housing, improvement in 1835, 110. 

Howard county, 270. 

Howe School, 293, 

Huntington county, 272. 

"Illinois Grant," 226. 

Indian campaigns: attack on Fort Wayne, 
Hopkins' expedition, Mississinewa expe- 
dition, Bartholomew's White river expe- 
dition, Russell's expedition, 65, 66. 



Indian history, 57-67. 

Indian hostilities, end of, 66. 

Indian intemperance, 66. 

Indian land cessions, 31. 

Indian mineral springs, 365. 

Indian territorial claims and distribution 
of, 57. 

Indian treaties and land purchases, 43. 

Indiana, early types of people, ;o. 

Indiana by counties, 203 45.1. 

Indiana Boys' School, 268. 

Indiana, division of, 45. 

Indiana, federal acts relating to, 71. 

Indiana, first American occupancy of, 29. 

Indiana, general conditions in 1815, 74. 

Indiana Girls' School, 324, 

Indiana history, beginning point in, 28. 

Indiana history: fundamental factors in, 9; 
political antecedents, 35. 

Indiana Historical Commission (Centen- 
nial), 457. 

Indiana Legion, 140. 

Indiana lottery, 56. 

Indiana, maps, 25, 67, 75, 77, 83. 

Indiana, origin ot, 41. 

Indiana: State seal of, 79; State School 
for the Deaf, 112; School for the Blind. 
112; State prison, 300. 

Indiana State Normal School, 434, 435. 

Indiana Territory, map of, 37; creating of, 
42, 205; division of, 45. 

Indiana University: first buildings, 471 
sketch of, 370; School of medicine, 351, 
35?- 

Indiana Village for Epileptics, 269. 

Indiana Woman's Prison, 324, 

Indianapolis: agricultural library, 350; 
area, 321 ; army post, United States, 
322; Art Institute, John Herron, 341; 
asylum for the blind, 318; asylum for 
the deaf and dumb, 318; asylum for the 
incurable insane, 340; banking in, 358; 
Bank of the State of Indiana, 316; begin- 
ning of, 306-312; Belt Railway and Stock 
Yards, 356; Blind Institute, 112, 318; 
Board of Trade, 344, 345; Broad Ripple 
scene, 208; Brookside Park, 333; build- 
ing permit ordinance, 321; Butler Col- 
lege, 350, 351; Caleb Mills Hall, 349; 
Canoe Club, Riverside Park, 345 ; cap- 
ital, naming of, 308; capital, removal 
of, 313; Chamber of Commerce, 344', 
charities, 336 ; churches and charity, 
333; churches, earliest, 1854, 319; Circle 
Hall, 318; city building, 322, 327; city 
dispensary, 340 ; city government, 
charge of, 1854, 321; city hall, 322, 327; 
city hospital, 33S; Clark, George Rogers, 
328, 310; Claypool Hotel, 341; clubs, 
340; Colfax, Schuyler, 331; College of 
Missions, 354; Commercial Club, 342; 
county jail, 322, 327; Crown Hill ceme- 
tery, 336; custom house, 324; Davis- 
Deterding Training School, 353, 254 ; 
Deaconess Home and Hospital, Protes- 
tant, 338, 339; Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 
112-318; Deutsche Haus, 34^ 344; dis- 
pensaries, 340; educational institutions, 
346; Fairview Park, 333; federal build- 
ing and United States court, 324, 325; 
federal officers, 324 ; financial, insur- 
ance and commercial institutions, 358; 
First Baptist Church, 337; first birth, 
309; first camp meeting, 312; first cap- 
ital. 306; first church, 312; first county 
election, 381; first county court session, 
312; first court-house and jail, 312; first 
female academy, 317 ; first Fourth of 
July celebration, 312; first free schools, 
320; first gas lighting, 321; first his- 
torical society, 315; first internal im- 
provements, 315 ; first mail facilities, 
309; first marriage, 309; first mayor, 
320; first militia, 312. 317; first news- 
paper, 310; first organizations, 314; First 
Presbyterian Church, 337; first public 
hall, 320; first railroad, 318; first rail- 
road depots, 1854, 103; first roads 
built, 309; first sale of lots, 308; first 
school, 312, 313 ; first steamboat, 313; 
first street improvements, 320; first 
street railway, 321 ; first survey, 308; 
first theatrical performance, 312; 
Fletcher American National Bank, 357; 
Fletcher Trust and Savings Company, 
360 ; Forestry building, 171 ; Fort Har- 
rison, 322; Free Kindergarten and Do- 
mestic Training School, 350 ; Garfield 
Park, 332; gas lighting, first, 321; Ger- 
man House, 343, 344; German Telegraph, 
361 ; "Gewerbe Schule," 349 ; govern- 
or's mansion, 314; Harrison, Fort Gen. 



Indianapolis — Continued. 

Benjamin, 322; Harrison, Gen. Benja- 
min, funeral of, 320; Harrison, Benja- 
min, monument, 332, 334; Harrison, 
William Henry, statue, 328, 330; Hen- 
dricks monument, 331, 335; Herron Art 
Institute, 341; historical, 306; horticul- 
tural library, 350; Hospital for the In- 
sane, Central Indiana, 113-317, 338; . 
hospitals, 317, 336, 338, 339; hotels and 
cafes, 340; Independent Turnverein, 343; 
345; Indiana Central University, 354; 
Indiana Club, 345; Indiana Dental 
College, 352, 353; Indiana Girls* School, 
324 ; Insane Hospital, women's build- 
ing, Central Indiana, 339; Indiana Insti- 
tute for the Blind, 340, 341; Indian 
killing, last, 309; Indiana Law School, 
352; Indiana National Bank. 357] In- 
diana Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, 
326, 331, 332, 333; Indiana State Fair, 

345, 347; Indiana State School for the 
Deaf, 338, 341; Indiana Times, 361; 
Indiana Trust Company, 339; Indiana 
University School of Medicine, 351, 
35?l Indiana Veterinary College, 353 ; 
Indiana Woman's Prison, 324; Indian- 
apolis 1820, 81; at present. 321; Indi- 
anapolis Bar Association Library, 350; 
Indianapolis, beginning of. 306; Indi- 
anapolis, birdseye view, 1854, 307; 1915, 
323; Indianapolis College of Pharmacy, 
353; Indianapolis Commercial, 361; In- 
dianapolis, Incorporation of, 316; Indi- 
anapolis News, 360; Indianapolis Star, 
361 ; Indianapolis Terminal and Trac- 
tion Station, 163, 35o; Indianapolis 
Union Railway Company, 356; jail, 
county, 322, 327; Jewish Temple, 337; 
journalism and publishing, 360; Kin- 
dergartners' Normal Training School, 
350; Lain Business College, 354; 
Lawton statue, 333; libraries, 346, 350; 
Live Stock Journal, the Indianapolis, 
361 ; Lockerbie street, 333, 334; Long, 
Robert W., Hospital, 338; Maenner- 
chor, Indianapolis, 342, 343; Majestic 
building, 329; Manual Training High 
School, 349; Marion Club, 345; Marion 
county court-house, 322; Marion county 
library, 350; Marion county organizing, 
310; Masonic Temple, 1847, 320, 321, 
126, 128; Merchants' National Bank, 
358; Methodist Hospital, 338, 339; Mex- 
ico, war with, 318; Military Park, 332; 
militia, first, 312-317; Monument Place, 
1915, U7; monuments, 326, 328; Mor- 
ton, Oliver P., 328, 330, 331 ; Murat 
Temple, 326, 329: National Bridge, Old, 
lOJ, 3:3; navigation, early, 315; "Neu- 
ronhurst, 340; newspaper, first, 310; 
Normal College. North American Gym- 
nastic Union, 354; "Norwavs." 340; Odd 
Fellows' Hall, 1854, 321, 326, 329; old 
State-house, 1865, 313; orphan asylums, 
334; packet, "Gov. Morton," 313; panic, 
1837, 316; park system, 332; Pennsyl- 
vania street, 1856, 30; same view, 1915, 
311 ; population, Indianapolis, 321 ; post- 
office, 324; public library, 345, 350; 
Pythian building. 326, 329; race track, 

346, 347; railroad, the first, 318; rail- 
way facilities. 132, 355; railways, inter- 
urban, 356; Railway Lines, Union, 355; 
Riley, James Whitcomb, 334; Riverside 
Park, 332; sanatoriums. 340; sanitary 
organizations, 336; schools and colleges, 
346, 347, 348, 349; schools, first free, 
320; Scottish Rite building. 329; Severin 
Hotel, 343; Shortridge High School, 
349; Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, 
dedication of, 331-333; Speedway, the, 
346, 348; St. Agnes Academy, 341; St. 
Clair Square, 332; St. Mary's Cathedral, 
338; St. Vincent's Infirmarv, 338, 339; 
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, 3371 
State Bank of Indiana, 316; State Fair: 
1852, 126, 171; at present, 346, 347; 
State-house, 315, 322, 325; state institu- 
tions, buildings of. 317; state law li- 
brary, 350; state library, 350; statutes, 
328, 330; street improvement, first, 320; 
street railway, first, 321; street railway 
system, 356; Teachers' College, 354; Tom- 
linson Hall, 322, 327; track elevation, 
357; trust companies, 359; Union Depot, 
old, 1887, 131; Union Railway Passen- 
ger Station, 132. 355J Union Trust Com- 
pany, ?59," United States Army Post, 
322; United States Court-house, 324; 
University Square, 332; Vonnegut 
Clemens, Sr., 349; Washington street. 



GENERAL INDEX 



463 



Indianapolis — Contm \ied. 

1854, 308; Washington street, 1862, 
309; 1902, 161; Whitcomb, Governor 
James, statue, 328, 330; Woman's 
Prison, 324 ; work-house, 322 ; Young 
Men's Christian Association, 334, 336; 
Young Women's Christian Association, 
334, 336. 

Indianapolis, views of, 1820, 81. 

Industrial beginnings, 48. 

Industrial statistics, 185, 

Industries, 86. See County Histories, 
209-453. 

Insane hospitals, 113, 225, 280-317, 338, 
429, 438. 

Insurance in Indiana, 200. 

Intemperance among the Indians, 66. 

Interlaken School, 

Internal improvemen 5: 75; preliminary to 
law of 1836, 99; bill, 103. 

Iron ore, 182. 

Jackson county, 273. 

Jasper College, 242. 

Jasper county, 274. 

Jay county, 276. 

Jefferson county, 277, w 

Jeffersonville, 226. 

Jennings, Jonathan : 74 ; sketch of, 79. ; 

Jennings-Harrison incident, 80. 
Jennings county, 2S3. 
Jews, expulsion of, 457. 
Johnson county, 284. 
Johnson and Hines' Raid, 140. 
Judiciary, Difficulties of early, 47. 
"Jug Rock," 365, 366. 

Kankakee swamps, 27^. 

Krkionga, 213. 

"Knobs," the, 226, 246, 444. 

Knox county, 53, 286. 

Kokomo, 2/i. 

Kosciusko county, 288. 

Lafayette: 145; public library, 418, 419; 

view from Point Lookout, 420, 421. 
Lagrange county, 292. 
Lake county, 294. 
Lakes, 255, 292, 300. 
Land cessions, Indian, u. 
Land companies, Wabash, 33. 
Land purchases and Indian treaties, 43. 
Land sales and land offices, 44. 
Land surveys, rectangular system, 44. 
Laporte county, 297, 298. 
La Salle Springs, 365. 
Lasselle Documents, the, 33. 
Lawrence county, 301. 
Laws, first original, 46. 
Legislature, first, 46. 
Letters of Decius, 56. 
Libraries, 56, 88, 89, 9.8, 108, 286, 392. 
Lime industrv, 180. 
Little Turtle, 213. 
Log cabin, pioneer hoosier, 431. 
Lottery, Indiana, 56. 
Louisiana purchase, 56. 
Lynching, Ripley county, 458. 

Maclure, William and his co-worker- 

Maclure libraries, 98. 

BfcGowan, Hugh, J., 163. 

McKendrie M. E. Church, 230. 

McNagny, Phil C. (contribution, "Story of 
Whitley county"), 451. 

Madison, 53-131, 277. 

Madison county: 302; views, 303. 

Madison Railroad, 128, 131. 

Manitou Lake, 255. 

Manufactures, 185. 

Maps: French map, 1720, showing bound- 
ary line between the two French prov- 
inces and the English possessions, 11 ; 
early French maps, 15; Green River Is- 
land (Vanderburg county), 429; interur- 
ban electric lines, 1915, 165; Indiana, 
1778 (Hutchins'), 25; Indiana Territory, 
May 7, 1800; 37; Indiana at time of 
admission, 1816, 67 ; Indiana, 1817 
(Melish), 67; 1820, 75; 1824, 77; 1827, 
. 85; Indian land cessions, 31; Northwest 
Territory, chronological and historical, 
27 ; population, density of, 1910, 154; 
per cent, of increase or decrease, 1900- 
1910, 755; showing proportion foreign 
born white and native white of foreign 
or mixed parentage, 1910, 157 ; topo- 
graphical map, 207; "Underground Rail- 
road," 149; per cent, of land in farms, 
etc., 189; topography, 207, 

Marengo Cave, 231. 

Marion county, 304-362. 



Marion Soldiers' Home, 259. 

Marshall county, 362. 

Marshall, Thomas R., home of, 453. 

Martin county, 364. 

Maxinkuckee, Lake, 364. 

"Maxwell Code," 37. 

Medicinal waters, 183. 

Medicine, 92. 

Methodist churches, 50-90. 

Mexican War period, 116, 318. 

Miami county: 367; views, 367. 

Michigan Road, 100. 

Militarism, 68, 116, 138. 

Military agency, the, 146. 

Military circular of 1812, 63. 

Militia. 92. 

Mill, Becks', 109. 

Mill, Neals', 115. 

Mills, Caleb, 123; "messages," 123. 

Mineral resources, 182. 

Mineral paint rocks, etc., 182. 

Monon route, scenes on, 127. 

Monopoly, first, 457. 

Monroe county, 368-370. 

Montgomery county: 371; scene in, 372. 

Moore's Hill College, 235. 

Morgan county: 373; scenes in, 373; fish 

hatchery, 374, 
Morgan's Raid, 141. 
Morton, Governor, and the Civil War, 135- 

14''. 
Morton monument, 139, 328, 330. 
Mound-builders. 205, 
Muncie, 240. 
Muscatatuck, 283, 398. 
Music of the French, 14. 

National Road, 100, 101. 

Natural gas, 175. 

Natural resources, 169-184. 

Negroes, 92. 

New Albany, 53, 247. 

New Harmony, 51, 93; 1816, 0-. 

New purchase, 76. 

Newspapers, first, 52-90, 109. 

New; t.m county, 375. 

Noble county: 377; lake views, y; 

Normal College, North American Gym- 
nastic Union, 354. 

Northern Hospital for Insane, 225. 

N01 thwest Territory, first map of, 27, 35- 
37, 38. 

Northwestern University, 49. 

Notre Dame University: 49, 5/, 53, 108; 
sketch of, 408; views of, 409, 411. 

Oakland City College, 258. 

< - > j 1 . « county, 378. 

( hio Falls canal, 75, 101. 

Oldenburg, view of, 249. 

Oolitic limestone, 178, 170. 

Orange county : 183, 379 ; French Lick 
Springs and Hotel, 379; Pluto Springs, 
$0; scenes French Lick Hotel grounds, 

Orchard Lake stock farm, 37$, 376. 
Ordinance of 1787, 36. 
Ordinance of acceptance, 1816, 70. 
Organization, county, 209-453. 
Owen county, Cataract Falls, 117, 382. 
Owen, David Dale, laboratory, 
( >wen, Robert, 93. 

Owen, Robert Dale: 96; laboratory of, 
■ 

Panic of 1837, 106, 316. 

Parke county : old mill on Big Raccoon 
creek, 45; scenes in Turkey Run, 97, 
248; Shades of Death, 133, 291. 

Party divisions, first, 45. 

Party politics, beginning of, 86. 

Patoka river, 389. 

Peat, 182. 

Period 1850-1860, 119. 

Perkins' decision, 124. 

Perry county, 53, 387. 

Petroleum, development of, 177. 

Pigeon Roost Massacre, 62. 

Pike county, 388. 

Political beginnings, 52. 

Politics, 85, 153. 

Polls. See County Histories, 209-453. 

Population, distribution of in 1800, 72. 

Population: 85; 1840-1850. 115, 154, 155, 
156, 157. See Count •> Histories, 209- 
453. All incorporated cities and towns, 
455. 

Porter county, 390. 

Posey county, 53, 391, 

Posey, Thomas, 54. 

Precious metals and stones, 183. 



Presbyterian churches, first, 50, 89. 

Prophet, the, 58, 239. 

Prophet's Rock, 61. 

Public domain, origin of, 35; (note), 37. 

Pulaski county, 393. 

Purdue, John, 422. 

Purdue University: views of, 417, 419 ; 

view of, 1908, 419. 
Putnam county: Neal's Mill on Eel river, 

115, 2 -9t 395; DePauw University, views 

of, 394- 

Quaker Church, first, 51. 
Quarry stone, 178. 

Raids: Johnson and Hines, 140; Morgan, 

141. 
Railroad depots, earlv, 105. 
Railroads, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 160. See 

C01 nty Histories, 209-453. 
Rakestraw, O. F. (contribution, "Story of 

Sti uben county"), 412. 
Randolph county, 396. 
l: ngers of 1813, 65. 
Rangi rs, sei vice of, 1807, 58. 
Rapp, Frederick, 93. 
Rapp, Ceorge, home of, 98. 
Rappites, the, 51, 93. 
Ray, Governor: on hard times, 83, 92; on 

paupers and negrm_- s , 92; on roads, 99. 
Reformatory, Indiana, 221 , 
Religious and moral societies, 90. 
Religious beginnings, 50, 89, 90. 
Religious intolerance, 457. 
Resources, natural, 169-184. 
Revenues of State, 83, 84. 
Richmond, 53. 
Riley, James Whitcomb, home of, 264, 233, 

334- 
Ripley county, 398; lynching, 4o8. 
Rising Sun, 53. 
Roads, 99, 126, 150, 159. See County 

Histories, 209-453. 
Rockville, 384. 
Rose Polytechnic Institute: 433; sketch of, 

136 
Rush county, 399. 

Sackville, Knit, 23, 29. 

Sacred Heart Academy, Fort Wayne, 213. 

Salaries, first increase of official, 109. 

Salem, 53. 

Salisbury ■ 53. 

"Sanitary Comniission," 146. 

Savings banks, number of. See Present 
Financial Institutions, 358. 

School for Feeble-Minded Youth, 212, 214. 

Schools. See Education. 

Scott county, 400. 

Scrip issues, 1837, 106. 

Seal of the State, 71, 193. 

Seminaries, county, 87. 

Seminaries and academies: list of (note), 
88; script issues of state internal im- 
provement period, 106. 

Shades of Death. 133. 

"Shakers," the, 51. 

Shelby county, 402. 

Slavery question, 43. 

Smith, Alonzo Greene, incident, 156. 

Soldiers' Home, National, 258, 

Soldiers' Home. State, 145. 

Soldiers* and Sailors' Orphans' Home, 269. 

Sorin, Father, 5/. 

Sons of Liberty, 143. 

Southeastern Hospital for Insane, 280. 

Southern Indiana Hospital for Insani 

Spencer county, 403. 

Springville, 53, 226. 

Squatter population in new purchase, 77. 

St. Francis Navier Church, - 

St. Francis Xavier Library. • 

St. Joseph's Academv, Tipton county, 4-\:., 

424. 
St. Joseph county: 408; views South Bend, 

408, 
St, Mary's College, Notre Dame: views <>t. 

, sketch of, 410. 
Si Marys-of-the-Woods, 437, 438. 
Si M'inrad's Abbey and College, 403 
Starke county, 406. 
State Bank building, Brookville, 
State banks, number of. See Pi 1 

Financial Institutions, 
State Bank of Indiana, 84. 121. 316. 
State Fair: first, 125; Indianapolis, 347- 
State government, beginning of, 73. 
State-house, first in Indianapolis, 89, 109, 

137 322, 32$ 

Sr.iT . institutions : developing ni of. 112. 
457; State Soldiers and Sailors' H 



464 



GENERAL INDEX 



State institutions— Continued. 

145; School for Feeble-Minded Youth, 
214; Northern Hospital for Insane, 225; 
Indiana State Forest Reservation, 226; 
Indiana Boys' School, 268; Indiana Vil- 
lage for Epileptics, 269 ; Soldiers' and 
Sailors* Orphans' Home, 269 ; Indiana 
Girls' School, 324 ; Southeastern Hos- 
pital for the Insane, 280; Indiana State 
Prison, 300; Central Hospital for In- 
sane, 317, 338; Indiana State School 
for the Deaf, 338; Indiana School for 
the Blind, 340; Woman's Prison, 324; 
Hospital for Treatment of Tuberculosis, 
384 ; State Farm for Misdemeanants, 
395; Southern Hospital for the Insane, 
429 ; Eastern Hospital for Insane, 438 ; 
Indiana Reformatory, 227. 

State library, 89, 350. 

State prison, enlargement of 1840, 113. 

State seal, 71, 193. 

State seminary, 75, 88. 

State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, views 
of, 145, 419. 

State troops, Civil War, 138. 

State University, 88. 

Statistical survey: 1840-1850, 115; 1850- 
1860, 134; since Civil War, 156-168. 

Steuben county: 411; scenes in, 412. 

Stone industry, 178, 179. 

Suffrage, extension of, 46. 

Sullivan county, 413. 

Switzerland county, 53, 415. 

Taxable property. See County Histories, 

209-453. 
Taxing system: first, 83; of 1835, 110. 
Teachers' College, Indianapolis, 354. 
Tecumseh Trail, 61. 
Tecumtha, or Tecumseh, 58, 239. 
Telegraph, 167. 
Telephone, 167. 



Terre Haute : 433 ; views in, 433; Veteri- 
nary College, 438, 439, 

Territorial Hall at Vincennes, 41. 

Territorial leaders, 53. 

Territory northwest of the Ohio: first civil 
organization by Virginia, 33 ; Virginia's 
cession to United States, 37; map of, 
-7- 

Tippecanoe, battle of, 45, 59, 61. 

Tippecanoe county, 416-419. 

Tipton: 424; public library, sketch of, 424. 

Tipton county, 422, 423. 

Tipton, John, 214. 

Topography, 205-208, 207. 

Towns, early, 52. 

Township, cities and towns. See County 
Histories, 209-453. 

Traction and Terminal Station, Indianap- 
olis, 163. 

Transportation, 159, 167. 

Trinitv Springs, 365. 

Tri-State College, 412, 413. 

Trust Companies, number of. See Present 
Financial Institutions, 358. 

Tuberculosis hospital, 384. 

Turkey Run, 97, 248, 383. 

Underground railroad, 115, 149. 
Under three flags (note), 205. 
Union county: 425; court-house, 425. 
Union Depot, old, at Indianapolis, 131, 132. 
United States Court, 194-200. 
Universities. See Educational Institu- 
tions. 

Valonia, 53. 

Valparaiso University, 390, 391. 

Vanderburg county, 426. 

Vermilion county, 431. 

Vevay, 53. 

Vigo county, 432. 

Vigo, Francis, 23, 32, 432. 



Vincennes, 53. 

Vincennes, Bank of, 84, 357. 
Vincennes, French life at, 13. 
Vincennes Library Company, 56. 
Vincennes, lottery, 56. 
Vincennes, operation against, 24. 
Vincennes University, 287. 

Wabash and Erie canal, 102; commercial 
development, 1 13. 

Wabash College: 49, 88, 371; view of, 372. 

Wabash county, 439, 440, 441. 

Wabash Land Company, 33. 

Wabash river: names of, 15; view of, 414. 

Wabash valley, French occupancy, 9. 

War of 1812, 61. 

War with Mexico, 318. 

Warren county, 441, 442. 

Warrick county, 443. 

Washington, 234. 

Washington county : 444; views, 445, 446; 
Becks' Mill, 109; views in, 147; trees, 
*73- 

Water falls: Washington county, 39; Cata- 
ract, 117 ; Clifty, Bartholomew county, 
215; Clifty, Jefferson county, 281; Ohio 
Falls, 246; Hindostan Falls, Martin 
county, 365. 

Wawasee lake, 392. 

Wayne, Anthony, 447. 

Wayne county, 446. 

Wells county, 449. 

White county, 450. 

White river, 208, 262, 313, 365, 382. 

White Water canal, 101, 112. 

White Water valley, 249. 

Whitley county: 451; views in, 453. 

Whitcomb, Governor, 116, 328, 330. 

Winona College: 288; of agriculture, 291. 

Winona lake, 289, 290. 

Workingmen's Institute Library, 392. 

Wyandotte Cave, 231, 232, 233, 265. 



PART IV 



Who's Who in Indiana— Brief Biographical Sketches of 
Prominent Men and Women. 



31 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 

Autographs and Brief Biographical Sketches of Men and Women of Indiana Identified With 

the State's Progress in Various Activities. 



SAMUEL M. RALSTON, born in Ohio Dec. 1. 1857. Sank first coal 
shaft at Fontanet. Ind. and operated mine; taught school several years; 
grad. Central Normal Coll. 1884; read law; admitted to the bar 1886; 
elected Governor of Ind. Nov., 1912. 

WM. P. O'NEILL, born South Bend. Ind.. Feb. 7, 1874; grad. Notre 
Dame. B. S., LL. B. ; journalism, Mishawaka and South Bend, 13 years; 
city att'y Mishawaka 1906-1913; resigned; elected Lt. Gov. of Ind., 1912. 

L. G. ELLINGHAM, born Wells county, Ind., Feb. 23, 1868; grad. Bluff- 
ton High Sch.; began work as printer's devil, Bluffton Banner; at 19 years 
old pub. Geneva Herald, 1887; Winchester Democrat, 1891-94; Decatur Dem- 
ocrat, 1894; Dem. dist. ch. 1906-08; elected Secy. State of Ind., 1910; re- 
elected 1912. 

WILLIAM H. VOLLMER, born and reared on a farm near Vincennes. 
Ind.; attended com. sch.; instrumental in organization and pres. Citizens' 
Trust Co., Vincennes, 1902; elected Treas. State of Ind., 1910. 

W. H. O'BRIEN, born Lawrenceburg. Ind , Aug. 22, 1855; grad. Asbury 
Univ. class '76; editor and prop. Lawrenceburg Register, 1877-94; banking 
business 1890-1914; mayor Lawrenceburg 1885-87-89-91-98; Jt. State Sen. 
Dearborn. Franklin. Ohio counties, 1902; Ch. Dem. State Com., 1902-4-6; 
elect. State Auditor, 1910 and 1912. 

CHARLES A. GREATHOl'SE, born Posey Co., Ind., 1870; attended Cen- 
tral Normal Coll., Danville, Ind., two years; Ind. Univ. three years; princi- 
pal Mt. Vernon High School, 1894; supt. Posey County Sch., 1895-1905; 
appt Supt Public Instruction by Gov Marshall; elected Nov, 1910; re-elected 
1912-14; res, Indpls. 

THOMAS M. HONAN, born Seymour, Ind, Aug S, 1867; grad Ind 
Univ., A. B., 1889; city att'y Seymour, 1892; pros, att'y Jackson, Wash, and 
Orange Co.. 1895 to 1901; eict. Ind. Legis., 1905-7-9; Speaker of House, 
1909; elected Atty Gen, 1910-14; res, Seymour. 

J. FRED FRANCE, born Mercer Co., Ohio, May 12, 1861; attended High 
Sch., Decatur, Ind.; admit, bar, 1884; city att'y Huntington, Ind.. 1898- 
1904; Mayor Huntington, Ind., 1904-06; elct. Clerk Sup. Court. 1910; re- 
nom. 1914. 

PHILIP ZOERCHER, born Tell City, Ind., Oct. 1, 1866; grad. Cen 
Nor. Coll., Danville, Ind., 1890; elected Legis. 18S8-90 (youngest mem. b' 
sessions); newspaper bus., 1891-1900; editor-prop. Tell City News; began 
practice law, 1897; elected Pros. Att'y Perry, Spencer, Warwick count: 
1900; elct Rep. Sup. CL. 1912. 

THOMAS W. BROLLEY, born Newport, Ky., Feb. 10, 1854; attended 
common schools and St. Mary's, North Vernon, Ind. ; Jt. Rep. Scott and 
Jennings counties, 1906-08; author Brolley's Baseball Bill; elct. State 
Statis., 1910-12. 

EDWARD BARRETT, born Indianapolis, Feb. 6. 1859; attd. Central 
Nor. Coll., Danville, 1879-82-85; State Nor., Terre Haute, 1883; DePauw 
Univ., 1887-8; asst. supt. Reform Sch., Plainfteld, 1894-98; mem. bd. trust. 
E. Ind. Hosp. Ins., 1907-10; resigned; elect. State Geologist, 1910-14. 

THOMAS TAGGART, ex-mayor Indpls, hotel propr; born County Monaghan, 
Ireland, Nov 17, 1856; educ schls Xenia, O; began work as a boy clerk 
railway hotel and restaurant; elect twice Auditor Marion Co; was 
county chrmn and slate Chrmn Dem party; elected mayor of Indpls 
3 times; mem Dent Nat Comm since 1900 (Chrmn 1904); developed and 
made French Lick Hotel one of the greatest health resorts in the 
world; propr Denison Hotel, Indpls; res French Lick and Indpls. 

WILLIAM LOWE BRYAN, university pres; born near Bloomington, Ind, 
Nov 11, I860; A B, A M Ind Univ, Berlin, Paris, Wurzburg; Ph D 
Clark Univ (LL D 111 Coll & Hanover); was v-p now pres Ind Univ; 
author (with his wife) Plato the Teacher; The Republic of Plato, etc; 
contrt Johnson's Encyclopedia, etc; trust Carnegie found; mem st-v 
scientific and learned socs; res Bloomington, Ind. 

HARLOW LLNDLEY", educator; born Sylvania, Parke Co. Ind, May 31, 
1875; grad Friends Acad, Bloomingdale, Ind; M A Earlham; att'Univ 
of Wise; fellow in hist Chicago Univ; librn Earlham; head dept hist 
and political science Earlham; dire dept archives and hist Ind State 
Library; was pres Ind Library and Ind Hist Teachers assns; mem 
Ind (Centennial) Historical Comm; res Richmond. 

W C WOODWARD, Educator; born Mooresvllle, Ind, Nov 28, 187S; \ i; 
Pacific College; B L Earlham; Ph D Univ Calif; prof hist and polit 
science Earlham coll; director Ind (Centennial) Historical Commsn: 
res Richmond. 

JOHN W CRAVENS, born on a farm Hendricks Co, Ind. October 1. 1864: 
Grad Central Normal Coll; A B Ind Univ; was Editor Danville Gazette; 
Supt Monroe Co Schools; Clerk Monroe Co Cir Ct ; Ed Bloomington 
World-Courier; mem Ind Legis; Presidential Elector; Registrar of 
Ind Univ 1895-1914; Secretary since 1914; res Bloomington. 

JAMES E WATSON, ex-Congressman; was born Winchester. Ind, Nov 2. 
1864; educ Depauw Univ; admitted to bar; was mem 54th Congress 
and 56th to 60th Congress.-s 6th Indiana District; Republican Nominee 
for Governor of Ind 1908; was Grand Chancellor K of P; State Presi- 
dent Epworth League; res Rushville, Ind. 

1 




JK^&S&ju^ 







Qs- ila^aa^ \ 




hrdL 



CX/M 






WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



MRS. ELIZA A. BLAEER (Mrs. Louis Blaker), pres. of Teachers' Coll. 
and snpt. of Free Kindergarten Schls,, Indianapolis, since 1SS2; born and 
educated in Phil.; after marriage was called to Indianapolis by Mr. A. C. 
Shortridge to establish a kindergarten in the Hadley-Roberts Acad.; later 
she organized the system of free kindergartens in connection with Teachers' 
Coll. of Indianapolis and Free Kindergarten Assn. 

MISS GEORGIA ALEXANDER, born Indianapolis; educ. in Pub. Sch., 
Chicago Univ. and Columbia Univ., Teachers' Coll., N. T. ; teacher Pub. 
Schools Indianapolis; supervisor since 189S; author Child Classic Reader 
series, Alexanders Spellers and Arithmetics, also Graded Poetry for Chil- 
dren; mem. Woman's Franchise League and other orgs. 

MRS. EUGENIA K. NICHOLSON (Mrs. Meredith Nicholson), born In 
Omaha, Neb.; attended Kappes Sch., Indianapolis; grad. Vassar Coll.; mar- 
ried Meredith Nicholson, 1896; pres. Indianapolis "Woman's Club; former 
pres. Indiana "Vassar Club; director Kindergarten Assn. and Woman's Fran- 
chise League; mem. Herron Art Inst, and Contemporary Club. 

MISS ANNA NICHOLAS, born and educated Meadville, Pa.; followed 
sister and brothers to Indianapolis; entered business office Indianapolis 
Journal; became editorial writer, continuing as such after Journal was pur- 
chased by Indianapolis Star; author of "Idylls of the Wabash" and "Mak- 
ing of Thomas Barton;" member Indianapolis Woman's Club. 

MISS ANNA McKENZIE, born Conneaut, Ohio; educated In Indianap- 
olis private and pub. schls.; musical critic and reporter Indianapolis News; 
mem. Matinee Musicale; life member John Herron Art Inst.; historian 
Woman's Press Club of Indiana, 

MISS MARY H. PEACOCK, born Lawrenceburg, Ind. ; educated in In- 
dianapolis Pub. Schls.; studied medicine; in 18S1 appointed Record Clerk, 
office Clerk of Supreme Court of Ind., continuing to the present. 

MRS. ELIZABETH B. HTTT (Mrs. George C. Hitt), born Andover, 
Mass.; in 1S77 married and removed to Indianapolis; member Indpls. Wom- 
an's Club; director Propylaeum Assn.; pres. Indpls. Woman's Dept. Club. 

DR. AMELIA R. KELLER, born Cleveland, Ohio; educated in Indian- 
apolis; att. Woman's Coll., Chicago; Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons (now 
Ind. Univ. Sch. Of Med.). Indianapolis; married in 1SS9 to Dr. Eug. Buehler; 
mem. Local Council of Women; pres. Indianapolis and Indiana Franchise 
League; practicing physician. 

MRS. GRACE JULIAN CLARKE (Mrs. C. B. Clarke), born at Center- 
ville, Wayne Co., Ind.; when a child moved with parents to Irvington; at- 
tended public school and Butler College; married in 1887; mem. and former 
pres. of Indianapolis Woman's Club, Local Council of Women, Irvington 
Woman's Club and State Federation of Clubs; editor of club columns In- 
dianapolis Star; mem. Press Club ; director in the Franchise League and 
Nat. Fed. of Clubs. 

MARY A. SPINK, M. D., born Washington, Ind., Nov., 1863; grad. Si- 
mon's Acad., Washington; M. D. Med. Coll. Ind., 1887; post-grad, course 
mental and nerv. diseases, N. Y. Post-Grad. Sch.; pathologist Cent. Ind. 
Hosp. Ins.. 1886-7; with Dr. W. B. Fletcher, established Fletcher Sanit., 
1888; now pres.; mem. Ind. State Bd. Char, since 1893 (com. on prisons); 
mem. A. M. A., State, Co. Med. Socs. ; residence, Indianapolis. 

ADDISON C. HARRIS, born Wayne Co., Ind., Oct. 1, 1840; att. North- 
western Univ. (now Butler), 1S60-3; adm. to bar, 1865; Ind. Senate. 1S77-9; 
Envoy Ex. Minister Plen. of U. S. to Austria-Hungary, 1899-1901; trust. 
Purdue Univ.; Pres. Indpls. Law Schl. since 1899; Pres. Ind. Bar Assn., 
1904-5 ; res., Indpls. 

JOSEPH B. KEALING, born Marion Co., Ind., June 25, 1859; grad. 
Butler Coll., A. B., 1879; Central Law Schl., Indpls., 1883; taught school 
two years, Marion Co.; pauper atty., 1882-84; Dept. Pros. Atty., 18S4-6; 
appt. U. S. Atty. Mch. 1, 1901, resigned Mch., 1909; Corp. Counsel Indpls., 
1910-14. 

PAXTON HIBBEN, born Indpls., Dec. 5^ 1880; grad. Shtdge. High 
Schl., 1898; A. B. Princeton, 1903; A. M. Harvard, 1904; 3rd Sec. Am. Emb., 
St. Petersburg, 1905; 2nd Sec. Emb., Mexico City, 1906; Sec. Leg., Bogota, 
190S; Ch. d'Aff., ad. int., Colombia, 190S; Sec. Leg., The Hague and Luxbg., 
1909; Ch. d'Aff.. ad. int., Neth. and Luxbg., 1911; Sec. Leg., Santiago de 
Chili; Fellow Royal Geog. Soc. ; Sec. Intl. Trib. for U. S. on Venezuelan 
Arbit., The Hague, 1910. Res. "Off. Side" Irvington, Indpls. 

ALBERT J. BEVERLDGE, born on farm, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1862; laborer 
and teamster till 15; then att high schl; Ph B DePauw Univ, 1S85; read 
law in off. of Sen. McDonald; adm. bar, 18S7; asso. with McDonald & But- 
ler until he began practice for himself; U. S. Senator, 1899-05, '05-11; au- 
thor "The Russian Advance," etc.; contr. to mags.; res., Indpls. 

RUSSELL B. HARRISON, born Oxford, O., Aug. 12^ 1854; grad. La- 
fayette Coll., Easton, Pa,, C. E., M. E., G. E. ; studied law with his father, 
Benj. Harrison, 23rd Pres. U. S. ; Supt. U. S. Mint Serv., 1878; Journalist, 
Helena, Mont., Leslie's and Judge, N. Y. City; Pres. Terre Haute Elec. Ry. 
Co.; Lt,-Col. and Ins. Gen. Pro v. Marsh., 7th Army Corps. Spanish war; 
pract. law, Indpls. Mexican Consul for Ind. 

EDWARD DANIELS, born near Xenia. O.. May 11, 1854; grad. Wabash 
Coll., 1875, A. B. ; Law, Columbia Univ. Law Sch., 1877; appt. Master-in- 
Chancery, 1911. 

J. FRANK HANLY, born St. Joseph, 111., Apl. 4, 1863; att. common sch. 
Champ. Co., 111.; taught sch. nine years, Warren Co., Ind.; adm. bar, 1889; 
elect. State Senator, 1890; elect. Congress, 1894; elect. Gov. Ind., 1904; res., 
Indpls. 

ROBERT E. SPRINGSTEEN, born Indpls.. May 25, 1S57; att. common 
schls, Indpls; was mgr When Clothing Store and in mercantile . bus many 
years; active in Democratic politics; appt Postmaster Indpls Apl 24, 1913. 
by President Wilson. 

FRANK C. DAILEY, born Bluffton. Ind., Dec. 22, 1870; grad. Ind. 
Univ. Law, 1894; appt. U. S. Dist. Atty. Jan. 1, 1914. 

EDWARD H. SCHMIDT, born March 14. 1868; att. common schls., 
Indpls.; Purdue Univ. sped, Phar. & Chera.; appt. U. S. Marshal May 9, '11. 

CHARLES W. BYFTELD, born Franklin, Ind.. Sept. 9, 1865; att. Short- 
ridge High Schl., Indpls.; appt. elk. M. O. Dept. P. O., Indpls., 1885; Asst. 
Postmaster Sept. 1. 1913. 















WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



CHARLES DOWNING, born New York City, Aug. 7, 1857: attended 
common schools; Clerk Hancock County. 1S82-S6-90-94; Prosecutor Hancock 
County, 1893; mem. State Bd. of Agr., 1893-1900; sec. State Bd. Agr„ 1900-; 
mem. Bd. Trust. Purdue Univ. 

DEMARCHIS C. BROV\"N, born Indianapolis. June 24. 1SB7; A. B. 
Butler Coll., Indianapolis. 1879; A. M. 18S0; Univ. Tubingen. Germany. 
1882-3: Am. Sch. Classic Studies. Athens, Greece, 1S92-3 and 1S97. in part; 
British Museum. 1SS3; Munich Museum, 1897; Prof. Greek and Greek Art. 
Butler Coll.. 1SS2-1906; State Libr. Ind., Sept., 1906; Mem. Am. Inst. Arch.; 
Mem. Am. Philog. Soc. ; Mem. Bd. State Char., 1891 — . 

CHARLES E. COX, born Feb. 21. 1860. near Westfield, Ind.; grad. High 
Sch. of Noblesville and Tipton; studied law with brother. Millard F. Cox 
and Judge Wm. E. Niblack. at Indianapoiis; admit, bar Nov. 20, 1886: 
Libr. Supreme Ct., 1880-89; elct. Judge Supreme Ct., 1910. 

DOI'GLAS MORRIS, born Knightstown. Ind., Jan. 5, 1861; grad. As- 
bury Coll.. 1SS2: studied law under Gen. Benj. Harrison; admit, to bar 
1883: Circuit Judge Rush. Shelby counties, 1898-1904; elct. Judge Supreme 
Ct., 1910. 

JOHN W. SPENCER, born March 7, 1S64: attended Central Normal 
College; began practice law. 1SS5. Mt. Vernon, Ind.: Pros. Vanderburg and 
Posey counties. 1S92: elect judge Supreme Ct, 1912. 

QVINCY A. MYERS, born Cass Co., Ind., near Logansport: grad. Dart- 
mouth Coll. and Law Sch. Union Univ., Albany, N. Y. ; city att'y Logans- 
port; pros, att'y Cass Co.; mem. Logansport Sch. Bd. 13 years; trustee De- 
Pauw Univ.; pres. Am. Inst. Criminal Law and Criminology; Judge Sup. 
Ct. 1910; renom. 1914. 

RICHARD K. ERWIN, born July 11. 1860: att. M. E. Coll.. Ft. Wayne; 1 
studied law under France & Merryman. Decatur, Ind.; Justice of Peace. 
1884; admt. bar. 1887; mem. Ind. Legis., 1890-92; Judge Circuit Ct. Adams 
Co, 1900; Judge Ind. Supr. Ct., 1912- 

W. CARY CARSON, born Falmouth. Ind.. March 26. 1SS7: att. Fair- 
view High Sch.; grad. Ind. Law Sch.. 1908; admt. bar. 1908; Secy, to Judge 
Dougla.s Morris, 1910-12; appt. Libr. Ind. Supr. Ct. Law Libr., 1913; res., 
Rushville, Ind. 

MOSES B. LAIRY, born in Cass Co.. Ind.. Aug. 13. 1S59; taught sch. 
Cass Co.; grad. Law Dept.. Univ. Mich.. 1S89; began prac. law. Logansport; 
Judge Circuit Ct. Cass Co. 1895-96; elect judge Ind Appl Ct. 1910; elect 
judge Supreme Ct of Ind. 1914; res, Logansport. Ind. 

JOSEPH H. SHEA, born Lexington, Ind., July 24, 1863; grad. Ind. 
Univ., 1889; began prac. law Scottsburg, Ind.; Pros. Atty. Scott, Jennings 
and Ripley Cos.. 1891; elect. State Sen.. 1896; elect. Circuit Judge, Scott 
and Jackson Cos.. 1906; elect. Judge Appl. Ct.. 1912; res.. Seymour, Ind. 

MILTON B. HOTTEL, born Harrison Co., Ind., May 1, 1860; grad. Ind. 
Univ., 18S2; pract. law. 1884. Salem. Ind.. until elect. Judge Appel. Ct., 
1910; res., Indianapolis. 

EDWARD W. FELT, born Allegheny Co.. Va., Nov. 7, 1859; grad. Cen- 
tral Normal Coll., Danville, Ind., 1884; began pract. law. Greenfield. Ind.. 
1887; elect. Pros. Atty. Hancock Co.. 1890-92: Circuit Judge Hancock Co.. 
1900; Judge Appl. Ct.. 1910; res.. Indianapolis. 

JOSEPH G. IBACH, born Hammond. Ind.. March 15. 1862: att. High 
Sch.. Huntington. Ind.. 18S0; DePauw Univ.. 1S83; DePauw Law Sch., 1885; 
began pract. law, 1SS6: Dept. Pros. Huntington Co., 1SS6-S8; elct. Judge 
Appl. Ct.. 1910; mem. Bd. of Educ. Hammond. Ind.. 1905-10; res.. Ham 
mond, Ind. 

FREDERICK S. CALDWELL, born Meigs Co., O.. Jan. 17, 1862; grad 
Natl. Normal Univ., Lebanon. O. ; prin. Winchester, Ind.. High Sch.. 18S5- 
91; supt. City Sch.. 1891-92; began pract. law, 1892; appt. Judge Appl. Ct 
Sept. 1, 1913; res., Winchester. 

W. E. LONGLEY, born Noblesville. Ind.. Sept. 26, 1S54; att. common 
schl. and Ladoga Acad.. 1867; appt. State Fire Marshal March 27, 1913, 
term four years; res., Noblesville. 

GILBERT H. HENDREN, born Canal Winchester, O., March 29, 1857; 
grad. Central Law Schl.. Indianapolis. 1880; Dept. Clk. Greene Co. Circ. Ct.. 
1886-1904; Chf. Clk. State Bid. and Loan Dept., 2% years, from Dec. 1. 
1910; appt. State Exam., June 7. 1913. 

ROGER W. WALLACE, born Spencer. Ind.. Oct. 24, 1888: att. Indpls. 
common schls. ; grad. Shortridge High Schl.. Butler Coll.. Leland Stanford, 
Jr., Univ.. Calif.. Law Dept.; admit, bar. 1911; appt. Dept. State Fire Mar- 
shal, March. 1913; res., Indianapolis. 

EDGAR A. PERKINS, born Indianapolis, Aug. 1, 1866; att. common 
schl. Indianapolis; pres. State Fed. of Labor. Ind.. 1895-1913; appt. Chief 
State Bureau of Inspection. 1 May 1. 1913: now pres Industrial Bd of Ind: 
res, Indpls. 

ELIJAH A. GLADDEN, born Scott Co.. Ind.. Jan. 30. 1860; att. High 
Sch; Univ. Ind.; taught school; county supt. Scotl Co., 1897-1903; appt. s< 
State Bd. of Forestry, July 2, 1913. 

JOSEPH L. REILEY, born Jefferson Co*. Ind., sec. Dem. State Com., lss: 
to 190S; Deputy Pfnsion Agt. for Ind.. 1S94-9S; secy. Railroad and Public 
Service Comm. of Ind.. 1914-; res.. Indianapolis. 

THOMAS DIXCAX, born May 5. 1860: att. Central Normal Coll.. Dan- 
ville. Ind : began pract. law, 1SS9: appt. chm. Public Service Commission 
of Ind.. May 1. 1913; res.. Princeton. Ind. 

AMOS W. Bl'TLER, born Bronkville, Ind.. Oct. 1. 1860; grad. Ind. 
Univ. (A. M.): secy. Ind. Bd. State Char., 1S97-; a founder of Ind. Acad, 
of Science; secy, till 1893; pres., 1895; Fellow Am. Assn. Adv. of Science; 
gen. secy., 1892; vice pres.. 1900; pres. Natl. Con. Char, and Cor., 1906-7; 
pres. Am. Prison Assn.. 1910; res., Indianapolis. 





Ultu. 




A^c/ 












WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



WILLIAM D BTNUM, ex-congressman, born Newberry, Ind. June 26, 1846; 
adm bar 1869; pract law Washington, Ind, 1869-81; Indpls since 1881; 
city atty Wash, Ind, 1871; mayor 1875-9; mem Ind legis 1SS2-3 
(speaker 1S83); mem Congress 18S5-95; mem Comm to revise U S 
laws; active in orgn Nat Gold-stanc* Dem party 1896; res Indpls. 

CHARLES W FAIRBANKS, ex-Vice President U S, born Union Co, O, 
May 11, 1862; A B Ohio Wesleyan Univ 1872; A M 1875 (LL D 1901); 
LL D Baker Usiv 1903; la State 1903; Northwestern 1903; agt Assc 
Press 1872-4; adm Ohio bar 1874; U S Sen 1897-1903; elect V P U S 
1904; mem Jt high Brit-Am Commn 1898; trustee Ohio Weslyn, Am and 
DePauw Univs; regent Smithsonian Inst; res Indpls. 

WM K ENGLISH, born "Englishton Park," Scott Co, Ind, Nov 3, 1854; att 
N W Christian Univ (now Butler). LL B; mem Ind Leg 1879-SO; mem 
Congress 1883-85; Pres Indpls Park Bd 1S98; Pres Indpls Bd Safety 
1901-2; ex-Pres Indpls Comm Club; Capt and ADC Staff Gen 
Wheeler. Santiago camp. Span Am War ; staff Gov Ind ; del to three 
Nat polit convs; author Hist of Masonry, etc; res Indpls. 

HARRY S NEW, born ndpls Dec 31, 185S; att Butler Univ 1877; prop 
Indpla Journal 1S78-1903; State Senator 1S96-1900; elect mem Rep 
Nat Comm at Phila 1900; re-elect till 1912; declined re-elect; vice- 
chm 1906, chm 1907; Capt, A A G, 3d brig 2d div 7th Army CorpB 
Span Am war; now pres Bedford Stone and Cons Co. Indpls. 

MARTIN M HL'GG, lawyer, born Indpls, Mch 17, 1858; grad law dept 
Mich Univ 1879; Dept Pros 1884-5; State Senator Marion Co, 1896-1904; 
County Attorney 1901-5; res Indpls. 

LEW SHANK, born Indpls. Jan 23, 1872; att pub sch and Shtrdge High 
sch, Indpls; elect Recorder Marion Co 1902-6 ; elect Mayor Indpls 
1910-14; engaged in business in Indpls since 1896; lecturer "High Cost 
of Living" tour U S 1914; res Indpls. 

JOHN C CHAKEY, lawyer, born in Columbiana Co. O, 1S54; came to La- 
fayette Tp, Allen Co. Ind, when a child; grad Ascension Sera, Sullivan 
Co, Ind, 1874; grad Law Sch, Cincinnati Univ. LL B, 1882; five years 
Supt Sch Is. Farmersburg and Worthington, Ind; mem 59 th and 60 th 
Congress from Ind; res Sullivan. Ind. 

WILLIAM L TAYXOR, lawyer, born Wolcottville, Ind; att pub sch Wol- 
cottville; grad Law Sch Ind Univ; City Atty Indpls 1SS5-91; Atty Gen 
Ind 1898-1902; donated Taylor Bathing Pool to city 1908; res Indpls. 

ROBERT W McBRIDE, lawyer, born Richland Co, O. Jan 25, 1842; att 
Kirkville, la, acad; adm bar 1867; Judge Circ Ct 35th Jud Circ, Ind, 
1882-8; Just Supr Ct, Ind, 1890-93; dir & couns loan dept State Life 
Ins Co; mem Union Lt Grd, Ohio (Lincoln's body guard); capt. It-col, 
col 3d Reg Ind N G; author, "Personal Recollections Abraham Lincoln," 
etc; res Indpls. 

W H H MILLER, ex-Attorney General U S, born Augusta, N Y. Sep 6, 
1840; A B Hamilton Coll 1865 (LL D 1889); Lt 84th Ohio vols 1S62; 
adm bar 1865; pract Ft Wayne 1S66-74; Indpls 1874-S9 in partnership 
with Gen Ben.1 Harrison; U S Atty Gen 1889-93 Pres Harrison's cabinet; 
pract Indpls since 1S93; res Indpls. 

W W THORNTON, lawyer and author, bom Logansport. Ind, June 27, 1851; 
att Smithson Coll, Logansport; LL B Mich Univ 1876; dept atty-gen Ind 
1880-2; author: Statutory Construction (Ind) 1SS7; Ind Practice Code 
1888; Lost Wills 1890; Rev Statutes Ind 1897; Ind Negligence 190S, 
etc; elect Judge Superior Ct Marion Co 1914; res Indpls. 

MEREDITH NICHOLSON, author, born Crawfordsville, Ind, Dec 9, 1866: 
edc pub schls Indpls (hon A M Wabash Coll 1901, Butler Coll 1902. 
Litt D Wabash 1907); mem Nat Inst Arts and Letters; author. Short 
Flights (poems) 1891; The Hooriers (in "Nat Studies Am Letters) 
1900; The Main Chance 1903. and many other novels since; Provincial- 
America (essays) 1913; res Indpls. 

FRANK BOWERS, cartoonist, born Silverton, Ore, Dec 2S, 1S72; began 
work cartoonist San Francisco Exam 1S96; N Y Journal 189S; Indpls 
News 1S99-1908; Indpls Star 1912 — ; res Indpls, 

JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY, author, born Greenfield, Ind. 1853; att pub 
schls; (hon A M Yale 1902, Litt D Wabash 1903 and Univ of Pa 1904. 
LL D Ind Univ 1907); mem Am Acad Arts and Letters; be^an rontrib 
poems Ind papers 1873 ; long known as "Hoosier Poet" ; his earlier 
Hoosier dialect and first work appeared under pen name "Benj F 
Johnson of Boone" ; res Indpls. 

HECTOR FULLER, born London, Eng, Oct IS, 1864; att Kilburn Coll, 
London; H M S Worcester 1877-9; mere marine 5 years; South African 
diamond fields 18S5 ; came to U S 1886 ; began newspaper work Mid- 
dletown, N Y, 1S87; Indpls 18S9; war corresp Russo-Jap war 1904-5; 
Indpls Star 1913 ; dramatic critic, lecturer, etc; res Indpls. 

DELAVIN SMITH, journalist, born Cincinnati Dec 28, 1861; edc Lake 
Forest (HI) Acad; Lake Forest Coll and Mass Tech; propr Indpls 
News; V-P Oliver Typewriter Co; pres Cox Multi- Mailer Co, etc ; 
mem Am Hist Assn. etc; office Indpls. 

RICHARD SMITH, born Cincinnatti, O, Aug 14, 1859; son of Richard 
Smith, many years edtr Cincinnati Gazette; grad Checkering acad, 
Cincinnati, 1S76; opened serv Assov Press St Paul for northwest 1881: 
trans to N Y City 1S84 as agt Westn Assoc Press; later became asst 
gen tnang; came to Indpls News 1901; mang editor since 1903; res 
Indpls. 

HILTON U BROWN, newspaper man. born Indpls Feb 20, 1859; grad Butler 
Coll B A 1SS0; taught "Oaktown Academy," Knox Co, Ind, one year; 
began as reporter Indpls News 1881; city editor 1S92-5; now general 
manager; dir Am Newspaper Pub Assn; trustee Butler Coll 1S94 — , and 
pres bd since 1903; res ( Irvington) Indpls. 

LOUIS HOAVLAND, newspaper man, born Indpls June 13, 1857; A B Yale 
1879 (A M Wabash Coll 1900; Litt D 1903); pract law 1S79-98; in 
editorial work since 1S84; editorial writer Indpls News .1893-11; editor 
since 1911; res Indpls. 

MORRIS ROSS, born Indpls, Ind. Aug 21, 1S50; att priv sch Indpls; grad 
Cornell Univ 1870; read law; editorial writer Indpls Sentinel 187- ; 
N Y Tribune 1876 ; same year Indpls News; 8 years managing editor 
News; now editorial writer; res Indpls. 

CHARLES DENNIS, born Lawrenceburg, Ind, 1S45; writer on Indpls 
Journal 1875; on Indpls News from July, 1877, to 1880; with Geo C 
Harding owned Indpls Sat Review; then on Journal 10 years; on 
Indpls News continuously since 1892. 

WM M HERSCHEL, born Spencer, Ind, Nov 17, 1S73; att Co comm sch 
Evansville and Huntingburg; learned mchnst trade; became one of the 
seer Am Ry Union 1S94; adopted the newspaper bus 1897; with Indpls 
News since 1902 ; author, "Songs of the High-and-By-Ways" ; res 
Indpls. 












T <w-Io \ft£x^vJl i\V* s ~V ■ 











WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



A M GLOSSBREXXER, born Jeffersonville, Ind, Aug 15, 1869; att public 
schls Jeffersonville and Ind pis: grad Granger Business Coll 18S5 ; 
assoc with Levey Bros & Co, since 188S; now pres and treas Levey 
Bros & Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM C BOBBS, publisher, born Montgomery Co, Ohio, Jan 25, 1S61; 
edc pub schs; ent employ Morrill, Meigs & Co (est 1838) 1S79; dir 
1890 and pres of its successor The Bobbs-Merrill Co 1S95; chrm exec 
comm State Life Ins Co; chrm bd dir Hollenbeck Press; dir Am Pubs 
assn, etc; res Indpls. 

CHARLES W MERRILL, publisher, born Indpls. Feb 15. 1861; identified 
The Bobbs-Merrill Co 1882. soc-treas IS 96 — ; pres Hollenbeck Press; 
sec Gen Securities Co; res Indpls. 

LAWRENCE D CHAMBERS, born Washington. D C. 1S79; grad Columbian 
prep sch. Wash, D C; A B Princeton Univ 1900; A M Princeton 1901; 
connected with Bobbs-Merrill Co. since 1903; res Indpls. 

HEWITT HANSON HOWL AND, editor, born Indpls Oct S, 1863; grad 
Indpls classical sch; in lit work since 1S9S; now editor and lit adviser 
The Bobbs-Merrill Co; res Indpls. 

THEODORE A RANDALL, born Akron. O, June 11, 1857; att comm sch; 
post-grad Northwestern Christn Univ (now Butler) 1874; est "Clay- 
Worker" and editor since 1884; sec Nat Brick Mftrs Assn since 1886; 
now pres T A Randall & Co and edtr "Clay-Worker" Indpls; res 
Indpls. 

WM B BCRFORD, born Independence. Mo., Nov 18. 1*46: at 15 came to 
Indpls; employed in printing office of Wm Braden; returned to Mis- 
souri 1863; joined state militia; after civil war att coll: came to 
Indpls 1867; with Mr Braden founded firm of Braden & Burford 
(Wm B Burford since 1S75); state printer many years; res Indpls. 

EDWARD MASON, illustrator, born Wilmington. Del, Aug 10. 1864; 
learned trade lithographer at 18; came to Indpls to make illustrations 
for Wm H English's "Conquest of the Northwest" ; afterwards pur- 
chased the engrav bus of Baker-Randolph Co; engaged in the illus 
and engrav bus since: res Indpls. 

FELLX J KRIEG, born Winona. Minn. Nov 15, 1868; att parochial sch 
Dubuque. la. and Indpls: learned printer's trade 1S82; with Hollenbeck 
Press 1SSS; now Secy and Supt Hollenbeck Press; res Indpls. 

ROBT E DARNABV, born Lexington. Ky, March 20, 1S64 ; att pub sch 
Lexington ; learned printer's trade; came to Indpls 1883; with Hollen- 
beck Press since 18S6; now Treas and Manager Hollenbeck Press 
Indpls; res Indpls. 

E E STAFFORD, born Millville. Henry Co. Ind. Dec 25, 1S70; att Purdue 
1 Tniv, class '91 ; mem Sigma Chi ; estab Stafford Engrav Co, 1893 ; 
pres and treas Stafford Eng Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 

HENRY JAMESON, physician, born Indpls, Sep 9, 1848; grad Northwestern 
Christ Univ (now Butler) 1SG9; Bellevue Hosp Med Coll 1871; was Dean 
Med College of Ind; appt mem Bd of Park Comms 1906 ; elect pres 
same 190S; mem Am, Ind and Indpls Med Socs; res Indpls. 

ALEMBERT W BRAYTON, physician, born Avon. N Y, March 2, 1848; grad 
Chicago Normal sch 1869; att Cornell 1871-2; B S Butler Univ 1878. 
M S 18S0; M D Ind Med Coll 1879; M S Ind Univ 1882; Ph D Purdue 
1SS5; on staff Indpls Journal 1SS0-6; Prof Ind Med Coll since 1882; 
Edit Ind Med Journal 1892-11; mem A M A, Ind State Med Soc ipres 
1902); Author Birds of Ind, etc; Prof, of Syphilology and Dermatology 
Ind Univ Schl of Med; res, Indpls. 

NEWTON J McGUIRE, lawyer, born near Rising Sun. Ind. Nov 6. 186S; 
grad Univ of Mich. LL B 1892 ; began pract Rising Sun ; taught sch 
two terms; came to Indpls 1893; asst city atty 1910-13; State Comdr 
Sons of Vets 1S92-4; Comdr-in-Chief 1911-12; mem Ind State and Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls. 

ROBERT FROST DAGGETT, architect, born Indpls March 13. 1875; grad 
Univ of Pa 1896; Ecole des Beaux Arts. Paris, 1901; began pract 
1901; designed Memorial Gym, Agr, Expr Station and other bldgs 
Purdue Univ, Science Bid Ind Univ. R W Long State Hosp, Indpls; 
mem Beaux Arts Soc, N Y, Ind Chap A I A; res Indpls. 

PRESTON C RIBl'SH, architect, born Fairfield, Ind, March 30. 1S67; att 
special course Univ of 111; began pract Indpls 1893; mem Ind Chap Am 
Inst Archt; mem firm Rubush & Hunter, designers Masonic Temple, 
Odd Fellows Bid, State Sch for Deaf, etc. Indpls; res Indpls. 

EDGAR O HUNTER, architect, born Versailles, Ind. June 13, 1S73; att 
Arch Dept Univ of Pa, 1896; be^an pract Indpls 1896; mem Ind Chap 
Am Inst Arch; mem firm Rubush & Hunter, Indpls. designers Coliseum, 
Fair Grounds. Hume-Mansur Bid, Occidental Realty, City Hall, 1. O. 
O. F,, Masonic Temple, etc, Indpls; res Indpls. 

HERBERT L BASS, architect, born Indpls, Nov 13, 1877; grad Indpls High 
sch; began pract with Louis H Gibson 1892; designer Logansport. Leb- 
anon, etc, High schls; Indpls Canoe Club, residence J A Allison, Indpls; 
three bldgs Ind Boys' Sch, Plainfield. Ben Hur Office Bldg, Crawfords- 
ville; mem A. I. A. and Ind Chap A I A; res Indpls. 

HERBERT FOETZ, architect, born Indpls. Feb 23. 1S67; grad Rose Poly- 
tech, Terre Haute, B S 1SS6; Engr 111 Steel Co 1887-91; pract Indpls 
since; designed S E Hosp Ins, Madison; new bldgs Sou Hosp Insane. 
Evansville; Epileptic Village. Newcastle; Y M C A bid. Indpls, etc; 
Fellow Am Inst Arch; res Indpls. 

HENRY H HORNBROOK, lawyer, born Evansville, Ind, Feb 15, lsTO; grad 
DePauw 1S92, Harvard Law Sch 1 894 ; pract Indpls since ; mem Am, 
Ind State, Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

CARL H WEYL, lawyer, born Franklin, Ind, May 27, 1SS1. grad Franklin 
Coll, Ph B 1901; Ind Law Sch. LL B 1902, Harvard 1903-4; lect Corp 
law and real prop Am Cen Law sch, Indpls; mem Franklin. Ind State 
and Indpls Bar assns; res Woodruff PI, Indpls. 

AVSTIN F DENNY, lawyer, born Marion Co, Ind. July 6, 1841; grad North- 
western Christ L"ni\ nmn 1 Hitler) 1S62; grad Law Sch Harvard 1N6^; 
pract Indpls since; res Indpls.* 







(X^s^Sr- 













LA toi^h^h^a^,. 




fi&u^/^XVJO 



* 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOHN F. BARNHILL, surgeon, born 111 1S65; grad. Cent. Col! Phy and 
Surg Indpls; studied K Y Eye and Ear Infirm, N Y Polyclin, Cent Lon- 
don Ear, Nose and Throat Hosp, Ear Dept Univ Vienna; professor dis- 
eases Ear, Nose and Throat Ind Univ Schl Med; mem A M A, Amer 
Laryn, Amer Otol, Ind State Med Socs, Fellow Amer Coll of Surg; Co- 
Author Barnhill & "Wales Modern Otology; res Indpls. 

JOHN W. SLl'SS. surgeon, born Cloverdale. Ind, Aug 27. 1S67; B S DePauw 
Univ 1S90, A M 1894; M D Ind Univ 1S93; hosp courses London and 
Paris 1905 ; assc prof surg Ind Univ Sch Med; was Supt City Hosp; 
Capt and Asst Surg Ind N G; Secy Marion Co Bd Health; mem A M A, 
Miss Vail, etc. Med socs; Author "Emergency Surgery"; res Indpls. 

BERNHARD ERDMAN, physician and surgeon, born Pittsburg. Pa, Nov, 
1876; grad Ind Med Coll 1S97; clinician Ind Univ Sch of Med; mem 
A M A, Ind State Med and Indpls Med Soc. Am Urolog assn; Fellow 
Am Coll of Surg 1914; altern in G U Indpls Citv Hosp, etc; res Indpls. 

ALFRED S JAEGER, surgeon, born New York City, Mav 28. 1874; grad 
Missouri Med Coll, M D 1897; A B City Coll, N Y. 1892; Obst Surg City 
Hosp; att Abdom Surg and Dis of Women Protest-Deaconess Hosp; Prof 
Comp Path Ind Vet Coil; Lect Path Protest-Deaconess Hosp and East- 
man Hosp, etc; Editor Bulletin Comp Medicine and Surgery; mem 
A M A, Ind State Med assn, etc; res Indpls. 

GENERAL W H KEMPER, physician, born Rush Co. Ind. Dec 16. 1839; pvt 
7th Ind Vols 1861; hosp stew 17th Ind Vols 1861-3, asst surg 1S63-4; 
att med lect Univ Mich 1864-5; M D. L I Coll Hosp 1S65; Post-grad 
N Y Polyclin 1SS6; pract In Muncie since 1865: Coroner Delaware Co 
1870-5; U S Ex Surg 1872-93; Pres Del Co Med soc 1879. Ind State Med 
soc 1886-7; Author "The World's Anatomist," etc; res Muncie. Ind. 

SAMUEL E EARP, physician, born Lebanon, 111. Dec 19. 1858; grad Mc- 
Kendree Coll, B S, M S. M L 1879; Central Coll Phy and Surg. Indpls. 
1882: chm Bd of Health 1885-6; police surg 1891-5; now clin prof med 
Ind Univ Sch Med; mem staff City, St Vincent's and Deaconess hosps: 
Editor Indpls Medical Journal; mem A M A, State and Indpls Med 
assns; res Indpls. 

JOHN KOLMER, born Zotzenbach. Germany, Dec 15. 1865; came to U S 
1881; att Cent Norm sch, Danville. 1SS6; came to Indpls 1SS7; grad 
Jefferson Med Coll, Phila. 1894; returned to Indpls 1896, began pract; 
post-grad med schls and hosps Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna, Munich 1899; 
mem A M A, State and Indpls Med assns; life mem Obst and Gynec 
Soc, Germanv; res Indpls. 

GEORGE J COOK, surgeon, born Allegh Co, Pa, Feb 12, 1844; grad Ky 
Sch Med 1866; mem faculty till 1S82; came to Indpls, pract since, spe- 
cialist surg treatment gastro-intest and rectal disorders; was Secy Ind 
Med Coll 1896-1905; mem A M A; Am Proct Soc; Miss Vail (form 
pres), Ind State (form pres), Indpls Med socs; res Indpls. 

JOHN H OLIVER, surgeon, born Clermont, Ind. April 16. 1859; att Butler 
Coll 1S7S; A M Wabash Coll 1879; Supt City Hosp, Indpls. 1887-91; 
Surg 2nd Reg Ind N G 1883-95; post-grad Berlin and Vienna; Fellow 
Am Coll of Surg; Prof Surg Ind Univ Sch Med; res Indpls. 

HARRY A JACOBS, phvsician and surgeon, born Indpls. March 21. 1880; 
grad Med Coll of Ind, M D 1901; interne City Disp 1901; mem A M A, 
Ind State and Indpls Med assns; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM WATSON WOOLLEN, author and lawyer; born Indpls, May 28. 
1838; grad law dept N W Chrstn (now Butler) Univ; adm bar 1861: 
Dist atty 1862-66: Co atty 1882-5; gave Indpls "Buzzard's Roost." 44 
acres. Dec 9. 1909; honorary mem Indpls Bar assn ; Am Civ Lgue; 
mem Ind Audubon soc; Ind Acad of Sclen; A A A S; Am Hum soc; 
State Bar assn, etc; res Indpls. 

HARRY E NEGLEY, lawyer, born Marion Co, near Castleton. Aug 31, 1866; 
att pub and high schls. Brightwood; studied law and adm bar Nov 
1890; elect Citv council 1899; re-elect 1901; res Indpls. 

CASSIUS C SHIRLEY, lawver. born Russiaville. Ind. Nov 28. 1859: att 
Asbury (now DePauw) Univ 1877-8; LL B Univ of Mich 1881; pract 
Kokomo 1S81-1906; since Indpls; mem firm Miller. Shirley, Miller & 
Thompson; pros atty 36th jud circ 1882-4; city atty Kokomo 1SS4-1900; 
mem Am, Ind State. Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

WALTER J TINGLE, lawyer, bom fcionsville, Ind. May 21, 1S77; grad 
Union High acad 1897; Indpls Coll Law 1907; taught sch Hamilton Co. 
Ind. 1897-1901; cfTy elect comm Indpls 1909; elect Legis 1910-12; res 
Indpls. 

HAROLD TAYLOR, lawver. born Indpls Jan 22. 1802; att Wabash Coll 
1878-81; Univ of Mich LL B 1891; A M Wabash Col] 1901; Offc Crt 
Reptr Marion Co 1882-90; adm bar 1S91 ; mem Am, Ind State and Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls. 

ALFRED F POTTS, lawyer, born Richmond, Ind. Oct 28, 1856; att law 
dept Univ of Mich 1875-6 ; partner with John L Griffiths 25 years; 
originator substitute for Mimic Ownership Pub Util adopt by Consmrs 
Nat Gas Co 1887; same plan applied by Citz Gas Co 1905; plan provides 
for self-perpetuating bd of trust eliminating stock manipulation; ex- 
pres Commercial Club; res Indpls. 

FRANK BLACKLEDGE, lawyer, born Bluffton. Ind. Nov 21, 1857: grad 
Franklin Coll 1872; came to Indpls 1873; stud law with Harrison, Miller 
& Elam; adm bar 1S87; priv secy Gov A G Porter 1881-5; mem Indpls 
sch bd 1893-6; author colab with W W Thornton "Bid & Loan Assns," 
"Administration and Settlement of Estates"; res Indpls. 

JOHN B COCKRUM, lawyer, born Oakland City, Ind, Sep 12. 1857; grad 
Cincinnati Law sch 1879: taugh sch Gibson Co 1875-6-7: adm bar Boone- 
ville; came to Indpls 18S9; appt asst Dist U S atty 1889-93; appt asst 
Gen Atty L E & W Ry 1893-4; gen atty since; mem Am. State and 
Indpls Bar assns: res Indpls. 

HARRY HENDRICKSON, lawyer, born Indpls Nov 23 1S74; grad Ind Law 
sch 1900; asst to Commsn Revs U S Statutes, Wash, D C, 1904-5; expet 
spec agt U S Census 1900; city chm Prog party 1913; secy Ind Fish, 
Game and Forestry Leag; res Indpls. 

LINTON A. COX, lawyer, born Azalia, Barth Co, Ind, Sep 2, 1868; grad 
Earlham Coll B S 18SS; Univ of Mich LL B 1890; State Sen 1907-10; 
author "60-cent gas bill" law Leg 1907; mem Am, State and Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls, 

VINSON CARTER, lawyer, born Morgan Co. Ind, July 16. 1S40; grad Ind 
Univ, B S, LL B, 1S67; began pract Indpls 1867; mem Legis 1881 ; 
elect Judge Super Ct Marion Co 1894; re-elct 1S9S-1902-1906 ; now 
counsel and trust off Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; mem State and Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls. 



£T /S^^^X^C 











WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



GEORGE W COMBS, physician, born Oaklandon, Ind. March 10, 1859; grad 
Med Coll of Ind 1SS4: Polyclinic. N Y. 1906: studied London. Berlin. 
Vienna and Paris 1901-6-11: assoc clin prof gastro-intest surg Ind 
Univ Sch Med; Burg to city hosp rectal dis; mem A M A; Ind State; 
Indpls med socs; Fellow Am Proctol soc, etc; res Indpls. 

\MI.MAM K GEORGE, physician, born Jefferson Co, Ind. May 13. 1863; 
grad Central Norm Coll. Danville. 1SS7; Hahnemann Med Coll. Chi- 
cago. 1SS9; N Y Post-Grad 1900; Berlin Univ 190S; began pract Frank- 
lin. Ind, 18S9; Indpls 1895; mem Am Inst Homo; Ind Inst Homo; res 
Indpls. 

THOMAS B EASTMAN, born Brownsburg, Ind, Apl 8. 1869; grad Wabash 
Coll. A B 1890; M D Cent Coll Phy & Surgs, Indpls, 1S93: clinical prof 
Gynec Ind Univ Sch of Med; mem Amer A M A; Am Assn Obst and 
Gynec Ind State and Marion Co Med socs F A C S: res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM J JONES. JR. chemist, born Watseka. 111. Dec 9. 1S70: B S 
Purdue Univ 1891, M S '92. A C '99; asst chem Purdue Univ '91-2; asst 
state chem Ind 1892-1901, chf dept state chem 1901-9, state chem since 
1907; spl obs U S Weather Bur since 1894; asso chem Purdue Expt Sta 
1903-7; prof agrl chem Purdue Univ since 1907. Fellow A A A S; 
mem Am Chem Soc. etc; exec com Assn Feed Control Officials (pres 
1911-12); res Lafayecte. 

WILLIAM P BEST, physician, born Fairfield. Ind. Aug 3. 1S64: grad 
Eclectic Med Inst. Cincinnati. M D 1SSS: N Y Post-Grad 1S99: (hon 
ScD Potomac Univ 1906); trustee Eel Med Coll (form "Inst") Cincin- 
nati; mem Nat Eelec assn (sec 1906 — ); Ind State Eclec Med Soc (sec 
1893-9. pres 1900); Marion Co Eclec soc; res Indpls. 

CHARLES R SOWDER. physician, born Rockcastle Co, Ky. Feb 16. 1870; 
taught sch Hendricks Co, Ind; att DePauw Univ; 111 Med Coll. Chi- 
cago; grad Coll Phy & Surgs, Indpls. M D 1898; post-grad John Hop- 
kins Univ; ciin prof med Ind Univ Sch Med; mem A M A; Ind 
State and Indpls Med socs: res Indpls. 

LOl'IS A GREINER, V S, born Alsace-Loraine, Germany. Dec S. 1854; 
att Lutheran Sem. Buffalo, N Y, 1867-S: att Vet Coll Phila. 1S75-76; 
grad Ind Vet Coll. 1S95: post-grad at Stuttgart. 1896; former prof of 
shoeing and lameness at Ind Vet Coll; hon V S Terre Haute Vet Coll; 
prof lameness and shoeing, cattle path and clin med Terre Haute Vet 
Coll ; res Indpls. 

G H ROBERTS, V S, born Alabama. N Y. Nov 1. 1864: grad Genessee 
Wesyl Sem, Lima, N Y, 1SS5: grad N Y City Vet Coll 1SSS; pres chem 
Vet Coll, Indpls, 1891 — ; Prof Theory and Prac Ind Vet Coll; Dir Bio! 
Lab Pittman-Moore Co: Field Vet of Ind 1901-13; res Indpls. 

FERDINAND A MUELLER, pharmacist, born Indpls Nov 23, 1862: grad 
Cincinnati Coll Phar. PhG 1886; Ind Vet Coll. V S 1S96: prof chem 
Toxicol. Phar and Bot Ind Vet Coll; prof Materi Med and Phar 
Indpls Sch of Phar; instrumental in est Ind Vet Coll 1892, and reorg 
Indpls Sch of Phar 1914; druggist Indpls since 1890. 

JAMES A ROHBACH, lawyer, born Northumberland Co. Pa. May 23. 1864; 
A B, A M Western Reserve Univ 1SS4-1890; Lt Col and ADC staff 
Governors of Iowa 1S94-8; LL B Univ Iowa 1S93; LL D Univ of Indpls 
1914; Dist atty Union Co. Pa. 1891-2: Prof law State Univ Iowa 1892- 
9; Prof law 1S99 and dean since 1901 Ind sch; res Indpls. 

CHAINCY Bl'TLER, born Indpls Sep 13. 184,8; grad Northwestern Chris- 
tain Univ (now Butler Coll) 1869: enlisted at 15. 1864, in 132nd Ind 
Vol; elect pec Butler Coll 1878 and 1S81; elect 1894 and since sec Butler 
Coll: res Irvington. Indpls. 

CHARLES W MILLER, lawyer, born Galena, Ind. Feb 4 1863; grad Univ 
of Mich LL D 1884; began pract Greenfield Ind 1884; taught sch two 
years; Mayor Goshen 1888-90: Atty-Gen Ind 1903-7; appt U S Atty 
1909-14; pros "Dynamite Cases"; mem Am State and Indpls Bar assns; 
res Indpls. 

OVID B JAMESON, lawyer, born Indpls, July 17, 1854; att Northwest 
Christ (now Butler) Univ 1874; Heidelberg and Berlin Univs 1874-77; 
began pract Indpls 1881; mem Ind Leg 1885; mem Am, State, Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls. 

LINN D HAT, lawyer, born Laporte Co. Ind, Dec 25. 1857; taught sch La- 
porte Co. Ind. 3 years: att Mt Union Coll. Ohio. 1881; adm bar 1886; 
pros atty Kingman. Kas. 1889-91: came to Indpls 1895: city atty 
1901-3: elect judge Super ct. room 2. Marion Co. 1914; res, Indpls. 

EARL R CONDER. lawyer, born Orleans. Ind, Mch 31. 1S77; grad Univ of 
Mich LL B 1905: began pract 1905 with Harvey, Pickens. Cox & Kahn; 
now mem firm Pickens. Cox & Conder. Indpls; mem Am, State and 
Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

J OLIAS VANIER, lawyer, born Indpls, Sep 10, 1S83; grad Indpls Law sch 
1906: adm bar 1906; mem firm Brown, Kepperley & Vanier; mem State 
and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

WOODBURN MASSON. lawyer, born Indpls. July 9. 1869; educ Shtrdge 
High sch; Cincinnati Law sch 1S90-1, 1894-5; adm bar 1891; in pract 
since 1895: mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 

JOHN C Rl CKEI.SIIAl S. lawyer horn Indpls, Mch 11. 1S73: att DePauw 
Univ 1892-4; Ind Law sch 1895; pauper atty Marion Co 1S96-7; asst 
pros 1S9S-9: pros atty 1900-05; ehm Rep Co Comm 1907-9; dist State 
chm 1912-14; mem Am, Ind State Bar assns; res Indpls. 

JAMES IV FESLER, lawyer, born Morgantown, Ind. Sep 29. 1S64; Ind 
Univ A B 1x87: stud law with Harrison. Miller & Elam 1S90: clerk 
Marion Co 1894-8; trust Ind Univ 1902 — ; appt mem Indpls Park Bd 
July 1914; mem Am. Ind and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

RUDOLPH ROLLER, lawyer, born Indpls. Oct 1. 1887: att pub sehls Indpls; 
grad Indpls Coll of Law June 1911; pract since: res Indpls. 

MERRITT II PERKINS, lawyer, born Greenfield. Mass. July 30. 1S86; att 
Greenfield. Mass. High sch 1903; Univ of Colo B A 1910; Indpls Coll of 
Law LL B 1912; began pract Indpls 1912; law clerk Appl Ct 1911-12; 
Supr Ct 1913; res Indpls. 

CHARLES S WILTSIE. lawyer, born Henry Co. Ind. Apl 20. 1860; att Ind 
State Normal 1SS0-2; taught sch 1S79-S4; dept pros Marion Co 18S5-6; 
file elk Ind Lesi5 1^87; pros atty Marion Co 1894-fi: re-elect 1 

mem Rep Stat.. Cent comm iS'u ■■::; pres Marion club 1"-::; res, Indpls. 






CP. 
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&(ji^-^SX€u^4Au^ 




7CU 




WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



HENRY W BENNETT, born Indpls, Aug 26, 1S58: att Indpls High sch ; 
ent business as Secy-treas Indpls Stove Co 1877 (now pres) ; appt 
Postmaster Indpls Feb 1905. resigned 1908; elec pres State Life Ins Co 
Feb, 1907; treas Rep State Cent Comm 1898-1906; res, Indpls. 

ALLISON MAXWELL, physician, born Bloomington. Ind. Sept 24. 1848; 
grad Ind Univ, B A. 1868; A M. 1871; M D Miami Med Coll. 1876; prof 
pract of medicine Ind Univ Schl of Med; Med Dir State Life Ins Co, 
Indpls; memb Ind State Med Soc, A M A; res Woodruff PI. Indpls. 

ALBERT E. STERNE, physician, born Cincinnati. O, Apl 28, 1866; A B 
Harv 18S7; M D Berlin Univ, 1891; studied univs of Strassbnrg. Paris. 
London. Vienna, Dublin; specialist in nervous and mental diseases and 
brain surgery; prof nerv and mental diseases Sch of Med Ind Univ 
Asst Surg Gen, staff Gov. Durbin 1901-5; mem. Am. Miss V and Ohio V 
med assns, A A A S, Phi Chi; Med Dir "Norways," Indpls. 

JAMES L CLARK, lawyer, born Hendricks Co. Ind, Dec 17, 1S54; began 
practice of law 1SS6; Judge Circ Court Hendricks Co, 1906-12; appt 
mem Pub Serv Coram of Ind, May 1, 1913. 

EDGAR F RISER, physician, born Union City, Ind. Apl 16, 1880; grad 
Manual Train High Sch. Indpls. 1897; Med Coll Ind, M D, 1903; Supt. 
City Disp, Indpls, 1906-10; prof phys diag and sex hyg. Norm Coll N 
Am Gym Union ; associate in pediantrics. Ind Univ Sch of Med ; res 
Indpls. 

CHARLES D HUMES, physician, born Rush Co, Ind, June 24. 18S2; grad 
Moores Hill Coll. 1903: Purdue Sch of Med 1906; Asso Med Dir "Nor- 
ways." Indpls; on visit staff City Hos. Indpls; mem Ind Med, A M A; 
res Indpls. 

MAURICE ALBRECHT, dentist, born Morat, Switzerland. May 26. 1850; 
att comm sch Switzerland ; came to America 1867 ; grad Ind Dental 
Coll 1883; pract dentistry Indpls 35 years; res Indpls. 

WALLACE BUCHANAN, born New London, Mo, Feb 6, 1S73; att Shortridge 
High Sch, Indpls; began work manager's office I B W Ry, 1887, Eng^T 
Dept; later with Big Four Ry; entered postal service 1905; now Asst 
Supt Mails, Indpls. 

CHARLES B FAWKNER, born Ladoga. Ind, June 24, 1864; grad Shortridge 
High Sch. Indpls; ent Postal Serv Indpls. clerk 1885; Postoffice Insp, 
1895-9; Ry Mail Serv 1893-95, 99-1913; trans to Supt Mails, Indpls, 1913. 

BENJAMIN H Dl'GDALE, mortgage expert on loan values, born Richmond, 
Ind, Oct 13, 1854; att Earlham Coll 1869; came to Indpls 1895; with 
State Life Ins Co, Indpls, mortgage loan dept, since 1901; res Indpls. 

JOHN C BILLHELMER, born "Wayne Co, Ind, March 3, 1857; att Valparaiso 
Coll 1S7S; taught sch "Wayne Co, 1877; adm bar Washington, Ind. 1S79; 
pract "Washington 23 years; dept Aud State Ind, 1903-6; elect Auditor 
State. 1906-8; org Sterling Fire Ins Co, Indpls, 1911; now pres; res 
Indpls. 

GEORGE B RUBENS, born Chicago, Apl 20, 1870; att pub schls, Chicago; 
began work as stage electrician 188S Chicago Opera House ; came to 
Indpls 1S90. introducing first electr display in city; elected mem Indpls 
City Council 1910-14; now mang Saks & Co interests in Indpls; special 
representative Indpls Light & Heat Co*. ; res Indpls. 

JOHN B ELAM, lawyer, born Greene Co. O. Dec 16. 1845; grad Miami Univ 
1870; Univ Mich Law dept 1872; came to Indpls 1S72; elected pros 
atty Marion Co, Ind, 1878-82; res Indpls. 

MERRILL MOORES, lawyer, born Indpls, Apl 21, 1856; att Butler Coll 
1870-2, 1873-5; Willamette Univ. Salem, Ore, 1S72-3; A B Tale 1S7S: 
LL B Central Law sch, Ind. 1880; chm Rep Co Comm Marion Co 1S92-6; 
asst atty-gen Ind 1894-03; Commr from Ind Nat Conf Uniform State 
laws 1909-17; mem Am Bar; pres State Bar 1907-S; Indpls Bar assn 
1907; elect to 64th Congress 1914 — ; res Indpls. 

WM A PICKENS, lawyer, born Owen Co, Ind, July 22. 185S; educ Spencer 
High sch; Ind Univ 1S79-81; Columbian Law sch, Wash, D C, 1SS1-U, 
pract law since 1893; adm bar Owen Co, Ind, 1SS1; appt Corp counsel 
Indpls Jan 5, 1914; mem Am Bar, Ind State Bar and Indpls Bar assns; 
pres Indpls Bar assn 1911; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM N HARDING, lawyer, born Marion Co, Ind, Sep 6, 185 2; att 
N W Christn (now Butler) Univ; grad Hanover, B A 1876; taught sch 
few terms; adm bar 1S79; elect pros Marion Co 1884; mem State and 
Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

EVANS WOOLLEN, lawyer, born Indpls, Nov 28, 1864; grad Tale Coll, A B 
1886; M A 1SSS; pract law Indpls since 1888; secy Commercial Club 
1895-1901; now pres Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; vice-pres and counsel 
Fletcher Am Nat Bank, Indpls; res Indpls. 

EDGAR A BROWN, lawyer, born Lennox, Asht Co, O, Aug 10. 184S; att 
Grand River Inst, Austinburg, O, and Earlham Coll 1868; began pract 
Indpls 1S72; org Tariff Reform League Ind 1SS9; pres same 1890; elect 
Judge Marion Circ Ct 1S90-6; chm Township Comm for twnshp elect 
1890; res Indpls. 

JOHN RAICH, born in Southgate, Franklin Co, Ind, Aug 4, 1S50; att 
comm sch until 12; learned cigar making Cincinnati in 1862; came to 
Indpls in 1871 and for 40 years was engaged in cigar mftrng; elected 
Clerk Circ Ct Marion Co from Jan 1, 1910-15; res Indpls. 

MILTON SIMON, lawyer, born Wabash, Ind; att Phillips Acad. Andover, 
Mass. 1896; Amherst Coll 1S9S; B L Univ of Mich 1902; pract law 
Indpls since 1902; mem firm Newberger, Richards, Simon & Davis; 
mem Indpls Bar assn: res Indpls. 

LAWSON M HARVEY, lawyer, born Plainfield, Ind. Dec 5, 1S56; att Indpls 
pub schls; Sewall Classical sch; Haverford Coll, Pa; Butler Coll. Indpls; 
Ind Law sch, B L 1S92; Judge Super Ct Marion Co 1894-8. 1907; mem 
and pres Indpls Bar assn 1907; mem Ind State Bar assn; res Indpls. 

CHARLES REMSTER, judge, born Fountain Co, near Veedersburg, Ind. 
July 2S, 1862; att Purdue Univ 1SS4-S; pract law Veedersburg 1SS9-95; 
came to Indpls 1S95; elect Judge Circ Ct Marion Co 1908-14; mem Ind 
Bar assn; res Indpls. 



















^^"y 7 * 



^ff^O-^r^rj^lX 







WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



A A YOUNG, born Johnson Co. Ind. Apl 5, 1852; att Franklin Coll 1868-9; 
with L S Ayres, lndpls. from 1S77-92; Young & McMurray, 1893-1910; 
mem City Counc 1S91-95; Chm Rep Co Comm 1896; appt Coll of Customs 
Feb 1898; re-appt Mch 1902-6; custodian Fed Bid and disb agt for 
funds used in erection new Federal bldg; res lndpls. 

ARTHUR M HOOD, patent lawyer, born lndpls, Dec 25, 1871; grad Rose 
Poly Inst, B S, M S, 1893-5; Columbian (now Geo "Wash Univ) LL B 
1895; began pract patent and trade-mark law 1895; mem Am, Ind State, 
lndpls Bar assns, "Washington and Chicago Patent Bar assns; res "Wood- 
ruff PI, lndpls. 

GEORGE B SCHXEY, patent lawyer, born lndpls, Apl 8, 1879; grad Manual 
Train High sch. lndpls, 1S9S; Kenyon Coll B S 1902; M A 1903; George 
Wash Univ LL B 1905; mem lndpls Bar assn ; Am Inst Elec Engrs; 
asst exm U S Pat Off 1902-8; with pat dept, Bullock Elec Mfg Co, 
Cincinnati, and Allis-Chalmers Co, Milwaukee, 1906-11; now mem firm 
Hood & Schley; res lndpls. 

GEO F MULL, lawyer, born Manilla, Ind, Dec 7, 1868; grad DePauw Univ 
Ph B 1893: Yale Law LL B 1894; pract law lndpls since 1S94; mem 
Ind State and lndpls Bar assns; res lndpls. 

BERNARD KORBLY, lawyer, born Madison. Ind, June 29, 1875; grad St 
Joseph's Coll, Tautopolis. Ill, 1895; read law in office of his father. 
Chas A Korbly. and Alonzo Greene Smith: adm bar lndpls 1S96; Chm 
Dem State Cent comm 1912 — ; Chm 7th Cong Dlstr 1906 — ; mem Ind 
State and lndpls Bar assns; res lndpls. 

CHARLES C PETTIJOHN, lawyer, born lndpls. May 5, 1881; grad lndpls 
High sch 1900; Ind Univ A R 1902; Ind Law sch 1903; city pros 1907; 
dept pros atty Marion Co 190S-9; pauper atty 1910; Dem cand Legis 
1914; mem Ind State and lndpls Bar assns; res lndpls. 

ALBERT RABB, lawyer, born Fountain County, Ind, Feb 25, 1S63; grad 
Ind Univ A B 1SS7; Univ of Virg Law sch LL B 18S9; began pract 
lndpls 1889; U S Referee in Bankruptcy since 1898; asst city atty 
18-93-5; mem Ind State and lndpls Bar assns; res lndpls. 

ISIDORE FKIBLEMAN, lawyer, born lndpls, May 23. 1873; grad Ind 
Univ A B 1S93; Ind Law sch LL B 1S95; began pract 1S9S; mem Ind 
State and lndpls Bar assns; pres Masonic Temple assn; res lndpls. 

RALPH BAMBERGER, lawyer, born lndpls Dec 24, 1871; grad Ind Univ 
A B 1891; Ind Law sch L L B 1896; priv secy U S Senator Rawlins, 
Utah. 1893-4; began pract lndpls 1S98; mem Ind Legis 1903; author 
"Pension Bill lndpls Sch Teachers"; mem Ind State and lndpls Bar 
and Am Bar assns; res, lndpls. 

ELLIOTT R HOOTON, lawyer, born Hendricks Co. Ind, Sep 7, 1867; grad 
lndpls Coll of Law B L 1900; M L 1902; pros atty Marion Co 1906-9; 
re-elect 1909-11; appt Chf Bureau Insp 1911; resgnd May 1, 1913; mem 
Am. Ind State and lndpls Bar assns; res, lndpls. 

TAYLOR E GRONINGER, lawyer, born Camden. Carroll Co, Ind, March 17, 
1871; grad Ind Univ A B 1893; Supt Harrisburgh High sch 4 years: 
taught 3 years other places; came to lndpls 1898; appt dept pros lndpls 
1900; chf dept Crim Ct Marion Co. 1902-4; res lndpls. 

ADDISON H NORDYKE, born Richmond. Ind, May 5. 1838; att high sch 
Richmond; with his father was engaged in the manftr of flour mills at 
Richmond; later came to lndpls and founded the Nordyke & Marmon 
Co in 1S76; first pres and organizer lndpls Telephone Co; pres Am 
Central Life Ins Co 1S9-: elect mem County Council 1904-12: res lndpls. 

JACOB PIATT Dl'NN, author and newspaper writer, born Lawrencebtirg. 
Ind. Apl 12. 1855; B S Earlham Coll 1S74; M S 1888; LL B Mich 
Univ 1876; Sec Ind Hist Soc since 1886; State Libr 18S9-93; Pres Pub Lib 
Comm since 1S99; edit writer lndpls Sentinel 1893-1904; city controller 
1904-6, 1914 — ; author "Indiana, a Redemption from Slavery," etc; res 
lndpls. 

CHARLES MARTINDALE, lawyer, born Newcastle. Ind, June, 1857; att 
pub sch lndpls; Phillips Acad, Andover. Mass, 1S7 4 ; Univ of Berlin, 
Germany, 1S76; grad Central Law sch. lndpls. 1SS1; pract law lndpls 
since; pres lndpls Sch] Bd 1893; author bill establishing Bd of Childrens 
Guardians and mem bd 18S9 ; mem Ind State Bar assn, lndpls bar assn; 
res lndpls. 

ROSCOE O HAWKINS, lawyer, born Chagrin Falls. O.. att comm sch; 
studied law and began pract "Warren. O; came to lndpls 1870; 'pract 
law since; elect city atty lndpls 1876-79; sec Marion Co Rep comm 
1874-76; chm Co comm 1SS0; delg Rep Nat Conv 1880; jt senator 
Marion. Hancock and Shelby co's 1S96; mem State Bar assn, lndpls Bar 
assn; res lndpls. 

YIRGTL LOCKWOOD, patent and trademark lawyer, born Ft Branch. Ind, 
May 6. 1860; att Ft Branch High sch; Asbury (now DePauw) Univ 
1879: Univ of Virg B L 1SS0-5; taught sch 5 years Haubstadt. Ind; 
began pract Detroit 18S6; came to lndpls 1891; mem Am, Ind State and 
lndpls Bar assns; res lndpls. 

CALEB S DENNY, lawyer, born Monroe Co. Ind, May 13, 1S50; att Asbury 
(now DePauw Univ) 1866-8; read law and began pract lndpls 1^:::; 
asst State Libr 1870; asst priv secv to Governors Baker and HcndricUs 
1872-3; asst Atty Gen Ind 1S73-4; City attv lndpls 1882-6; Mayor 
lndpls 1886-90, 1893-95; atty Marion Co 1906-7-8; mem State and lndpls 
Bar assns; res lndpls. 

GEORGE L DENNY, born lndpls July 7. 1878; grad St John's Mill acad. 
Delafied, Wis, 1896; Princeton Univ A B 1900; Ind Law sch LL B 
1902; read elk Ind Senate 1903-5; mom lndpls city counc 1910-11; pres 
Boy's Club assn; capt (retired) list I N G; mem lndpls Bar assn; 
res lndpls. 

JOHN W IIOLTZMAN, born Berks Co, Pa, Apl 23. 1859; att Brookston 
Acad 1878-82; read law with Judge Vinson Carter; adm bar 1SS5; pract 
law since: appt pauper atty lndpls 1SS6 ; appt chf dept pros atty 
1886-90; elect pros 1890; elect mayor lndpls 1905; mem lndpls Bar 
assn; res lndpls. 

ALFRED R HOVEY, lawyer, born Nunday. N Y, Nov 6. 1853; att Allied 
Univ, Alfred Center, N Y, 1S72-76; studied law Hon Lucien Barium 
1877-80; adm bar in lndpls 1S7S; pract since; atty Marion Co. Ind,, 
1896-8; mem lndpls Bar assn; res lndpls. 

JAMES W NOEL, lawyer, born Melmore. Seneca Co, O, Nov 24. 1867; grad 
Purdue B S 1S92; Ind Law sch B L 1895; adm bar 1S95; pract since in 
lndpls; elect Ind Legis 1899; mem comm to investg State finances and 
Ins Co's 1906; author Report on Ind Ins Co's, 1906; fathered bill "for 
uniform acctng and inspect State cJf Ind"; appt asst U S atty Dynamite 
consp 1912; mem Am, Ind State, lndpls Bar assns; res lndpls. 

LOUIS AUSTIN COLEMAN, lawyer, born Sharpsville. Ind, Oct 26. 1S73; 
grad Ind Law sch and adm bar lndpls 1898; pract since; dire Conti- 
nental Nat Bank. lndpls; Aetna Trust & Sav Co; Sterling Fire Ins Co; 
Am Mortg Guar Co. lndpls; mem Ind State and lndpls Bar assns; rea 
lndpls. 



<^f^4^^U^A 







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I Cst-^lJCv-y 2_ , /wt-yjj-v-wt^w^. 



^-v 









10 



WHO'S WHO IX INDIANA 



E W BRADFORD, patent lawyer, born Matteawamkeag. Me, May 23, 1S62; 
grad Oak Grove Sem. Vassalboro, Me, 18S2; Central Law BCh, Indpls, 
1SS3; pract patent and trademark law since; was Pres Am Patent Law 
Assn; Secy Pat and Trademark sect Am Bar assn; Secy Mayflower Desc 
Dist of Col; res Indpls. 
HENRY P DOOLITTI.E, patent lawyer, born Wash, D C. Oct 1", 1S74. att 
Corcoran Scien sen, Columbian (now Geo "Wash Univ) : grad law dept. 
B L 1S9S; for ten years asst with his father, Wm H Doolittle. ex-asst 
Comm Patents', mem Indpls Bar assn; Am Chem soc; Univ Club, Wash 
D C; res Indpls. 
OSCAR D BOHLEN, architect, born Indpls, July 12, 1863; grad Mass Inst 
Tech. Boston. Mass. 1881: stud in Europe 1884; pract in Indpls since; 
designed Murat Temple, St Vincent Hosp, Ind Nat Bank. etc. Indpls: 
French Lick Springs Hotel; institutional bids St. Mary-of-the- Woods; 
mem Am Inst Arch, etc; senior mem firm D A Bohlen & Son, Indpls 
WM S TAYLOR, lawyer, born Butler Co, Ky. Oct 10. 1853; att comm schls 
Butler Co; taught sch 4 years: county clerk 18S2; county judge Butler 
Co. Ky, 1886; re-elect 1S90; Att-Gen Ky 1S95; elect Gov Ky 1899; came 
to Indpls 1900; pract law since; mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 
FREDERICK E MATSON lawyer, born Morgan Co. O, June 1, 1869; taught 
sch at 17; grad Muskingum Coll, New Concord. O. 1893; Univ Mich. 
B L 1S94; elect State Senate 1901-3; Pres pro tern Sen 1903; Corp Coun- 
sel Indpls 1906-10: noteworthy litigation during his term: track elev, 
city hall, telephone, gas, brew license cases, etc; mem Am, Ind. Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls. 
CHABLES A DRYER, lawyer, born Hillsboro. III. Dec 15. 1853; att Hills- 
boro acad; grad Asburv (now DePauw) Univ. A B, A M 1S75; taught 
schl; admt Indpls bar 1876; Master Super Ct, Marion Co, 1S84; Pres 
Indpls Bar assn 1898; mem Ind Bar assn; res Indpls. 
LOl'IS B EWBANK, lawyer, born Dearborn Co, Ind, 1864: admt bar 
1891; prof law Ind Law sch since 1897; Author "Manual Ind Appl 
Pract." "Ind Trial Evidence." "Ind Crim Law." "Ind Cumulative Di- 
gest 1906-14"; joint author "Modern Bus Corp"; elect Judge Marion 
Co Circuit Court 1914; res Indpls. 
JOHN M WALL, lawyer, born Clermont, Ind, Sept 24. 1868; grad Ind Univ. 
A B 1892; admt bar Indpls 1893; chf dep prosecutor 1899-1900; mem 
Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 
AQUILLA Q JONES, lawyer, born Columbus, Ind, Apl 14, 1852: att Farm- 
ington. Me. Acad, Ind Univ; grad Racine, Wis. Coll 1873; grad law 
Columbia 1875; city atty Indpls 1893; serv as mem Ind State Bd Char, 
Indpls Sink Fund Comm; pres Bd of Trade 1910; mem Ind and Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls. 
CHARLES W MOORES, lawyer, born Indpls Feb 15, 1862; grad Wabash 
Coll, A B 1882. A M 18S5; (Litt D 1912); Cent Law sch, Indpls, LL B 
1883: U S Commr 1S88; mem Bd Sch Commrs 1900-09. v-p 1903-8: Au- 
thor (with Wm F Elliott) "Ind Crim Law, 1893," etc; Contr to Am and 
Engl Ency of Law. 1st and 2d edits; mem Am, Ind, (now Pres) Indpls 
Bar assns; res Indpls. 
ELLAS J JACOBY, lawyer, born near Marion. O; became sch teacher at 17; 
grad Wesleyan Univ, A B, AM; Law sch. Cincinnati Coll, LL B; was 
assoct pract law with former Vice-Pres U S. Chas W Fairbanks: instru- 
mental in erection Masonic Temple and Murat Temple, Indpls; now 
Pres and Counsel Prudential Casualty Co; res Indpls. 
GOLFORD A DEITCH. lawyer, born Franklin. Ind, Nov 3, 1S5S: att city 
schls Indpls; grad Law Sch Univ of Cincinnati 1880; ent pract of law 
1SS0: author "Insurance Digest" and other insurance pubs; legal editor 
"Rough Notes." Indpls. 
WM F HELNRICHS, lawyer, born Indpls. Apl 7, 1856: grad Moore's Hill 
Coll, B S 1S78; Ind Med Coll. M D 1S79; read law with President 
Benj Harrison two years; grad Central Law Sch, Indpls, 1882; res 
Indpls. 
JOSH E FLOREA, lawyer, horn Rush Co. Ind. May 17, 1850: att Knights- 
town High sch; grad law N W Christ Univ (now Butler Coll) 1873; 
pract law since 1873; res Indpls. 
LAWRENCE B DAVIS, lawyer, born Indpls, Aug 16, 1879; grad Shortridge 
High Sch; att Butler 1S97: LL B Ind Law Sch (Univ of Indpls) 1S99; 
mem firm Newberger, Richards, Simon & Davis. Indpls; res Indpls. 
JOHN H RADER, lawyer, born Yorktown, Ind, Dec 6, 1865; att common 
schls Daleville, Delaware Co. Ind; grad State Normal 1895; tauKhi sch 
Delaware Co 1897; grad Ind Law Sch 1899; pract law since 1899; res 
Indpls. 
ADOLPH SEIDENSTICKER, lawyer, born Indpls, July 30, 1S75; grad 
Shortridge High Sch 1894: Ind Law Sch 1896; elect mem legis Marion 
Co 1909; re-elec 1911; author "Indpls Park law 1909"; law compelling 
installation block signals on steam and elect railways 1911; mem State 
Bd Pardons; res Indpls. 
HENRY F STEVENSON, lawyer, born Greencastle, Ind. May 12. 1864: prep 
DePauw Univ; grad Univ Mich. A M 18S0; LL B 1SS2; studied medicine 
with his father. Alex C Stevenson. Greencastle. Ind; pract law Indpls 
since 1884; res Indpls. 
VTNCENT G CLIFFORD, born Rush Co. Ind. May 14, 1S57; grad Shortridge 
High Sch, Indpls, 1S77: Butler Coll 1879; Central Law Sch 1882; 
taught sch Marion and Rush Co's 18S0-1; pract law Indpls since 1882; 
Superv U S Census 1900; mem Ind legis 1905; elect judge Supr Ct 1911; 
mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 
WTLLLAM T PATTEN, born Sullivan Co, Ind. Aug 10, 1S67; grad lml 
Univ, A B 1893; taught sch Sullivan Co 1887-8; came to Indpls 1895: 
engaged in real estate bus; appt chf dept Aud Marion Co 1908-12; 
elect Aud Marion Co 1910; took office 1912-15: res Indpls. 
THEOPHILrS J AIOLL, lawyer, born Evansville, Ind, May 25, 1872; grad 
DePauw Univ. Ph B 1890-3; Cornell Univ. LL M 1S95-6; adm bar 
Evansville 1894; moved to Indpls 1901; Dean Am Cent Law Sch, Indpls; 
author "Independent Contractors." Contrib to "Stand Ency of Pro- 
cedure." "Mod Am Law." "Am Ruling Cases"; mem Ind State Bar 
assn; elect judge Supr Ct Marion Co 1914; res Indpls. 

CLARENCE E WEIR, judge, born Warren, O, March 24. 1862; grad Hiram 
Coll 1886; Cincinnati Law Sch 1SS9; came to Indpls and adm bar 
1889; elect Judge Super Ct. Room 4, Marion Co, Ind. 1908; re-nom 1914; 
mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 








WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



11 



CASS CONNAWAY, lawyer, born Liberty, Ind. May 20. 1S70; grail Miami 
Univ 1SS6; read law with his father, J W Connaway. Liberty, Ind; 
adm bar 1S91; pract law Indpls since 1896; sec Marion Club 1898; res 
Ind pis. 

GEOBfiE R WILSON, born Cannelton, Ind, Aug 15, 1S63; grad LL B, C E 
Stiles Acad. Phila, and Ind Normal Univ. Mitchel, Ind; diplomas 
World's Fair, Chicago, 1893; N Y Ins Univ; Surv Dubois Co, Ind, 
18S2-4-S; Supt Schls Dubois Co 1SS9-1903; author "Wilson's Hist Dubois 
Co, Ind; now State Mng State Life Ins Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 

ALBERT SAHM. born Indpls Feb 14, 1S59; att priv and pub schls Indpls; 
comms Marion Co 1SS4-6; re-elc, resigned 1S88; postmaster Indpls 
1894-8; chm Bd Works 1900-1; Aud Marion Co 1908-12; now sec-treas 
State Life Ins Co. Indpls; engd as mftr furniture Indpls 22 years; res 
Indpls, 

C W RAY, born Scott Co, Ind, Nov 21. 1SGS; att State Normal, Terre 
Haute, 1SS7-8; taught sch Seott Co 1888-90; sec-treas Hoosier Casualty 
Co, Indpls; City Clerk Scottsburg 1893. 

CHARLES H BRACKETT, born Hannibal, N Y, Oct 30. 1855; att dist sch 
Hannibal. N Y; was many years mgr Empire Drill Co, at Louisville. 
Ky, for Sou West terr: came to Indpls 1S96; reprg and sec and mang 
Columbian Ins Co of Indpls; with Federal Casualty Co. Detroit. 1907; 
pres Hoosier Casualty Co, Indpls. since 1909; res Indpls. 

LOl'IS NEWBERGER, lawyer, born New Cumberland (Now Matthews. 
Ind). Dec IS, 1852; grad N W Christ Univ (now Butler Coll), class 
1873; pract law Indpls; mem Am, Ind State, Indpls Bar assns; res 
Indpls. 

PUNT W BARTHOLOMEW, judge, born Cabotville, Hampden Co. Mass. 
Aug 4. 1S40; grad Union Coll. Schenectady. N Y. A B 1864; A M 1SH7: 
read law w r ith Judge Jesse Lameroux. Boston Spa, N Y; came to Indpls 
1866; elect Judge Super Ct. Marion Co, Room 3. 1S90-6; re-elect 1908. 
Room 5; re-nom 1914; res Indpls. 

FRANK L LITTLETON, lawyer, born Hancock Co. Ind, Jan 12, 1862; grad 
DePauw Univ, B L 1891; adm bar Indpls 1891; elect mem Ind Legis 
1S97-9; speaker House 1899; gen atty Big Four Ry; mem Am. Ind 
State and Marion Co Bar assns; res Indpls. 

ULRIC Z WILEY, lawyer, born Jeff Co. Ind, Nov 14, 1848; grad Hanover 
Coll. A B, M A. LL D. 1867-1897; began pract Fowler, Ind. 1875: 
County atty Benton Co 1S75-7; repr legis 1SS3-5; Judge Circ Ct, Ben- 
ton. Jasper. Newton 1S92-97; Judge Appel Ct Ind. 1S97-1907; mem Am. 
Ind State Bar assns; res Indpls. 

JOSEPH A saNTI BX, patent lawyer, born Athens Co. O. June 20, '1S61: 
alt Indpls High sch 1S78; grad Pa Mil Coll, Chester, Pa. 1880; Indpls 
Law Sch 1895; spec patent and trade-mark law since 1S95; mem 
Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 

GEORGE H BATCHELOR. lawyer, born Vernon, Ind, Sep 14. 1871; grad 
Ind Univ, A B 1892; Columbia Univ, A M 1894; began pract Indpls 
1895; mem Am. Ind State, Indpls Bar assns; sec Ind State Bar assn 
since 1907; pres Sigmi Chi Alum assn 1913; dept clerk Ind Supreme Ct 
1S9S-1906: res Indpls. 

WILLITTS A BASTL4N, lawyer, born Llgonier, Ind. Oct 20, 1866; grad 
DePauw Univ. A B, LL B. 1891; began pract Indpls 1S96; taught sch 
Hastings, Neb, and Lagrange. Ind; Chm Prog party, Marion Co, 1912; 
mem Am, State and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

HIRST H SARGENT, lawyer, born Carthage, ind, Feb IS, 1S79; grad 
Moore's Hill Col, 1902; t'niv of Mich, LL B 1905; admit bar Lawrence- 
burg, Ind, 1903; Mich bar 1905; came to Indpls Oct 1905; pract law 
since; mem Indpls Bar assn. res Indpls. 

FRED E BARRETT, lawyer, born Greenfield. Ind. Jan 12, 1882; att Butler 
Coll. 188S-9: Culver Acad. 1900; grad Ind Law schl 1903; Pres Ind Dem 
Club 1913: City atty Indpls 1914: Chm Dem Co comm 1914: mem Am. 
State, Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

CHARLES F REMY, lawyer, born Bartholomew Co, Ind, Feb 25, 1860; grad 
Franklin Coll. A B 1884. A M 1SS6; Univ Mich LL B 1SS8; began pract 
Columbus. Ind. 1888-96; elec Legis Barth Co, 1S95; elect Repr Supr Ct 
Ind 1S96; re-elect 1900; taught schl 5 years; pract law firm Remy & 
Berryhill since 1895; mem State, Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

CHARLES W SMITH, lawyer, born Hendricks Co. Ind, Feb 3, 1846; grad 
Asbury (now DePauw Univ), A B, A M, 1S67; began pract Indpls 1S6S; 
mem Am, State and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls. 

S MAHLON UNGER, lawyer, born near Arcadia. Hamilton Co, Ind, Oct 17, 
1871; grad Ind Univ, A B 1S96: Ind Law sch, LL B 1S9S; res Indpls. 

HOMER L COOK, born Wabash Co. Ind, 1867; grad State Normal. Terre 
Haute. 1895; att Butler Coll 1904-5; Chicago Univ 1901: taught country 
and Indpls pub schls 11 years; County Supt Marion Co. 1903-7; mem 
Legis 1911-13; Speaker of House 1913; Chm comm on educ Panama- 
Pac Exp comm; res Indpls. 

JAMES M OGDEN, lawyer, born Danville. Ind. Apl 5. 1870; grad DePauw, 
Ph B 1S94; Harvard Law sch, LL B 1S99: taught schl and princ Ken- 
dallville High sch 1S94-6; came to Indpls 1S99, pract since; author 
"Ogden's Negotiable Instruments"; contrib "Cyc of Law"; lectr Ind 
Law sch; mem Ind and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls, 

GEORGE W GALVIN, lawyer, born Jamestown. In. I. Apl IS. 1S47 ; att 
Norihv i hrist (now Butler) Univ 1S61-6; enlist at 14 as drummer 

boy civ war. served 22 months; 17th. 40th and 132nd Ind Inf; studied 
law with Judges David McDonald and Saml E Perkins; pract law 
Kansas City, Mo. 1S6S-75; came to Indpls ISTu. pract law since res 
Indpls. 

WILLIAM P HEROD, lawyer, born July 27, 1864. Columbus. Ind; grad 

STale, a B 1886: stud law with his lather, w w Herod; admt bar, Indpls 

: jurisprudence Cent Coll Phy & Surg. Indpls, 1906; U S 

Comms 1898; mem Am, Indpls Bar assns; pres Ind Yale Alumn assn; 

pres Ind DKE assn 1913-14: res Indpls. 

CHALMERS BROWN, born Cumberland. Guern.sv Co. a, i 

With Win K Bellis. org Ry Oft & Empl Accnt Assn 1884; of the 

in Life Ins Co. Indpls. and pri orgi 

res Indpls. 







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12 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOHN T SAFLTER, investment broker, born Phila. Pa, Oct 28, 1868; 
began work as tel oper Bee Line (now Big Four) Ry 1887; chief tel oper 
Big Four Ry 1890; ent bus dept Indpls News 1898; Indpls Press 1900; 
mang Indpls Merchants' Assn 1900-05; investment broker since 1905; now 
Dept Master Scottish Rite; res Indpls. 

RICHARD C HERRICK, born New York City, July 13, 1850; began news- 
paper work New York 1878; came to Indpls 1880; exec clerk to Gov 
Isaac P Gray 18S4; sec Bd of Safety 1893-7; with Indpls News six 
years; now Pacific coast repr French Lick Springs Co; res Indpls. 

RICHARD LIEBER, son of Otto Leiber, Priv Councillor Pruss Govt, born 
St Johann-Saarbruecken, Ger, Sept 5 1869; att sch Duesseldorf, later 
London; came to Indpls 1891; city edt Ind Tribune 1893-7; mus crit 
Indpls Journal 1S99 in conn May Music Festv; chm comm on Pub Util 
Advisory Corns Mayor Shank's adm 1910-14; res Indpls. 

ARTEMFS N HADLEY. inventor, born Clinton Co. O, Feb 6, 1S42; grad 
Earlham Coll 1S62; hon M A Earlham Coll 1912; inv mchn for spinning 
wool and cotton 1867; came to Indpls 1873; has since inv various 
agrl machinery, drain tile, corn harvester, farm derrick, Hadley System, 
etc; res Indpls. 

KURT VONNEGFT, architect, born Indpls. Nov 24, 1884; att Shortridge 
High Sch 1900; Strassburg Univ. Germany. 1900-3; Mass Inst of Techn. 
Boston, B A, M A, 1908-10; mem Indpls Archt assn; mem firm of 
Vonnegut & Bohn, Indpls; designers Herron Art Inst. Shrtdge High 
Sch. Fletcher Sav & Trust bldgs, Indpls; Eliza Fowler Hall, Purdue 
Univ. Lafayette; Student's bldg, Ind Univ. Bloomington; res Indpls. 

HENRY C BRUBAKER, architect, born Lancaster, Pa, May 3. 1874; att 
Franklin & Marshall Coll, Lancaster, Pa, 1S91; 4 years pract largest 
cities in Mexico; designer Board of Trade bldg, Indpls; State Tuber- 
culosis Hosp, Rockville, Ind; Riverside and Brookside grade schls. 
Indpls; mem firm Brubaker & Stern, Indpls. 

FRED R BONITTELD, lawyer, born Danville, Ind, Oct 2 1SS0; grad High 
sch, Decatur, 111; Indpls Coll of Law 1904; City pros, Indpls. 1906-11; 
instr criminal law and procdr Am Cent Law sch, Indpls, since 1905; 
mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 

EDWIN M S STEERS, lawyer, born Orleans, Ind, Sep 30. 1881; grad 
Orleans High sch; Indpls Coll of Law 1906; mem, Indpls Bar assn; 
mem firm Bonifield & Steers; res Indpls. 

WM H MeLFCAS, architect, born Bristol, Eng, Sep 24, 1881; grad Herlot- 
Watt Coll and Royal Inst, Edinburg, Scotland; serv apprntshp 6 years 
chf asst with Geo Craig, archt Schl Bd. Edinburg & Leith, Scot; came 
to U S 1910; designed vocational bldg Ind State Normal, Terre Haute, 
etc; res Indpls. 

PETER B TRONE, insurance man, born and reared on farm. Saline Co, 
Mo, until 20; comm trav 1S87; mem bd dire Ind Trav Accident Assn, 
Indpls, 7 years; elect sec-treas June 1910; re-elect Jan 14: res Indpls. 

WTLLIAH H HOWARD, born Stockwell, Tipp Co, Ind, Feb 9. 1873; att 
High sch, Stockwell; came to Indpls 1S90 ; traffic manager Basse tt 
Grain Co 1895-1905; sec-treas Indpls Grain Co 1905-07; formed White & 
Howard Grain Co 1907-8; sec Indpls Bd of Trade since 1909; res Indpls. 

CHARLES E FERGUSON, physician, born Indpls, May 29, 1856; grad Ind 
Med Coll 1892 ; on faculty as teacher and professor 2 2 years; now 
clin prof obstetrics; was Secy Bd of Health and Supt City Hosp; res 
Indpls. 

B M GFNDELFINGER, physician and surgeon, born Indpls. Jan 2, 1S75; 
grad City Coll, N Y; Cent Coll Phy & Surg. Indpls, 1S97; post-grad Post- 
Grad Sch & Hosp. N Y. 1897; interne Good Samaritan Disp, N Y; pract 
in Indpls since 1897; res Indpls. 

JOHN F ENGELKE, lawyer, born Indpls. July 16, 1880; grad Manual 
Train High sch 189S; in Post Office, Indpls. 1898-1902; grad Law Dept 
Mich Univ, LL B 1905; Dept Pros Marion Co 1906-7; City Pros 1911-14; 
mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls. 

FRANK E GAVIN, lawyer, born Greensburg, Ind. Feb 20, 1854; grad Har- 
vard. A B 1873; admt bar 1875; Judge Appl Ct 1892-7; came to Indpls 
1896; was Pres Indpls Commcl Club; Pres Assc Harvard clubs 1902-3; 
Pres State Bar assn 1912-13; treas 1900-12; mem Am. State and Indpls 
Bar assns; 33rd deg Mason G-M Grand Lodge Masons Ind 1894-5; res 
Indpls. 

ELIAS D SAFSBFRY, lawyer, born Elkhart Co. Ind, July 23, 1867; taught 
sch Elkhart Co 1886-91; grad Univ Mich, LL B 1892; pract law Goshen 
1892-8; Captain Co C 157th Ind Vol Span-Am war; pract Indpls since 
1899; mem Am and Treas State Bar assn since 1912; res Indpls. 

JOHN OSCAR HENDERSON, born New London, Ind, Sep 1, 1847; grad 
DePauw, B S 1872; taught sch Howard Co 1867-8; with his brother, 
Howard E, published Kokomo Dispatch till July 1914; was mem Dem 
State Cent Comm and mem Dem State Exec Comm; U S Int Rev Coll 
1885-7; elect Aud Ind 1890, re-elect 1892 retired 1895 to engage in 
mftrng; res Indpls. 

WARD H WATSON, lawyer, born Harrison Co, Ind; read law with Judge 
James K Marsh, Jeff ersonvi lie. 1881-3 ; elect Sen Clark and Jeff Cos 
1S95-7; elect Judge Appl Ct 1906-10; trustee since 1909 and Pres Bd 
Trust Moore's Hill Coll 1911; mem State Bar assn; res Charlestown, Ind. 

ADOLPH J MEYER, born Indpls. May 3, 1864; att Shattuck Sch and Milt 
Acad, Faribault, Minn, 1881-3; eng in real estate and ins bus in Indpls 
since 1884; mem Indpls Bd of Trade 29 years, gov bd 7 years, v-p 1913- 
14, was pres 1914-15; res Indpls. 

LEANDER J MONKS, lawyer, born Winchester, Ind, July 10, 1848; ed Ind 
Univ (LL D Wabash Coll 1907): admt bar 1869; Judge 25th Jud Circ 
1878-94; Justice Supreme Ct 1895-13; (chf just 1904); mem law firm 
Monks. Robbins, Starr & Goodrich, Indpls; res Winchester, Ind. 

CXARENCE MARTINDALE, architect, born Indpls, Apl 18, 1866; grad 
Schtrdge High sch, Indpls; began pract 1895 ; designed Hendricks Co 
Court House, Danville, "Abraham Lincoln." "Nathaniel Hawthorne" and 
other public sch houses, Indpls; Ind Girls' Indstrl sch; mem Am Inst 
Arch, Indpls Chapter; res, Indpls. 

WI1LIAMB CRAIG, veterinarian; grad Ind Med College, M D 1893; On- 
tario Veterinary College. Toronto, Can, V S 1SS9; dean Indiana Veteri- 
nary College; res Indpls. 















tLZJL* . 














WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



13 



WILUAM II BASS, born Bartholomew Co. Ind, Jan 20, 1S51; att Ind 
State Normal 1874-5: taught schl 1875-1901; princ Indpls city schls 
1SS3-4; introd manual training Shtrdg High schl Sep 1889; resigned 
1901 to eng in bus; now sec-treas W H Bass Photo Co, Indpls; res 
Indpls. 

ALBERT W MARSHALL, born Elmwood, 111. Oct 6. 1850; att Otterbein 
Univ. Westerville, O. 1S6S-70; taught sch in Illinois 1871-75; came to 
Indpls 1879; eng electrotyping bus 18S1 with Indpls Electrotype 
Fdry; now pres Indpls Electrotype Foundry; res Indpls. 

DAVID G WILEY, born Weston, Vt, May 18, 1852; att Black River Acad. 
Woodstock, Vt. 1874; taught sch Vt 4 years; came to Indpls 1881; with 
Indpls Gas Co till 1891; with Indpls Electrotype Foundry 1S91 till 
present; now sec-treas Indpls Electrotype Foundry; res Indpls. 

FRANK W BALL, born Peytona, W Va, Apl 20. 1S70; att eomm sch; came 
to Indpls 1894; eng printing bus: est Aetna Press, Indpls, 1906; cons 
Cheltenham Press 1911: Bookwalter-Ball Printing Co 1914; vice-pres 
Bookwalter Ball Ptg Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 





alt comm sch; 
s mang Indiana 



CHARLES A PATTERSON, born Pittsburg, Pa, 1855; 
came to Indpls 1859; eng electrotyping bus 1S97; ; 
Electrotype Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 

JAMES L FLOYD, born Indpls June 2. 1877; grad Indpl3 High sch 1896: 
eng in wholesale paper business with Crescent Paper Co, Indpls. 1900; 
now sec Crescent Paper Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 

FRANK E FLOYD, born Indpls, Jan 25, 1S7S: att comm sch and Indpls 
High sch 1890; began bus with Bowen-Merrill Co, 1890: with Crescent 
Paper Co since 1S97; now gen mang Crescent Paper Co, Indpls; res 
Indpls. 

CHAS S MURPHY, born Nebraska City, Neb, Jan 3, 1873; at comm sch 
Indpls; with R L Polk & Co, publishers, in the Indianapolis office since 
1884; became manager 1900; res Indpls. 

DELLMORE C ALLISON, born South Bend. Ind, July 28, 1874; att comm 
sch Indpls; engaged in bus in 1SS9 with Allison Coupon Co; now gen- 
eral manager Allison Coupon Co Indpls; res Indpls. 

DR H C MARTIN, born Harborcreek, Pa, Apl 15, 1833; grad Univ Med 
Coll of N Y 1855-6; prac med McGregor. Iowa, until 1862; med ex N 
W Mut Life Ins Co 1863; spec trav agt and state agt for Ind till 1883; 
est and edit "Rough Notes," Indpls, since Nov 1S7S; writer on insur- 
ance topics; res Indpls. 

IRVING WILLIAMS, born Watertown. Wis; att Purdue Univ 1904-6; began 
newspaper work as asst editor "Rough Notes." Indpls. 1898: now 
assoc editor and viee-pres and sec Rough Notes Co, Indpls; author 
"Insurance Definitions." mag writer, etc.; res Indpls. 

CHARLES K1VIXG BOND, banker, born Fort Wayne. Feb 26. 185 5: educ 
in Ft Wayne Pub Sch; V P Old Nat Bank, succ Fort Wayne Nat Bk 
and Branch Bk State of Ind; res Ft Wayne, 

CHARLES II WORDKN, banker, born Ft Wayne. Sept 14, 1S57; grad Ft 
Wayne H S 1S79: Mich Un 1883; prac law with Judge Allen Zollars; 
V P and mng officer First Nat Bk of Ft Wayne; res Ft Wayne. 

CHARLES McClLLOCH, banker, born Ft Wayne, Sept 3, 1S40: son of 
Hugh and Susan McCulIoch; att Ft Wayne private and Pub Sch; grad 
First Free Sch; City Councilman two terms; First Bd Water Works' 
Trustee; secured pure well water and munic ownership of Water Works; 
mem banking firm Allen Hamilton Co; Pres Hamilton Nat Bank; res 
Ft Wayne. 

SAMUEL M FOSTER, banker; Pres German Am Bank, Ft Wayne: born 
Coldenham. N Y, Dec 12. 1S51; grad Yale, A B 1879; Trustee Ft Wayne 
Pub Sch Bd IS — : Pres Ger Am Trust Co; Pres Lincoln Nat Life Ins 
Co; Pres Sam'I M Foster Co; Treas Ft Wayne Land & Imp Co: Pres 
Trade Mark Title Co; Treas Ft Wayne Hotel Co; Chmn Bd Wayne 
Knit Mills; V P West Gas Construe Co; V P Phys Defense Co; Secy 
Ft Wayne Box Co; mem Bd Trust Purdue Univ; res Ft Wayne. 

JAMES B HARPER, lawyer, born on farm in Aboite Tp, Allen Co, Ind; 
att Roanoke Sem, Huntington Co: Ft Wayne M E Coll; Ind Univ 1875: 
Atty U S Commis 1880; res Ft Wayne. 

HENRY' M WILLIAMS, publicist, born Ft Wayne. Jan 24, 1843; educ Ft 
Wayne private schs, Miami Univ. Oxford. Ohio. Princeton Coll. Univ 
of Goetingen. Germany, Univ of London, Eng; 1st Lt 11th Artil Civil 
War; res Ft Wayne. 

WILLIAM S O'ROURKE, lawyer, born at Ft Wayne. Jan 6. 185S: was 
educated in the Ft Wayne public sch and Cathedral Sch. Univ of Mich; 
former Prosecuting Atty; res Ft Wayne. 

HENRY' RIDESILL FREEMAN, banker, born at Ft Wayne, Jan 27. 1856: 
att Ft Wayne Pub Schs; in banking business with First Nat Bank of 
Ft Wayne since 1873; Cashier of First Nat Bank of Ft Wayne since 
1902. 

THOMAS E ELLISON, lawyer, born LaGrange, Ind, Aug 12. 1852; att 
LaGrange Coll Inst; adm Ind Bar 1873; moved to Ft Wavne 1876; Co 
Atty Ml.,, Co 1883-84; mem Bd of State Char 1S94-1901; State Sen 
1894; author Dependent Children law, etc; estab parole sys and Indeterm 
Sentence: First Pres Ind Reformt Bd ; V P Nat Conf Char; apptd by 
Pres Hayes to Inter Nat Prison Ceng, Brussels; mem Am Bar Assn; 
res Ft Wayne. 

WILLIAM IIA1IN, merchant, born Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany; came to 
Ft Wayne 1887; assoc with Mr Thns Stewart. Bost Store, now Bole 
owner: dir Anthony Wayne Knit Mills Assn, Ideal Auto Co, Bash Fer- 
tilizer Co. Peoples Trust Co, First Nat Bank; res Ft Wayne. 

FRED B SHOAFF, lawyer, born Ft Wayne. Oct 7. 1S77; att Williams Coll 
(Mass), Univ ni Mich. Columbia Univ and Heidelberg Univ (Germany); 
Treas Builders' Co; erected Shoaff off bldg; res Ft Wayne. 








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14 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



O R JOHNSON, newspaper man, born Dublin, Ind, Men 5, 1856; grad Indpls 
High sch] 1876; Butler coll '7S: entered newspaper work "78; City ed 
Indpls Journal 1881-84; Vice Consol, London. May, 1S89 till Nov, 1S90; 
Indpls News 1S90-97; genl agt L E & W Ry 1900; Indpls News 1900. 

FRANK M "KIN" HTBBARD, caricaturist, born Belief ontalne. O; carica- 
turist and humorist Indpls News since 1891; Author eight vols "Abe 
Martin" books; res (Irvington) Indpls. 

WM F HEITMAN, newspaper artist, born Emsdetter. Westphalia, Germany, 
Jan 31, 1S7S; grad St. Mary's acad Indpls: att Ind Sch of Art 1894-8; 
cartoonist Indpls Press. Indpls News, Indpls Sentinel five years; St. 
Louis Globe-Dem; with Indpls Star since 1907; res, Indpls. 

ERNEST BROSS, newspaper editor, born Newaygo, Mich, Sept 1, 1860; in 
journalism since 1SS2; assoc edt 1S87-97, mag edt 1897-1904 Portland 
Oregonian: editor-in-chief Indpls Star since 1904; contrib of essays and 
verse to mags; mem Am Geograph Soc; Nat Munic League; res, indpls. 

A. G. WIXEY, newspaper man, born Kansas, III, Nov 23. 1886; grad Kansas 
High sch and St Mary's Coll, St. Mary's Kas; began newspaper work 
with Terre Haute Star; now city editor Indpls Star 
Indpls. 



-HrX 







BENJAMIN F LAWRENCE, newspaper man, born Libertyvi 
1877; in newspaper work since 1899; telg editor Por 
1900-4; mang editor 1905-11; business mgr Indpls Star 1911 



H. G. COPELAND, newspaper man, born Minneapolis, Minn, Apl 4. 1874; 
att comm sch; state edt Indpls Sentinel 190S; also on Indpls News and 
Journal; sport edt Star 1911-13; city edt Sun (now Times) since 1913; 
res, Indpls. 

HORACE H. IIERR, newspaper man, born Lecompton, Kas, March 30, 1SS0; 
att High sch Fredonia. Kas, and Kansas City. Kas; Iowa Coll, Grinnell, 
la. three years: began newspaper work 1898 on Chicago Herald and var- 
ious papers; Kansas City Post 1907-12; was editor Times (former Indpls 
Sun); mag writer, etc; now editor Forum; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM H BLODGETT, newspaper man, born Chicago, Feb 7, 1858; att 
common schs; began newspaper work 1878; with Indpls News 26 years; 
now chief staff correspondent Indpls News; res Indpls. 

CHARLES B "CHIC" JACKSON, cartoonist, born Muncie, Ind, Dec 31, 
1877; att comm sch Muncie; began work on Muncie papers; att Chicago 
Art Inst 1905; with Indpls Star since 1906; res, Indpls. 

EVERET DAVIS, newspaper artist, born Fountain City, Ind. June 9. 1SS5; 
att Fountain City High sch; Herron Art Ins. Indpls, 1908; with Indpls 
Star since 1909; res, Indpls. 

EMMA COLBERT, born Sacramenta Co, Cal; removed to Wabash, Ind; 
att Normal Schs, Chicago. LaPorte, Teachers' Coll, Columbia Univ 
(N T) ; inst Pedag Teachers' Coll of Indpls 1907 — ; mem Monday Club; 
res Indpls. 

Jl'LIA C HENDERSON (Mrs G M Henderson), born Crawfordsville, Ind: 
grad Crawfordsville High Sch; teacher Montg Co schls; secy Ind Sch 
Leag 1910; secy Woman's Franchise Leag 1911 — ; 1st secy and Ind 
Pres Woman's Research Club; res Indpls. 

MARGARET M COLERICK, born Ft Wayne, Ind; att Miami Inst. Spring- 
field, III; taught Ft Wayne Pub Schls; asst Ft Wayne Pub Liby 1S96. 
Librarian 1898; mem Dramatic Leag; res Ft Wayne. 

HARRIET NOBLE, born Centerville, 1851; att Dio Lewis' Sch, Bost. ; 
grad Vassar Coll, A B 1873; Prof of Engl Butler Coll, Indpls. 'S3-93; 
mem Indpls Woman's. Kath Merrill and Contemp Clubs; Dir Woman's 
Franchise Leag; res Indpls. 

MARY E STRONG (Mrs Robert H Strong), born Sedalia Mo; grad High 
Seh, Pierce City. Mo; 1st V P Indpls Woman's Dept Club; Pres Over 
the Tea Cups Club; Supt Ind Woman's Work Exhibits Panama Exp 
res Indpls. 

VIDA NEWSOM, born near Columbus, Ind; grad Columbus High Sch' 
A B Ind Univ 1903. A M 1906; Pres Ind Fed of Clubs 1913-14; cor 
1909-11, 2nd V P 1911-]:!: mem Collegiate Alum: Pres Columbus 
Woman's Franchise Leag; former Pres Columbus Playground \ssn 
1911-13; mem Magazine Club, Columbus Culture Club and Children's 
Bur of Ind; Secy Bd Co Char; Treas Asso Char; res C 

MARY ROWAN HARPER (Mrs James B Harper), born Ft Wayne- att 
Training Sch for Teachers; Dept Audt Allen Co 7 yrs; mem and secy 
Bd Trus Ind Sch for Feebl. Minded Youth 1895; mem and former 
Pres Worn Read Club; res Ft Wayne. 

ONA B TALBOT, impressaria, was born Richview, III; att common sch 
pis; began work in concert direction 1S95; organized Ona B Talbot 
subscribed concerts in 1899; res Indpls. 

ELIZA GORDON BROWNING, I i Fortville; Ed Indpls public and pri- 

s.ch; Librarian Indpls Pub Liby 1S92; mem Fortnightly and Port- 
folio Clubs; D A R Ind Liby Assn. ALA; res Indpls. 

WINIFRED 1! ADAMS (Mrs J Otis Adams), artist, born Muncie; student 

Drexe lust, Phila, and An st nts' League, New York: mem Woman's 

Art ' '"•■■ Cincinnati, O. and assoc mem Soc of West Artists- res "The 
Hermitage," Brookville. 



newspaper work V - - 

since 1913; res, st £/J *//. * /j. 

ille, Mo. Jan 24. l/^K/1* ' ^ / 

tland Oregonian p\ Si*-*! ' 



ego 
res, Indpls 











WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



15 



CHARLES A CARLISLE, Manufacturer; born Chillicothe, O, May 3, 1864; 
educ pub sens and by his mother; railroad official, 1886-91; pres the 
Amer Trust Co, South Bend; dir Studebaker Bros Mfg Co, Colfax Mfg 
Co: col on staffs Govs Mount and Durbin; V P Nat Mfrs Assn. Am 
Acad Polit & Soc Science; Amer Inst Civic, etc; res, South Bend, Ind. 

STANTON J PEELE, Judge; born Wayne Co, Ind. Feb 11, 1843; educ pub 
schs and sem; corp 8th and 2d It 57th Ind Vols. Civ "War; adm bar. 
1S66; prac Indpls, 1869-92; memb Ind Legis 1877-9; congress 1881-3; 
judge, 1892-5; chf justice U S Ct of Claim, 1906-13; now retired, prof 
on faculty George "Washington Un. 1901-11 ; pres trustees "Wash Coll 
of Law, Presbyn Home for Aged, Howard Univ. etc; res Chevey 
Chase. Md. 

CHARLES P EMERSON, Physician; born Methuen. Mass, Sept 4, 1872; 
A B Amherst. 1S94; M D Johns Hopkins, 1899; studied Univs Straburg, 
1900; Basel. 1901; Paris, 1903; formerly on fac Johns Hopkins and res 
phys Johns Hopkins hosp; supt Clifton Springs San. 190S-11; asst prof 
med Cornell. 1909-10; now dean Ind Univ Sch of Med; author several 
vols: res, Indpls. 

THOMAS C HOWE, College President; born Charleston. Ind, Aug 5, 1867: 
Ph B Butler Coll. 1889; A M. 1893; Univ of Berlin, 1890-2; Harvard 
1S96-8; A M Harvard. 1897; Ph D. 1S99; prof 1890-1910; dean, 1907-8; 
pres since 1908 Butler Coll; memb Modern Lang Assn Am; res, Indpls. 

LEO M RAPPAPORT, Lawyer; born Indpls. Ind, June 19, 1S79; att pub 
and high schs; Univ of Mich LL B, 1900; res, Indpls. 

WTLLIAM T STOTT, Educator; born near Vernon, Ind, May 22, 1856; 
attd Sardinia Acad, Franklin Coll and Rochester (N T) Theol Sem; 
grad from coll 1861; theol sem, 1868; Capt Co I, 18th Ind Vol. in Civil 
"War; instructor Franklin Coll, 36 years; 33 years pres; memb State Bd 
of Edn; author "Ind Baptist History" ; res, Franklin. 

THOMAS E STCCKY, Physician; born Gosport, Ind. Dec 3. 1853; attd 
Earlham Coll; grad Univ Louisville, Ky (med dept) ; mlcroscopist U S 
Bur An Industry, 1893-4; appt U S Collector Customs. 1914; res, Indpls. 

FRANK C OLIVE, Lawyer; born Lebanon. Ind, June 5, 1876; attd "Wabash 
Coll; A B Butler Coll. 1897; LL B Ind Law Sch. Indpls, 1899; memb 
Gen Assembly, Ind, 1907; author of bill establishing rooms 4 and 5, 
Sup Crt, Marion Co; memb Indpls Bar Assn; res, Indpls. 

JOHN L BAKER, Lawyer; born Oxford, O. March 27, 1S82; A B Miami 
Univ, 1904; LL B, Ind Univ, 1910; prac Indpls, 1910-14; elected prof 
of law, Ind Univ. 1914 ; res, Bloomington. 

JAMES E KEPPERLY, Lawyer; born Renovo, Clinton Co, Penna. 1873; 
LL B Ind Law Sch, 1S97; atty 111 Central Ry; began prac Indpls. 
1897; memb Am Ind and Marion Bar Assns; memb firm Brown. Kep- 
perly & Vanler; res, Indpls. 

THOMAS C HOOD, Oculist; born Vermillion Co, Ind; grad Wabash Coll. 
A M 1881; Jefferson Med Coll. M D 1884; post grad New York City, 
1887; Berlin and Vienna, 1898; prof Ophth Ind Univ Sch of Med; Fel- 
low Am Acad of Ophthl; memb Am, State and Indpls Med Socs; res, 
Indpls. 

VOLNEY T MALOTT, Banker and Railroad Official; born Jefferson Co, 
Ky, Dec 9. 1838; began bank bus, 1S54; teller Indpls branch bank, 
State of Ind, 1S57-62; assd in orgn and cashier Merchants Natl Bank, 
1865; secy-treas Peru & Indpls Ry Co, 1862; later pres I P & C Ry 
Co until 1881; V P Wabash R R until 1883; V P and genl man Indpls 
Union Ry Co, 1S83-9; pres Ind Natl Bank, 1882 until July, 1912; now 
chmn bd dir; res, Indpls. 

OTTO N FRENZEL, Banker; born Indpls, Sept 8, 1856; educ German- Am 
Indpdt Sch and Business Coll ; began work in Merchants Nat Bank 
as messenger boy. April 13, 1869; now pres; dir and mem exec bd Ind 
Trust Co: pres Westn Sav & Loan Assn; pres Maennerchor Hall Assn; 
dir & treas Indpls Brew Co; Ind (Clay pool) Hotel Co; pres Indpls 
German Park Assn; dir Indpls Maennerchor; res, Indpls. 

JOHN P FRENZEL, JR, Banker; born Indpls, March 19, 1881; grad Cor- 
nell Univ, A B, 1903; began banking bus 1903; now asst cashier Mer- 
chants Nat Bank; V-P Ind Bankers Assn, 1913; pres, 1914; res, Indpls. 

FRANK D STALNAKER, Banker; born Sioux City, la., Dec 31, 1S60; educ 
bus coll Indpls: elk Ind Banking Co, 1880; Fletcher & Sharp, 1882-4; 
receiver Fletcher & Sharp's Bank, 1S8S ; began hardware bus Lilly & 
Stalnaker, 1SS7; pres Capital Nat Bank till consol with Ind Naf Bank, 
July 1, 1912 ; now pres-dir Lilly & Stalnaker, Inc; Henry Coburn 
Warehouse Co.. Inpls New & L D Tel Cos, State Life Ins Co; res, Indpls. 

HENRY EITEL. Banker: born Madison. Ind, Jan 31. 1853; attd Franklin 
Coll. 1870; came to Indpls. 1872; for 15 years with Bradstreet Co; in 
1893 elect officer Union Trust Co (now v-p and dir); v-p Ind Nat 
Bank, 1904; treas Law Bldg Co; dir New Albany Nat ' Bank, John 
Herron Art Inst, Indpls; res, Indpls. 

MACY W MALOTT, Banker; born Indpls, June 1, 1865; attd Asbury (now 
DePauw), 1S83; began banking bus with Ind Nat Bank, 1883; elect 
v-p 1907; v-p and dir First Nat Bank, Brazil; res, Indpls. 

ANDREW SMITH, Banker; born Indpls Nov S, I860; began banking bus 
Fletcher Bank, 1877; paying teller 16 years; asst cashier Am Nat 1900-4; 
v-p Capital Nat 1904 until consol with Ind Nat Bank, July 1. 1912; v-p 
Bince; secy Ind Bankers Assn since 1903; res, Indpls. 

EDWARD D MOORE: born Blanchester. O, Dec 3. 1862; educ pub schs 
Greensburg. Ind; with Singer Sew Mach Co, Indpls, 1S7S-S3; began 
bank bus First Nat Bank, 1S83; Ind Nat Bank, 1SS4; now v-p; res, 
Indpls. 

GWYNN F PATTERSON, Banker; born Morgantown. Ind, Oct 20, 1879; 
educ pub schs, Indpls; with Merchants Nat, Jan 18, 1S95; Capital Nat, 
Sept, 1895; made asst cash, April 1, 190S ; elect cash after consol Capi- 
tal Nat with Ind Nat. July, 1912; res. Indpls. 

STOl'GHTON A FLETCHER, Banker; born Indpls Nov 24, 1S79; grad 
Princeton Univ, A. 1897; became asst cashier, later v-p and pres, 
Jan IS, 1908, Fletcher Nat Bank; now pres Fletcher-Amr Nat Bank; 
res. Indpls. 

THEODORE STEMPFEL; born Ulm. Germany, Sept 20, 1S63; educ Hu- 
manistic Gym, Ulm, Germany; serv 1 year German army; came to 
Indpls 1SS3; trust officer Ind Trust Co, 1894-1901; asst cash Am Nat 
Bank, 1901-09; now v-p Fletcher-Amer Nat Bank; elect mem Indpls 
Sch Bd; term begins 1916; aud Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; res, Indpls. 












31 



16 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOHN H HOLLTDAY, Financier; born Indpls. May 31, 1846; serv in 137th 
Ind Vols. Civil War; A B Hanover Coll. 1S64; A M 1867; founded 
Indpls News, 1869; edtr till 1892; with Wm J Richards estbl Indpls 
Press, 1899; estbl 1893, pres 1893-9, and since 1901, Union Trust Co; dir 
numerous corpns; trustee Hanover Coll; dir McCormick Theol Sem, 
Chicago; trustee Presbyn Synod of lnd; mem. Bd State Char; pres 
Indpls Char Orgn Soc; res, Indpls. 

HOWARD M FOLZ, Banker; born Indpls, Jan 17, 1845; attd N W Chris- 
tian Univ (now Butler), 1862-3; landsman U S N, gunboat Black Hawk 
(Admr Porter's flagship). 1864-5; eng mere bus 1868-96; with Union 
Trust Co since 1897; now 2nd v-p; res, Indpls. 

ROSS H WALLACE, Banker; born Spencer, Ind., Sept 1, 1874; attd Spencer 
and Shtrdge High Schs, Indpls; began with Capital Nat, Indpls; teller 
Ind Nat, 1893-1902; asst secy Union Trust Co. 1903-S; cash Union Nat 
Bank, 1908-12; secy Union Trust Co since 1912; res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM M RICHARDS, Stock and Bond Broker; born Greenfield, O, 
Jan 9, 1857; attd com schs; came to Indpls 1881; ened in mfg 1883-1905; 
stock and bond bus since; res, Indpls. 

GEORGE A Bl'SKIRK, Banker; born Orangeville. Ind, May 25, 1857; attd 
high sch, Paoli; Ind Unlv 1872-4; aud Orange Co, 1880-4; came to 
Indpls, 1885; appt dept reporter Supr Ct, 1885-6; prob elk Marion Co, 
1886-94; now probate officer Union Trust Co, Indpls; res, Indpls. 

WTNTTELD MILLER, Banker; born Reading, Pa, April 23, 1852; attd 
com sch and acad, Decorah, la; taught high sch, Hamilton. Mo; elk 
Circ Ct and ex-offc recorder deeds, Caldwell Co, Mo, 8 years; adm bar 
Mo. 1884; came to Indpls, 1889; fin-corres Conn Mut Life for Ohio & 
lnd 21 years; became pres Aetna Trust & Sav Co, Indpls. March 4, 
1912; res Indpls. 

EDWARD L McKEE, Capitalist: born Madison, Ind. March 13, 1856; attd 
high sch, Madison, 1872; came to Indpls; engd wholesale shoe bus, 
1872-96; v-p Ind Nat Bank, 1896-1904; pres Merchants Ht & Lt Co. 
1904-13; dir Ind Nat Bank; Union Trust Co; Shirley Radiator & Fndry 
Co; dir Republic Finance Investment Co; res Indpls. 

AUGUST M KUHN, Banker; born Germany, May 11, 1S46; attd Gymnasium 
Landau, Ger; came to U S, 1866; in Indpls since; engd coal and bid 
material bus, 1876-1907; whol grocers, 1900-11; asst in orgn Aetna 
Trust & Sav Co; now treas; 1st pres Deutsche Club & Music Verein; 
U S Coll customs, 18S5-9; sch commr, Indpls, 1884-7; res, Indpls. 

JOHN WOCHER, Banker; born Cincinnati, O, April 23, 1S56; attd Indpls 
High Sch; pres Franklin Fire Ins Co. 1875-80; Are ins bus 35 years, 
till firm of John Wocher & Bro was merged with Aetna Trust & Sav 
Co; now v-p; res. Indpls. 

IVILLIAM F WOCHER, Banker; born Indpls Sept 30, 1868; educ Shtrdge 
High Sch; in various mercantile pursuits; with John "Wocher & Bro. 
ins, real est & loan until 1912; orgn Aetna Trust & Sav Co, which took 
over this business; now secy; pres Hoosier Mfg Co; v-p Zero Ice & Coal 
Co; dir Republic Finance Investment Co; res. Indpls. 

WILL H WADE; born LaGrange, Ind. April 19. 1878; B S, A M. DePauw 

Univ. 1901; was mgr bond dept Marion Trust Co, Fletcher Nat Bank, 
and now mgr bond dept Fletcher Am Nat Bank; res, Indpls. 

WALTER F C GOLT, Banker; born Smyrna, Del, April 15, 1853; grad State 
Coll, Newark, Del, A B, A M. 1875; came to Indpls 1SS2; Indpls Nat 
Bank till 1893; orgn and mgr Retail Merchants' Assn. 1899; mgr Indpls 
Clearing House. 1S99; cash Columbia Nat 1901-11; V P Fletcher- Am Nat 
Bank since 1901: res. Indpls. 

CHAS H ADAM, Banker; born Bueckeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, 
Nov 7, I860; attd priv sch and bus coll, Indpls; elect sch commr Indpls, 
1893; served 6 years; treas of bd 4 years; dept city comp, 1894; now 
sec Ind Trust Co; res, Indpls. 

J E CASEY, Banker; born Lafavette, Ind, Feb 9, 1861; grad parochial sch 
and bus coll; T & Frt agt Big Four Ry 1SS0-7; cash Am Ex Co, La- 
fayette, 1887-93; trav agt Am Ex Co, Indpls, 1893-5: mngr Murdock Nat 
Gas & Elect Light Co. Lafayette, 1896; with Ind Trust Co since 1902; 
now auditor; residence, Indpls. 

RALPH K SMITH, Banker; born Indpls May 31, 1862; attd pub sch; be- 
gan with Fletcher's Bank Indpls, 1884; chf elk, 1900-6; asst cash. 
1906-11; cash Fletcher-Am Nat Bank, 1911; res, Indpls. 

A G WOCHER, Banker; born Cincinnati, O, Jan 15, 1862; attd high sch. 
Indpls; began Fletcher Bank, 1892; chf elk Fletcher-Am Nat, 1912; 
asst cash, 1913; res Indpls. 

FRED K SHEPARD, Banker; born McConnelsville. O, Feb 23, 1859; came 
to Indpls, 1S75; dept city treas, 1877-81; dept treas Marion Co. 1883-5; 
with Fletcher's Bank, 1S89-95; dept aud Marion Co, 1895-1906; with 
Marion Trust Co. 1906, till consol with Fletcher Sav & Trust Co, 1912; 
now secy; res, Indpls. 

SOL S RISER, Banker; born Ft Recovery. O. Jan 23. 185S; came to Indpls 
1881; mere bus till 1894: loan & insur bus till incorp Meyer-Kiser 
Bank, April, 1906; now V P; local dir Jewish Orphan Asy. Cleveland. 
O; dir Nat Jewish Hosp for Consumptives, Denver; res, Indpls. 

Gl STAV H MIELLER, Banker; born Indpls. Feb 26, 1872; attd IndplsN 
(now Shtrdge) high sch; began as messenger Merchants Nat, 1884; 
asst cash Fletcher Nat, 1904. until consol with Am Nat; now v-p 
Fletcher- Am Nat Bank; res, Indpls. 

ALBERT E METZGER, Banker; born Indpls. March 20, 1865: grad Indpls 
high sch and Cornell Univ; (1st pres Ind Cornell Alumni Assn) ; orgn 
and dir Marion Trust Co; Am Nat Bank; German-Am Trust Co; 
Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; now v-p Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; v-p Ma- 
rion Title Guar Co; res, Indpls. 

BRANDT C DOWNEY, Banker; born Indpls Feb 17, 1873: educ Indpls 
high sch; Wabash Coll, 1892-4; Ind Univ, 1896; with Bradstreet Co, 
1894-1900; Am Nat, 1901-9; cash Continental Nat, 1909-12; v-p Greater 
Indpls Idstrl Assn, 1912-14; pres Ind tSate Bank until conversion Dec 
26, 1914, into The Commercial Nat Bank, now pres; res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM J FICKINGER, Banker; born Indpls, Nov 16, 1S77; attd Shrtdge 
High Sch; Indpls Law Sch; with Ind Nat Bank, 1897-1912; cash Ind 
State since orgn. Nov, 1912; treas O D Haskett Lumber Co, res Indpls. 



ftp Cfi+ms^K. % 








rMS^&L 




WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



17 



ARTHl R H TAYLOR, Banker; born Bartholomew Co. Ind, Jan 4, 1874; 
educ common schls Indpls: began work messenger boy Meridian Nat, 
18S7; with Merchants Nat. 1895; Fletcher Bank. 1896-1910; asst in 
orgn Continental Nat Bank. 1910; now cashier; res, Indpls. 

GEORGE F QUICK, Banker; born Frankton, Ind, March 19, 1S59; attd 
Butler Coll, 1878; began bank bus with Quick & Co. Frankton, 1878; 
Anderson Banking Co. 1891-1909; orgn Continental Nat Bank, 1909; pres 
since; res. Indpls. 

ROLLIN W SPIEGEL, Banker; born Indpls. Feb 5. 18S5; grad Shtrdge 
High Sch : began work as messenger Capital Nat; in various capac till 
consol with Ind Nat, July. 1912; chf elk Continental Nat till Jan. 
1913; now asst cashier; res, Indpls. ; 

J M McINTOSH. Banker: born Connersville, Ind, Nov 14. 1S59; grad As- 
bury Univ. class '81; adm bar 1S82: mayor Connersville, 1SS4-SS; elk 
Fayette Co Circ Ct. 1888-92; cash Connersville First Nat Bank. 188S; 
mem Ind Legis. 1S95; appt nat bank exm, 1898-1907; pres Union Nat 
Indpls, 1907-1912; was pres Nat City Bank; now chm Bd of Dire. 

HENRY C BRINKER, Banker; born Indpls, Jan 16. 1851; attd com sch; 
engaged in mfg from 1878; now pres Brinker-Habeney Cigar Box Co; 
pres German Guarantee Realty Co; pres West Side Trust Co; res, 
Indpls. 

GAVIN L PAYNE, Journalist and Banker; began work as reporter Indpls 
Sentinel. 1889; mng edt Memphis Commercial. 1892; later with papers 
in New Orleans and Louisville; city edt Indpls Journal, 1893-9; city 
edt Indpls Press till 1901; became secy Security Trust Co. later pres; 
was mem city council one term; now senior mem Gav L Payne & Co; 
res. Indpls. 

MORD CARTER, Banker; born Plainfield, Ind. April 5. 1856; grad Plain- 
field High Sch; mem Ind Legis. 1909-11; asst orgn of Ind State Bank- 
ers' Assn (1st secy same) ; pres First Nat Bank, Danville. 10 years; 
orgn Continental Bank, Indpls, 1909; pres State Sav & Trust Co; res. 
Indpls. 

ROY SAHM; born Indpls. Ind, Aug 5. 1885; grad Manual Train High Sch; 
attd Univ of Pa. 1905-06; dep county aud Marion Co, 1908-14; secy 
State Sav & Trust Co; res. Indpls. 

THOMAS C DAY, Broker in Real Estate Mortgages; born Bristol. Eng, 
Feb 28. 1S44; attd Hamline Univ, St Paul, Minn; A M Wabash Coll; 
came to Indpls. 1877; estbl firm of T C Day & Co. 1881; was pres 
Y M C A, Boys' Club; chmn comm to reform school law of Indpls; 
pres educ soc. Indpls: res, Indpls. 

JOHN F WILD, Banker; born Noblesville. Ind. Sept 9, 1S60; attd Nobles- 
ville High Sch; entered bond & banking bus 1891; now pres J F Wild 
& Co State Bank; res. Indpls. 

HIRAM BROWN; born Indpls. Ind; grad Indpls high sch; deputy record- 
er's office, pres Bd Park Coram; mem Ind Dem Club; loan dept Thos 
C Day & Co; res. Indpls. 

CHARLES NORRIS WILLIAMS, Banker: born Dayton, Ind, April 10. 1856 
attd Crawford sville High Sch; Wabash Coll; bgan banking Crawfords- 
ville. 1881; came to Indpls, 1896; orgn C N Williams & Co private 
bank; Farmers Trust Co. 1905; purchased and consol Cent Trust with 
Farmers Trust Co; now pres; res, Indpls. 

FELIX MARCUS McWHIRTER, Banker; born Greencastle. Ind. June 14. 
1886; attd DePauw Univ; entered bank bus 1906; v-p People's State 
Bank; res. Indpls. 

BERT McBRIDE, Banker; born Rush Co, Ind. Feb 20. 1870; attd DePauw 
Univ; came to Indpls, 1901; eng in real est bus; took ch.gr of real est 
dept Security Trust Co, 1906; pres till 1915; now pres Nat City Bank; 
res. Indpls. 

EMIL C RASSMANX, Real Estate Broker; born Indpls. Dec 22. 1859; attd 
comm schs; ins and real est bus since 1880; mem of city council, 1889; 
elect mem of sch bd. 1914; res, Indpls. 

THEODORE STELN, Investment Broker; born Indpls. Nov 7. 1858; attd 
Ger-Eng Indpt Sch; engaged abstract of title bus 1858-1900; 
Fire Ins Co, 1896; dir Ind Title Guaranty & Loan Co: pres Theodore 
Stein Realty Corp; councilman-at-large. Indpls, 1893-5: res. Indpls. 

JOHN LESLIE DIVALL, Banker; born Mackinaw, 111, Nov 29. 1875: grad 
Chicago Law Sen, 1899; came to Indpls. 1903 ; pract law ; orgn 
Bank, Indpls, 1909; now pres State Bank; orgn Marion County State 
Bank, 1912; now v-p; res, Indpls. 

GEORGE SEIDENSTICKER, Banker; born Indpls, April attd 

German-Eng sch, Hoboken Acad; grad Shtrdge High Sch. 1875; 
mgr German Investment & Securities Co; Home, Bond Co; res, Indpls. 

PHLLir JACOB HAl'SS, Banker; born Zinsbeiller, France, June 12. 1S47; 
attd Brookville pub schs; came to Indpls. 1SS7; orgn and pres 
May 7, 1903. German Investment & Security Co; pres Indpls Turn- 
vern; No 5 Bid & Loan Assn; v-p Home Bond Co; v-p German Realty 
Co: res. Indpls. 

WILLIAM M FOGARTY, Banker; born Lima, O, Nov 29. to 

Indpls. 1SSC; telegrapher Unit' Assn, Scripps-IU 

Assn, 1893-1903; city elk Indpls. Oct. 1903-6; mem State Bd Acts. 
1909-10; orgn Fidelity Trust Co, 1909 (now pres); res. Indpls. 

B M RALSTON, Real Estate Broker; born Tuscarawas Co, o. April 6, 
I860 ; educ normal sch; taught 7 yeai l1 est bus l 

1888; orgn State Sav & Trust Co, Indpls, 19 Id m 

coliseums in S Am cities for display of Am mad 
ing orgn with 30 million capital ; res. Indpls. 








JtffaLOfis 

















18 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



FRANK B WYNN, Physician; born Springfield, Ind, May 2S, 1860; grad 
DePauw Univ. A M. I860; M D. Med Coll of O, 1885; post grad Berlin 
& Vienna. 1891-93; came to Indpls 1S93; on fac Ind Univ Sen Med 
20 years; first city sanit. Indpls, 1S95; founder Scientific Exhibits 
A M A and dir IB years; V-P Ind Nat Study Club; mem Ind State 
Med (unan elect pres 1914) and Indpls Med Socs; chm Gen Civic Impv 
Comm; chm first centennial celebr comm. 1911, and orgn movement, 

SUMNER CLANCY, Lawyer; born Edinburg, Ind. July 2, 1883; grad Short- 
ridge High Sch, 1905; Univ of Mich, 1908; law elk App Ct, 1909; began 
pract 1909; on faculty and registrar Indpls Coll of Law. 1910 fdean. 
1913); author: Leading Principal Law of Wills and Exec, Treaty Mak- 
ing Power, State Rights, etc; res, Indpls. 

CHAS T KAELIN, Lawyer; born Tell City, Ind, May IS, 1879; attd Ind 
Univ and Ind Law Sch; appt atty for the poor by the commissioners of 
Marion Co; dep pros atty; nominee for Rep to Legis in 1910. 

SAMUEL, D MILLER, Lawyer; born Sept 25. 1869, Ft Wayne. Ind; attd 
Indpls Classical and High Schs; A B Hamilton Coll. 1890; LL B Co- 
lumbia Law Sch & Natl Univ Law Sch, 1S91-92; lawyer since 1893; 
priv secy to Secys of War Redfield Proctor and Stephen B Elkins, 
1891-93; trustee of Hamilton Coll since 1910; res, Indpls. 

FREDERICK C HEATH, Surgeon; born Gardiner, Me, Jan 19, 1857; Am 
herst Coll. A B 187S; A M, 18S6; Bowdoin Coll M D, 1884; asst 
U S Marine Hosp Serv. 1884-90; N Y post grad, 1890; began pract eye 
dis Lafayette, Ind, 1S91; Indpls since: post grad London. Paris. Berlin, 
1906; eye surg Indpls City Hosp & Disp since 1894; prof dis of eye, 

Cent Coll Phy & Surg. 1902-05; clin prof dis eye Ind Univ, 1907 mem 

Am Ophth Acad; A M A; mem & ex-pres Indpls Med Assn; Ind State 
Med Assn; contrb med magazines; res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM F CLEVENGER, Physician; born Taylorville, Ind. Nov 11, 1S74; 
grad State Norm, Warrensburg, Mo. 1S91; Med Coll of Ind. 1894; ex- 
terne City Disp, Indpls. 1S93; pract Kansas City. Mo. 1895; post grad 
N Y Polyclin, 1895-6; London. Berlin. Freiburg & Paris, 1905; Vienna 
& Berlin, 1912-3-4; mem Indpls, Ind State & Am Acad Ophth 
fellow of Am Coll of Surg; mem consulting staff City, St Vincent's & 
Meth Hosp; res, Indpls. 

ALFRED HENRY, Physician; born March 19, 1874, Jasonville, Ind; grad 
Ind State Norm; attd Univ of Chicago; grad Ind Med Coll, 1907 
mem Ama and Ind State Med Soc; sec-treas Indpls Med Soc. 

JOHN H KINGSBURY, Lawyer: born Xenia, O. March 17. 1870; attd 
DePauw. 1891-2; began pract Indpls, 1893; mem State and Indpls Bar 
Assn; res, Indpls. 

EDWARD M WHITE, Lawyer; born Adams, Decatur Co. Ind, April 7 
1861; attd Greensburg High Sch; LL B Univ of Mich, 
pract law Muncie, 18S3: elect pros atty Del Co, 1898 
1902; appt city judge, 1905: was asst in atty-gen office 
1890-93; asst atty-gen Ind, 1907-11; pract law Indpls 
author "Thompson's Ind Forms," 3d vol; revs "Jones on Pledges & 
Collateral Securities," 1912; Jones on Leins, 1913-14; prof of law, Ind 
Law Sch; res, Indpls. 

ALEXANDER G CAVINS, Lawyer: born Sullivan. Ind. May 28, 1873; attd 
Sullivan High Sch, Wabash Coll; studied law under John T Hays, 
Sullivan, Ind; adm bar May 2S, 1894: State Sen. 1905-07; Asst Atty- 
Gen Ind. 1907-11: mem Tuberculosis Comn. 1905-07; mem Ind Bar 
Assn; counsel for Rep State Comm, 1914, and Ind State Med Assn. 

JOHN M CUNNINGHAM, Physician; born Putnam Co. Ind. 1877; A B 
Butler Coll. 1901; M D Ind Med Coll, 1904; interne City Hosp, Indpls, 
1904-05; post grad work at N Y Post Grad Sch; mem fac Ind Univ 
Sch of Med since 1905: res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM H FOREMAN, Physician; born Greentown, Howard Co. Ind. 
April 22, 1S68; taught country sch one term; princ & supt schs for 9 
years: grad DePauw Univ Norm Sch, 1889; A B Ind Univ. 1895; M D 
Cen Coll Phy & Surg. 1901; interne Indpls City Disp. 1901: post grad 
Phila. Chicago, Baltimore; on fac Ind Univ Sch Med since 1902 

EDWIN CORR, Lawyer; born Monroe Co. Ind, Dec 31, 1860; taught 
Monroe, Greene & Jackson Cos; grad Ind Univ, 1883; grad law DePa' 
Univ, 1895; began pract Bloomington, 1886; asst 
State Sen, 1899-1901; State Rep, 1911; deputy 
tee Ind Univ since 1891; res, Bloomington. 

NORMAN E JOBES, Surgeon; born Farmland. Ind 
and Shtrdge High Sch; grad Med Coll of Ind, 

Hosp, 1901-4. 1906-7: on fac Ind Univ Sch of Med; mem Ama, Ind 
State and Indpls Med Assns; fellow Am Coll of Surg; res. Indpls. 

JOHN W CLAYPOOL, Lawyer; born Terre Haute. Ind, Oct 19, 1858; attd 
Asbury Univ (now DePauw); studied law office Claypool. Newcomb 
Keteham; adm bar 1881; mem Indpls Bar Assn; res. Indpls. 

SCOT BUTLER, Educator; born Indpls. Ind. Feb 9, 1844; enlisted 33rd 
Reg Ind Vol, 1862; at close of Civil War studied N W Christian Univ; 
grad 1S6S; later studied in German univs two years; inst Latin & 
math Ind Univ. 1869-71; elect prof of Latin Lang N W Christian Univ. 
1871 (now Butler Univ); made pres 1891; rsignd 1907; res (Irving- 
ton). Indpls 

ARTHUR R ROBINSON, Lawyer; born Pickerington, O. March 12. 1881; 
grad Pickerington High Sch; B C S Ohio Northern Univ; Ph B Univ 
of Chicago; LL B Ind Law Sch; author "Memory and the Executive 
Mind": mem Ind State, Indpls Bar Assns; Nat Geog Soc; Repub nom 
State Sen Marion Co, 1914: res, Indpls. 

PAUL F MARTIN, Surgeon; born Indpls. Ind. July 26. 1877; grad Butler 
Univ, Gymn Berlin. Germany: Ind Med Coll. 1898; Coll Phy & Surg 
(Columbia Univ), 1900: supt Indpls City Hosp, 1903-6; mem City Bd 
of Health, 1909: assoc prof surgery Ind Univ Sch of Med: att surg 
City Hosp; surg USA Res Corps; mem AMA Ind State, Indpls Miss 
Val Med Socs; res, Indpls. 

LOUIS BURCKHARDT, Physician; born Wehr, Germany. 1865; grad 
Gymn Frieburg. Baden. Germany, Univs of Freiburg, Zurich, Strass- 
burg, Leipzig. Berlin, Vienna, Paris, Basel; prof of Obst Univ of Ind 
Sch of Med; mem A M A, Ind & Indpls Med Socs; res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM J HENLEY, Lawyer; born Carthage, Ind. Oct 15. 1863; attd 
private acad, Carthage, cond by Soc of Friends; began pract law 
Rushville. 1S83; judge App Ct Ind, 1S96-1904; spec counsel C & W I Ry . 

R W LONG, Physician; born New Maysville. Ind, Dec 11, 1S43; attd 
Franklin Coll; enlist 78th Ind Vols Civil War; grad Jefferson Med 
Coll, Phlla, 1866; pract 3 years; attd Believue Coll. 1869; Indpls: 
Built R W Long Memorial Hosp and donated to State (cost $270,000); 
dedicated June 15. 1914; res, Indpls. 

ULYSSES G WEATHERLY, Educator; born West Newton, Ind, April 21, 
1865; grad Colgate Univ. A B, 1890; LL D. 1910; Cornell Univ. Ph D, 
1894; assoc prof European Hist, Ind LTniv, 1895-9; prof economics and 
social science. Ind Univ, 1899; res. Bloomington. 



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1897; supt Indpls City *^ n 



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WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



19 



R A Bl'TLER, newspaperman, born Andrews. Ind, 1884; began newspaper 
work at Huntington. Ind. when 16 : after att high sch ; mang editor 
News- Tribune. Marion. Ind. three years; edit writer and city editor 
Terre Haute Tribune prior to coming to Indpls News 1911; now city 
editor; res Indpls. 

EARL MXSHLITZ, newspaper man, born Frankfort, Ind; grad Ind Univ 
A B 1900; taught sch Evansville 1901-2; city and mang editor Evans- 
ville Journal -News 1902-13; in newspaper work In Chic and Evans- 
ville; now assoc editor Indpls Star; res. Indpls. 

ELLIS SEARLES. newspaper man. born Kelso. Hunt Co. Ind. Aug 1. 1S66; 
att coram sch Huntington ; learned printers trade at 12 ; stud law 
Huntington; edt-prop Huntington News 1S94-5; mng edtr Indpls Sun 
five years; city edt Detroit Tribune one year, etc; Indpls News since 
1906; polit writer; res Indpls. 

OEL L THAYER, publisher, born Whltestown. Ind, May 21, 1868; grad. 
Indpls High sch 1884-7; began newspaper work on Indpls Sun 1881- 
1907 ; with Indpls Commercial 1907 till present, now sec-treas Central 
City Pub Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 

FRED L PURDY, editor, born Bellaire, O. Jan 22, 1S59; began newspaper 
work at 13; on Elmira Free Press 1S78; later on Elmira Union, Cleve- 
land Press; est Indpls "Sun" 1888, editor and manager till 1904; with 
Indpls Star till 1906; edit Sun 1905-7; pres and edit Indpls Commercial 
1907 till present; res Indpls. 

PAUL R MARTIN, newspaper man. born Galway. Ireland, Jan 23, 1884; 
LL B, A M Notre Dame 1902-7; spec post grad Univ Ind. 1903-4; began 
newspaper work Marion. Ind; Chicago Record-Herald 1906; Indpls 
Star dram and mus edtr 1907; Cleveland Leader 1910; Indpls Star; 
now asst edtr Ind Catholic, etc; res Indpls. 

SEPTIMUS H SMITH, born Sterling, 111, Nov 21. 185 7; att coram schl War- 
ren Co. O, est "Woodworker" as editor and prop Indianapolis 1882; 
now pres S H Smith Co, pubs Indpls, writer on woodworking machin- 
ery topics; res Indpls. 

OSCAR G THOMAS, born Dayton, O, Sep 11. 1SG4; att comm schls Dayton 
and Indpls; began newspaper work as comp Indpls Journal 18S4 ; org 
firm of Thomas & Evans, trade composition plant, 190S; mem Cham 
Com; res Indpls. 

WM L EVANS, born Clinton Co. Ind, Feb 7, 186S; att comm and High 
sch Tipton; began print bus 1882 in office Tipton Advocate; with O G 
Thomas org firm of Thomas & Evans, trade compositers. 1908 ; res 
Indpls. 

CHARLES C BROWN, civil engineer, born Austinburg. O, Oct 4. 1856; 
stud engr Cornell 1874-5; C E Univ Mich 1879 (hon A M 1913); Prof 
civ engr Rose Poly Inst 18S3-6; Union Coll, 1886-93; cousltg engr 
N T State Bd Health 1888-93; city engr Indpls 1894-5; const engr 
18S8 — ; mem Am Soc C E; past pres Ind Engr Soc, etc; edtr Municipal 
Engineering; res Indpls. 

CHARLES M WALKER, newspaper man. born Athens, Ohio, Dec 25, 1834: 
grad Ohio Univ 1854; taught schl; read law; 6th Aud U S Treas; 
connct with Indpls Journal 1872-80; Indpls Times 18S0-S2; ehf elk 
post office dept 1883-5; Indpls Journal 1886-93; Indpls News since 
1903; res Indpls. 

LOt'IS HOLLWEG. business man, born near Westphalia, Germany, July 
27. 1S40; attd Gymnasium Soest Germany; came to America in IS 60; 
three months in Cleveland and came lo Indpls Jan 7. 1861; estb firm 
Louis Hollweg, later Hollweg & Reese. Jan 1S6S ; mem firm Hibben, 
Hollweg & Co; V-P C U Tele Co & New Long Dist Co; V-P Indpls 
Charity Assn ; Treas League 1914; res Indpls. 

J GEORGE Ml ELLER, business man. born Indpls June 21, 1860; attd 
German Eng Schl; Cincinnati College Phar Ph G; began as Pharma- 
cist Indpls 1887; orgn Indpls Drug Co 1891. later merged into Mooney- 
Mueller Drug Co in 1902 ; was Sec & Treas; Mem of Amer Pharm 
Assn; Dir Chamber Commerce; Mem Board Trade; Mem Normal Sch 
N A Gym Univ; now secy-treas Moonev-Mufller. Ward Co; res. Indpls 

CORTLAND VAN CAMP, business man. born Franklin Co. Ind; Pres Van 
Camp Hardware & Iron Co; V-P of Van Camp Packing Co; V-P Van 
Camp Products Co; one of builders Indpls Southern R R. which made 
low coal rates permanent; now part of Ills Cent system; mem Board 
of Trade, Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls. 

S AMI.' EL E RACH, financier, born Bavaria, Germany, Dec 21, 1S53; came 
to America at 13; educ public schls and Commercial Coll, Dayton O; 
came to Indpls 187 4 ; engaged in various business enterprises: pres 
Moore Packing Co 1S91-7; pres Belt R R & Stock Yards Co since 1897; 
dir Union Trust Co. Indpls Abattoir Co, E Rauh Fertilizer Co, etc; res 
Indpls. 

ALBERT A BARNES, manufacturer, born Stockbridge Vt Fob 14. 1839; 
attd common schls ; pres Udell Works; dir Union Trust Co and Natl 
City Bank; Trustee Franklin College; res Indpls, 

HENRY KAHN, business man. born Bloomtngton. Ind. March 31, I860; attd 
Butler College ; started in wholesale business Indpls: estb Kahn Tai- 
loring Co 188 6; pres since organization ; trustee Citizens Gas Co; res 
Indpls. 

CARL G FISHER, business man. born in Indiana; educ public schls; orig- 
inator of plan to build highway from coast to coast and V-P and dir 
Lincoln Highway Assn; originator and one of builders of the Motor 
Speedway, Indpls: pres Prest-O-Lite Co. Fisher Automobile Co, etc; 
orgnr "Dixie Highway" movement; res, Indpls. 

JAMES W LILLY, business man. born Lafayette, Ind. Nov 10. 18C2; attd 
Butler Coll; engaged in retail hardware business Indpls April 1 
now pres Lilly & Stalnaker ; dir Ind Natl Bank. Farmers Trust Co & 
Indpls Trac & Ter Co; trustee S E Hosp for Insane. Madison, Ind; res 
Indpls. 

CLEMENS VONNEGIT, business man. born Indpls Nov 19, 1*53; attd 
German -English & Indpls High Schl; began mercantile business April, 
IS 70 : V-P Vonnegut Hardware Co; mem Ind Legislature 1S95 ; res 
Indpls. 

GUSTAV A RECKER, business man, born Indpls July 19. 1SG5; attd Ger- 
man-English & High Schl; began with Sander & Recker 1SS3; now 
pres Sander & Recker Furn Co; was pres Ind Ret Furn Dealers Assn; 
me m B oard of Trade & ''hamber of Commerce; res Indpls. 

A B MEYER, business man, born Indpls Dec 24. 1853; attd German-Eng- 
lish and Cincti Schls; began business 1872; - st A B Meyer & Co 1^77; 
pres A B Meyer & Co, A & C Stone & Lime Co & Ind Plaster & Roof- 
ing Co; dir United Fourth Vein Coal Co; mem Bd of Trade, Chamber 
of Commerce; res Indpls. 

CHARLES D PEARSON, business man, born Bloomfield. Dec 15. 1851: attd 
public and high schls; at IS became traveling salesman for Hollweg & 
Reese, Indpls; estb business Pearson & Wetzel 18S2, succeeding Mr 
Wetzel on his retirement in 1896 : continuously 45 yrs in who 
china & glassware business; res Indpls. 










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20 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



GEORGE A GAY, business man, born Dedham, Mass. June IS, 1859: attd 
public schls: came to Indpls Jan 1, 1S92; pres Pettis Dry Goods Co, 
"The New York Store"; res Indpls. 

CARL H LIEBER, business man, born Indpls Mch 16. 1S66; attd German- 
English & Shortridge High Schl; treas the H Lieber Co; dir of Art 
Assn, etc; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM K STEWART, business man, born Indpls July 26, 1S75; attd 
Shortridge High Schl & "Wise Univ; A B Yale, 1899; mere business un- 
til 1909, then orgn W K Stewart Co of Indpls and Stewart & Kldd Co 
of Cincti; pres & treas of both; mem Economic Club, Indpls Literary 
Club, etc; dir Boys' Club Assn, Ind State Tax, Public "Welfare Loan 
Assns; res Indpls. 

EDWARD J ROBISON. business man, born Bedford, O. Sept IS, 1S55; grad 
1SS0 Hiram Coll, Hiram, O; treas State Bd of Agr, 1900-5; mem Indpls 
Bd of Schl Comn, 1897-1900; County Treas Marion Co, 1908-10; res 
Indpls. 

WILLIAM FORTUNE, business man, born Boonville, Ind, May 27, 1863; edit 
writer Indpls News, 1SS8-90; founder Munic Eng Mag, 1890; pres Indpls 
Tel Co, New Long Dis Co, etc: dir various corp; nrgri Indpls Com I 
Club. 1890 (sec 1890-95), V-P 95-97, pres 97-9S; originator Ind State 
Bd of Commerce, 1894 (pres 1897-8-9); chmn Elevated R R Comn. 
1S9S-14 ; presented with Loving Cup 189S by citizens for promoting 
general welfare of city; res Indpls. 

JOHN C PERRY, business man. born Paoli, Pa, Feb 21, 1834; attd com- 
mon schls; came to Indpls 1S53; began work as wood turner; in whole- 
sale grocery business 45 years; pres J C Perry & Co, Inc; res Indpls. 

C. W. CRAIG, business man, born Peru, 111. Nov 6, 1860; attd common 
schls; began business mfg confectioner, Indpls, April, 1873; mem Cham- 
ber of Commerce; res Indpls. 

JOSIAH K LILLY, manufacturing chemist, born Greencastle, Ind. Nov IS, 
1S61; attd Phila Coll of Phar & Asbury Univ; became supt Lilly Lab 
1882; after death of his father, Eli Lilly, June, 1898, became pres of 
Co; res Indpls. 

ALBERT LIEBER, business man. born Indpls Aug 16, 1863; attd German- 
English Schl & Indpls Bus Coll; pres Indpls Brewing Co; pres Schakk 
Brewing Co, Newark, N J; "V-P Kibler-Lieber Chem Co; dir Merchants 
Natl, also Ind Trust Co; V-P Progress Mach Co; res Indpls. 

FREDERIC M AYBES, business man, born Geneva, N Y, Feb 17, 1872: 
Yale Univ, Ph B, 1892; pres L S Ayres & Co; dir Fletcher Trust Co & 
Chandler & Taylor; res Indpls, 

W B WIIEELOCK, business man. born Ogdensburg, N Y, May 17, 1862; 
attd Greene St High Schl, Ogdensburg, N Y; came to Indpls Jan, 1893; 
V-P L S Ayres & Co; sec & Treas Murray Inv Co; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM J. MOONEY, business man, born "Washington, Ind, Apr 17, 1863: 
attd public & parochial schls; came to Indpls 1881, with A Kiefer ; 
nrgn Mooney- Mueller Drug Co 19 02; pres Board Trade 1907-8; dir 
Fletcher Trust & Sav Co. State Life Ins Co, Citizens Gas Co, Greater 
Indpls Indust Assn, Children's Aid Poc. Merchants & Mfg Ins Bur; 
pres Mooney-Mueller-Ward Co; res, Indpls. 

OLIVER P ENSLEY, business man, born Auburn, Ind, Oct 9, 1866; grad 
Auburn High Schl & Bus Coll; came to Indpls as chief elk U S Pen- 
sion Agency 1890-94; in lumber bus until elected treas Marion Co, 
1904-8; dir Union Natl Sav & Loan Assn; now pres A Burdsal Co, paint 
mfrs ; res Indpls. 

JOHN F DARMODY, business man, born Indpls Nov 26, 1865; attd public 
schls; began work with Daggett & Co, mfg confectioners, 1879; est 
Darmody Co 1895; mem Chamber Commerce, Bd of Trade; secy-treas 
& gen mgr J F Darmody Co; res Indpls. 

FRANK S FISHBACK, born Indpls, May 14. 1866; att comm and Shrtdge 
High schls, Indpls; newspaper work, Indpls Times, 1885; Merch broker 
1889 ; mem city council 1903-5 ; treas Marion Co 1910-11 ; now pres 
Geiger-Fishback Co, Frank S Fishback Co, merch, brokers; prop Fish- 
back Warehouse Co; res Indpls. 

ALMIS G RFDDELL, business man. born Indpls July 29. 1873; A B Ice- 
land Stanford Jr Univ 1S95 ; came to Indpls in 1S95; in mere business 
until Nov. 1S97; pres & mgr Central Rubber & Supply Co, 1897 to 
date; mem Chamber Commerce Exec Committee & Chrman Wholesale 
Trade Division, 1913-14 ; res Indpls. 

GEORGE J MAROTT, business man, born Daventry, Northamptonshire, 
England, Dec 10, 1S5S ; attd schl one year; built railways from Ko- 
komo to Marion & from Kokomo to Frankfort; now pres Ind Ry & Lt 
Co; V-P Security Trust Co; operates one of the finest & largest shoe 
stores in U S; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM SCOTT, business man. born County of Donegal, Ireland. April 
6, 1850 ; received classical educ Londonderry, Ireland ; came to U S 
1S6S. to Indpls 1S70; estb firm William Scott & Co; in 1890 became 
associated in wholesale drug bus with Daniel Stewart; was pres Daniel 
Stewart Drug Co; mem Bd Governor Board of Trade since 1S82; V-P 
1887; pres 1S88; mem Bd of Schl Comms 1891-1900 (pres 1896-7); now 
pres Kiefer-Stewart Drug Co; res Indpls. 

CARL VERNON GRIFFITH, business man, born Dayton, O, Aug 8, 1S69; 
grad Rose Poly 1SS9; mem firm Griffith Bros, wholesale milliners; sec 
& treas Potter Hat Co; res Indpls. 

MERRITT A POTTER, manufacturer, born Clarkston, Mich.; attd Univ 
of 111; with E C Atkins & Co since 1S7S, now secy; mem Chamber of 
Commerce, Bd of Trade; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM L ELDER, born Indpls, July 31. 1S55; att Indpls High sch; be- 
gan work as bank elk. after 5 years was appt paymaster I D & S Ry; 
in furniture bus till 1S93; since large operator in real estate: devel and 
platted Armstrong and N W Park, Clifton PI, Edgewood, Marlon East 
and Univ Heights, and other additions; res Indpls. 
















WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



21 



ARTHUR JORDAN, financier, born Madison, Ind, Sept 1, 1S55; attd Indple 
High Schl; engaged in various mfg. coml & financial enterprises since 
187 7 ; now pres Meridian Life Ins Co, Intern! Mach Tool Co, Keyless 
Lock Co, City Ice & Coal Co, Printing Arts Co, Capital Gas Eng Co, 
Western Cold Storage Co. etc; dir Franklin Coll; trustee Y "W C A, 
Indpls; mem Ind Commdry Loyal Leg; res Indpls. 

FRED FAHNLEY, business man, born Wurtemburg. Germany, Nov 1, 
1839; came to America in 1864 at age of 15; came to Indpls in 1S65; 
eng In wholesale millinery; one of the orgn of the firm styled Fahnley 
& McCrea; now pres Fahnley & McCrea; V-P & dir Ind Trust; V-P & 
dir Merchants Natl; res Indpls. 

SEVERANCE BURRAGE, chemist, born West Newton, Mass, July 18. 1868; 
attd Mass Inst Techn '92 ; Ph D Hanover Coll; D P H Valparaiso 
Univ; Prof Sanlt Science Purdue Univ 1895-1912; at present dir Biol 
Lab Eli Lilly & Co, lndpl-s & Greenfield: pres Ind Acad Science, Ind 
Soc Prev Tubercls; dir Natl Assn Study & Prevn Tuber; dir Indpls 
Boys' Club; mem A M A, State & County Med Soc, Am Pub Health 
Assn, Soc Am Bact. Am Phar Assn, Am Chem Soc; author {with H T 
Bailey) "School Sanitation & Decoration"; res Indpls. 

OTTO R LIEBER, business man, born Indpls Oct 1. 1861: attd German- 
English Indep Schl; began bus with H Lieber & Co. 1876; now pres H 
Lieber Co; dir German House; owner Wiscinda Stock & Dairy Farm, 
Acton, Ind; res Indpls. 

JAMES E LILLY, business man. born Lexington, Ky. July 8, 1844; attd 
common schls, Asbury Univ; came to Ind 1852; 1st lieut Co H, 43rd 
Ind Vols, Civil War, 1861-65; began bus with Eli Lilly 1878; V-P Eli 
Lilly Co. Mfg Chemists; dir Sterling Fire Ins Co; mem Loyal Legion; 
res Indpls. 

WILLIAM J HOGAN, business man, born Chillicothe, O, Aug 18, 1872; 
attd common schls; began bus Indpls 1892. transfer and storage; pres 
Hogan Trans & Storage Co, Ind Refrigerating Co. Ind State Chamber 
of Commerce; mem Cham of Com, Indpls: res Indpls. 

ANDREW STEFFEN, cigar manufacturer, born Madison. Ind, Mch 4, 1850; 
att comm sch Madison; came to Indpls 1870; now engaged In manufact 
cigars; res Indpls. 

FRANKLIN VONNEGLT, business man, born Indpls Oct 20, 1856; attd 
German-English Indep Schl and High Schl; school commissioner 5 
years; pres Commercial Club 2 years; pres Normal Schl of N A Gymn 
Union; pres Citizens Gas Co; res Indpls. 

JOHN N CAREY, business man, born Dayton. O. Mar 4. 1855; attd Brown 
Univ, Providence. R I; began business in Indpls with Layman, Carey 
& Co, wholesale hdwe, 1876; in 1883 went in drug business with Daniel 
Stewart: orgn the Stewart-Carey Glass Co; 190S pres & treas; dir 
Indpls Tele Co: pres Y M C A; first pres Indpls Trade Assn; trustee 
Methodist Hosp ; res Indpls. 

FRANK G WOOD, business man, born Indpls Feb 7, 1S59; attd Indpls Pub- 
lic & High Schl; with Singer Sewing Machine Co 21 years; pres Atlas 
Paper Co since 1900; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM H ELVTN, business man, born Madison, Ind, 1853; attd Madi- 
son and Hanover Colleges; came to Indpls Oct, 1871; with Merrill & 
Field Publ; was pres Bowen-Merrill Co Pubs six years; one of Orgn 
Indpls Book & Stationery Co, now pres; Trustee Rescue Mission 15 
years; res Indpls. 

LEONIDAS H LEWIS, born Manilla, Ind. July 30, 1886; attd Valparaiso 
Univ and Indiana Univ; former newspaper man and manager Conven- 
tion and Publicity Bureau; was chosen Gen Secy of Chamber of Com- 
merce at its formation in 1912; engaged in business 1915; res Indpls. 

RALPH W DOUGLASS, born Bartholomew Co. Ind. Dec 5, 1882; grad Ind 
Univ, 1905; attd Ind Univ Law Schl, 1906-7. Indpls Coll of Law. 1908; 
in newspaper work, Shelbyville, 1905-7; prac law, Shelbyville, 1908-10; 
on staff Indpls Star, 1910, and Indpls News, 1910-13; publicity dir 
Indpls Chamber of Commerce; elec asst Gen Secy Chamber of Com- 
merce, 1914 ; res Indpls. 

C C PERRY, financier, born Richmond, Ind, Dec 15, 1S57; educ Earlham 
Coll; began work as messenger boy PCC&StLRR; learned tel- 
egraphy; mgr W U Tel Co, Richmond, 1880-84; came to Indpls '86 as 
representative Jenny Elec Co; one of orgn Marmon-Perrv Light Co, 
1888, and Indpls Lt & Pr Co, 1892; now pres and treas Indpls Lt & Ht 
Co; res Indpls. 

J EDWARD MORRIS, real est broker, born Broad Ripple, Ind; attd State 
Normal, Terre Haute; taught schl 5 years Marion Co; mgr C U Tele 
Co, Shelbyville, 1903-7; engaged real estate bus. Indpls, 1907; orgn & 
elect pres Ind Real Est Assn, 1914 ; res Indpls. 

DR R C LIGHT, physician, born Somerset, Ky, June 3, 1S56; grad Rush 
Med College, 1879; orgn Broad Ripple Nat Gas Co, 18S6; orgn Broad 
Ripple Rapid Transit Co, 1892: built Broad Ripple electric line and 
ran first cars, Sept. 1894; built White City, 1906; practiced med in 
Broad Ripple since 1SS0; res Broad Ripple, Ind. 

THOMAS A WYNNE, business man, born Ottawa, Canada, 1866; attd com- 
mon schls; moved to Indpls 1SS7; connected with Indpls Lt & Ht Co 
28 years; V-P & Treas Indpls Lt & Ht Co; V-P Farmers Trust Co; 
served term in Indpls City Council; res Indpls. 

FREMONT ALFORD, lawyer, born near Eden, Ind, Dec 30, 1857; attd 
common schl. State Normal, Terre Haute; grad Central Law Schl, 1881; 
Depty Pros Atty, 1894-1898; Judge Criminal Court Marion Co. 1898- 
1907; res Indpls. 

JEFFERSON H CLAYPOOL, lawyer, born Connersville, Ind, Aug 15, 1866; 
attd Univ of Va & Miami Univ; mem Ind Legislature, 1889-91; mem 
State Board Election Commissioners; res Indpls. 

ROWLAND EVANS, laws.:, born Boston. Mass, Apr 10, 1SS4; attd Boston 
Public Schls, Ind Law Schl; standing examiner in chancery U S Court; 
mem Am, Indpls & State Bar Assns, Amer Assn for Advancement of 
Science, Am Economic Assn, Am Pol Science Assn; res Indpls. 

HERMAN P LIEBER, business man. born Indpls Oct 9, 1873; attd public 
schls and Shortridge; entered mere business 1891; secy H Lieber Co; 
res Indpls. 

HENRY R BANNER, born New York City, Dec 25, 1870; degrees: A B, A M, 
Rutger's Coll; LL B, A M, Ph D. Univ Minn; adm bar Minn, 1893; 
N Y State 1896; Ind 1910; with Wm Burford, Indpls, since 1909; res 
Indpls. 







/jf , /Z.&Cv^A. 




j- J%q. ^^^A^rtr-^y 




22 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



ALBERT M ROSENTHAL, business man, born Kokomo, Ind. Oct 17 1876; 
attd Indpls Public Schl.s; began business 1903; now pres Standard Pa- 
per Co, mfg & wholesale dealers; res Indpls. 

CHARLES F MEYER, business man, born Indpls Aug 4. 1852; educ Indpls 
& Cincti Bus Coll; began business in Indpls April, 1869; now V-P A B 
Meyer & Co; dir A & C Stone & Lime Co & Ind Plaster & Roofing Co; 
33d A & A S R; treas Ind Consist 25 years; charter mem Murat Tem- 
ple; treas over 30 years; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM H BOCKSTAHLER, business man. born Indpls July 12, 1867 
attd common schls; learned printer's trade; connected 
yards 21 years as clerk Belt R R & Stock Yards Co; traffi 
1909; res Indpls. 

SOL SCHLOSS, business man, born Ligonier, Ind; attd public schls Ligo- 
nier ; began as clerk at 14 ; engaged in mere business, Titusville. Pa, 
1894; started in bus for self at Monmouth, 111, 1897; came to Indpls 
1910; now pres Schloss Bros Co, Indpls; dir, Monmouth. 111. Plow Fac- 
tory; res Indpls. 

AARON WOLFSON, business man. born Boston. Mass. July 24. 1871; attd 
English High Schl, Boston; came to Indpls Nov, 1904; now sec Kahn 
Tailoring Co; ex-pres Indpls Assn of Credit Men; dir Chamber of Com- 
merce ; chrman Natl Com on Commercial Arbit Natl Assn of Credit 
Men; res Indpls. 

CHARLES L BVSCHMANN, business man, born Indpls Sept 5. 1876; attd 
Indpls High Schl. Capitol Univ. Columbus, O; began mfg 1SS7; V-P & 
Genl Mgr Lewis Meier & Co; dir wholesale div Chamber of Commerce; 
res Indpls. 

THOMAS H SPANN, born Indpls June S. 1S48; A B Williams College, 1S69: 
ret Indpls & eng in real est bus with his father, John S Spann; now 
pres John S Spann & Co, Inc; res Indpls. 

PAFL H KRAl'SS, business man, born Stuttgart. Germany, Oct 9, 1853; 
attd comn schls Stuttgart & Indpls; came to Indpls Jan. 1864 ; mes- 
senger boy in Ind Natl Bank 186S-70; engaged in haberdashery busi- 
ness 1871; now pres Paul H Krauss Co; pres Merchants Assn 1914; 
pres German Park Assn; dir Mchts Natl Bank; trustee Indpls Maen- 
nerchor ; treas Ancient Landmark Lodge Masons since 1S83 ; mem St 
James Conclave, Red Cross of Constantine; res Indpls. 

GEORGE J MAYER, business man. born Indpls Jan 6, 1862; attd German, 
English & Public Schls; began business 1884 ; mem Chamber Com- 
merce ; pres Geo J Mayer Co ; res Indpl3. 

FRED A HETHERINGTON, inventor and manufacturer, born Indpls. 185 
attd comn schls & Indpls Schl of Art ; at 15 began work in Hether- 
ington & Berner Mach Shop; supt Campbell Printing Press & Mfg Co, 
New York City, 1881; inventor Railway Asphalt Paving Plant used in 
estab first municipal paving plant in U S at Detroit; inventor Hether- 
ington Camera, etc; res Indpls. 

HENRY W KLAVSMANN, civil engineer, born Centralia, 111. Sep 2. 186S; 
educ common schls; pract civil engr since 1891; appt surveyor Marion 
Co 1901; re-elect 3 terms till 1910; appt city engr 1910-14; music 
director Indpls Mil Band; chm Rep City comm 1910 — ; res Indpls. 

HARRY E. BARNARD, chemist, born Dunbarton. N H, Nov 14, 1874; grad 
N H Coll. 1899; Ph D Hanover Coll. 1913; State Chem of N H, 1901-6. 
Chem State Bd Health of Ind. 1905; State Food and Drug Commr of 
Ind, 1907 — ; State Commr Weights and Meas of Ind, 1911; Food and 
Drug Insp Chem, U S Dept Agr, 1907 — ; res, Indpls. 




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iy in, ion i , ,— -2— 
With Stock V*y^ ~Kf 
c mgr since^^/ \/f 



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grad Butler Coll, 
1906-7; appt Supt 



WILLIAM SHIMER, born Indianapolis, Sept. 20, 187S; 
1902; Ind Med Coll, 1906; interne Indpls City Hosp, 
Bacteriological Lab, Ind. State Bd Health, 1912. 

C H BALDWIN, born Jenningsville, Pa, May 21, 1883; B S Bucknell, Pa. 
Univ. 1907; appt State Entomologist of Ind. 1911: res Edgewood, Ind. 

JOHN N HLRTY, born Lebanon. O, Feb 21, 1852; grad Medical Coll, 1881; 
Purdue Univ, 1886. Ph D; Prof Hygiene and Sanitary Science, Med Dept 
Ind Univ; Sec Ind State Bd Health; State Health Commr Ind, 1896- 
Pres Ind Dental Coll; author "Health with Life," tc; res, Indpls. 

JOHN D SHEA, born Bowling Green. Ky, Oct 29. 1864; att St 

Indpls; vice chm Dem Co Comm, Indpls, 1912; elect Doorkeepe 
Legis, 1913; appt supt bldgs and prop, State House, Jan 






t John's Acad,— f) // 

... r e i??5. senate ' Uo?L» 

grad North western [^^^^^ ^Tj/y 

ite unexpired term ^ & I 

1893; Auditor Dem ^ " ' 



: r. tfrf 




MYRON D KING, born Covington, Ind., Aug. 9. 1859 
Univ, 1881; Dept Sec State Ind, 1884; 1891. Sec Sta 
Claude Matthews; Priv Sec Gov Claude Matthews, 1893; Audit 
Nat Com, 1904 and 1908; Dept Aud State of Ind, 1911 — ; res, Indpls. 

P A DAVIS, born Putnam Co, Ind. May 8, 1880; att. High Schl Kokomo; 
appt. Quartermaster-Gen, I N G. Jan 1 1914; res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM J McKEE, born Madison, Ind, Dec 12, 1853; grad Tale Coll. 
Sheffield Scien Dept, 1875; identified with Ind Nat Guard since 1S73; 
appt Brig-Gen Comdg, Mch 23, 1893; appt Brig-Gen U S V May 27. 
1S9S; served until Mar 15, 1S99; resigned as Brig-Gen Ind Nat Guard 
July 30, 1914; res, Indpls. 

BIRT NEW, born Vernon. Ind, Aug It,. 1870; att Ind Univ. 1SSS-89; 
Bethany Coll. W Va, A B, 1891; prac law Jennings Co; appt Counsel for 
Gov Marshall, 190S-'13, Counsel to Gov Ralston and Public Service 
Coram; res, Indpls. 

B B JOHNSON, born Marlboro. O, Sept 2, 1852; att common and high schl; 
Asst Postmaster Kokomo, 186S-71; Dept and Treas Howard Co, 1878-84; 
Editor Kokomo Tribune, 1SS5-7; Editor-Propr Richmond Item, 1891-98; 
mem Bd of Wks, Richmond, 1905-09; appt Priv Sec Gov Ralston, Jan 
1, 1913; res. Richmond. 

FRANK L BRIDGES, born Indianapolis, Jan 3. 187S; att Ind Univ and 
Butler Coll; Reg Quar-Serg 15Sth Ind Vol Inf; appt Adj. -Gen Ind. 
Jan 1, 1914. 







WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



23 



JOHN A LAPP, Librarian, born Filmore N T, Nov 19, 1880; Ph B Alford 
Univ. 1906; grad scholar in polit science Univ Wis, 1906-7; fellow in 
economics Cornell, 1907-S; asst in politics, Cornell, 190S; legis. reference 
libr Ind. 1908-13; dir Ind Bur Lgis Informn, 1913 — ; sec State Commr 
Industrial and Agrl Educ, 1912-13; mngr editor "Special Libraries;" 
asso editor Nat Municipal Review. 1912-13; lecturer in legis Ind Univ, 
etc; res, Indpls. 

LEO LANDO, Optician, born Hungary, 1851: educated in common schls; re- 
moved to U S. 1871, to Indpls Apr 27, 1SS9; manufacturing and refrac- 
tory optician; res, Indpls. 

L ERT SLACK, Lawyer, born Johnson Co. Ind. Oct S. 1874: att grade and 
high schls; atty Johnson Co; state Rep and State Senator Ind Gen 
Assembly; res. Indpls. 

LEWIS E LANCASTER, born Virginia, III: att pub schs and Gem City Bus. 
Coll; in wholesale grocery; bus mgr Liby Bureau, Indpls; res. Indpls. 

HUGH DOUGHERTY, Banker, born on farm near Greenville, O, July 28. 
1844; att Comm schs: removed to Bluffton. Ind; State Senator 1876-75; 
former Pres. Marion Trust Co; V P Fletcher Savings & Trust Co; appt 
by Gov Ralston Trustee Flood Fund; Pres Bd of Trustees De Pauw 
Univ; res. Indpls. 

OSCAR L POND, Lawyer; born near Shelby ville, Mch 25, 1877: Ind Un 
A B, 1899; Columbia Un A M. L L B, Ph D; lawyer; author "Munic 
Control of Pub Ut" ; V P Indpls Commercial Club & mem Chamber of 
Com. 

ELMER W STOUT, Lawyer; born Paoli. Ind; grad Earlham Coll, 1896; 
grad Harvard Un Law Dept. 1901; atty Bd of Park Commrs, Indpls, 
190S; res, Indpls. 

GEORGE W BROWN, Real Estate Broker; born Indpls Jan 12. 1857; att 
pub schs; business course Butler Coll; res. Indpls. 

GEORGE B ELLIOTT, Bond Broker, born Indpls Feb 29. 1868; att pub schs 
and Shortridge H S; mem State Legis 1S97; Clerk Marion Co. 1S98: res. 
Indpls. 

OSWALD STAHN, State Official; born at Strehla a e Saxony, Germany, Sept 
21, 1865; grad coll at Doebler, Saxony, 1882: book business at Ft 
Wayne, 1882-1910; appt Supt State Free Employment Bureau, Indpls. 
Jan 1, 1911. 

WALLACE FOSTER, Author; born Vernon, June 22. 1837; att pub sch 
Vernon and Indpls; civil engr O & M R R. 1856; Lieut Co H 11th Ind 
Zouave Reg 3 mos serv Civil War, 1861; Lt Capt ADC and Pay 
Dept U S A to 1865; instituted patriotic instruc in pub schs, 1889; 
Woman's Relief Corps, etc: author of "Patriotic Primer for Am. 
Citizen." "Origin and Hist, of the Stars and Stripes"; owner of copy- 
right "Fac Simile of the Declaration of Independence"; res, Indpls. 

JAMES A COLLINS, Lawyer; born Arlington Mass, Oct 12. 1870: grad 
Ind Law Sch, 1904; judge City Court, Indpls. 1910-14; intro probation 
in that court, collection of money fines on installments and special 
sessions for women; elected Judge Crim Ct. Marion Co. 1914; res 
Indpls. 

SAMUEL O PICKENS, Lawyer; born Owen Co, Ind, April 26, 1846; grad 
law dept, Ind Univ, 1873: came to Indpls 1886; pros atty Owen, Mor- 
gan & Greene Cos. 1877-81; memb Am. State & Indpls Bar Assns; atty 
Penn Ry Lines since 1878; res, Indpls. 

ALEXANDER C AYKES, Lawyer; born Mt Carmel. Ind, Nov 9, 1S46; grad 
A B N W Christian Univ (now Butler Coll). 1868; LL B, 1872; elec 
circuit judge Marion & Hendricks Cos. 1882-6; judge Marion Co Cir- 
cuit Ct, 1890; pract law since; res, Indpls. 

JESSE T JOHNSON, Architect; born Franklin Co, Mo, Aug 21. 1S74: grad 
Indpls High Sch; Washington Univ (arct dept), St Louis, Mo, 1S87-91; 
began pract Indpls, 1905; designer Owen Co court house, Tipton, and 
Sharpsville High Schs, Elks Club, Frankfort, Ind: Bona Thompson 
Libr, Indpls; Ind Bldg, Panama-Pac Expos; res, Indpls. 

CHARLES O DURHAM, Physician; born Hendricks Co, Ind, May 9. 1867; 
taught sch Hendricks Co two years; grad Cent Coll Phy & Surg, 1892; 
attd Ky Sch of Med, 1891-2: interne Indpls City Hosp. 1S92-3: 11 years 
memb fac Coll Phy & Surg; memb Bd Health. Indpls. 1897-9; pract 
since 1893; elec coroner, 1910; re-elec. 1912; res. Indpls. 



(Z #c^4^ 




1S61; 
supt 
atty 



JAMES BINGHAM, Lawyer: born Fountain Co. Ind, March 16. 
worked on farm, railroad, taught sch Fountain Co 6 years; co 
Fountain Co, 1883-S7; pros atty Fountain & Warren Cos, 1891-93; 
gen of Ind, 1907-11; now pract law; res, Indpls. 

LARZ A WHITCOMB, Lawyer; born Clinton. Ind, March 26, 1871; Ph B. 
DePauw Univ, 1893; A B Yale Coll, 1894, and LL B Yale Law Sch. 
1895; mem Ind Legis, 1899-01; prac law since 1S95 ; mem Ind Slate 
and Indpls Bar Assn; res, Indpls. 

JAMES A ROSS, Lawyer; born Delaware Co, Ind. Feb 19, 18S3: attd North- 
western Univ; grad Ind Law Sch. 1904; mem Indpls Bar Assn; mem 
firm Matson. Gates & Ross; res, Indpls. 

WILLIAM F ELLIOTT, Lawyer; born Indpls. Ind. April 29. 1859; at 
Butler Univ. Univ of Mich and Cent Law Sch; collaborated with Judge 
Byron K Elliott. "Work of Advocate," "Roads & Streets," "Railroads 
"Evidence," "Contracts"; magazine writer; memb Indpls, State and 
Am Bar Assns; res, Indpls. 

SAMUEL ASHBY, Lawyer; t.orn near Plttsboro, Ind. Aug 24, 1S6S; 1.1, B 
Ind Univ, 1891; began practice law Indpls. 1S92; mem Am. Indpls Bar 
Assns; res, Indpls. 

RUSSELL T MAC FALL, Lawyer; born Floyd Co, Ind, Sept 20, 1865; attd 
Eikosi Acad, Salem. Ind: grad 1892, law dept. Univ Mich; began pract 
Indpls. 1S93; mem Ind State & Indpls Bar Assns: res. Indpls. 







a^yt< 



24 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



WARD, business man; born Parke County, Ind; educ High Schl^ *~ //j/J ^ m ' 

ersville, Ind; come to Indpls 1870; engaged in business with ^^ _ /y^^////>^7y// 
ell Ward his brother; now chmn bd of dir Mooney, Mueller Ward ///^'A*^/// 

Co; res Indpls. r **S 



ALBRECHT KIPP, business man; born Isingdorf, Bielefeld, Westphalia, 
Germany; educ in German schls; came to Indpls 18C7; connected 
with Charles Mayer & Co until 1880; estb firm of Kipp Bros w 
his brother Robert; pres Kipp Bros Co since incorp 1893 ; one 
organizers of German House and pres since 190S; res Indpls. 

MARION 

Connersv 

Bosw 

Drug Co; res Indpl 

CHARLES B SOMMERS. business man, born Cincinnati, O, Jan 26, 1873; ^ 
attd grade and High Schl; came to Indpls 1899; pres Gibson Auto 
Co & D Sommers & Co; res Indpls. 

HENRY C THOMSON, business man; born Morrow. O. Oct 12, 1862; educ 
Public Schls, Indpls; with Jas R Ross & Co 29 years; pres and mgr 
since 1900; mem Bd of Trade ; res Indpls. 

LOITS G DESCIILER, business man; born Indpls Jan 24, 1865; attd 
German English Schl; began business Bates House July, 1878; founded 
and now pres Deschler Cig Co in 1SS3; dir Ind (Claypool) Hotel Co; 
res Indpls. 

ALEXANDER M STEWART, business man; born Terre Haute Mch 4, 
IS67; became partner Wulschner & Son 1891; pres Wulschner Stewart 
Music Co 1901-12; pres and treas A M Stewart Realty Co; owner 
Stewart Talk Mach Co; res Indpls. 

EDWARD SCHMIDT, business man; born Cincinnati, O, May 10, 1869; 
attd schls Hoboken, N J, & Leipsic, Germany, also German English 
Schl Indpls; began bus with C T Schmidt Brewery 1876; retired 1890; 
trip around world 1892-93; res Indpls. 

GEORGE N MANNFELD, born Indpls. Jan 5, 1866; att German English 
schl 1S72-S0; att Shortridge High Schl; engaged in tailor 
with his fatner, George Mannfeld, 1SS2; organized and first 
Co Fish and Game Protec Assn; writer on fish and game 
conservation; pres Ind Fish, Game and Forest League 
Indpls. 

FRANK MATS FAl'VRE, business man; born New Alsace, Dearborn Co, 
Ind, Jan 24, IS 51; educ pub schls, German English Schl ; Bryant- 
Stratton Bus Coll 1S66-67; mem City Council 1S77; pres and builder 
of Indpls & Eastern Trac line between Indpls and Cambridge City 
1902; pres Fauvre Coal Co; V-p Rogue River Pub Serv Corp, Ore; 
res Indpls. 

JOSEPH C SCHAF, business man; born Brookville, Ind, Jan 14, 1859; 
• due St Meinrad's Acad; 1SS1 came to Indpls; 1SS6 engaged in the 
Brewing business now pres and sole owner of the American Brewing 
Co; dir Fletcher Am Bank; dir Indiana Hotel Co; Waverly Elec Co; 
pres Columbia Club; V-p Ind Road Comms; res Indpls. 

CARL F WALK, business man; born Indpls Aug 29, 1870; educ Indpls 
Grade Schls and Shrtrdge High Schl; 18S6 connected with Theo 
Pfafflin Music House and Fairbanks Scale Co '87-88; entered store 
of Bingham & Walk 1888; firm of Julius Walk & Son 1892; now pres 
Julius C Walk & Son Inc; res Indpls. 

B H McCLELLAN, business man; born Franklin, Ind, Feb 18, 1867; educ 
Comn Schls Franklin; came to Indpls age 13 with Fahnley-McCrea 
wholesale millinery; on road at 16; traveled for them for 28 years 
with H B Gates orgn Hotel Colonial & Hotel Severin; mgr and 
Gates-McClellan Hotel Co; res Indpls. 

PAUL HAGEN, business man; born Fortville, Ind, June 14, 1868; grad 
Notre Dame 1S85; grain bus for 18 yrs; gen mgr Home Brew 
Co for 8 yrs to date; res Indpls. 

J J COLE, business man; born on farm near Connersville. Ind, Mch 23, 
1869; educ High bchl Fayette Co & Bus Coll Richmond, Ind; with 
Parry Mtg Co 10 yrs; Moon Bros Carriage Co St Louis 8 yrs; began 
•arriage mfg 1901; automobiles 1908; now pres Cole Motor Car Co; 
mem Natl Auto Cham of Com; mem Bd of Trade & Cham of Com; 
res Indpls. 

HARRY B. GATES, business man; born Connersville, Ind, Sept 5, 1858; 
educ Common Schls Indpls; pres Climax Coffee & Bak Powder Co; 
pres Hotel Severin ; res Indpls. 

G A EFROYWSON, business man; born Evansville, Ind, Jan 21, 1870; 
attd Common Schls Indpls; began bus 1S83; pres H P Wasson Co 
since Apr, 1912; mem Cham of Commerce & Bd of Trade; mem 
Union of American Hebrew Congregations; res Indpls. 

ALBERT G SNIDER, business man; born Indpls. Feb 23, 1878; attd 
Comn Schls. High Schl, Butler Coll; entered present bus 1S98; now 
pres of Hide Leather & Belting Co; mem Cham of Com, Bd of 
Trade ; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM T CANNON, Railroad Official; born Logansport, Tnd. Apr 23. 
1856; attd pub schls in Wis; returned to Ind in 1873 to accept 
clerkship with Indpls Peru & Chicago Ry; 1SS3 treas of same; secy 
1901; in 1SST orgn The R R Men's Build & Sav Assn; now pres; res 
Indpls. 

JAS E PIERCE, Railway Official; born Buffalo, N Y, Nov. 14, 1S63; educ 
Indpls High Schl; at 14 began as messenger for Merchants Despatch 
Transp Co; became *.sstd agt in 1SS5. Dairy Agt 1S93; was elected 
treas of the R R Men's Build & Sav Assn upon orgn in 1887; elec 
secy & auditor of this assn in 1912; res Indpls. 

CHARLES T AISTIN, Express Company Official; born New Aibanv Ind, 
Feb J 9. lS6fi; grad Vincennes High Schl. began work with Adams 
Express Co, Vincennes at IS yrs & served as agent at various places 
and resigned as agt at Indpls 1903; 1903 orgn present bus Express 
Parcel Delivery Co; now pres; res Indpls. 

E M CRAFT, Manufacturer; born Indpls Sept 9, 1881 ; attd pub schls 
and Manual Training Hgh Schl; began bus with A P Craft 1S97; now 
pres & gen mgr A P Craft Co; res Indpls. 









^ 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



MABSHALL T LEVEY, Manufacturing Printer; born Madiaon. Ind. Oct 
6, 1875 ; attd Shnrtridge Hgh Schl Indpla ; secy & treas Thornton- 
Levey Co; res Indpls. 

FRED J OSTEKMEYER, business man; born Indpls Dec 21, 1879; attd 
German Lutheran Schl & Bus Coll; began bus at 16 with Severin Oster- 
meyer A Co, and Severin & Co till June. 1901; since with Ind Paper 
Co; now pres; mem Indpls Cham of Com; prea Ostermeyer Realty 
Co, dir Schwartz Elec Co; res Indpls. 

RALPH A LEMCKE, Capitalist; born Evansville, Ind, Feb 5, 1880; grad 
St Johns Delafield, Wis; attd Princeton Univ ; pres R A Leracke 
Realty Co ; mng Trustee Lemcke Estate; mem Bd of Gov; B of 
Trade; res Indpls. 

A S BENSON", Banker and Live Stock Commission Broker; born Rush 
Co, Ind, Aug 4, 1858 ; began work as messenger boy in First Natl 
Bank; in Live Stock Comn bus for 36 yrs; pres Live Stock Eich 
Bank; res Indpls. 

T 8 GRAVES, Live Stock Broker; was born Nelson Co, Ky, June 28, 1852; 
educ Transylvania Univ Lexington, Ky ; Northwestern Christian (now 
Butler) Univ; began business Union Stock Yards 1877 ; was pre« 
Indpls Live Stock Exchange 1SS7-1S97; pres Natl Live Stock Exchange 
1908-10; senior member T S Graves-Navin Co. 

GORDON B. TANNER, business man; born April 4. 1886; attd The Adiron- 
dack Florida schl, Rainbow Lake, N Y ; began business with father 
in Tanner & Co, wholesale sheet metals July 18, 1904 ; at present 
head of firm : mem Indpls Bd of Trade; wholesale Trade dlv of 
Chamber of Com; res Indpls. 

HENRY' C THORNTON, Manufacturing Printer; born Bedford, Ind, Nov 

8, 1861; A B Hanover Coll 1871; began business in Bedford, Ind. 

18 73 ; gen merchandise; in blank book & eta bus in Indpls 1885 to 

present; now pres Thornton Levy Co; mem Cham of Commerce A Bd 

of Trade; res Indpls. 
FINLEY P MOUNT, Lawyer; born Montgomery Co, Ind. Nov 26. 1866; 

B. S. Wabash Coll 1S90; A M 1S95; studied law Crawfordsvllle & 

Anderson; admitted 1892; practiced law Crawfordsvllle 1892-1912; 

Indpls since; taught schl 'S4-'86; prin Crawfordsville High Schl '90-'92; 

mem Bd Trustees Wabash Coll; City att Crawfordsville 12 yrs; res 

Indpls. 
EDWARD E GATES, Lawyer; born Indpls Aug 23. 1871; grad Tale 1891; 

PhB; Ind Law Schl LLB 1S95; began practice of law in 1893 at 

Indpls; served in war with Spain in 27 Light Battery Ind Vol 1898 ; 

Spanish Amer War; pres Linco'n League of Ind, 2 yrs 1906 ; mem 

Indpls Bar Assn; res Indpls. 

JAMES P GOODRICH, Lawyer; born Randolph Co. Ind, Feb 18, 1864; 
attd Winchester High Schl & DePauw Univ ; taught schl 2 yrs In 
Randolph Co ; began practice in 1SS8; chairman Rep State Com 
1901-10; mem Natl Com 1912-16; mem State Bar Assn; res Win- 
chester, Ind. 

HORACE E KINNEY, Grain Broker; born Stilesville, Ind, Sept 6, 1858; 
attd common schls; at age of 11 entered Ry service as a tele- 
graph operator; later connected with the Associated Press in like 
capacity; entered grain business in Indpls 1883; V-p Indpls Bd Trade 
1897-98; and since mem Bd of Gov; res Indpls. 

EDGAR H EVANS. Miller; born Saratoga Sprincs, N Y. July 18, 1870; 
grad Shortridge Hgh Schl; Wabash Coll 1892 A B & A M; began 
flour milling with Geo Evans & Son; now pres-treas Acme-Evans 
Mill Co; pres Indpls Bd of Trade 1911-12; Gov Bd Trade since 1898; 
treas Indpls Elev Co; dir Summit vi lie Drain Tile Co; Indpls Cham 
Com ; ex-p Boys Club; mem Chicago & St Louis Bd of Trade; res 
Indpls. 

HENJ B MINOR, business man; born Lodi. N T, Oct 20, 1840; taught schl 
4 yrs New York State; attd Seminary Ovid Seneca Co, N Y; operating 
Country Elevators 50 yrs; mem Bd of Trade 1885; acting Gov 17 
yrs; res Indpls. 

AUGUSTUS EYNCH MASON, Lawyer; born Bloomington, Ind. Feb 10. 
1869; attd Northwestern Christian (now Butler) Univ; PhB, A M 
Depauw univ; retired from law pract 1910 ; was pres Cit St Rj Co 
Indpls; Dean Depauw Univ Law Schl; lect r r law Ind Law Schl ; 
since 189S atty Depauw Univ, I & E Ry etc; Author "Pioneer History 
of Am," etc; res Indpls. 

J A RINK, business man; born Lawrenceburgh, Ind. Apr 15, 1858; attd 
comn schls; began usiness at age of 14 with M H Spades; est The 
Rink Cloak House 1S78; appointed pres board of works 1914 beginning 
Jan 5; res Indpls. 

FRANK A WITT, Grain Broker; born Thornton. Ind, Oct 15, 1884; grad 
Frankfort, Ind, Hgh Schl 1902; A B Franklin Coll 1906; came to 
Indpls with Stebbins-Witt Grain Co 1909; since engaged in grain 
comn bus; Gov Bd of Trade since 1912; res Indpls. 

GEO H EVANS, Manufacturer; born Waynesville, O, Oct 15. 1863; grad 
Haverford Coll Pa U>s3; with I P Evans & Co 1SS3; Evans Milling Co 
since 1904; Gov Bd of Trade since; now Pres Bd of Trade; res Indpls. 

\\M < HAYWARD, Grain Broker; born Mahomet, Ills, Dec 4, 1SS3; ntt 
III St Normal & 111 State Univ; came to Indpls 1911; grain broker & 
mgr of Mutual Grain Co; mem Bd of Trade; res Brownsburg, Ind. 

ED K SHEPPERD, Grain Broker; born Brookville. Ind, July 6. 1881; 
attd public schls Brookville & IndplB; in grain trade in Indpls since 
1896; mem Bd of Trade; mgr Cleveland Grain Co; res Indpls. 

UNION B HINT, Lawver; born Randolph Co, Ind, Sept 2, 1864; educ 
common schls; Secretary State of Ind 189S-1902; Chmn Ind Ry Commn 
1905-0S-; was pres and genl counsel Supr Lodge K of P Ins Dept. 

EDWARD B RAl'B, Lawver; born Chalmers, Ind, Dec 23, 1871; DePauw 
Univ PhB 1894; Ind Law Schl LLB 1895; began practice law 1896; 
City Atty 1903-5; County Atty 1910-11; asstd in orgn of Indpls Life 
Ins Co 190 V-p & gen counsel; Gov Bd of Trade 1913; res 

Indpls. 

GEORGE ALIG, Manufacturer; born Chur. Switzerland, Feb 22. 1852; 
att Univ ol Freiburg:; came to Am 1S72; began work with Deloss 
Root & Co. st 1 1 vi- mfgrs and has been in same business since ; was 
pres Indpls Stove Co 1892 ; Tlow pres and mgr Home Stove Co, res 
Indpls. 



25 



^_) , V_s_»->--*^_*-» 




(M, 













26 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOHN H EMRICH. Manufacturer; born Wayne Co, Ind, Sept 1G. 1S60; attd 
public schls Indpls; began business as a boy with Emrich. Paulina & 
Co Furn Mfgrs; became associated with father Henry Emrich and bro 
W F Emrich and Geo H Drechsel, under name of Emrich Furn Co 
in 1895; secy & treas since incorp; elec mem Indpls Bd of Schl Com- 
missioners; pres Bd 1914; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls. 
W F MILHOLLAND, Street Railway Official; born Cartersburg. Ind, Aug 
24, 1859; attd Comn & Hgh Schls Putnam Co; came to Indpls July, 
1880; began as office boy with Citizens Street Ry Co 1883; paymaster 
and cashier, now secy & treas Indpls Tract & Term Co; asstd sec 
and treas Indpls St Ry Co & Terre H I & E Tract Co; res Indpls. 
CHARLES L HENRY. Ex-Congressman; born Hancock Co, Ind, July 1, 
1849; attd pub schls and Asbury Univ (now DePauw); afterward 
grad in law at Ind Univ; practiced law at Pendleton and Anderson 
25 yrs; State Senator '80-84; Congress 1S95-99; official Interurban 
Rys from 1891 to present; res Indpls. 
IRA E Gl'THRIE, Interurban Railway Official; born in Brown Co, Ind, 
Feb 28. 1881: educ pub schls and Hgh Schl; 14 yrs experience in 
higher accounting and with financial systems of banks, Indus, Ry 
and pub utility corps; now treas of Interstate Pub Ser Co, owning 
and operating elec rys and pub utilities serving 30 Ind cities and 
towns; res Indpls. 
CHESTER P WILSON, Electric Railroad Official; born Indpls. Feb 8. 1871; 
M E, MM E Cornell Univ; was supt Phila Pa Tract Co; chief engr 
Milwaukee Elect Ry & Lt Co; genl mangr Camps Bav Tramways, 
Cape Town, S Africa; supt Lack & Wyom Val Ry Scranton. Pa etc; 
now pres Interstate Pub Serv Co. Indpls; Cent Ind Lt Co; Louisville 
& Northern Ry & Lt Co: Louisville & Southern Ind Tract Co; United 
Gas & Elect Co: res Indpls. 
ROBERT R HABOIS; Railroad Traffic Manager; born Frankfort. Ky. 
July 6. 18S2; educ Univ Schl of Ky; Tale Coll; with railroad and 
express companies till 1914; now traffic manager Indpls Bd of Trade; 
res Indpls. 
C A McCOTTER, insurance man; born Kipton, Lorain Co, O, June 2. 
1861; attd High Schl and Business Coll; seev and mgr Grain Dealers 
Natl Mutual Fire Ins Co: treas Childrens' Aid Assn; res Indpls. 
JOHN F ROBBINS, Lawyer; born Economy, Ind, June 11, 185 6; educ 
Earlham Coll. Ohio Wesleyan Univ & Mich Univ; began practice in 
1S78 at Richmond, Ind; pros atty Wayne Co 1884-86; mem of law 
firm of Monks. Robbins. Starr & Goodrich; res Richmond. 
E E FLICKINGER, insurance man; born Willoughby. O. Apl 7. 1S62: 
Otterbein Univ B S 1883; M D Cleveland Med Coll 1SS5; practiced 
med 5 yrs; started as local agt with John Hancock Life Ind Co of 
Boston Mass at Willoughby, O, 1S90; spec agt Cleveland 1S91; state 
agt for Ind since 1892; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls. 
GEORGE C CALVERT, born Charleston. Ills. Sept 2, 1871; PhB DePauw 
1893: AM 1894: LL B Ind Law Schl 1896; Fellow in Univ of Chicago 
1894-5; editorial writer The Indpls Press; since 1901 mgr Indpls 
Clearing House Assn; res Indpls. 
VICTOR C KENDALL, business man; born Six Points. Ind. Mch 9, 1863; 
attd High Schl Hendricks Co; with L S Ayres & Co 33 yrs: now 
secy-treas of Amer Mortgage Guarantee Co;' treas Sunlight Coal Co 
& Ohio Valley Coal Co; mem Bd of Trade & Cham of Com; res Indpls. 
JOHN C WRIGHT, Capitalist; was born Rockville. Ind. Oct 17, 1832; 
att Asbury (now DePauw) Univ; att Berlin Univ 1S57; was secy 
legation under his father Gov. Wright who was serving his second 
term as minister; after his father's death was chrge d'affairs lega- 
tion; since 1S68 connected with banking and real estate bus in 
Indpls. 
M B WILSON, Banker; born Palestine. Ills, Dec 8, 1S45; educ Vincennes 
Univ & Marburg Germany; began banking Sullivan, Ind. Oct 1S70; estb 
Cap Natl Bank Indpls Dec, 1889; pres of same until 1904: pres 
Columbia Natl until June, 1909; orgn Nat Live Stock Ins Co 1910; 
dir of various coml & financial orgn; res Indpls. 
FRED J MACK, Decorator; born Cleveland, O, Jan 5. 1854; attd comn 
schls Cleveland; came to Indpls 1872; learned trade of decorator; 
estb firm of F J Mack & Co Sept, 1877; mem Indpls City Council 
1884-SS; legislature from Marion Co 1891-93; Bd of Safety 1895-1900; 
Park Bd Jan 1902; Bd of Works 1906-10; res Indpls. 
ORAN PERRY, Soldier-Author; born at Liberty, Ind. Feb 1, 1S3S; attd 
public schls; bookkeeper until Civil War; served Civil war from Apr 
19, 1861 to July 5, 1865; private, adjutant, lt col. col 16th and 69th 
Ind; with Penn Ry 35 yrs; Q M G & Adj Gen Ind, 1902-11; author 
"Indiana in Mexican War"; res Indpls. 
ALVIN HIGH SMITH, business man; born Cleveland, O. Apl 17, 1875; 

educated public schl and coml coll; began in bicycle bus. the 

gaged in engineering and contracting and banking; identified with 
auto bus since 1903; now Indpls mang Ford Motor Co; res I minis. 
F A BITLER, business man; born Morgantown, Ind, Mch 30, 1S76; educ 
Morgantown schls; with Big 4 Ry 6 yrs; Merchants Natl Bank 10 
yrs; C B Cones Son Mfg Co 5 yrs; since 1909 Secy Cones Ml'g Co; mem 
Cham of Com: res Indpls. 
LOUIS C Hl'ESMANN. business man; born Dayton, O, Junr 20, 1856; attd 
public schls Dayton. O; began work Am Exp Co; engaged in mere 
business Union City 1S89: orgn Central Supply Co 1902; now pres; 
res Indpls. 
ROBERT C LOSEY, born Utica, O, mem 115th Ind Vol Com C till Feb, 
1S64; joined U S Navy Apr 1, 1S64-65; mem Met Theater Slock Co. 
Indpls. 1867-69; dept Sheriff Marion Co 1873; appt Assn in Bankruptcy 
1877 by Judge W Q Gresham; res Indpls. 
ALEXANDER W THOMSON, Broker; born Morrow. O, May 18, 185S; educ 
public schls, in brokerage business Indpls since 1SSS; mem N Y Stock 
Exchange; N Y Cotton Exchange; Chicago Bd of Trade; Indpls Bd 
of Trade; Indpls Stock Exchange; res Indpls. 
PHILANDER II FITZGERALD. Lawyer; born Greensburg. Ind. Feb 14, 

1S4S; studied law and attended Bryant & Stratton Coi ercial Law 

Schl; pract pension law since 1S72; founded City of Fitzgerald, Ga. 
1896; res Indpls. 
JOHN R WELCH. Real Estate Broker; born Warsaw. Ky, Oct 23 1856; 
educ public and parochial schls; came to Indpls ls';:> becam' secy 
Celtic Sav & Loan assn 1SS4; in real estate and insurance bu 
since i^n; v-p and dir Nal Citj Bank; .in- Citizens Gas i o; G 

Indpls Industrial Assn; Marion Title Guar Co; mem Chan mii- 

merce; res Indpls. 



mftftuLxx v 











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WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



27 



BERNARD E O'CONNOR, business man; born Indpls, Ind, April 24. 1S76; 
grad St Yjateurs Coll. Bourbonnais Grove. Kankakee, Ills. 1892; * n- 
tered firm of M O'Connor Co, wholesale grocers. 1892; now secy-treas; 
secy Wilson- Bryan League, Ind 1915 ; res Ind pis. 

OREN M RAGSDALE, business man; born Franklin, Ind, Mar 2. 1884: 
attd Indiana L'niv; A B Tale 1907; attd New York Law Schl; entered 
banking business Franklin 1907; engaged in brokerage bus with Louis 
E Lathrop, Indpls. 190S; estb firm Oren M Ragsdale & Co, 1911; 
elected pres Indpls Stk Exch 1914 ; res Indpls. 

II THOMAS HEAD, insurance man; born on farm Davis Co, Ky. Nov 26. 

1869 ; attd country schl 5 yrs; worked on farm until 20; clerk in 
country store 3 yrs; travl slsmn 4 yrs; at 27 began work in life ins 
for Prudpntial Life Ins Co as agt; with Metro Life Ins 5 yrs; orgn 
Public Sav Ins Co. Indpls. 1909; now pres; r/s Indpls. 

WILLIAM II COOK, business man; born Apr 22, 1S54, Indpls. Ind; attd 
public schls and German English Schl; with Fahnley & McCrea 45 
yrs; now V-p ; res Indpls. 

MAI RICE DONNELLY, born in Ireland Apr 21, 1859: attd Parochial 
schls; county recorder Marion Co 1892-3; mgr Terre Haute Brew Co: 
secy-treas North "Western Ranch Co & Adama Co Land & Inv Co; 
res Indpls. 

GEORGE O ROCKW'OOD, business man; born Aug. 7, 1872, Chattanooga. 
Tenn; attd Indpls Pub Schl & Purdue Univ; came to Indpls 1S80; 
with Rockwood Mfg Co since 1893; now pres; res Indpls. 

OTTO P DELUSE, business man; born Indpls, Ind, Oct 16. 1S77; attd 
public schl and Com'l Coll; secy Indpls Brewing Co; treas Klbler- 
Lieber Co ; worthy pres Fraternal Order of Eagles ; dir Cham of 
Com; dir Eagles Temple Assn; res Indpls. 

ELMER E CRANE, business man; born Eaton., O, May 12, 1866; attd 
public schl Noblesville; in 1895 estb the largest wholesale cigar house 
in Ind "The House of Crane" ; branches Louisville, Evansville, Ind, 
Bloomington, Ills; res Indpls. 

FREDK C GROSSART, business man; born Odernheim, Rhein, Germany, 
July 6. 1855; attd pub schl and gymnasium; came to Amer May 186S; 
to Indpls Mch. 1877; was connected with Ger Telegraph 3 yrs ; Ger- 
mania House 10 yrs; asstd mgr Indpls Brew Co 10 yrs; mem Ind 
Legislature 1S93; now mem firm of Grossart & Gale; res Indpls. 

EDWARD C GALE, business man; born Cumberland. Ind, Dec 25, 1874; 
attd Comn Schls; entered commercial bus in 1890 at Indpls with 
firm of Koepper & Waterman; estab in bus Jan, 1906. with firm of 
Grossart & Gale; mem Indpls Bd of Trade; res Indpls. 

J E REAGAN, business man; born Indpls. Ind. May 22, 1865; attd pub 
schls, began with Baldwin -Miller Co. wholesale jewelers; in 18S4 as 
city slsmn; now secy-treas same; dir Cham of Com; res Indpls. 

CLYDE E TITIS. Funeral Director; born "VVilliamsport, Ind, Sept 1, 1881; 
attd Williamsport Hgh Schl; grad Chicago Coll of Embalming; aptd 
a mem State Board of Embalmers by Gov. Hanly and elec secy of 
Bd for 4 yrs; mem of Cham of Com ; Past Master of Pentalpha 
Lodge of Masons 564 Indpls; mem of Ind Funeral Dir Assn; pres 
N Am Conference Embalmers Exam Bd; res Indpls. 

JOSEPH K SHARPE, Manufacturer; born Indpls; attd city academy and 
Wabash Coll; began business with his father J K Sharpe about 1880; 
became identified with Indiana Manufacturing Co as secy and treaa 
1892; pres of company since 1907; res Indpls. 

HENRY KLANKE, business man; was born in Liebenan Hessen-Cassel, 

Germany. May 21, 1852; attd schl in Germ, Com'l Coll in Indpls; 
came to Amer In 1867 to Indpls 1S6S; painter and decorator till 1877; 
mgr contr dept Consumers Gas Trust Co till 1904; in Ins & Real' 
Est since ; res Indpls. 

MAJOR TAYLOR, business man; born in Dundas. Ont, Canada, Feb 22, 
1841; attd pub schl until 15; six yrs as marble cutter and carver; now 
pres Excelsior Ldry Co; estab first steam public laundry in Ind L878; 
res Indpls. 

ALBERT R WORM, business man; born Landsberg, East Prussia, Ger- 
many. Dec 15, 1S66 ; attd pub schls; came to Indpls 1S93; eng in 
packing bus; estb Worm & Co 1901; now pres of Co; mem Cham of 
Com; res Indpls. 

I F KAHN, business man; born Indpls, Sept 8, 1885; attd Shortridge 
Hgh Schl & Univ of Wise: began bus with Capital Paper Co 1904; 
now pres & mgr Capital Paper Co; res Indpls: 

HORACE H FLETCHER, Agriculturist and Live Stock Dealer; born 
Marion Co. Ind, May 2, 1856 ; grad Northwestern Christian Univ 
(now Butler Coll) 1878 ; prac law 5 yrs; agriculturist and live stock 
Comn merchant; pres Indpls Live Stock Exch for 3 yrs; res Indpls. 

ARTE F SINGLETON, Banker; born Columbus. Ind, Jun- attd 

comn schls of Ind; bookkeeping and accting until 1900 then ass" 
with the Ind Nat Bank until May, 1 913, orgn the Live Stock Exch 
Bank at the Union Stock Yards; elec cashier; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM J TAYLOR, business man; born Indpls. 1876; A B Harvard 
1899; Ind Law Schl LLB. 1901; Asst City Atty 1901-3; prac 4 yrs; V-p 
The Taylor Belting Co 1903; now pres; mem Cham of Com; res 
Indpls. 

JESSE C MOORE, business man; born Delphi, Ind, 1868; grad Delphi 
Hgh Schl; attd Ann Arbor Mch Hgh Schl; PhB & LLB l'niv oi Mich; 
attd Harvard Coll 1 yr; began practicing law in Indpls in 
after 6 yrs went into mfg bus; pres Standard Coal & Sup Co; 
treas Columbia Schl Sup Co; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls. 

F H LANGSENKAMP, busin< ss man; born Indpls. May 21, 1878; attd ' 
St. Mary's, Indpls & St Josi pi I a with Wm Lang- 

senkamp; business estb in 1S68 ; succeeded in 1908 ; mem Cham of 
Com & Bd of Trade ; res Indpls. 










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28 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



WILLIAM KOTHE, business man; born Indpls. May 8, 185S; educ Ger- 
man-English Schl & Indpls Hgh Schl; estb Kothe- Wells & Bauer 
Co in 1889 ; beeen engaged in Wholesale Groc Bus 36 yrs; now pres 
Kothe- Wells & Bauer; res Indpls. 

JOHN M DALRY1HPLE, business man; born Flemingsburg. Ky. Sept 17. 
IS 46 ; attd Count it schls; learned saddlery trade at 13 yrs of age ; 
came to Ind in IS 51 ; eng in wholesale saddlery bus in Indpls In 
1881; one of orgrt of Indpls Saddlery Co; pres since about 1900; mem 
Bd of Trade; Cham of Com; res Indpls. 

LOl'IS H LEVEY, business man; born Madison, Ind, Jan 19, 1S57; attd 
pub scls; began prtg bus with father W P Levey at Madison in 
bus estb 1848; moved to Indpls 1S83 and estb firm Levey Bros & Co; 
was pres; mem Bd of Trade; mem Cham of Com; res, Indpls. 

H H HARRISON, business man; born Indpls Aug IS, 1S63; attd Wash- 
ington Univ. St Louis; with United Edison Mfg Co In Chicago office 
1894 ; connected with promotion of industry since; now pres Mer- 
chants Heat & Light Co; V-p Ann Arbor R R Co; mem Cham of 
Commerce ; res Indpls. 

HENRY SEVERIN, business man; born Indpls, Ind, Apr 9. 1870; educ 

German-English and Indpls Hgh Schls; began, bus with Severin Oster- 

meyer & Co at 20; dir Fletcher-Am Nat Bnk; owner of Hotel Severin; 
pres Lewis Meier & Co; res Indpls. 

EDWARD J RAUCH, Cigar Manufacturer; born Indpls, Dec 23. 1877; 
grad Shortridge Hgh Schl & Notre Dame Univ B S 1894; began bus 
with father John Rauch in cigar mfg; estb firm of Ed J Rauch Co 
1910; mem Cham of Com and Bd of Trade; mem Natl Assn of Credit 
Men : res Indpls. 

CHARLES W WELLS, business man; born Indpls. Aug 29, 1855; attd 
public schls until 1865; worked on farm till 19; began in wholesale 
gro bus in Indpls 1873; one of orgn of firm Kothe-Wells-Bauer 1889; 
now V-p Kothe Wells Bauer Co; mem Natl Wholesale Grocers Assn; 
res Indpls. 

O D HASKETT, business man; born on a farm Hamilton Co, Ind, Oct 
30, 1S6S ; attd comn schls and Union Hgh Acad; mem town council 
1 yr and treas 3 yrs Cicero, Ind; worked on farm until 1S90 then 
engaged in Ibr bus; pres O D Haskett Lbr Co; pres Indpls Cham of 
Com 1914; res Indpls. 

GEORGE IVF DICKSON, business man; born Indpls, Aug 15, 1873; attd 
Shortridge Hgh Schl; began bus with D P Erwin Co 1SS8; entered 
automobile bus 1902 with National Motor Vehicle Co ; now secy-treas 
and gen mgr; mem Natl Automobile Cham of Com; res Indpls. 

ANTON VONNEGHT, business man ; born Indpls, Dec IS, 1881 ; grad 

Manual Training Hgh Schl 1901; Cornell Univ M E 1905; prac mech 

engr 3 yrs ; A r onnegut Hdwe Co 3 yrs; Vonnegut Machinery Co 1911 ; 
pres Vonnegut Machinery 1914; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls. 

HENRY T HEARSEY, business man: born London, Eng. Feb 11, 1S63; 
attd comn schl Boston, Mass; came to Amer as a child to Indpls 
1885; pioneer of the Wholesale & Retail Bicycle and Auto Bus of 
Ind; gov of Bd of Trade since June 15, 1903; res Indpls. 

FRED I WILLIS, business man; born Waterloo. Ind, Sept 27, 1873; grad 
Waterloo Hgh Schl 1893; began as clerk 1894 H T Hearsey Co; now 
Secy-mgr Hearsey-Willis Co; Pres Indpls Cham of Com; dir Ind State 
Bank; res Indpls. 

CARL HINT, Editor; born Jan 12, 1880, at Coatesville. Ind; grad Cen- 
tral Acad ; did editorial work Indpls newspapers several yrs; later 
in adv service bus and contb to bus mag; now editor Associati 
Advertising; the magazine of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the 
World ; res Indpls. 

HERBERT M WOOLLEN, Insurance Official; born Indpls Dec 1, 1875; B S 
Univ of Wise 1900; Univ of Ind Medical Dept 1903; pres Amer Cent 
Life Ins Co; res Indpls. 

GEO E HUME, Insurance Official; born Indpls Mch 19, 1869; Harvard Coll 
1893 A B; one of orgn of Ind Title Guaranty & Loan Co; now treas 
Amer Central Life Ins Co; Secy-treas Hume-Mansur Co; res Indpls. 

GREENLY V WOOLLEN, Physician; born Indpls, June 24, 1840; hon A M 
Franklin Coll ; grad Beltevue Hosp Med Coll N Y; asst surg 27 th Ind 
Vols 1861-4; post surg Camp Morton 1861; supt city hosp 1S66-70; on 
faculty Cent College Phys & Surg 10 years; med dir Am Cent Life 
Ins Co since 1905; mem A M A, Marion Co & Ind State Med socs; v-p 
Bd trust Franklin Coll since 1S94; v-p Bd trust Crawford Baptist 
Indstrl schl since organization; res Indpls. 

ROBERT P OBLINGER. business man, born Perrysburg, O. Jan 10 1870; 
came to Indpls 190S; in Nov 1910 with H E Rasmussen bought the 
Royse Elec Co and re-incorp as the Indpls Electr Supply Co, now 
pres; member Electrical Supply Jobbers assn, Indpls Chamber of Com- 
merce; res Indpls. 

GEORGE C PEARSON, business man, born Pittsburg, Pa. May 26, 1861; 
educ Western Univ Pittsburg; came to Indpls 1871; in piano business 
since 1873; estb firm George C Pearson, incorp Jan, 1914; now pres 
Pearson Piano Co; mem Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls. 

W W KNIGHT, lumberman; born Germantown, Phila, Pa, May S, 1S62; 
educated Friend's schl, Germantown ; came to Indpls 1SSS ; organized 
Long-Knight Lumber Co. 1S9S; mem Chamber of Comm; res Indpls. 

JAMES L KINGSBURY, Editor; born Putnamville, Ind, Jan 23, 1861; att 
Butler Coll; Asbury (now DePauw) ; grad Wabash Coll, A B; began 
newspaper work on Ind Farmer, now managing editor; pres Indiana 
Farmer Co; mem Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls. 

T B HATFIELD, business man; born Dayton, O, Jan 15, 1874; educ Indpls, 
now Shortridge High schl, and Purdue Univ electrical course; began 
business with Hatfield Electric Co 1892; mem Cham Comm; Nat Con- 
tractors assn; Indpls Builders Exchange, etc; res Indpls. 

M C LEETH, Physician; born Birmingham, Ala, Feb IS, 1S67; B S Van- 
derbilt Unit ; M D Univ of Tenn; post grad N Y Post Grad Med Coll: 
Berlin Univ and Chicago Polyclinic : was deputy coroner Marion Co 
4 years, now v-p and med dir Public Savings Ins Co of Am; mem 
A M A and Ind Med socs; res Indpls. 







MM Modi 








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M^^L 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



29 



CHAS S NORTON, Telephone Co Official; born Columbus, Ind, Aug 10, 

1866; attd DePauw Univ; mgr City Tele Co, Columbus, 1S95; supt 
New Long Dist Tel Co, 1899; secy-trcas of New Long Dist & Indpls 
Tele Co, 1909 to present; orgn and was pres two yrs of Ind Tel Asso- 
ciation; res Indpls. 

W M CO VAX. Title Abstracter; was born Lawrenceburg, Ind, Apr 5, 1851; 
educ public schls Indpls; city commissioner; Abstract of Titles since 
1874; mem Am Assn of Title Men and Ind Title Assn; res Indpls. 

FRED D BECK, business man; was born Sulenfeld, "Westphalia, Germany. 
May 4, 1872; educ schls of Germany; came to Indpls in 1890; engaged 
in bakery business; estb Budweiser Cafe 1905; mem of Cham of Com; 
res Indpls. 

C D RENICK, Insurance man; was born Silverwood, Ind, Oct 28, 1872; attd 
Ind State Normal Coll; County Clerk Parke Co. 1900-4; pres Ind Natl 
Life Ins since 1908; mem Cham of Com, Columbia Club; res Indpls. 

EVERETT WAGNER, Insurance Man; born Vernon, Ind. Apr 27. 1856; educ 
comn schls; began in the insurance business in Indpls 18 94 ; orgn & 
pres National Indemnity Co, 1909; treas Hackedorn Contr Co; res 
Indpls. 

ALVTN T COATE. Insurance man; born Dayton. O. Nov 15. 1S70; attd 
High Sehl & Coml Coll, Terre Haute; in 1901 came to Indpls and 
orgn Ins Audit & Inspection Co; Chrmn Friends Publication Board of 
Amer; res Indpls. 

Al'Gl'STl'S SCHMIDT, Assessor; born New York City. Feb 24. 1S50: attd 
public sehl. Madison, Ind ; came to Indpls Apr, 1S72 ; traveling man 
10 yrs; Life Ins work 12 yrs; Deputy Co Tr Marion Co, 4 yrs; elected 
County Assessor 1914; res Indpls. 

MICHAEL L JEFFERSON, Assessor; was born at New Paris. O, Jan 13. 
1864; attd schls New Paris; came to Indpls in 1885; elected Assessor 
1900; re-elect 1904 and 1914; Dep Assessor from 1886 to 1900. 

HARRY E RASMLSSEN, business man; was born Indpls Feb 18. 187C; 
grad Manual Training Hgh Schl 1S96; eng in the wholesale elec bus 
•and one of the organizers of Indpls Elec Supply Co L910; mem Cham, 
of com; Electrical Supply Jobbers Assn; Natl Jovian orgn; res Indpls. 

CHAPIN C FOSTER, business man; was born Vernon, Ind, April 15, 1847; 
educ Northwestern (now Butler) univ; entered 132 vol at 16 In civil 
war;was steward Deaf and Dumb Inst of Ind for six years; In lumber 
business since 1S72; now pres Ind Lumberman's Ins Co; res Indpls. 

C S DRAKE, Insurance man; born Paulding Co, Ga, July 6, 1*73; grad 
Dallas, Ga, High Schl; at 22 began Ins work with Metropolitan Life 
Ins Co at Atlanta, Ga, and engaged in Ins work since; orgn Ky Cpnt 
Life Ins at Louisville; secy & treas 3 yrs: orgn Empire Health & Ac- 
cident Insurance Co 1908, now pres; res Indpls. 

JAMES II HOOKER, Manufacturer: born Indianapolis; educ Cathcart priv- 
ate and Indpls now Shortridge High schls; began work as a boy with 
Sinker & Davis Co; now pres Sinker- Davis Co; res Indpls. 

CHARLES N STEVENSON. Manufacturer; born Greencastle, Ind, June 23, 
1858; attd Asbury (now DePauw) Univ; in mere business in Rockville, 
Ind, from 1879-89; estb business of Chas N Stevenson & Co mfg of sus- 
penders in 1900; orgn Stevenson Glove Co Oct, 1910; res Indpls. 

VICTOR H ROTHLEY, Manufacturer; born Tell City. Ind, June 12, 1864; 
attd public schls; cabinet making 10 yrs; came to Indpls 1887; orgn 
Aetna Cabinet Co 1895 ; pres of Company since orgn ; mem Cham of 
Com ; res Indpls. 

NORMAN ADAMS PERRY, business man; was born Indpls, Ind, Apr 11, 
1891; grad Culver Military Acad Prep to Ann Arbor; with Indpls Lt 
& Ht Co since 1907; now Gen Mgr; one of organizers of Jovian League 
1914; res Indpls. 

HUBERT H WOODSMALL, business man; born Macon. Ga, Dec 20, 1875; 
grad Franklin Coll 189S; commercial business in Indpls since 1903; estb 
the Woodsmall Agency in 1906; one of orgn of Indiana State Bank now 
Commercial Natl; v-p and dir since orgn; mem and former dir Cham 
of Com; dir Fidelity Trust Co; Northwestern State Bank & East 10th 
et State Bank; res Indpls. 

II C KNODE, business man; was born Hagerstown, Ind. July 5, 1860; with 
.1 I; Ross Co ten years; estb firm of H C Knode Co May 1, 1897; mem 
Com Club; Bd of Trade; pres Knode Hotel Co; Union Stock Yards; 
res Indpls. 

JOSEPH II BPELLMTRE, business man; born Crescentville, O. Apr 9, 1872: 
A B si Xavier Coll Cincti, O. 1S92; came to Indpls 1893; pres Puritan 
i ' Co; pres Central Film Serv Co; v-p Peoples Amusement Co; 
dir Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; res Indpls. 

ROBERT ELLIOTT, manufacturer; born Detroit. Mich, Feb 11. 1S59; educ 
Detroit Pub & High Schls; began mnfg Louisville, Ky, L887; came to 
Indpls 1 s :» 4 ; now pres The Standard Dry Kiln Co; mem Cham of Com, 
res Indpls. 

JAMES T EAGLESFIELD, business man; born at Baglesfii Id, [nd, Sept 29. 

1S56; attd Terre Haute comn & High Schls and Mil I ; In 1 

business since 1SS5; Deputy State Treas 1881-83; now pr< I Lum- 

ber Co; mem of Com; res Indpls. 

1III MS i HACKEDORN, business man; born Cardington, O. Sept 4. 1861; 
attd common schls; pres Hackedorn Contr l 'o concrete bridges; pres 
Amec Soc of Engr Contractors; mem Rotary Club; res Indpls. 

(HAS M COOPER, Lawyer; born Jan 17, 1855; attd Indpls public schl & 
High Schl; B s Cornell Unh i v 7T read law with ll N Buskirk; began 
practice in Indpls in 1880 to present time; pres U S Encaustic Tile 
Wks; mem Cham of Com; Bd of Trade; res Indpls. 








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30 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



ALBERT KRCLL, business man; born Magdeburg, Germany. Apr 9, 1850; 
attd Koenigliche Real Schule Berlin; came to Indpls 1870; with Dag- 
gelt Co Confec until 1888; went into the mfg conf business; sold to 
National Candy Co 1900 and joined Bessire & Co; now with Bessire 
& Co; res Indpls. 

DENNIS II JENKINS, Editor; born Brown Co, Ind, June 26, 1844; attd 
coran schl; estb Jersey Bulletin in 1SS3 devoted to Jersey Cattle In- 
dustry; first and only magazine of this in the world; editor since es- 
tablishment; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM C VAN ARSDEL; born Montgomery Co, Ind, Dec 19, 1S49; attd 
DePauw Univ; LLB Indpls Law Schl; was gen agt New York Life 15 
yrs. trustee Methodist Hosp Indpls; mem Ind Legis 1S95; trustee Ind 
Schl for Boys 8 yrs; res Indpls. 

JOSEPH KELLER, business man; born Baden. Germany, July fi, 1859; 
grad gymnasium in Konstanz 1S79 ; mem Bd of Schl Commissioners; 
first v-p Natl German- Amer Alliance; res Indpls. 

ROBERT METZGER; born Indpls Oct 6, 1865; educ German- English Schl 
Indpls Bus Coll ; worked carpenter's trade 7 yrs; Vonnegut Hdwe Co 
14 yrs; Sheriff Marion Co 1903-4 ; city chrmn Rep Com 1902 ; apptd 
Rep mem of Bd of Public Safety 1914; mem Cham of Com; pres River- 
side Amusement Co; pres Globe Coal Co; res Indpls. 

JACOB BIENNAGEL, business man; born Gosport, Ind, June 6, 1858; grad 
St Mary's Indpls & Coml Coll; in lumber bus 19 yrs; furn mfg 10 yrs; 
Dep City Compt Dep Aud School Board Indpls ; mom Ind Legis 2 
terms and now Secy The Columbian Ins Co; res Indpls. 

GEO R SULLIVAN, business man; born Indpls Aug 11, 1856; educ public 
schls of Indpls; with Geo G Tanner estb firm of Tanner & Sullivan; 
retired from this firm 1904 ; mem Indpls Bd of Trade, Cham of Com- 
merce; res Indpls. 

GEO C FORREY, JR. Investment Broker; born Anderson, Ind, Jan 31, 
1S82; grad Culver Military Acad 1899; A B Williams Coll 1903; v-p 
Breed Elliott & Harrison; mem Indpls Stk Exchange; res Indpls. 

JOHN Q A McCLt'RG, Manufacturer; born Arcadia, O, Oct 5, 1S62; attd 
public schls; engaged in bus at 15; was cleric of court of Hardin Co, 
O; came to Indpls in 1904; engaged in mfg; now pres Indpls Corrugat- 
ing Co; Pres State Exch Bank; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls. 

HENRY L SMITH, Investment Broker; born Dayton, O, Aug 27, 1857; attd 
Indpls Pub Schls; came to Indpls 1859; elk First Natl Bank 1875; Re- 
ceiving teller until 1890; 4 yrs mem City Council; orgn the Indpls 
Greenwood & Franklin R R the first interurban Ry to enter Indpls; 
cashier for County Treas for 4 yrs; orgn the Indpls & Plainfield E 
Rd ; res Indpls. 












1865; attd 
orgn, now 



CARROLL B CARR, Insurance man; born Wooster, O, Dec 28, 
Univ of Wooster; with Amer Central Life Ins Co since 
Secy; Lt U S Vol war with Spain; res Indpls. 

JOHN J Al'PEL, Real Estate Dealer; born Cumberland. Md, Aug 19. 1859; 
came to Indpls Sept 19, 1878 ; engaged in Real Est, Loan & Rental 
business; now v-p Indpls Tract & Termn Co; v-p T H I & E Trac Co; 
Secy Indpls & Cincti Tract Co; Dir Ind Nat' I Bank; Dir R R Men's 
Bldg & Sav Assn; res Indpls. 

LORENZ SCHMIDT, Investment Brok 
(now Prussia) Germany, Oct ' 
Indpls 1864; was Secy German 
retirement; now memb firm Loren 




Dir ind JNat 1 DanK; Dir k k .Mens y^ — . ^ 

)ker; was born in Mecklar, Kur Hesscn f^XPJjjt^s &7 Kj^ZdL/f&t^T^S 

1, 1845; educ German schls; came to Kf * IrW JCT W r/^f Jr 

Mutual Fire Ins Co from 1S73 till its f X/^ / J^/ / 

enz Schmidt & Sons; res Indpls. ^*-} *^ J ^"'"*/^ — "> * / 



JOS A KEBLER; born Cincinnati. O. May 1. 1861; began business with R 
G Dun & Co Mercantile Agency Cincinnati Jan. 1877; came to Indpls 
1892 as Mgr & now Dist Mgr R G Dun & Co Indpls; Governor Bd of 
Trade; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM L HORNE, Insurance Manager; born Bedford, Pa, July 18, 1863; 
attd Eastman Business Coll, Poughkeepsie, N Y; began Life Ins work 
1884; with Travelers of Hartford at Pittsburgh 18S5; came to Indpls 
lss;7 as special agt New Eng Mut Life Ins Co; Gen Agt for Ky Aetna 
Life Ins Co 1SS9; Gen Agt for New Eng Mut for Ind since 1895; res 
Indpls. 

LLNNAES C BOYD, Capitalist; was born near Richmond, Ind, Jan 1*. 
1S64; educ country schls and Earlham Coll; taught schl 4 years; admt 
bar at 21; in legal dept Penna Lines till 27; interested in management 
and executive offices public service corpor since; was pres Indpls 
Water Co; v-p Indpls Gas Co; res Indpls. 

HENRY C STARR, Lawyer; born Richmond, Ind, Sept 13, 1859; student at 
Hanover Coll; pros atty 17th judicial circuit 1890-94; v-p Chicago, 
Cincti & Louisville R R 1904-1908; v-p Wise Cent R R 1906-9; asst 
gen'l Counsel Chesapeake & O R R 1910; res Indpls. 

WM L HIGGINS, Banker; born Milford, Ind, Jan 7, 1852; attd Howard 
Coll; i5 yrs grain & commission bus; mfg 6 yrs; 1st v-p State Sav- 
ings & Trust Co; res Indpls. (Died Dec, 1914.) 

HIGH McK LANDON, Capitalist; was born Muscatine, Iowa, June 22, 
1867; grad Phillips Acad, Andover, Mass; A B Harvard ls;<^, was 
secy-treas and vice-pies Indpls Water Co ; res Indpls. 

CLARENCE L KIRK, Capitalist; born Burlington, Ky, May 6. 1866; attd 
'Minn schls of Burlington; agt for Monon Ry for 14 yrs; gen mgr East 
Chicago & Ind Ha rbor Water Co for 10 yrs; later elec pres of this 
Co; elei pres of Indpls Water Co in 1913; mem Bd of Trade; Cham 
of Com; res Indpls. 

CHARLES BROSSMAN, Civil Engineer; was born Philadelphia, Pa, Jan 17. 
1877; educ Phila Manual Training High Schl; served Spanish-Am war 
Gen Miles Porto Rican expedition with Phila City cavalry; secy-treas 
Ind Engineering soc; mem Ind Acad of Science ; Ind San & Water 
Sup assn; Indpls Cham Commerce; res Indpls. 

HENRY LANGSENKAMP, Manufacturer; born Indpls Apr 13, 1865; at 14 

ii work with father Wm H as coppersmith and began brass bus in 

1S95; firm known as The Langsenkamp Bros Brass Wks; orgn the 

Langsenkamp-Wheeler Brass Wks in 1905; now secy-treas; mem of 

Chamber of Com; res Indpls. 



7- 




^A^t/ 



/iSU^t^u ft Ci*c*^a*sdc<a*~*P I 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



31 



FRANK T MANLY, Insurance man; born Rushford, Minn. May 28, 1865; 
grad Northern Ind Coll (now Valparaiso Univ); attd Northwestern 
Univ; Schl Supt Illinois & Minn ; studied law; began Life Ins work 
1892 ; orgn Ind pis Life Ins Co 1905 ; V-p & Gen Mgr since orgn ; res 
Ind pis. 

I.EKill R C.IONTLLIAT. Educator; born Savannah, Ga. July 4, 1875; grad 
Emerson lust. Wash; Virg Mil Inst, Lexington, Va : asst engr boundary 
line location Yellowstone Park IS 96 ; commandant cadets Culver Mil 
Acad 1897-1910; comdg Culver Summer Naval Schls 1902; supt Culver 
Mil Acad since Sept 15, 1910: now It-col Ind N G; pres Naval Militia 
Regatta assn 1913-14, etc; res Culver, Ind. 

OTTO F HAl'EISEX, business man; born Indpls Nov 8, 1871; attd Indpls 
Pub Schls; entered Merc bus 1889 ; began inv brokerage 1902 ; mem 
Indpls Stock Exch ; mem Ind Bankers Assn ; res Indpls. 

SAMUEL E PERKINS ITJ. Lawyer; born Indpls May S. 187S; A B Wabas 
Coll 1900; Indiana Law Schl LLB 1902; began practice Indpls 1901; 
treas Indpls Bar Assn 1906-14; res Indpls. 

CHARLES E NORDYKE, Investment Broker; born Richmond. Ind. March 
28, ISl it- sch Richmond; Classical sch Indpls; made trip around 

the world l 1 -^: with Nordyke & Marmon Co after 1SSS for several 
years; ranched in Wash for number of years; returned to Nordyke & 
Harmon Co till 1897; since investment broker; res Indpls. 

I.I KK W DUFFEY. Real Estate Broker: born Hendricks Co, Ind. Oct 24. 
tral Normal Coll, Danville; admitted bar Hendricks Co; 
orgn Luke Duffey Farm Sales Co, Indpls 1910; chairman State High- 
way Commission: meme Indpls Real Estate Exchange, etc; res Indpls. 

JAMES S CRCSE, business man: born New Albany. Ind. July 16. 1S58; attd 
public schls: pres J S Cruse Realty Co. Marion Title Guar Co & Indpls 
Real Est Board: mem of bd of dir Farmers Trust Co; res Indpls. 

LOITS F SMITH, business man; born Peru. Ind. May 8, 1^74; educ High 
Schl; began mere bus Indpls; real est W E Stevenson & Co; pres W E 
Stevenson & Co; dir of Real Est Board; Bd of Trade, Cham of Com- 
merce; res Indpls. 

HENRY W LAWRENCE, business man; born Duane. N Y. 1S53; attd 

Plattsburgh. N T, High Schl; hotel business 43 yrs; pres Ind Ho'el Co; 

dir Merchants Natl Bank & Ind Trust Co; resident of Indpls 25 yrs; 

res Indpls. 
ROBERT LIEBER, business man; born Indpls Sept 29. 1S70; attd German- 

Eng Schl & Shortridge High Schl; v-p H Lieber Co; dir Citizens Gas 

Co & Cham of Commerce; res Indpls. 

THEODORE STEIN. JR. born Indpls Apr 11. 1889; grad Manual Train Hgh 
Schl 1908; attd Wabash Coll & Univ of Penn; with German Fire Ins 
Co of Ind 1910: their city agent 1911; orgn Ger Fire Ins Agcy 1912; 
elect clerk Marion County 1914: mem Cham of Com & Bd of Trade; 
res Indpls. 

F R KAITZ, business man; born Dora. Ind. Nov 27. 1S64; A B 1887 & 
A M 1899 Butler Coll; with The Bowen-Merrill Co 1889; estb The 
Kautz Stationery Co 1909; pres said Co since orgn; res Indpls. 

JOHN F WALLICK. was born East Waterford. Pa. March 2, 1S30; educ 
common schls Pa; came to Indpls July, 1852; was operator and man- 
ager Cinn & St L Tel Co till consolidation with Ind & Ohio Tel Co; 
continued as mgr till absorption by Western Union 1S56 ; supt 1864- 
1911; now retired; mem Bd of Trade from organization; governor 24 
years; mem Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls. 

GEORGE W POWELL, born near Lake Maxinkuckee. Ind. Apl 8, 1850; 
att pub schls Indpls and Earlham Coll; appt Supt of Police, Indpls 
1893-:.; Quart-Genl Ind 1905-9. now retired rank Brig-Genl N G; 1891-8 
Reg- A.l i. 1581 It Ind Vol Inf Span- Am war; Pres Tndpls Humane Soc; 
res Indpls. 

C P LESH, business man; born Kankakee. Ill, May 13, 1859; educ Rich- 
mond, Ind. schls; began bus Indpls 1878, Indpls Sentinel Printing Co; 
est firm of C P Lesh wholesale paper 1894; now pres C P Lesh Paper 
Co; res Indpls. 

GEORGE W JUNE, was born Newburgh, N Y. Nov 15, 1850; was theatrical 

manager from 1877-1901; since propr "Pop June's" Oyster House estab 

1872; was original promotor order B P O Elks in Ind and P G Tiler; 

mem Exec Comm Cham Commerce and v-p Indpls Conv and Tour- 

Ist ; Bureau res indpls. 

JOHN BERTERMANN, Florist; was born at Wilhelm's Hoehe bei Cassel, 
Germany, Apl 21, 1851; came to America 1876, to Indpls 1S77; est firm 
Bert^-rmann Bros, florists; was pres Nat Assn Carnation growers; life 
member Soi <>f Am Florists; res Indpls. 

BERT A BOYD, Grain Broker; born Richmond. Ind, Nov :0. 1*70; attd 

comn schools; W U Mess boy 1884-S5; started in Bd of Trade 1885; 

orh>.- boy Fred P Rush & Co; elec pres I Bd of Trade .Tunc, 1913; Gov 

}; now pres Bert A Boyd Grain Co; dir font Natl Bank; 

v-p C i Co: res Indpls. 

FRANK T (AILOX, business man; born Indpls March 23, 1866; attd pub- 
lic schls; learned trade of steam fitter with Knight & JiUson; with 
Milton A Woollen; est firm of Woollen & Call on 1900; res Indpls. 

CHAS •' iv'M UMAX, business man: born Indpls Sep1 7. 1866; attd pub 
schls; began business with father Wm Kotteman and with his brother 
Frank K Kotteman; has conducted business since death of father in 
res Indpls. 

WARREN II MMMIINS, Manufacturer; born Riverdale ion the Hudson), 
N Y > attd comn schls N Y & Ohio; with Bemis Bros Bag 

■ i-i: : Indpls t! to present; now Mgr i^-mis Indpls 

Bag Co; Gov Bd of Trade, mem Chamber of Commerce; dir T M C A & 
Y W C A ; res Indpls. 

I LYS8ES «. LEEDY, Manufacturer; born West Independence, O. Nov G. 
1867 .iii.i comn schls Fostoria. O; began as musician al i^: cam 
Indpls 1891; with Indpls Military Band 10 yrs; orgn Leedy Mfg 
musical instruments 1S9S: incor 1903; now pres & gen mgr; 
Indpls. 











is ^^ 



<^c<P 




32 



32 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



ELIJAH A HANLEY, College President; was born Prairie Creek, Indiana, 
May 26, 1871; A B Franklin Coll; A M Brown Univ; Univ of Chicago; 
Fellow 1S9S-1900 (D D Franklin); ordained Baptist Ministry 1901; pas- 
tor East End Church. Cleveland; First Church Providence, R I; pres 
Frankl'n Coll since 1911; res Franklin. Ind. 

WILLIAM A KITTINGER. Lawyer; was born Wayne County, Ind, October 
17, 1S49; taught schl 5 yrs Madison Co; read law with Judges Goody- 
koontz and Lake; elect pros atty Madison and Hamilton Co 1SS0; re- 
elect 1SS2; State Senator 1900; re-elect 1904; served 8 yrs; mem State 
Bar .Assn; res Anderson, Ind. 

CHARLES H NEFF, newspaper man; born Madison county. Ind. March 19, 
1861; PhB. A M. B L. DePauw Univ; taught schl 6 yrs; began news- 
paper work in Anderson; Asso Press corresp since 1895; secy and v-p 
Herald Pub] Co; chrm Library Purch Comm; res Anderson, Ind. 

JOSEPH E HENNINGS, Financier: was born New York City May 10. 1865; 
began hotel business, Anderson 1891; retired 1913; one of organizers 
and v-p Madison County Trust Co; pres Cham of Com; past Gran 
Lodge officer Elks; was pres Ind Hotel Assn; res Anderson, Ind. 

FRANK D NORVIEL, Traction Official; was born Bellefontaine. O, July 26, 
1S59; educ comn schls; wa? telegraph oper; was gen pass agt Indpls & 
Northwestern Trac Co; now gen pass and frt agt Union Traction Co of 
Ind; res Anderson. 

EDWARD C TONER. Editor; was born Shelby County. Ind, Nov 11, 1871; 
taught schl Morgan Co; did newspaper work on Martinsville Reporter, 
Indpls News and Louisville Courier Journal; PhB Indiana University; 
began newspaper work on Anderson Herald in 1895; purchased interest 
in 1903; now editor; cand Congress Prog ticket 1912; chrmn Prog State 
Comm 1914; res Anderson, Ind. 

JOHN C TKEGARDEN. Lawyer; was born Darke County. O. Sept 24 1869; 
taught schl; A B Indiana Univ; began practice law in Anderson: was 
cand for State Atty Rep ticket 190ti; mem Am and State Bar Assn; res 
Anderson, Ind. 

JAMES \V FRAZIER, Educator; was born Madison county, Ind; attd State 
Normal Schl; A B Indiana Univ; taught country schl 5 yrs, high school 
Kentland, Ind. 1 yr; county supt Madison County schls since 1902; 
res Anderson, Ind. 

ARTHUR H JONES, Lawyer, was born Franklin County. Ind. April 27, 
1873; attd Miami Univ, Cincti Law Coll; gen counsel Liberal Life As- 
surance Co and Supreme Lodge World Loyal Order of Moose; res An- 
derson. Ind. 

ALFRED ELLISON. Lawyer; way born Charleston, W Va, Feb 1. 1S54; 
taught schl; contr to magazines and newspapers; lecturer 14 yrs under 
management Central Lyceum Bureau ; practice law since 1SS4 ; elect 
circuit judge Madison County IS 90 ; res Anderson. Ind. 

S 31 KELTNER, Banker; was born in West Baltimore (now New Verna), 
O, July 10, 1S56; educ Ind State Normal; taught schl 10 yrs in Ind; 
admitted to bar 1SS6; mem of schl board 17 yrs; pres Anderson Trust 
Co since June 1, 1910; res Anderson, Ind. 

THOMAS E KNOTTS, Former Educator; was born Hillsborough. O May 
4, 1861; grad Valparaiso LTniv; taught schl in Indiana and Dakota 12 
yrs; was supt of Indian school Sioux Reservation ; was pros public 
school board Hammond; was pres first and only town board of Gary; 
first mayor and first postmaster of Gary; res Gary. 

HENRY G HAY, Jr. Banker; was born Cheyenne. Wyo, June 3 0, 1876; 
LL B Univ of Mich; began banking Cheyenne. Wyo; a.^st cash Stock 
Growers Natl Bank; pres Gary State Bank; res Gary, Ind. 

CASSIIS M GREENLEE, Lawyer; was born at Whitcomb. Ind, Sept 15, 
1S57: ••!ii< common schls; taught schl in Delaware. Henry and Madi- 
,son Cos 8 yrs; read law; was asst pros atty Madison Co; city atty 
Elwood ; judge Madison Co Superior Court at Anderson ; came to 
Gary 1909; res Gary. 

ARMANIS F KNOTTS, Former Educator; was born in Hillsborough. O, 
in 1S57; taught county and city schls Pulaski Co. Ind; A B and LL B 
Valparaiso Univ; was pres Central Normal schl at Ladoga; civil engr 
surveyor and lawyer; mem Ind Legis; mayor of Hammond; purchased 
land and planned the city of Gary 1906; res Gary. 

H B SNYDER, Newspaper man; was born Waverly, O. April 25 1SS4; 
B A Tale; began newspaper work as editor Urbana, O, Times-Citizen; 
with brother .1 R Snyder bought the Gary Evening Post March 1910; 
was apptd postmaster Gary' Feb 20, 1915; res Gary. 

HORACE S NORTON, Manager Land Company; was born Lockport, Ills, 
Nov 27. 1S65 ; A B DePauw Univ ; was engaged in stone quarrying 
in Bloomington 5 yrs; then engag< -d with llinois Steel Co, 1S95; came 
to Gary as mgr Gary Land Co; in charge of development of Gary; 
now mgr Gary Land Co; res Gary. 

ROBERT E WOLFE, Editor; was born Kalida, O, Jan 28, 1861; educ 
common schls; began printing bus at 13 with his father Luther Wolfe, 
editor and publ Lake Co Enterprise : has been editor of Enterprise 
since 1*90; in 1910 formed partnership with A W Adams; res Brazil. 

ROY R BORl'FF, Lawyer; was born in Springville. Ind. Oct 2. 1S76; 
Ph B Univ of Chicago; taught schl Batavia, Ills; read law with 
brother James E Boruff at Bedford; elected Ind Legis, 1914; res 
Bedford. 

CHARLES W LANZ, was born Charlestown. June 17, 1S66; as a boy 
learned bakers' trade and confectioner; began business in Charlestown, 
Ind ; came to Bedford and engaged in Ibr business until 1915 ; was 
treas County Central Comm Clark Co, chrmn Board of Trustees 4 
yrs; clerk of Charlesiown 1 yr; elected i"int Senator Martin, Lawrence 
and Orange Co ; was treas, V-p and pres Ind Retai I I >.;»]# rs Assn ; 
res Bedford. 

ROBERT L Ml'LLEN. Lawyer; wa^ born Booneville, Ind, Ocl 7. 1SS4; 
LL B Indiana Univ; prof of Law Indiana Univ 2 yrs; mem of city schl 
board Bedford; atty Lawrence Co; res Bedford, Ind. 

FZ McMFRTRIE. Lawyer; was born Attica. Ind. July 1^. 1884; educ Ind 
Law Schl; A B Indiana Univ; elected Treas of Grant County, re-elect 
1914 ; treas Marion Assn of Commerce; pres State Assn of County 
Treasurers; res Marion. 



:Z 



fe^^V 








^M\ujJULuJ 




WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



33 



WILLIAM DONALD CURTIS, Educator; was born Morgan Co, Ind. July 
28, 1875; grad Ind State Normal; attd Ind Univ; taught 4 district 
schls; 3 yrs Monrovia H S; one year Brooklyn H S; 1 yr Frankfort 
H S; supt Morgan Co schls since 1907; res Martinsville, Ind. 

JAMES W MORRISON, Lawyer; born on farm Lincoln Co. Ind, Dec 15. 

1853; taught schl; attd Wabash Coll; grad Bryant-Stratton Bus Coll, 
Tndpls: grad Ind Univ Law dept; county assessor 4 yrs; identified with 
orgn 4 railroads in Clinton Co, serving as secy of board of directors; 
was surveyor; charter mem State Bar Assn; res Frankfort, Ind. 

MOSES EPSTEIN, Merchant; was born Aurora, Ind, July 5 1852; grad 
Louisville. Ky H S; in bus Frankfort since 1876; mem County Chil- 
dren's Guardian Board and County Bd of Charities; trustee Northern 
Ind Hosp for Insane; res Frankfort. Ind. 

EUGENE O BIRGET, Insurance Company Official; was born Clinton Co, 
Ind. January 5, 1869; taught schl 6 yrs; attd State Normal Terre Haute; 
deputy aud Clinton Co S yrs; elect auditor 1902-6; now secy & gen 
mgr Peoples' Life Ins Co; res Frankfort. 

EDWTN W TATMAN, Editor; was born Connersville. Ind. July 21, 1 

grad Connersville H S; began newspaper work in '95 at 17 on the Even- 
ing News; now managing editor and prcs Times-News Co; res Conners- 
ville, Ind, 

HYATT L FROST, Lawyer; was born Harrisburg, Ind, June 28, 1860; taught 
schl 5 yrs; LL B Ind Univ; began practice Brook ville. Ind ; mayor of 
Connersville 1 S04-9S ; res Connersville. 

DAVID XV MeKEE, Lawyer; was born Rush Co. Ind, Dec 14. 1845; taught 
schl ."> yi-3 ; LL B Ind 1'niv ; began practice Brookville, Ind; came to 
Connersville 1886; was pres Town Board of Brookville. Ind.; city atty 
Connersville ; pres Fayette Co brch Amer Bible Soc; res Connersville, 
Ind. 

RICHARD N ELLIOTT, Lawyer: was born Fayette Co, Ind, April 25, 1873; 
taught school 3 yrs; read law with Conner & Mcintosh; county atty 9 
yrs; city atty 4 yrs; joint representative Fayette and "Wayne Cos. 1905- 
7; mem Tuberculosis Comm 1905-7; author bill estab Tuberculosis Hosp 
Rockville. Ind, 1907; res Connersville. 

GEORGE C FLOREA. Lawyer and Banker: was born in Fayette Co. Ind, 

June 18. 1848; educ Northwestern Christian Univ (now Butler Coll); 

taught schl; practiced law since '73; pres First Natl Bank since 1904; 

res Connersville, Ind. 
L L BROADDl'S. Lawyer; was born Wayne Co. Ind, January 27, 1S56; 

Taught schl 4 yrs; attd Ind Univ; read law with Hon B F Claypool; in 

practice since 1881; city atty 17 yrs; res Connersville, Ind. 

DAYIO A MYERS, Lawyer; was born Cass Co, Ind, August 5. 1859; attd 
Smithson Coll: LL B Union Univ. Albany, N. Y; city atty. pros atty, 
Rush and Decatur Cos, and circuit judge same; judge of appellate 
court of Ind Oct IS. 1904-Jan 1. 1913; res Greensburg, Ind. 

PRANK HAMILTON, Lawyer; was born in Decatur Co, Ind, April 2, 1883; 
attd Butler Coll and Ind Univ; LL B Ind Law Schl; deputy atty De- 
catur Co 1907-9; county atty 1912; mem State Bar Assn; res Greens- 
burg, Ind. 

JAMES E CASKEY, Newspaper man; was born Richland. Ind, May 12, 
1853; attd comn schls Greensburg; depty aud Decatur Co 4 yrs; town- 
ship trcst 5 yrs; orgn and first pres State Trustees' Assn; P M Greens- 
burg 4 yrs: prop Daily News since 1902; re.s Greensburg, Ind. 

JAMES K E\YING, Lawyer; was born in Decatur Co, Ind. Nov 26. 1843. In 

practice since lsfi7; aptd by Gov Claude Matthews, judge of circuit 
court of Rush and Decatur Cos 1S93-5; res Greensburg, Ind. 

JOHN E OSBORN, Lawyer; born in Decatur County. Ind Aug 25. 1872; 
practiced law in Greensburg since 1S97; deputy county auditor; was 
member Dem State Central Comm from 6th Congressional dist 1908; 
director Columbia <'noperage Co; McGehee, Ark: Arkansas Cooperage 
Co, Jenney. Ark; Am Cooperage Co, Helena, Ark. 

G V MENZIES, Lawyer; was born Boone County, Ky. Dec 21. 1844; erad 
U S Naval Acad Annapolis; served 2 years on Frigate Colorado; ensign 
on Monitor Miantonomah ; flag lieut under Rear Adm Dalghren and 
Rear Adm Turner; on dutj Portsmouth Navy Yard nn.l Na y.i i Vrad 
(resigned 1871): elect State Senator 1878; del Dem Xat Conv 1S76-S0; 
del -at- large 1896-1900-04-12; memb comm to estab boundary line be- 
tween Ind & Ky Green River Island; mem Bd of Control State Sol- 
diers & Sailors Monument. &^^ t 

WILLIAM E WILSON, County Official; was born Mt. Vernon, Ind, March^/ 
9. lS70;_attd pub schl; grad Evansville Coml Coll; princ and teacher 








16 yrs Evansville Bus Coll; depty aud Vanderburgh Co 
elk Vanderburgh Circuit court Nov 12; res Evansville. Ind. 



yrs; elect 




JAMES A HEMENYVAY, ex-U S Senator; was born Boonevi 
8. 1860; began work at 14 in tobacco factory; read law 
in "S4; elect pros atty 1886; served 2 terms; elected si 
gress from first district Ind; U S Senator 4 yrs; res Bo 

ROSCOE KIPER, Lawyer; was born Leitchffeld, Ky. June 2. 1S74; LL 
Ind Law Schl ; depty prosecutor, county atty Warrick Co ; judge 
cult court Spencer and Warrick; lecturer, ehautauquan, editor 
Epoch Magazine"; res Boom ville, Ind. 

PHILIP LTJTZ, JB, Lawyer; was born Boonevllle, Ind. Aug 28, 1888; A B 
and LL B Indiana Univ; elect Indiana Legislature 1915; res Boone 
ville. Ind. 

GAINES II 1IAZEN, Editor; was born Newburg. Ind, Oct 26, 1847; taught 
sch! 2 yrs Bloomlngton, Ind; LL B Ind Univ; practiced law 22 yrs 
editor and owner Booneville Enquirer over 23 yrs; depty pros at 
yrs; elected State Senator Warrick. Spencer and Vanderburgh 
1914; mem Bd of Directors Tribe of Ben Hur, Crawfordsville 
res Booneville, Ind. 

CHARLES W WITTENBRAKER, Lawyer; was born Evansville. Ind, Nov. 
12, 1S77; A B Wabash Coll; LL B Indiana Univ; pros atty Vanderburg 
County 1903-7; mem State Bar Assn, rea Evansville. 



ille, Ind. March /? /<?//£/ " -^_ _-~- 




_jALA^t c&ZZT- &* ■ 



s: elected ^Stale Senator Warrick. Spencer and Vanderburgh counties jty J* st-*%~4 £~^<i£ J^r I 1/ ^y^^i^^ 



^)CdiA<.h-A-M<^c4<^M. 



34 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



DON M NIXON, newspaper man; was born Warren, Pa, September 15, 1SS0; 
grad Terre Haute H Schl; began newspaper work with Terre Haute 
Express; city editor Terre Haute Star till he estb Saturday Spectator, 
April 2, 1904, publ since; res Terre Haute. 

SAMFEL C STLMSON, Lawyer; was born Noblesville. Tnd, May 9. 1846; 
LL B Univ of Michigan; (M A) "Wabash; was Judge of Superior Court, 
"Vigo Co 3 terms and deputy Atty Gen Ind; trustee "Wabash Coll since 
1S91; mem Am and Ind State Bar Assn; res Terre Haute. 

DAVID TV HENRY, Lawyer; was born Columbiana County, O, October 10, 
1852; attd Mt Union Coll. O; LL B Ind Law Schl, Indpls; was pros 
atty Vigo Co 2 terms; judge Superior Court Vigo County; served 3 
years, resigned in 1897; U S Collector, 1897-1901; res Terre Haute, Ind. 

JOHN T BEASLEY, Lawyer and Banker; was born Sullivan. Ind, May 29, 
186 ; taught schl 5 yrs; read law, began practice 1881; county and 
city atty Sullivan county and city; mem Ind Legislature 1S87-89-91 ; 
orgn. and pres U S Trust Co since 1903; mem Am and State Bar Assn; ' 
res Terre Haute. 

GEORGE OSCAR DIX, Lawyer: was born Vigo County. Ind, May 26. 1S74 ; 
grad Ind Law Schl; practice in Terre Haute since; mem Terre Haute 
Bd of Educ one term; mem State Bar Assn; res Terre Haute. 

JAMES E PIETY, Lawyer; was born Vigo County. Ind, June 15, 1857; 
taught schl in Illinois 5 yrs; attd Valparaiso Univ; read law Marshall, 
Ills; admitted to bar in 111 in 1884; dept pros Vigo Co 1SS6; elect pros 
atty 1SSS; judge Vigo County Circuit Court 1S96; re-elect 1902, served 
12 yrs; mem State Bar Assn; res Terre Haute. 

CHARLES A CRATTTORD, Lawyer; was born Terre Haute, Ind, January 7. 
1881; grad Terre Haute H Schl; LL D Georgetown Univ, Washington. 
D. C; began practice wi-.h his uncle Hon John E Lamb; now mem firm 
Beasley, Douthit, Crawford & Beasley; res Terre Haute, Ind. 

HARRY -J BAKER, Lawyer; was born Grafton (formerly Virginia, now 
"Wood Co, W Va), October 15, 1859; grad of Univ of Michigan; res 
Terre Haute. Ind. 

MAXWELL CARSON HAMILL, Lawyer; was born Sullivan, Ind, March 27, 
1S66; grad Terre Haute H Schl; taught schl Vigo Co; read law with 
Duncan. Smith & "Wilson, Indpls, and Samuel Hamill, Terre Haute; 
elect pros atty Vigo County 1890, re-elect '92; county atty; presidential 
elector 1913- elected pres Electoral Coll; res Terre Haute. 

JOHN HICKEY, Lawyer; was born November 14. 1*74; taught schl 5 yrs; 
attd schl 111 Stale Normal Univ and Valparaiso Univ; read law Mat- 
toon, Ills; began practice Terre Haute 1903; res Terre Haute. 

BUENA VISTA MARSHALL, Lawyer; was born Shelbyvllle, Ky, May 16, 
1S53; grad Terre Haute H Schl; read law with John G "Williams, in 
practice since 1S75; v-p U S Trust Co; dir McKee Natl Bank, Citizens 
Gas & Fuel Co, etc; dir Rose Orphan Home and Rose Dispensary; res 
Terre Haute 

PHILIP W FREY, Lawyer; was born Evansville, Ind. July 9, 1857; attd 
High Schl; read law with Judge Azro Dyer; was pros atty Vanderburgh 
and Posey Cos; mem Am and Ind State Bar Assns; res Evansville, Ind. 

ADOLPH L DECKER, Lawyer; was born Indianapolis, Ind. January 30, 
1S80; educ pub schls Evansville; read law with Philip "W Frey; mem 
Ind Legis 1903; dispersing officer Bureau of Justice, Manila, P I. 1903- 

06; with firm of Frey & Welman since 1906; res Evansville, Ind. 
JOHN D WEI. MAN, Lawyer; was born Hardinsburg, Ind, Aug 4. 1861; 
LL B Univ of Louisville, Ky; division counsel Southern Railway Co; 
res Evansville, Ind. 

ALBERT J T'ENEMAN, Lawyer; was born Evansville, Ind, Dec 31, 1870; 
attd Ind Univ; was city atty Evansville; mem Indiana Legis, Speaker 
of the House 1911; county atty Vanderburgh; res Evansville. 

FREDERICK J SCHOLZ. Manufacturer; was born in Nashville, 111, Oct. 11, 
1S4S; attd coll Ft Wayne, Ind; in business in Evansville since 1868; 
apptd census commissioner for Ind by Pres Harrison; was mem city 
council Evansville. 12 yrs; was elected treas of Ind 1894, re-elect 1896; 
was chrmn Rep Co Committee Vanderburg Co; res Evansville, Ind. 

HIRAM M LOGSDON, Judge; was born Spencer Co, Ind, June 2S 1854; 
grad Indiana Univ; was State Senator from Spencer and Warrick Cos; 
judge of probate court Vanderburg Co, 1913-17; res Evansville. 

HENRY REIS, Banker; was born near Mainz. Germany, Feb 15, 1847; educ 
in Evansville schls; grad from Belims' Commercial Coll; began bank- 
ing career as messenger boy in 1S65; filled various official banking po- 
sitions till May 1. 190S, when he was elected pres of the Old State Natl 
Bank, pres since; pres Evansville Clearing House; treas Rathbone Home 
for Old Ladies; res Evansville. 

TAMAR ALTHOl'SE, Lawyer; was born New Harmony. Ind; LL B Indiana 
Univ; admitted to bar 1S92; reporter Vanderburgh Circuit Court since 
1903; corresponding secy Womans' Rotary Club of Evansville, Ind. 

HOWARD ROOSA, Editor; was born Marbletown, N.Y, Oct 15, 1S72; attd 
Oneonta, N. Y., Normal, Yale, Univ of Chicago; reporter on New Haven, 
< Vmii, Journal and Courier, Chicago Inter-Ocean; editor Marion, Ind, 
News, Evansville Courier; mem Evansville School Bd and Library Bd; 
res Evansville, Ind. 

GEORGE TV CIRTIS, Lawyer; was born Mt Vernon. Ind, Nov 10, 1878; 
A B Indiana Univ; was pros atty Gibson and Posey Cos; State Senator 
Gibson and Posey, 1911-13; in 1913 was pres pro-temp Senate; candi- 
date for atty general Democratic Conv 1914; res Mt Vernon. 

CHARLES C SCHREEDER, Editor; was born Berlin, Germany. January 
19, 1847; educ pub schls of Evansville; enlisted in Civil War at 15; 
filled various city and township offices until 1876; was postmaster 
Huntingburg under Pres Hayes, Garfield, Arthur and Harrison admin- 
istrations; editor Huntingburg Argus 1SS0; org first Rep Cenl Comm 
in Dubois Co; was chrmn 12 yrs and mem State Cent Comn 4 yrs; 
mem Legis 5 terms; served on staff of Governors Chase, Mount, 
Durbin and Hanly; res Evansville. 












4° 












WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



35 



THOMAS RILEY MARSHALL, Vice-Pres U S; born North Manchester, Ind, 
March 14. 1854; grad Wabash Coll 1373; LL D Wabash Notre Dame, 
LJniv of Penn, Univ of N Carolina and Univ Main< ; trustee Wabash 
Coll; Governor Ind 1909-13; elect Vice-Pres U S Nov, 1912. 

WILLIAM F McNAGNY, Lawyer; born Summit Co, O, April 19. 1S50; 
taught schl Whitley Co, 5 years; read law Akron. O. began practice 
Columbia City 1S73 ; formed law partnership with Vice-Pres Marshall 
1874; elect member Congress 1892; res Columbia City, Ind. 

WILLIAM H KISSINGER, Lawyer; born Whitley Co. Ind; taught schl; 
alt Tri -State Coll and Ind Univ; read law with Judge A A Adams; 
adm bar 1901; pros atty Whitley and NoHle counties; res Columbia 
City. Ind. 

JONATHAN RIGDON, College Pres; born Rigdon, Ind. Dec 22, 1858; educ 
Nat Normal Univ. Lebanon. O; grad Central Norm Coll, Danville, Ind; 
A B; Ph D Boston Univ. Clark Univ; professor philosophy 18S7-1900; 
pres 1897-1900 Central Norm Coll; prof ethics and philos Clark Coll, 
Mass 1904-6 ; founded 190S and since pre Winona Coll ; author; Gram- 
mar of the English Sentence, etc; res Winona Lake. Ind. 

JOHN C BRECKENRLDGE, College Pres; born Mercei Co, Pa, Oct 19, 
185S; AM, D D Wooster Coll, O: began work in ministry 1st Presby 
church. Bourbon. Ind, 1893; Bethany Presby, Ft Wayne. 1S99-03; as- 
sociated with Winona Assembly and schools since 1903; pres Winona 
Coll of Agrl since 1906; res Winona Lake. Ind. 

WILLIAM D FRAZER, Lawyer; born Warsaw. Ind. Nov 26. 1S49; began 
pract Warsaw 1S75; mem Ind Legis 1881-83; Nat hank examiner 1S99- 
1 910 ; pres Winona Interurban Ry Co; diree Winona Assembly ; res 
Warsaw, Ind. 

DEAN L BARNHART, Editor; born Rochester. Ind. April 22. 1SS9: A B 
Ind Univ; began newspaper work South Bend Times became publisher 
Rochester Sentinel Jan, 1913; mem Dem Stale Edit assn. Northern 
Ind Edit assn: res Rochester, Ind. 

HENRY A BARNHART, Congressman; born Twelve Mile. Cass Co. Ind, 
Sept 11, 1S5S ; educ Amboy Acad; taught schl and worked on farm ; 
elected county surveyor Fulton Co; purchased Rochester Sentinel 1SS6, 
owner since; director N Ind Prison and trustee Longcliff Hosp Insane 
11 years; pres Rochester Tel Co since org; mem Congress 13th district 
since 190S; res Rochester, Ind. 

GEORGE WILSON HOLMAN, Lawyer; born Kosciusko. Ind, Sept 30. 1S50; 
educ Notre Dame Univ; read law; LL B Ind Univ; pract in Rochester 
since Apl, 1873; Nat bank examiner Harrison administration. IS 91 -4 ; 
res Rochester. Ind. 

HOMER L ROGERS, Educator: was born Knox Co. Ind. Sept 30. 1885: grad .. 
Knox High schl; attended State Normal; taught schl 5 years: principal 
Monterey High Schl 3 years; county supt schls Pulaski Co since 1909; 
res Winamac. Ind. 

JOSEPH J GORRELL. Editor: born Ossian. Ind. Jan 7. 1862; at 20 worked 
as section hand on what is now known as L E & W Ry ; learned 
printer's trade Ft Wayne Sentinel ; with others purch and pub Bluff - 
ton Banner 1SS3 ; in 1SS5 re-estab Winchester Democrat, pub same 6 
years; came to Winamac. bought Pulaski Co Democrat; since 1905 his 
son Edmund C Gorrell, has been a partner in the publication; res 
Winamac. Ind. 

JAMES J MORAN, Judge; born Adams Co. Ind. Nov 12. 1873; taught schl 
3 years ; att Ada. O. Normal Univ and Tri-State Univ. Angola. Ind: 
grad Ind Law Schl 1S96 ; elect judge Jay Co Circuit Ct 1910 ; appt 
judge Ind Appl Ct Feb 10. 1915; res Portland, Ind. 

SAMUEL R AKTMAN, Lawyer; was born Marion Co, Ind, May 15, 1866; 
taught schl 4 years ; att State Normal. Terre Haute ; read law. began 
pract Lebanon. Ind. 1890 : Circ Judge Boone Co 1902-08 ; mem Genl 
Assembly 1899-1901 ; Speaker House Representatives 1901 ; appt mem 
Industrial Bd of Ind Mch 16, 1915; res Indpls and Lebanon, Ind. 

CHARLES ROBERT HIGHES, Banker; was born Indianapolis Nov 30, 
185S; grad Shortridge High Schl; att Bryant & Stratton Bus Coll; was 
engr I P & C Ry; read law with Baker, Hord & Hendricks; waB clerk 
Miami Co Circ Ct 1894-1900; one of the orgn and treas Wabash Val 
Trust Co, Peru, and now dire; v-p Citizen's Nat Bk Peru; appt mem 
Industrial Bd of Ind Mch 16. 1915; res Peru. Ind. 

GEORGE BITTLER, Banker; born Ft Wayne, Jnd, May 10, 1881; grad 
Woodville, O, Normal; taught St PauTs Parochial Schl, Michigan City, 
Ind; empl in Motive Power office Penn R R. Ft Wayne; cashier Nutt- 
man & Co bank, and treas Teutonia Loan & Sav assn ; appt by Gov 
Marshall Dept State Exm State Bd of Aects. 1910; re -appt 1911; elect 
Treas of Ind Nov, 1914. 

DALE J CRITTENBERGER, Editor; born Harrisonburg, Va. Dec 31. 1S55; 
grad Ind Univ; taught schl Henry and Madison Cos; was prin Ander- 
son High Sch; Supt of schls Madison Co; edit and propr Anderson 
Daily News and Weekly Democrat 1S87-1893; postmaster Anderson 
1893-7 ; edtr and propr Daily News, Bulletin and Weekly Democrat 
since 1897; secy Ind State Sen 1911; elected auditor of Ind 1914; res 
Anderson, Ind. 

EBEN II WALCOTT, born Wolcott, Whit,- Co, Ind, May 5, 1866; B S. 
A M "Wabash Coll; mftr and grain dealer number of years; mem 
Ind Siit. Senate 1901-03; appt State Tax Commnr by Gov Marshall; 
dlrec Aetna Trust & Sav Co, Continental Nat Bank and Standard 
Live Stork Ins i \> ; res Indpls. 

JOSEPH II STAHL, Educator; was born on a farm Owen Co. Ind. Jan 
9. 1879; grad State Normal. Terre Haute: LL B Ind Law schl: taught 
schl 13 years, prin Hymera and Thorn town high schls, supt New- 
town schls : was elect bus mgr Young People's Reading Circle Ind 
1915; mem Ind Legis 1913; res Indpls. 

BERNARD J T JEUP, Civil Engineer; born Cincinnati, O, Aug 17. 1864; 
att Cincinnati Univ; C E Columbia Univ ; began work civil engr New 
York City Bd of Health; came to Indpls 1S92; asst city engr 1S93-6; 
city engr 1S96-1901. re-appt 1903, served 2 years; appt city engr by 
Mayor Bell. 1914; res Indpls. 

JOSEPH BELL. Lawyer; was born Union Co. Ind. Nov 28. 1865; taught 
school; grad University of Mich; was deputy city atty Indpls; elected 
mavor of Indpls Nov, 1913; res Indpls 

ALBERT F ZEARING, Contractor; born Switzerland Co, Ind. June 23. 
1873 ; educ public schls; began work as cash boy N<-w York store; 
secy to Mayor Taggart; mem Legis 1909; state senator Marion, Morgan 
and Putnam Cos 1913-15 ; Secy- Treas County Commrs Assn of Ind; 
now owner Zearing's Contractors Supplv Co; res Indpls. 

CHARLES ANDREWS BOOKWALTER, Printer; born near Wabash, Ind. 
Dec 7, 1860; educ public schls; as a boy learned printer's trade, then 
worked as fireman on Wabash Ry. afterward entered newspaper work 
Ft Wayne Gazette; appt Clerk State Printing Bureau 1887; elected 
mayor Indpls 1901. served 2 years; re-elected 1905, served 4 years; 
res Indpls. 







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36 



WHO'S .WHO IN INDIANA 



. 1S56; educ 
various ca- 
propr since; res 



RICHARD OTTO JOHNSON, Supt. Indiana State School for the Deaf; born 
Lewisvllle, Ind. Jan 17, 1858; grad Virginia Military Inst; read law 
with Judge Sam'l H Buskirk Indpls; practiced tiil appt secy Ind 
State Schl for the Deaf 1S83; Supt since 18S9; served 9 vears Pres Con- 
ference of Supts & Princpls Am Schls for the Deaf; 20 years exec 
comm, 14 years chairman; 19 years dir Am Assn to Promote Teach- 
ing Speech to Deaf; now contrbng editor Volta Review; author various 
works; res Indpls. 
WILLIAM P JTJNGCLAUS, Builder; born near Hamburg. Germany. Feb 
22, 1849; educ private schls Germany; served as able seaman in Ger- 
man. English and Dutch merchant marine 7 years; retired as second 
officer; came to America from Australia; engaged in building trade in 
Indpls in 1870; res Indpls. 
FRED C GARDNER, Manufacturer; born DeWitt County, 111, Aug 23, 1863; 
educ Indpls now Schtrdge High Schl; began work clerk in bank, with 
B C Atkins & Co since July 1, 1881; now sec treas of company; pres 
Spencer House; res Indpls. 
LYNN B MILLIKAN, Contractor; born Newcastle. Ind, March 20, 1860; 
educ public schls Newcastle; began contracting 1882; built Beech Grove 
Ind, shops for N T Cent R; Van Camp Hardware Co Bldg, etc; res 
Indpls. 
PARKS M MARTIN, Agriculturist and Railroad Official; born Putnam Co, 
Ind, Aug 8, 1S57; taught schl 3 years Montgomery Co. Ind; att Ladoga 
Acad and Univ Ills; merchant and farmer since 1877; was clerk and 
treas Gosport, Ind, and mem Schl Bd ; clerk Owen Co Circ Ct ; appt 
State Tax Commnr Governors Mount, Durbin & Hanly; chmn Dem 
State Cent Com 1896-1902; now Tax Agt N Y Cent Lines; res Indpls. 
JAMES HENRY TAY'LOR, Physician; born Greencastle, Ind. Nov 15 185''- 
A B. A M. DePauw Univ: M D Ind Med College 187S; 10 vears demon- 
strator anatomy Ind Univ Schl Med; now prof diseases children; was 
alderman Indpls: mem Bd of Trade since 1889; now v-pres; mem 
A M A and Ind Med as3n: res Indpls. 
WILLIAM C SMITH, Civil Engineer; born Shelby County, Ind. Jan 4. 1865; 
B S Butler College; began work as civil engr at 21; elected county sur- 
veyor Union Co 1SS6; now secy Marion Co Construction Co; res Indpls 
WALTER C MARMON, Manufacturer; born Richmond. Ind, Aug 25 1S72 
educ Earlham Coll; grad Mass Inst Tech 1S95; pres Nordyke & Mar- 
mon Co Indpls; pres Noblesville Milling Co; secy Indpls Light & Heat 
Co; res Indpls. 
WILLIAM H ROBSON, Publisher; born Indianapolis March 11 
Northwestern Univ (now Butlerl ; worked as railroad man 
paeities; founded Trade Journal 1S90; editor and 
Indpls. 
HOMER C ANTHONY', Editor; born Columbia, Fayette Co. Ind. June 29 
1SS0; educ public schls Laurel. Ind; learned printer's trade' in news- 
paper work since 1S95: with Connersville Examiner since 1904 now 
editor; mem Dem State Editorial Assn; res Connersville. Ind 
JOHN C SHIRK, Banker; born Springfield, Frankl 
1S5S; A B Ind Univ; banker in Brookville since 
ville Bank since orgn 1905; pres Brookville Furn 
Furn Co; pres and orgn Brookville Tel Co; was 

mercial Club S years; pres Brookville Hist Soc; pres Brookville Pub 
Lib; res Brookville, Ind. 
AMBROSE E NOWLIN, Banker; born Dearborn Co, Ind. Aug 6 1 
taught schl: B S Miami Univ; farmer and banker 10 vears; sup'e: 
census 1S90; auditor county 2 years; coll intern revenue S yea 
Kinley admstn. now pres Dearborn Nat Bk ; res Lawrenceburg. 
THOMAS S CRAVENS, Lawyer; was born Osgood, Ind, Aug 5 
graduated Indiana Law School 1S96; member Indiana State Bar I 
res Lawrenceburg. Ind. 
JOHN HEYWARD McKENZIE, Clergyman; born Bourneville O J 
1862; A B Mt Union Coll; A M Boston Univ; (Ph D Kenvon 
D D Nashotah House); pres Hillsboro Coll 1SS8-90; pres Belmont Coll 
and Ohio Milt Inst, College Hill. O, 1S90-4; priest 1893 P E Ch' rec- 
tor Howe. Ind, Sch since 1895; rector St Mark's Ch since 1S95-: Deputy- 
Gen convs P E Ch 1898 to 1913; trustee Nashotah (Wise) House, Ake- 
ley Hall, Grand Haven. Mich. Howe Schl; mem AAA etc; res Howe 
Ind. 
L W HENLEY', Newspaper man; was born Carthage. Ind, April 12. 1870; 
educ Earlham Coll; newspaper man in Indpls nine vears; editor Terre 
Haute Star 1909 to '14; secy Republican State Comm Ind since March 
1. 1914; res Indpls. 
HARRY Ml RPHY, Manufacturer; born Indianapolis Sept 15. 1867: educ 
Kenyon c'oll; in wholesale and mftrng business sin.,. lssT. ; pres John 
„ MU'Phy Bldg Co; vice-pres Prest-O-Lite Co and director C B Cones 
& Son Mfg Co; res Indpls. 
THA DDEL'S BrTLER . Newspaper man; was born Lagrange, Ind, Nov. 20 
1S46; attd Oberlln Coll, O; was Miami Indian paymaster for the U S 
Gov in 1SS0; was postmaster Huntington; was editor Wabash 
Dealer, Andrews Express. Huntington Herald and Times 
aid etc;res Huntington. 
WILLIAM HARTE LEEDY', Grand Secretary I O O F Indiana; born Los 
ansport, Ind. Oct 10, 1855; educ public schls; learned printer's trad 
for 23 years editor and publisher; editor Odd Fellows Talisman 
years; Grand Secy Odd Fellows of Ind since 1896; G M Odd 
Ind 1S90-1; chmn comm state of the order of Odd Fellows 
of the World ; res Indpls, 
ARTHIR B GROVER, Real Estate Broker: born Terre Haute. Ind, 
7, 1867; (due Harvard Coll; in real estate business since Ins* 
Indpls. 
CHARLES V. HENDERSON, Lawyer; born St Paul, Ind. Jan 31 ls;i 
A B. A M Univ Oregon; LL B Univ Mich; befian ft art Bloomfield' 
Ind; mem Ind Legis 1S97; judge i ;i -.-en, -Sullivan Co's Circuit Ct 1906- 
12; prac Indpls since Feb, 1913; res Indpls. 
HUGH D MERRIIIELD, Lawyer, was born Brook, Ind, Aug S, 1S79; 
LL B Univ of Mich Law Coll; admitted to bar in Cass Co 1900; began 
practice in Indpls 1903; mem of Chamber of Commerce; res Beech 
Grove and Indpls. 
CHARLES J ORBISON, Lawyer; was born Indpls Sept 28, 1874; grad 
Indiana Law Schl; judge Superior Ct Room 1, Marion Co 1910-14; 
Grand Sen Deacon Masonic G L; Pres Ind Dem Club; mem State Bd 
of Charities, mem Indpls and State Bar Assns; res Indpls. 






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pres Brookville Com- // r^w yr 

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WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



37 



WILLIAM WALLACE HAMMOND, Lawyer; born Hammondsville, O, May 
31, 1S64; A B Mt Union Coll, Alliance, O; A M Harvard; LL B Cin- 
cinnati Law Schl; mem Indpls and Ind State Bar Assns; res Indpls. 

JOSEPH W SELVAGE; Real Estate and Insurance Broker; Dorn Zions- 
vllle, Ind, Feb 6. 1S70; educ Indpls High Schl now Schrtrdge; was 
with Atlas Engine Work?, Indpls. 10 years; In real estate and insur- 
ance business since 1S95; member Ind R E Assn; Indpls R E Bd; secy 
and treas Piper Mchne Co; pres Capital Construction Co; pres Jos W 
Selvage Co Inc; res Indpl3. 

HOWE S LANDERS, Lawyer; born Martinsville, Ind, Oct 17, 1SS5; educ 
DePauw; LL B Ind Law Schl; admt bar 1908; appt Secy Industrial 
Board of Ind April, 1915; mem Indpls and Ind State Bar Assns; res 
Indpls. 

NEWTON TODD, Banking Broker; born Pendleton, Ind; educ Indpls 
Schrtrdge High Schl; in banking brokerage and insurance business 
Indpls since 1SS7. 

OTTO IIl'GO TANTZER, Physician and Surgeon; born Sheboygan. Wise. 
June 9, 1S5S; educ German -English acad, Milwaukee ; grad Gymnastic 
Teacher's Acad X A Turnerbund ; taught gymnastics 5 years; grad 
Ind Med Coll 1881; post grad Berlin, Paris, London, Munich. Vienna; 
mem A M A Internat Med Congress, Indiana Ste Med and Indpls 
Med sues; res Indpls. 

E OSCAR LINDENMCTH, Physician; born Ringtown, Pa, March 17, 1872; 

M E Bloomsburg Lit I'niv and Potts College ; taught six years; grad 
Medic-Chirurgical Coll, Phila, Pa. 1906; elect prof Ind Univ Schl of 
Med L906 . ri s Indpls. 

FRANK W WOERNER, Patent Lawyer; born Greenfield. Ind. March 31, 
1^70; LL B Indiana Law Schl; in practice patent law since 1892; mem 
Indpls bar assn; res Indpls. 

FRANK DUFFY, Labor Official ; born Ireland. May *>. 1SG1 ; resided New 
York City and Phila, Pa. came to Indpls Dec 31, 1902; Genl Secy 
United Brotherhood Carpenters and Joiner.3 of Am since 1901 ; editor 
The Carpenter; v-p Am Fed of Labor 1914; mem Ind State Bd of Educ 
1915 ; res Indpls. 

OREN STEPHEN HACK, Lawyer; born Shelby Co. Ind. Apl 1, 1876; taught 
schl Shelby Co 6 years; was pres Shelby Co Teachers Assn ; B S. 
LL B Central Normal Coll; LL B Univ of Indpls i Ind Law Schl); 
deputy city atty 1905-7 ; deputy pros atty Marion Co 190S-11 ; mem 
Indpls and Ind State Bar assns. 

EUGENE C SHIKEMAN, Fish Culturist; born Martinsville, Ind, Sept 13. 
1S75; PhB DePauw Univ; secy-treas Old Hickory Chair Co, Martins- 
ville, S years; founded "Grassy Fork" Gold Fish Hatcheries 1905: appt 
Commissioner cf Fish & Game of Ind Dec 30, 1914 ; res Martinsville, 
Ind. 

FRED A GREGORY, Real Estate and Insurance Broker; was born Hebron, 
O. July ic, 1^54; was educ common schls Bement, Ills; in real estate 
and Ins bus in Indpls since 1876; founded present bus in 1SS4 with John 
Appel as partner, now incorp; is pres of Gregory & Appel. Inc; secy 
& treas Alberta, Indpls Land Co. etc; res Indpls. 

WILLIAM A KETCHAM, Lawyer; was born in Indianapolis Jan 2, 1846; 
educ schools of Indpls, Germany and Wabash Coll; enlisted as private 
Comp A 13th Ind Vol Inf. commsnd Capt Comp I same regiment, 
May, 1 865, at 1 9 : after Civil War, grad Dartmouth Coll ; was elected 
atty gen of Ind 1S94, re-elect 1S96; res Indpls. 

JOHN L MASTERS, Physician; was born Brookville. Ind. Sept 23. 1S59; 
M D Louisville Med Coll: New York Eye & Ear Conf. Berlin, Ger- 
many, clinic, was prof Oph & O-ol Central Coll of Phys & Surg and 
Prof Oto Laringol Ind Univ Schl of Med; res Indpls. 

JOHN E. CLELAND, was born Greenwood, Ind, Dec 30, 1840; A B, A M 

Lit D Wabash Coll; was capt U S Vol Civil War; was in Book & 

Sta business 27 years; bc.s dir Indpls Public Schls since Jan 1, 1900; 
mem G A R. Loyal Legion, etc; res Indpls. 

CALEB S EAGLESFIELD, Lumber Manufacturer ; was born Eaglesfield, 
'lay Co, Ind, March 14. 1860; educ high schl Terre Haute: in lbr bus 

since 1892 ; now pres of Eaglesfield -Stew art ' 'o. mfgrs of hanlw I 

Mooring etc; res Indpls. 

CHARLES X HANNA, Lawyer: was born Fortville, Ind. Dec 27, 1S69; attd 
Indiana Dniv; LL B Ind Law Schl, was judge Superior Court Marion 
! . s Indpls, 

THOMAS A DAILY, Lawyer; was born Mt Hope, Kans, Sept 9 1876; attd 
Christian Bros Coll, St Joseph. Mo; taught schl for i yrs Jennings \ 
■ 'a, Ind; LL B Indiana Law Schl: was mem Ind Legis, was mem 
State Board of Pardons; res Indpls. 

RL'SSEL M SEEDS, Publicity Counselor; was burn Shadi vllle, <_>. Oi 

\ B i'niv of Mich . was engaged in newspaper work until 104 
when he estb the Russel M Seeds Co Adi i.gcj treas "''rows' Nest 
Motor Club;" res Indpls. 

MEMO I, AXE WILSON, Ex-Ambassador; was born Crawfordsvllle, Ind 
No\ :; 1857; A B. A M Wabash Coll i 1 -t Philos, Phllol Fim 
Natl I Chile, 1911); was edit Lafayette Journal praci law and 

banking Spokane, Wash; apptd minister to Venezuela LS89 bul de- 
clined; was U S nr. n to Chile and apptd min to Grtece; E E and 
M P to Belgium; was ambass extraordinary and plenipoten to > 
(resigned) i tc ; res Indpls. 

MILTON \V MANGl'S, Lawyer; was born Ladoga, End Feb 16 I 85 al d 
Indiana i'niv: A B Wabash Coll; LL B Harvard Law - Lppl I 

asst U S Atty Feb 1, 1914; res Indpls. 

EDWIN R HISEY, Funeral Defector; was born Indpls May l 1876; educ 
Indpla Public & Short ridge H S ; began bus In Indpls May, L902 , now 
mem firm Hisey & Titus ; was pres Ind Funeral Dir Assn ; mem Nat I 

Funeral Assn, res Indpls. 



" >" '^W'^f^r 




















38 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOSEPH H WOOLING, Publisher; was born Pluvannah Co, Va, Men 2, 

1862; educ Millers Acad; was railroad condr; publisher since 1889; 
was pre-s Marion Co Council; dir Indpls Humane Soc; treas since 1911; 
res Indpls. 

CHARLES A PFAFFLIN, Physician; was born Bowling Green, Ky, Sept 
4, 1872; grad Westminster Military Acad ; Cincinnati Univ and Med 
Coll of Ohio; Cincinnati Coll of Dental Surg; Univ of Berlin and 
Vienna; 3 mo service Hall eel inic Berlin, Germany, during European 
war Aug- 1 to Nov 1, 1914; mem Indpls, Ind and Am Med Socs; mem 
staff City Hosp ; mem Am Oto-Laringol Soc, etc; res Indpls. 

ERNEST ROBERT KEITH, Lawyer; was born Bowling Green. Ind, Aug 
30, 1S66; attd Depauw Univ; LL B Law Dept Univ of Mich; read law- 
with Duncan & Smith; was pres Indpls Bar Assn; mem Ind State & 
Amer Bar Assn; res Indpls. 

JOHN H EBERWEIN, Surgeon; born Jennings County, Ind, Jan 18, 1882; 
ait Central Normal Coll, Danville; taught schl; M D Purdue Univ 
Sch.1 of Med ; post grad Univ Pa; was interne Penn Hosp, Phila; 
Eastman's Hosp and Deaconess Hosp Indpls; prof surgery Ind Univ 
Schl of Med ; mem A M A, Indpls & Marion county Med assns. 

WALTER KKSSI.KK, Manufacturer ;. was born North Madison. Jeff Co, 
Ind. Jan 5, 1856 ; educ Madison Sem, Andover, Mass, Acad, Harvard 
Coll law dept ; studied law with Harrison, Hines & Miller; was preu 
pres & mgr Romona Stone Co, Romona, Ind; 



Drop Forge Co, Indpls; 
res Indpls. 
GTV MONTANI, Musician; 
study of music Utica, 



born Laurenzana, Italy. Aug 9, 1S67; began 
N Y. 187S and later in Indpls under Profs 
Vogt, Beissenherz and Sen Me wen, Indpls School of Music; org Mon- 
tani Bros Orch 1881; now director Montani's Orchestra; res Indpls. 

JOHN E McGETTIGAN, Secy Greater Indianapolis Industrial Assn; was 
born County Donegal. Ireland, in 1850; came to Indpls in 1875; at 22 
engaged in promoting and bldg railroads; promoted the Indpls South- 
ern now Indpls Div of Illinois Cent; is secy of Greater Indpls Indus 
Assn; res Indpls. 

ALVA S ROBERTS, Newspaper man; was born Wabash. Ind, Oct 30, 
1869; educ Ft Wayne M E Coll, Depauw Univ; learned printers trade; 
was editor Richmond Telegram 3 yrs, Logansport Journal 9 yrs, mgr 
editor Star Journal, Pueblo, Colo ; city editor Dayton. O. Journal ; 
now editor, gen mgr Lester F Jones Co. publishers Lebanon Daily 
Herald & Weekly Patriot; res Lebanon, Ind. 

BEN F McKEY, Newspaper man; was born nea<r Darlington. Ind, Dec 5, 
1857; educ in Boone Co and Lebanon Schls; learned printers trade in 
the Pioneer office, Lebanon ; became editor and prop of that paper 
Jan 1. 1S90 ; res Lebanon, Ind. 

GOETHE LINK, Surgeon; was born Warrick Co. Ind, May 20, 1S79: educ 
Wabash Coll. Ind Univ; M D Central Coll P & S; asstd prof Gyne- 
cology Ind Univ Schl of Med; Gynecology City Hosp; mem A M A, 
Ind State & Indpls Med Socs; res Indpls. 

HENRY YV BULLOCK, Lawyer; was horn Jackson Tp, Clay Co, Ind, Sept 
10, 1S66; educ Valparaiso Univ, lawyer and mag writer; was chrmn 
Ind Commn to draft workingmen's comp act 1913-15 ; res Indpls. 

EVALEEN STEIN, Author, Artist; was born Lafayette, Ind; educ Art 
Inst of Chicago; decorative designer and illuminator; was contr verse 
to Indpls Journal ; represented in Stedmans' Amer Anthology, etc ; 
contbr Soc Decorative Art New York and Chicago; author "Among 
the Tree Again" (Poems), Troubadour Tales, etc; res Lafayette. 

PATRICK J LYNCH, Rose Grower; was born Chester County, Pa; educ 
common schls; owner Heller Bros Co, Rose growers; treas Dingee & 
Conrad Co, West Grove. Pa; was natl delegate from Pa Repub Conv 
1904; distr chrm n 6th distr Ind 1912-15; res Newcastle. Ind. 

GEORGE R GRIFFIN, Newspaper man; was born Batavia, O, July 8, 1852; 
learned printers trade and began newspaper work on Fairmount Cour- 
ier; worked on papers in Lexington and Scottsburg, Ind ; purchased 
Osgood, Ind, Journal ; was postmaster Osgood 4 yrs ; publ Spencer 
Democrat since 1S97; mem Ind Democ Edit Assn; res Spencer. Ind. 

HOMER ELLIOTT, Lawyer; was born Martin Co. Ind. Jan 9, 187S; attd 
State Normal and Ind Univ ; taught schl 4 yrs; began practice law 
Spencer; pres Public Library Board; secy Owen Co Sav & Loan Assn; 
-res Spencer, Ind. 

INMAN HENRY FOWLER, Lawyer; was born Lewisburg, O. June 7. 1S34; 
B S Wabash Coll ; LL D Ind Univ; taught schl 7 yrs; began pract 
Spencer 1859; 9 yrs clerk Owen Circuit Court; S yrs Senator, Clay 
and Owen Cos; orgn and pres of Exchange Bank, Spencer; charter 
mem State Bar Assn; res Spencer. 

DIANE W BEACH, Newspaper man; was born Schell City. Mo. April 1. 
1875; educ Grammar Schls St Louis, Mo; began newspaper work with 
St Louis Globe-Democrat ; in 1902 came to Spencer with Agricultural 
Epitomist (now Farm Life); part owner since Feb. 1908; res Spencer, 

LYMAN D HEAVENRIDGE, Newspaper man; was born Mitchell, Ind. Feb 
4, 1881; attd Purdue, Depauw and Franklin Colls; Ph B Depauw; 
worked on Chicago Record -Herald and Tribune ; Anderson, Ind, Her- 
ald, Owen Co Democrat, purchased Owen Co Journal 1906: editor and 
Publ since; was postmaster of Spencer; mem Repub Edit As;n, chrmn 
Repub Co Comm; res Spencer. 

OSCAR H CRAVENS, Newspaper man; was born Center Valley, Ind, Dec 
1, 1869; taught schl 3 yrs Hendricks Co ; educ Danville Normal and 
Ind Univ; estb Daily World, Blooming ton; apptd postmaster Bloom - 
ington by Pres Wilson. June 7, 1913; was pres Ind Democratic Edit 
Assn; res Bloomington, Ind. 

ENOCH G HOGATE, Lawyer; was born Salem Co, N J. Sept 16, 1S49; 
educ Danville Academy; A B. A M Allegheny Coll : was clerk Hen- 
dricks Circuit Court; Ind State Senator; dean Ind Univ School of Law 
since 1903 ; res Bloomington. 

ROBERT WALTER MIERS, Lawyer; was born Bloomington. Ind, Jan 27, 
184S; educ Hartsville Univ; A M, LL B Indiana Univ; was pros atty 
Monroe, Lawrence and Orange Cos; judge 10th Jud Circuit 2 yrs by 
appointment and elected twice; was mem of Congress 4 terms; now 
judge 10th Jud Circuit Monroe and Owen Cos; res Bloomington, Ind. 

KARL C JAMES, Educator; was born Parkersburg, Ind, Feb 13. 1S80; 
grad Ladoga High School; attd Wabash Coll, Indiana L'niv and sum- 
mer work at State Normal and Purdue; taught comn and high school 
in Montgomery for 14 yrs; was supt Darlington schls 6 yrs; elected 
supt schls Montgomery Co 1914 ; res Crawfordsville, Ind, 
















WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



39 



HOMER MrKEE, Advertising man; was born Bloomfield, Ind, Aug 16. 
L880; A B Indiana Univ; began newspaper work as cartoonist with Ft 
Wayne. Indpls publicaations; was sales mgr Hollenbeck Press; gen 
sales and adv mgr Cole Motor Car Co, etc; res Indpls. 

JAMES E DEERY, Lawyer; was born Indpls Nov 26. 1SS6; attd George- 
town Univ, Washington, D C; LL B Notre Dame ; was deputy pros 
any Marion Co; elect judge Nov, 1913; res Indpls. 

HARRY RAITANO, Lawyer; was born New York City. Jan 17. 1S79; 
LL B Chicago Schl of Law ; city pros atty since Jan l, 1914 ; res 
Indpls. 

HERBERT M GI.OSSBRENNER, business man; born Jeffer3onville, Ind 

May 12. 1869; educ high schl Jeffersonville; was engaged in manufac- 
turing business; organized The Gli r-Dodge Co, wholesale deal- 
ers in dairy products; came to Indpls 1889; dire Commercial Nat Bank, 
etc., res Indpls. 

WILLIAM R BROWN, Insurance man ; was born Cumbernauld, Scotland. 
Jan 18. 1S7S ; educ in pub schls of Scotland and Chicago, Ills ; was 
cashier Chicago Gen Agcy Conn Mutual Life Ins Co; now gen agt Conn 
Mut Life Ins Co, Indpls; res Indpls. 

HENRY E DITHMER. Manufacturer; was born Brooklyn, N V edut 
Indpls Public Schls and Short ridge H S; began business 1SS6 ; now 
secy and mgr Polar Ice & Fuel Co since 1893; res Indpls. 

CHARLES J BICHANAN, Funeral Director; was born Marion Co. In.]. 
Aug 31. lS5ii : attd Valparaiso Normal Coll ; taught schl 14 yrs ; orgn 
firm Flanner & Buchanan: built first crematory in Ind 1900; dir Y M 
C A 20 yrs ; trust of Indpls Home for Aged Women ; corporate mem 
Am Board of Foreign Missions; Col Staff Uniform Rank Odd Fel- 
lows of Ind; res Indpls. 

CHARLES W JEWETT, Lawyer; was bom Franklin. Ind. Jan 7, 1884; 
grad Depauw Univ, Harvard Law Schl; chrmn Repub Co Comm 1914- 
15; res Indpls. 

R M BOWEN, Manufacturer, was born Memphis, Tenn, Sept 25, 1882; educ 
Public Schools; pres Stenotype Co. Indpls; pres Stenotype Sales Co N 
Y; pres Universal Inv Co. New Orleans; dir Indpls Cham of Com- 
merce; res Indpls. 

EDSON F FOESOM, Insurance man; was born Indpls August 8. 1S70; B S 
Rose Poly; M M E Cornell Univ; was a mechanical engr; in industrial 
bus 10 yrs; was special agt in Mass Mutual Life; state mgr State 
Mutual Assurance Co of Worcester, Mass, since 1911; res Indpls. 

GUT A RANSDELL, Insurance man; was born Sand Lake. Mich, Sept 17, 
1872; educ in Public schls; in mercantile bus 12 yrs; with Mutual Life 
of New York for 12 yrs ; state supt of agts of Mich ;> yrs ; mgr of 
Indpls agency since July 2*. 1914; res Indpls. 

ALEXANDER ERNESTINOFF, musician; was born St Petersburg. Russia, 
Jan 14, 1S53: grad Conservatory of Music. St Petersburg; was cond of 
German Opera in New York City; Beethoven Conserv, St Louis. Mo; 
i ;. r mania Club. Arion, Maennerchor. Lyra, and Music verein. Indpls ; 
res Indpls. 

OLIYER AV1LLARD PIERCE. Pianist; was born Hillsdale, Mich, 1869; 
A B, A M Hillsdale Coll ; student Conserv of Music; Koenigliche 
Hochschule fur Musik, Berlin; and of Moritz Moskowzski, Berlin; 
was head piano forte teacher Ohio Weslyan U Conserv of Music ; 
founder and pres Metropolitan School of Music, Indpls, and Coll of 
Mus Art; Indpls; res Indpls. 

HARRY LEYINSON. Merchant; was born Noblesville. Ind. Oct 16, 1867; 

educ high schl, Noblesville, Ind ; engaged in mercantile bus Nobles- 
ville. Chicago and Indpls; assisted in erection of Masonic Temple, 
Noblesville, as a memorial to his father N D Levinson; res Indpls* 

JOHN I HOFFMANN, Educator; was born Jordan Yillage. Owen Co. Ind; 
B S Ped B Valparaiso Univ; attd Indiana Univ; taught schl 10 yrs; 
princ public schls Poland and Brazil, Ind; apptd Deputy State supt 
Pub Instruction, May 1909; asst State Supt. Nov. 1912; res Brazil. Ind. 

WILLIAM E. TllTE, Statistician; was born Pittsburg. Pa, April 27, 1S70; 
grad St John's Parochial Schl P'gh ; was engaged in mfg window 
glass with his father Andrew Tulte. P'gh. Findlay, O. Albany, and 
Vincennes. Ind; apptd Deputy State Statistician; res Indpls. 

CARRIE COLVER LECKNER, Voice Teacher; born Chicago 111; received 
early musical education from her mother; studied four seasons Berlin, 
Germany; voice with George Fergusson ; piano with Monsieur Minod ; 
phonetics with Fraulein Klatt; musical hist with Max Leckner; taught 
voice 12 years; having brought out Miss Helen Warrum ; mem Matinee 
Musicale 33 years; res Indpls. 

MAX LECKNER. Piano Forte Teacher; was born Pinne, Germany. Nov 
19. 1842; educ Gymnasium Bromberg. Germany; was musical dir Indpls 
Maennerchor; philharmonic Chorus Soc, etc; res Cndpls. 

EDGAR A ECKHOl SE, Manufacturer; was born Anderson. Ind. June 9, 
1879; grad Shortridge H S; attd Ind Med Coll; connected with Kahn 
Tailoring Co since 18 99 ; tr^as Kahn Tailoring Co, Indpls and Y-p 
Washington & Meridian Realty Co; res Indpls. 

BERT AVEEDOX. Internrban Railway Official; was born Rutherford Co. 
Tenn. April 11. 1880; educ Andover Acad; G F & P A Inter State 
Pub Service Co; res Indpls. 

MAHLON E BASH. Lawyer; was born in Marion Co. Oct 14, 1880; LL B 
Indiana Univ; elect judge Probate Court of Marion Co, 1914; mem 
Ind State Bar and Indpls Bar As>sn; res Indpls. 

JOHN E IGLEHART 

grad Asbury ( 

father Judge Asa 

Ind practice; res Evansville, Ind, 















H3& 

7 ^r^ -6. 





and Indpls Bar As>sn; res Indpls. s^ _*^ 

IT, Lawyer; was born Warrick Co, Ind. Aug 10. lS4s; //.Is £ // // y £f 

now DePauw Univ). began practice of law with his i^^Tyf J<j— >^ , tr ,•"" ? ^X ^f< C?^t -^~ — 

sa Iglehart and assisted him in prep two text books on 9»tX r^*^*^- £ \^y^" ^p**^ 

?s Evansville, Ind. ^""^ * f 



40 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOHN S BERRYHILL, Lawyer; was born Lafayette. Ind, Dec 27. 1849; 
A M Asbury ( now DePauw Univ) ; admitted to Bar 1876 ; pres and 
treas Allison Coupon Co since 1893; mem Chamber of Commerce; mem 
Ind pis Bar Assn; res Ind pis. 

WILLIAM N AYISHARD, Surgeon; was born Greenwood. Ind. Oct 10, 1851; 
attd Wabash Coll; grad Ind Med and Miami Med Coll; post grad St 
Peters and Guys Hosp London, and Post Grad and Poly N Y; hon A M 
Wabash; was supt City Hosp, Indpls; instrumental founding Indpls 
Training Schl for Nurses; chrmn Comm on Med Legislation, Ind State 



A. \cW^\JX_ 




Clinic R 
Hosp; asst 
Ind State 
LAFAYETTE 



ochester, Minn; Clinical Staff Bobbs Disp and Indpls city f< ^2 \_/> , / ^ - — v 

:st prof gastro-intes dis Ind Univ of Med; mem Indpls Med, J^T/^ <^J* ~~S/f H^^ 

e Med and Am Med Assn; res Indpls. f~~2\ /j V 7'7Jyy//^l/ *-tV > **- ** 

5 PAGE, Surgeon; was born Columbia, Ky. May 21, 1SG3; ^ •^-*^/ lAs*J*s * MJ / */%*- — 
A B Columbia Univ, Ky; M D Ind Med Coll; post grad N Y Polyclinic / "yT X/ 

Berlin and Vienna Univ; specialist nose, throat and ear; clinic prof /^f\ C^m!tr\ -^^ O ^^ 

dis nose, throat and ear, Ind Univ Schl of Med; consultant, Indpls ( *^ ^^^ l/\ PfvU v , m 

City Hosp. Methodist and St Vincents Ho,?p; inventor of throat and ^J ^^-^1 t f \JU 

i Otol; fellow ' 

, etc; com'l I /*T» 

osp"' indpi" ■ (jnH^t/l*«<*7 (&- CCZtcJ^&sO^f 

tistis; supt **^ \r * **^ 



nose instruments ; mem A M A ; Am Laryng. Rhinol, and Otol ; fellow 
in Am Acad Ophth and Oto-Laryngol ; fellow Am Coll 
res Indpls. 

ROBERT PEELLE NOBLE, Chemist; was bora near Centerville 
Feb 28, 1870; Ph B M A DePauw Univ; attd Univ of Ch 
chem 15 yrs Armour Inst of Tech, New Mex Schl of Mines, etc; com'l 
chemist Indpls, since 1908; mem Am Chem Soc; res Indpls 

ARTHl R E GlEDEL, Physician; was born Cambridge City, 

14, 1S43; M D Ind Univ Schl of Med; was interne City Hosp 
mem Coun'.y and State Soc; pres Indpls Soc of Anesthe 
Protestant Deaconess Hosp; prof physiology of exercise. Normal Co! 
N A G U; res Indpls. 

McCLEAN J MOtLDER, Physician; w;is born Howard Co, Ind, Feb 4, 
1S50; was tchr in Howard Coll. Kokomo. Ind, also in public schls; 
grad Natl Norm, Lebanon, O, and Med Coll of Ohio, Cincinnati ; was 
mayor, school trustee, health board, pres park board of Kokomo, Ind; 
secy County Board of Health and Co Physician, Howard Co; was supt 
Methoidst Hosp Indpls; resigned Sept 1915 ; now supt Bethany Hosp 
Kansas City, Kan; address. Kansas City, Kan. 

JOHN M TODl>, Real Estate Broker; was born Ch 
1831; educ schools of Philadelphia and Norris 
dleton. Ind, 1852 ; since 1861, engaged in re 
orgn of the Exposition Bldg in 1873 and assis 
the Belt Ry and other important enterprises; res Ind pi 

MART 

ed 
spi 
mem 
ZACIIARY 

Fe 




Chester Co. Pa, July - l >-/^- A Ss/ A / 

town, Pa; came to Pen-' £_ * if , f /J V - ml 

eal est business Indpls; /// /- v I /js* f j7 A. .< f 

?isted in organization of £Ay\U/tsCc4Aj V/ IJ*^SJ nrPC^^ f^** 




1849; LL B University of Mich; practiced law Kokomo, Ind, and / -^*^/* 

Indpls; was city atty of Kokomo; reporter of Indiana Supreme Court; / ^J^J^^^^j 

mem of Ind Senate ; city atty i>t Indpls and Democratic Cand for » ffjvjy Jft * jf. > s&**/\/ f\//9 sl/7 A%~*1 

Gov of Ind; was Democratic Nom for V-p U S; elected U S Senator. ^* /l*C^tdu>4s / t/ fV \Zf CC^ f4ff / 



1911; res Indpls, Ind 

FRANCIS H GAYISK, Priest ; was born Evansville. Ind. April 6. 1856; 
grad St Meinrads' Coll and Sem ; was in newspaper bus 6 yrs with 
Evansville Courier; since 1885 rector St Johns Church Indpls; chan- 
cellor Catholic Diocese of Indpls; mem Board of State Charities of 
Ind, etc; res Indpls. 

JOSEPH A McGOWAN, Interurban Railway Official; was born Gurteen- 
darragh County Leitrim, Ireland, July 21, 1859; came to Portland, Me, 
at 6 years of age; lived there 39 yrs; educ in high schl Portland, 
Me ; mem Portland schl board 8 yrs; estb the Free Evening Schls 
there; was cashier accountant and customs atty Grand Trunk Ry, 
Portland. Me ; in 1903 came to Indpls and associated with his cousin 
Hugh J McGowan in traction bus; now treas and dir numerous traction 
cos; was mem bd schl comms Indpls 4 yrs; res Indpls. 

MEYER MESSING, Kabbi; was burn Gostin, Province Posen, Prussia; educ 
Graetz, Germany; Rabbinical School Breslau Germany; came to Indpls 
in 1S»J7 as Rabbi Indpls Hebrew Cong; retired as rabbi emeritus 1907. 

M M LAIN, Educator; was born Bolivar, Tex. July 11, 1874; educ Univ 
of Texas and State Normal; grad Gem City Business Coll. Quincy, Ills; 
was pub school tchr 2 yrs; organ Lain Bus Coll; now pres; res Indpls. 

\V F KING, Physician; was born at Bellaire, O, March 10. 1S7 4 ; attd 
Franklin Coll. New Athens, O; M D Ohio State Univ; pract medicine 
12 yrs Columbia City, Ind; asst State Health Commr since 1910; mem 
A M A and Ind State Med Assns; Am Pub Health Assn; Am Schl 
"i Hygiene; res Indpls. 

FREDERICK R HENSIIAW, College Dean; was born Alexandria. In. 
Oct 8, 1S72; educ Central Normal Coll Danville. Ind; DD S Ind Dental 
Coll; was mem Ind Board of Dental Examiners for 13 yrs; dean Ind 
Dental Coll; tchr Operative Dentistry; mem Nat' I and Ind State Deni 
Assns; Chicago and Indianapolis Dental Societies ; res Indpls. 

GEORGE S WILSON, Educator; was born Greenfield. Ind. Sept 10, 1858; 
educ Greenfield H S and Ind Stat.' Univ ; taught school ; was supt of 
Greenfield Pub Schls; supt of Ind Schl for the Blind since 1898. 

RICHARD M MILBIRN, Lawyer; was born at Portersville, Ind, Sept 24, 
1866; attd State Normal; LL B Cumberland Univ. Lebanon, Tenn; A P. 
A M Ind Univ; taught law Ind Univ 12 yrs; was State Senator Dubois 
and Daviess Cos; elected atty-gen Ind 1895; res Jasper and Ind]. Is. 

HORACE M KEAN, Lawyer; was bom Ireland, Ind, April 29, 1S6S; educ 
Public schls. Chicago Corresp Schl of Law ; taught schl 9 yrs; was 
deputy pros atty of Dubois Co for 12 yrs; mem of Ind Legis; was 
grand -master of the Odd Fellow of Ind ; apptd asst atty-gen of Ind. 
1915; res Jasper, Ind. 

L R NAFTZGER, Lawyer; was born Bunker Hill, Ind, Oct 2, 1881; Ph B 
DePauw Univ; was apptd Inspector Gen Ind Nat) Guard, 1914; apptd 
first deputy atty-gen Ind 1915; res Muneie, Ind 




WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



41 



ORRA HOPPER, Educator; was born Vernon township. Washington County, 
Ind. May 21, 1S75; educ Indiana Univ; taught 7 yra rural schls Wash- 
ington Co ; high schl 3 yrs; (princ Hardinsburg, Campbellsburg and 
Vallonia) ; elected county supt 1907, re-elect 1911 ; was pres County 
Supt Assn ; res Salem. 
ROBERT E CAVANAUGH, Educator; was born in Washington Co, Ind, 
April 2", 1SS1 ; grad Indiana State Normal ; A B Indiana Univ ; A M 
Univ of Chicago; taught schl 14 yrs; supt Salem schls since 1909; was 
pies Classical Assn. of Ind State Teachers Assn; mem Executive Comm 
Ind State Supt Assn; res Salem. 
JOHN W LEWIS. Editor; was born Warrick Co, Ind. Aug 26. 1S59; grad 
high schl Newburg. Ind; taught sciti 10 yrs; in newspaper business 22 
yrs; was editor Xewburg Leader and Hun.ingburg Weekly; editor and 
prop Salem Repub Leader since 1907 ; was postmaster Huntingburg 
9 years; mem Ind Repub State Edit Assn; res Salem. 
GEORGE L ROBY, Newspaper man ; was born Pleasant Lake, Ind, June 
14. 1 S 6 4 ; educ common schls; implement inventor and mfgr ; later 
served as mechanical expert ; purchased Benton Review Fowler. Ind. 
1902; editor and prop since, operates large com'l plant in connection; 
chrmn Democratic Co Comm 1904-10 ; res Fowler. 
JOHN P CARR, Newspaper man; was born in White Co, Ind, Sept 26. 
1854; was publ Oxford Tribune for 12 yrs; founded Fowler Leader. April 
1893 ; owned and published same since ; is interested in farming; res 
Fowler, Ind. 
DONALD (Daniel) ERASER, Lawyer; was born 

Canada, July 14. 1855; educ private tutelage 
Repub presidential elector 190S; mem Amer B 
Assn (Pres 1906-7); Ind Soc of Chicago; res Fowler. 
CHARLES H DODSON, Educator; was born Oxford, Ind. March 4, 1876; 
attd Ind Univ; taught schl Benton Co 11 yrs; princ Otterbein schls 
2 "yrs; supt schls Benton Co since 1907; res Fowler. 
XV O SCHANLAl B, Educator; was born Rensselaer, Ind, Oct 11, 1876; 
grad Rensselaer High Schl; attd Indiana State Normal; grad Valparaiso 
Univ; learned printers' trade ; was editor and publ Rensselaer Mrs 
senger; publ Morocco Courier 4 years; taught distr schl was grade 
teacher, princ, supt of high schl at Morocco ; elect supt Newton Co 
schls 1907 . res Kent land, Ind. 
WARREN T McCRAY, Banker and Cattle Breeder; was born near Brook 
Newton Co, Ind. Feb 4. 1S65; educ high schl Kentland; was mem 
council and school board Kentland ; pres State Board of Agricultu 
pres Discount and Deposit State Bank; was mem Board of Trus 
Longcliff Hosp: pres and gen mgr McCray Grain Co; pres Ade Grain 
Co: secy Newton Co Stone Co; res Kentland. 
CHARLES XV HAXLEY, Lawyer; was born on a farm in Jasper Co. Ind, 
July 5, 1865; educ comn schls; read law in Iowa and Kansas; taught 
schl 4 yrs; was county atty Jasper Co, Ind; elect judge 1902; res 
Rensselaer, Ind, 
CHARLES M DAVIS, Editor; was born in Kentland. Ind. March 26, 1868; 
learned printers' trade at 15; began work on Kentland Gazette after- 
wards changed to Newton Co Enterprize; worked on paper since and 
editor for 15 yrs; now managing editor; was mem Kentland sch' 
board and town clerk; res Kentland. 
JOHN H STEPHENSON, Newspaper man; was born Winchester, Mass, 
Jan 1, 1849; learned printers' trade on Attica Ledger when a boy 
bought Warren Review, William sport, in 1893; consold with Warren 
Republican Oct 1914; editor and prop 22 yrs; mem Ind State Repub- 
lican Edit Assn; res Williamsport. 
ELE STANSBl KY, Lawyer; was born Say brook. Ills. Feb 8, 1861; educ 
in high schl; studied law; was pros atty Warren and Fountain Co 2 
terms; mem Ind Legis 1903-5; county atty ten yrs; trustee State 
School for Deaf 8 years; elected presidential elector 1900; Repub Cant" 
for atty-gen 1914; res Williamsport, Ind. 
ARISTA T LIVENGOOD, Lawyer; was born Fountain Co, Ind, Sept 10, 
1867; B S Ind Normal Coll mow Valparaiso Univ); taught school at 16 
yrs ; was asstd cash Farmers Merchants Bank Covington ; was Mayor 
of Covington 4 yrs; now pres School Board; county atty 5 yrs; res 
Covington, Ind. 
VALENTINE E LIVENGOOD, Lawyer; was born Hillsboro, Ind, June 22, 
1860; and Wabash Coll; B S Valparaiso Univ; taught Hillsboro schls; 
was supt Covington Public schls; practiced law in Covington since 
ism,; pres school board 7 yrs; now pres library board. 
JOHN i; SCHWTN, Lawyer; born Pickaway Co, O, Nov 1844; graduate 
Ohio Weslyan University i,\ B 1KG9), iA M 1875), Prof Moore's Hil 
College 1870-73. Began law practice Indianapolis 1S73. Came to Cov- 
ington 1876. Editor and publisher The Covington Friend for last 2S 
years. Veteran Civil War 92nd and 155th Ohio Infantry. 
GEORGE S HARNEY, Newspaper man; was born Ladoga, Ind, Dec 2 4, 
1864; B S Waba'sh Coll; read law with father Judge J F Harney; 
practiced law 12 yrs; atty Tribe of Ben Hur fi yrs; enlisted in War 
with Spain and won a commission as Lieut Comp M 158 Ind Vol; 
editor Rei ev, sun- Sept 1913; res Crawfordsville, Ind. 
HOMER D INGRAM, Lawyer; was born Vermillion Co, End, Aug I l S9 I 
LL B Indiana Univ; appt deputy pros 1913; on organization of separate 
circuit was appointed prosecutor of Parke Co by Gov Ralston, April 
l, 1915; res Roekville 
GEORGE D SI NKEL, Lawyer; was born Redman, Ills. Oct 15. 1879; LL B 
Indiana Law School; began practice law at Newport, Ind; eleel pros 
atty 47th jud circuit; on orgn 68th jud circuit was apptd judge L 
Gov Ralston April 1, 1915; was joint represent from Vigo and Ver- 
million Cos 2 terms; res Roekville, Ind. 
HAROLD A HENDERSON, Lawyer; was born Vincennes, Ind. Dec 3, 
L880J grad Bloomingdale Acad; admitted to bar 1903; mem of law 
firm of White & Henderson; res Roekville. Ind. 
ARTHIR A HARGRAVE, Newspaper man; was born Portland Mills, Ind. 
Aug $6, 1856; A B A M Wabash Coll; began newspaper work as 
porter Kansas City Journal; was asst editor Terre Haute Express; 
was Lay Missionary to Oroomiah, Persia; purchased Roekville Repub 
in 1888; editor since; was mem Roekville Schl Board 3 yrs, 
Jt'LIAN D HO GATE, Newspaper man; was born Danville, Ind, i »ct 1 I, 
1868; grad Danville 11 S; attd Central Normal C DePauw Univ; 

taught Danville H s ; editor and prop Hendricks CW Republican since 
1890; mem Repub State CerS Comm 2 terms; secy Indiana Senati 
sessions 1905-7. and special session 1908 ; was pres Repub Ed it Assn; 
pres Danville Schl Board ; res Danville. 
ALVTN HALL, Newspaper man; was born Lizton, Ind, .May 27, 1884; grad 
Lexington High School ; bega n newspaper work with Danville i ; iz< Lte 
Jan .".. editor since Dec. 1914; res Danville, Ind. 



/* 




4rfi»&wd ' 

Ramsey, near Montreal. / / / a — ^A y 

;e and Lewiston Acad; V _/V-*_ . yj f.M "fl /\s~/SL4>t/\/ 
iar Assn; Ind State Bar *0 £TVA_-^CA-'«'I I x I K ^ V * /t ' ' 




'/T-Z^-^X 







0/ L<jl^AA^ 



OW-wJ (fly, ^Ju^z^yi^^ 




42 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



J W LAIRD, Educator; was born Oswego, Kansas, Sept 2, 1871; attd Ind 
State Normal; A B Indiana Univ; studied in Harvard Graduate Schl; 
was country school tchr 2 yrs; was prin Galveston, Ind, H Sch; hist 
and methods tchr Marion Normal Coll 8 yrs; V-pres Central Normal 
Coll 11107-9; now pres; res Danville, Ind. 

CHARLES ALLEN HARGRAVE, Educator; was born Portland Mills, Ind, 
May 24. 1S5S; A B Central Normal Coll; was tchr in dist schls, high 
schl and Central Normal Coll; was pres of the college 1SS9-90; secy 
and treas of coll since 1900; res Danville. Ind. 

OTIS E Gl'LLEY, Lawyer; was born North Salem. Ind. March 22, 1867; 
attd Franklin Coll; taught schl; was pros atty Hendricks Co 2 terms; 
was supervisor Federal Census 3rd dist of Arkansas 1900; pres school 
board Danville 3 yrs; pres Board of Trustees. Central Normal Coll; 
res Danville, Ind. 

GEORGE H GIFFORD, Lawyer; was born Falmouth, Ind; grad State 
Univ and Butler Coll; taught school; began practice law Tipton 1S83; 
st as State Senator 1893-95; was mem school board Tipton; delegate 
to Democratic Natl Conv at Baltimore 1912; author bill regulating 
non-resident building and loan assns 1893 and bill amending ditch 
law' hi 1885; its Tipton. 

HORACE GREELY READ, Physician; was born in Randolph Co, Ind, Dec 
5, 1857; attd Natl Normal Schl Lebanon, O; M D Miami Med ''"II. 
Cincinnati. O; post grad Chicago. Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Coll; 
mem A M A; Ind State Med; fellow of Am Acad Opht and Laringol; 
mem Tipton City Council; was mem Ind Legis; author H B 364 entitled 
"Act to prevent procreation of idiots, criminals, etc, approved Mch 9, 
1907; res Tipton. 

OSCAR F RAKESTRAW, Editor; was born Mahoning Co, O. Oct 30, 1S49; 
attd Hillsdale Mich Coll; began newspaper work as local editor 
Steuben Republican 1877; now editor; res Angola, Ind. 

RAYMOND D WILLIS. Newspaper man; was born Waterloo, Ind. Aug 11. 
1S75; learned printers' trade; A B, A M Wabash Coll; began newspaper 
work at Angola on Magnet; consokl with Steuben Republican 190S; 
was postmaster Angola 1910-14; was secy Northern Ind Edit Assn ; 
res Angola. 

L M SNIFF, College President; has been at the head of the Trl-State College 
for thirty-two years; school opened June 18, 1884; res Angola. 

II LYLE SHANK, Educator; was born Flint, Ind, Sept 13. 18S0; B S Tri- 
State Coll and Ind Univ; taught schl Steuben Co 4 yrs; was princ 
Flint High School 3 yrs; Bloomfield twp school LaGrange Co one yr. 
Pleasant Lake Schl one yr; elect supt schls Steuben Co 1911; res 
Angola, Ind. 

ROWLAND H RERICK, Newspaper man; was born Elkhart, Ind, Feb 25. 
1S57; B S Univ of Mich; began newspaper work LaGrange Standard 
with father John H Rerick; was delegate Repub Natl Conv '1912; 
author several historical works, publ county atlases of Ohio and Ind; 
res LaGrange, Ind. 

\VINTHROr E STONE, University President: born Chesterfield, N Hamp. 
June 12, 1862; B S Mass Agrl Coll; B S Boston Univ; PhD Goettingen; 
(LL D Mich Agrl Coll); on faculty Purdue Univ since 1S89, president 
Purdue since 1900; mem Ind State Bd Edn and numerous learned socs; 
has published numerous chemical researches; res Lafayette. 

WILL R WOOD, Congressman; born Oxford, Ind, Jan. 5, 1861; LL B Ann 
Arbor; was pros atty Tippe Co; State Senator 1897-1914; (twice pres 
pro tern of Senate); four times leader Republican side; eelcted to 
Congress from Ind 1914; dir City Nat Bank, Tipp Loan & Trust Co; 
etc; res Lafayette. 

WILLIAM Y STUART, Lawyer; born Logansport, Ind, Nov 1, 1857; grad 
Williston Sem East Hampton, Mass, 1876; Amherst Coll, Amherst, Mass, 
1880; Columbia Law Schl 1882; mayor Lafayette 1SS7-S9; trustee 
Purdue Univ 1899-1914; dir Chicago South Bend Northern Ind Trac Co; 
dir Lafayette Sav & Trust; mem Nat City Bldg & Loan Assn; pres 
Lafayette Lbr & Mfg Co. v-p Shadeland Stock Co; res Lafavette, Ind. 

DAN W SIMMS, Lawyer; born Crawford Co, Ills, Feb 13. 1862; attd 
DePauw Univ; admitted bar 18S5; mem Lafayette Schl Bd 6 yrs; 
gen counsel Lafavette Life Ins Co; res Lafavette. 

EDWIN P HAMMOND, Lawyer; born Brookville. Ind. Nov 26, 1S35; LL B 
Asbury (now DePauw); LL D Wabash; served as 1st It Co G Ind Vol 
Inf. capt S7th Ind Inf and maj and It col same reg; was judge 30th 
Ind circuit; asso supreme ct Ind; mem bd of mang Nat Home Dis- 
abled Vol Soldiers; res Lafayette. 

CHARLES A BURNETT, Lawyer; born Terre Haute, Ind, Jan 9. 1861; 
A B Indiana Univ 1881; M A 1S86; LL B Nat Univ Law Dept Wash 
D C 1885; began to practice at Seattle, Wash, 1891; returned to Ind 
1S95; Referee in Bankruptcy since 1901; res Lafayette. 

THOS BALER, Manufacturer; born Nazareth, Pa, July 1, 1860; attd comn 
schls; Box board and paper mfg since Sept 1886; 12 years in Lafayette; 
elected Mayor on the citizens ticket Nov, 1913; pres Lafayette Box, 
Board and Paper Co; dir Alton, III, Bx Board and Paper Co and 
Merch Natl Bank; res Lafavette. Ind 

HENRY H YIN'TON, Lawyer; born Lafayette, Ind, Nov 30, 1864; grad 
Purdue Univ 1SS5; attd Columbia Law Schl 1887; began practice of 
'->w June 1887; Referee in Bankruptcy 1898-1901; 1901 appointed by 
Gov Durbin Judge Superior Court Tippecanoe Co; elect same office 
1902; held office since; re-elect Nov. 1914; res Lafayette. 

GET •«;*• R GROSE, University President; born Nicholas Co, W Va, Julv 

14. 1869; A B, A M Ohio Weslyan Univ; STB Boston Univ School of 

Theal; (DD Ohio Weslyan); ordained M E ministry 1896; was lecturer 

Johns Hopkins L'niv; pres DePauw since 1913; Author; The Outlook 

-on. etc: res Greencastle. 

JAMES P HUGHES, Lawyer; born Terre Haute, Ind, Dec 18, 1S74 ; Ph B 
DePauw; LL B Ind Law; was county atty, depty pros atty and pros 
atty Putnam Co; appt circuit judge Feb 28, 1911, by Gov Marshall; 
elected Judge circuit ct Nov 1912; res Greencastle. 

(A HI s U WADE, Clergyman; born LaGrange Co, Ind, March 16. 1849; 
acad edn LaGrange, Ind; (D D DePauw); practiced law LaGrange; 
was pros atty 34th Jud circuit; ordained M E ministry 1SS0; pastor 
N Ind Conf 18 years; endow secy DePauw since 1910; Del Gen Conf 
M E ch 1900-4-8; pres trust Meth Memorial Home for Aged, Warren, 
Ind; mem Gen Bd for Claim for M E ch ; mem bd trust and visitors 
DePauw 12 years; res Greencastle. 











WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



43 



ISAAC T BROWN', Editor ; was born Terre Haute, Ind, Feb 24. 1S48 ; 
learned trade of printer with his father on the old Terre Haute Ex- 
press; served 3 enlistments of out of 4 Civil War; asso with father 
Isaac M Brown publication Sullivan Co Union 1S69-71; with F B 
Lantz estb Columbus Republican 1S72; estab Evening Repub lsTT; 
nr»w H'li and nrop; was P M Columbus 1SS1-85; res Columbus, Ind. 

WASHINGTON C IK 'NT AX, Lawyer; was born Marion County. Ind, June 
21, 1851; B S Ind Univ; taught schl 2 yrs; pros atty 9th jud circ 2 
yrs; State Senator 8 yrs; served IS yrs as appointee U S dept of Agr 
as Statisn: res Columbus. Ind. 

HIGH TH MILLER, Banker; was born Ninevah. Ind, March 21, 1S67; A B 
A M Butler Coll; Univ of Berlin, Sorbonne Paris; prof hist Butler 
1888-99: mem Legis 1903; Lt Gov 1905-9; rep nom U S Senator 1914; 
v-p I r wins Bank, Columbus; res Columbus, Ind. 

LEWIS H HARDING, Lawyer; was born Newpoint. Ind. Feb 1, 1SS0; A B 
Ind Univ; elec pros atty Decatur & Bartholomew Cos 1912, re-elect 
1914; author "The Call of the Hour." the preliminary diplomacy of 
Spanish-Amer War; "History of Decatur County"; res Columbus, Ind. 

THOMAS F FITZGIBBON, Educator; was born Fort Ritner, Ind, July 22, 
1861; grad State Normal; A B Indiana Univ; post grad Chicago Univ; 
began teaching 18S0; was supt schls Elwood. Ind, 11 years; supt pub 
schls Columbus since 1901; mem Ind In dust and Agr Educ Commsn 
1911-13; pres Ind State Conf Charities and Cor 1913; pres Sou Ind 
Tchrs Asso 190S; res * lolumbus, Ind. 

WILLIAM A MOONEV, Manufacturer; was born in Columbus. Ind. Aug 20, 
IS 6 4 ; educ pub schls, in tanning business since '85; now pres W W 
Mooney & Sons: treas Indpls Abbatoir Co; mem Indpls Board of Trade; 
res Columbus. 

JOHN D DeFREZ, Editor; was born in Shelby Co, Ind, Oct 1, 1S72: grad 
Shelbyville H S; attd Hanover Coll; 9 yrs in banking business Shelby- 
ville; purchased Shelbyville Democrat 1904; was councilman one term; 
mem School Board; mem Executive Comm Democratic State Edt 
Assn ; mem Natl Assn; res Shelbyville, Ind. 

ELIZABETH L WADE, i wife Rev Cyrus U Wade) was born Knightstown, 
Ind, attd State Normal; taught in public schls; w r as conf Missionary 
Secy Northern Ind Conf; pres W F M Society; Greencastle dist North- 
west Ind Conf; res Greencastle. 

COIRTLAND C GILLEN, Lawyer; was born Roachdale, Ind, July 3. 1SS0; 
taught schl 5 yrs; attd DePauw; LL B Ind Law Schl; was county atty; 
mem city sch] board ; secy Democratic Central County Comm ; res 
Greencastle. 

WILLIAM T CRONIN, Newspaper man; was born Terre Haute. Ind. Jan 
31, 1S7S ; educ Parochial schls; began newspaper work Terre Haute 
Tribune as reporter; one of the orgn of T H Post; with the United 
Press New York City 2 yrs; mem Indiana Flood Comm 1914; editor 
T H Tribune since 1910; res Terre Haute. 

CHARLES TIMOTHY JEWETT, Newspaper man; was born Indianola, 
Iowa, Oct 17. 1S75; grad Indianola H S; attd Simpson Coll; Lt Col 
Terre Haute Reg; pres John Morton Camp S A R; lit hist and news 
editor; res Terre Haute. Ind. 

WM DUDLEY FOILKE, Author; was born New York. Nov 28, 1S4S; A B, 
LL B and A M Columbia (LL D Earl ham) ; was admitted to bar; 
mem Indiana Senate; was mem U S Civ Serv Comm; editor Evening 
Item. Richmond; Chrmn Suffrage Cong Chicago Expn ; was pres Amer 
Woman Suffrage Assn; was pres Natl Munic League: mem Platform 
Comn Prog Party; author Life of O P Morton, Slav and Saxon, etc; 
res Richmond. 

TIMOTHY* NICHOLSON, Business man; was born North Carolina. Nov 2. 
1828 ; educ Friends' Acad in N C and Friends' Higher School Provi- 
dence, R I; taught in N C Acad 6 yrs; Haverfords* Coll. Pa, 6 yrs; 
came to Richmond in ISfil ; joined with brother in book business: 
in same since ; apptd mem Ind State Board of Charities 18S9 ; 19 yrs 
mem State Norma I Schl Bd ; trustee Earlham Coll ; was clerk of Ind 
Yearly Meeting of Friends; res Richmond. 

RUDOLPH G LEEDS. Editor; was born Richmond. Ind. Mch 15. 18S6; 
educ Phillips Acad and Harvard Univ ; began newspaper work with 
Palladium; Nat Commn Pro party for Ind; res Richmond. Ind. 

ROBERT L KELLY, College President; was horn Tuscola. Ills, March 22. 
1S65; Ph B Earlham Coll; Ph M Univ of Chicago; Fellow in Philos; 
< LL D DePauw ) ; was supt schls Monrovia, Ind ; acting pres Penn 
Coll, Oskaloosa. la; was dean and pres Earlham Coll since Feb. 1903; 
mem Nat. State and many local Ednl Assns; mem Ind Cecil Rhodes 
Scholarship Comn; Ind State Bd Edn, etc; its Richmond. Ind. 

CHARLES S BOND. Physician; was horn Webster, Ind. June 8, 1856; attd 
Earlham and Antioch Colls; taught schl; stud Ohio Med Coll; M D 
Bellevue Hosp Med Coll N Y Univ : P. SMS Earlham : was coroner 
Wayne Co: health ofneer. Richmond since l^Ort; mem Assn Am Phys; 
A M A Ind State Med i Pr.-« 18951: Viss YaiU-v Med So<- (V-p L897) ; 
mem Congress on Tuberculosis London and Washington: res Richmond. 

WILLIAM H KELLEY, Lawyer; was bom Si Clair, Penna, March 21. 1S6S; 
B S Central Pa Coll: read law with John L Rupe. Richmond. Ind; 
mem Am and State Bar Assns; res Richmond, Ind. 

(HART.ES R POLLARD. Lawyer; was born Mobile Ala. Aim' :>. IS-lfi: 
educ schools of Alabama; after Civil War read law; apptd Judge of 
Supreme Courl of Montana by Pres Cleveland; whs Pros atty of Carroll 
and Cass Cos; city atty of Delphi and co atty for number of years ; 
res Delphi. 

LEANDER D BOYD. Lawyer: was born ne:ir Stilesvillo, Ind .tune 12, 
1S53; educ State Normal; read law; taught schl 1 yrs in Hendricks 
Co; res Delphi, Ind. 

JOSEPH P O'MAHONY, Editor; was born Tralee. Ireland. March it I'M: 
educ Blackrork Coll. Dublin. Ireland; rar.i*- in C s i- 
editorial capacity Indpls Sentinel. Rvansvllle, I ■■ 

War corresp Spanish War for Baltimore Sun; founded Indiana Cath- 
alic. 1910 : now editor; res Indianapolis. Ind. 

WILLIAM A "Dear on" ROACH. Lawyer: was horn Delphi. Ind. Dec 24. 
1874; LL B Indiana Law Schl; was city atty fi yrs; Repub Co Chrmn 
4 yrs ; dist chrmn since 1914 ; res Delphi. Ind 

S F SMTTH. Physician; was born Gosport. Ind. Auc 31. 1861; B SMS 
Indiana Univ; M D T'niv of Louisville; was asst physician Northern 
Ind Hosp : Med supt Eastern Tnd Hosp for Insane sin'v 1851 ; res 
Richmond, Tnd. 
























44 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



EUGENE II Bl'XDY, Lawyer; was born Newcastle, Ind. October 10. 1846; 

A B and A M Union Coll, Schenectady, N Y; Miami tlniv Oxford, O; 

read law with father Judge Martin L Bundy; was State Senator 

1881-93; candidate republican ticket gov 1884; judge Henry Co Circuit 

Court 8 yrs; on comn that built additional Insane Hosp at Logansport, 

Evan svl lie and Richmond ; res Newcastle, Ind. 
ED JACKSON, Lawyer; was born Howard County, Ind, December 27, 

1873; educ comn schls; read law with Judge L B Nash. Tipton, Ind; 

pros atty Henry Co 2 terms; judge Henry Co Circuit Court 1907-14; 

cand for Secy of State Rep ticket 1914; pres Lincoln League of Ind 

1912-14; res Newcastle, Ind. 
ALBERT D OGBORN, Lawyer: was born "Wayne Co, Ind. September 25, 

1S64; educ comn schls; read law with judge M Forkner; store keeper 

Northern Hosp for Insane Logansport 1888-9; capt Co G. 161 Ind Vol 



(PtlAiU Jt- /JsUuMifo 



Inf. War with 
Newcastle. 



Spain; served in Cuba; State Senator 1900-04; res 



WM O BARNARD, ex-Congressman ; born Union County, Ind, Oct 25, 1852; 
acad edn; taught schl 5 years; was pros atty and judge 53rd Judicial 
circuit ; member of Congress 1909-11 ; res Newcastle. 

FRED C GAISE. Lawyer; was born Greensfork. Wayne Co, Ind, Aug 29. 
1879; attd Indiana Univ; read law with Judges E H Bundy and John 
M Morris; County atty Henry Co 1903-13; elect judge Henry Co Circuit 
Court March 3, 1914; res Newcastle, Ind. 

M E FORKNER, Lawyer; was born Henry Co. Ind. January 26, 1846; educ 
Newcastle Acad; taught schl; read law with Judge J. H. Mellett; in 
practice since 1S67 ; first mayor of Newcastle ; mem Ind Legis 1875; 
judge Henry Co Circuit Court 1881-88; res Newcastle, Ind. 

GEORGE A ELLIOTT, Editor; was born Newcastle. Ind. March 25. 1S7S; 
grad Newcastle H S and attd Ind Univ; was 3 years in public service 
in Porto Rico; began newspaper work as owner and editor Newcastle 
Courier October 1903 ; mem Executive Comra Ind Rep Edit orial Asso ; 
res Newcastle, Ind. 

FRED SAINT, Banker; was born Urbana, Ills. May 19, 186S; educ Spice- 
land Acad . was city treas Newcastle; since 1895 cash Farm its' Nail 
Bank; res Newcastle. Ind. 

GEORGE M. BARNARD, Lawyer; was born Newcastle. Ind, June 6. 1881; 
LL B Univ of Mich; pros atty Henry Co 1906-10; mayor of Newcastle 
1910-14; res Newcastle, Ind. 

J LEB WATKINS, Lawyer; was born Henry County, Ind. January 23. 
1873; LL B DePauw Univ; elect mayor Newcastle Nov 6. 1913; was 
associated with T M Randle in location of all the larger industries of 
Newcastle; res Newcastle, Ind. 

CLARENCE M BROWN, Lawyer; was born Henry County, Ind. October 5, 
1SS5; B S Pacific Coll, Newberg. Ore; attd Jaw dept Ind Univ and Ind 
Law Schl, Ind pis ; appt city atty Newcastle, January 1914; res New- 
castle. Ind. 

JOHN C GORMAN, Editor; was born Owensville. Ind. Dec 12, 1866; grad 
High School Owensville; estab Owensville Gleaner; purchased Prince- 
ton Democrat. March 20, 1895, and editor since; aptd Postmaster 
Princeton May 19, 1915 ; secy Democratic Committee several times i 
secy, Ind Democ Editor Assn several times; res Princeton, Ind. 

LUCIUS C EMBREK, Lawyer; was born Princeton. Ind. Sept S 1853 
grad Princeton H S; attd Indiana Asbury Univ Law Schl : and Univ 
of Va : candidate for judge Appellate court of Ind 1914 ; res Prince- 
ton, Ind. 

JAY C SMITH, Newspaper man; was born Rutland, O. Jan 14, 1868; A M 
Franklin Coll; taught school 2 yrs Dearborn Co, Ind; was pub! Hope. 
Ind. Republican ; publ Seymour Republican since 1896 ; was bus mgr 
Baptist Observer; mem Franklin Coll Board of Dir; mem Repub Stair 
Editorial Assn; pres Baptist State Sunday Schl Board; res Seymour. 

OSCAR II MONTGOMERY, Lawyer; was born Seymour, Ind, April 27, 1859; 
A B, A M Hanover; city atty Seymour 10 yrs; was Judge of Supreme 
Court of Ind 1905-11; resumed practice of law at Seymour; was del Rep 
Nat Conv ; trustee Hanover Coll, First Natl Bank Seymour; pres. Ind 
Comm on Uniform State Laws; res Seymour. 

JOHN H KAMMAN, Lawyer; was born Holland. Ind, Dec 15, 1867; LL B 
Indiana Univ; taught school 5 yrs in Dubo's Co; city atty Seymour 6 
yrs: was candidate for Congress 4th district Republican ticke: ; mem 
Board of Children's Guardians; pres Seymour Planing Mill Co; res 
Seymour. 

"WILLIAM S GRIFFITHS, Educator; was born Estill Co, Ky. Nov 16, 
1*7 2 ; attd Valparaiso Univ; Principal Ay res Acad, College Hill. Ky, 
5 yrs; princ Little York, Ind, Schools 6 yrs; grade princ Scottsburg 
schls 3 yrs; county supt since 1911 ; res Scottsurg. 

EVAN B STOTSENBIRG, Lawyer; was born New Albany, Ind. May in. 
1865 ; grad University of Louisville and Kenyon Coll ; was mem Ind 
Legis 1895; State Senator 1907-15; author "Primary Law" 1915; apptd 
Attorney General Ind by Gov Ralston Nov. 1915; res New Albany. 

HERBERT I* KENNEY, Lawyer; was born New Albany, April 5, 1882; 
grad New Albany High School. Jefferson School of Law. Louisville, 
Ky ; read law with Stotsenburg and Weathers; elected pro3 atty Nov 
19, 1914; res New Albany. 

HERMAN RAVE, Newspaper man; was born Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, 
i Jerriiany, Dec 21 . 1S50; 'due University Kiel; engaged as reporter on 
Albany Ledger and Jefferson ville News ; author "Songs and Ballads" . 
magazine writer; res New Albany, Ind. 

JOHN M PARIS, Judge; was born Leavenworth, Ind. March 7, 1878; grad 
Law Dept University of Louisville ; was city judge New Albany and 
pros atty Floyd Co; was elect judge Floyd Co Circuit Court 1914; res 
New Albany, Ind. 








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WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



45 



SAM I' EL. L SCOTT, Educator; was born Galena, Ind. Feb 27, 186S; grad 
Borden Coll and State Normal School ; taught schl 10 yrs in Clark 
Co ; county supt IS yrs ; mem of State Board of Education ; was pres 
Ind State Teachers" Assn ; res Jeff ersonvi lie. 

MARCUS Sl'LZER. Lawyer; was born Madison, Ind. April 19, 1860; educ* 
Common schools; read law with Linck and Bellamy ; was city atty' 

Madison; pros atty 5th judicial district; mem Ind Legis; mem Repub- 
lican State Comm; pres Ind Republican Clubs three times; Repub Nom 
Congress 4th district 1896 and Nom judge 5th Circuit 1914 ; rea 
Madison. 

DONALD DuSHAXE, Educator; was born South Bend, Ind, June 5. 1885; 
B S, M A Hanover Coll ; post grad work Univ of Wise ; supt public 
schools Madison since 1911; was princ High School Shelbyville. Ills, and 
dept head South Bend High Schl; res Madison. 

WILLIAM A MILLIS, College President; was born Paoli. Ind. June 17, 
1S6S; A B, A M Indiana Univ f LL D Franklin Coll); was supt schls 
Paoli. Ind, Attiea. Crawfordsville; dean Winona Summer Schl ; lec- 
turer on Edn ; prof Edn Wabash Coll ; lectured on edn Indiana Univ ; 
pres Hanover Coll since Feb. 1908; dir Ednl Exhibits for Ind St Louis 
Expn 1904; res Hanover, Ind. 

LINCOLN DIXON, Lawyer; was born Vernon, Ind, Feb 9. 1S60; grad 
Indiana State Univ ; was Pros atty Jennings Co ; mem of Congress 
since 1905 (six terms); res North Vernon, Ind. 

CALVERT C KLLNGER. Newspaper man; was born North Vernon. Ind, 
Feb 1, 1879; grad No Vernon High Schl; learned printers trade; pur- 
chased North Vernon Plain Dealer 1905 ; purchased and consold the 
Republican wih Plain Dealer March. 1913; also publ Dupont News 
since Mch, 1915; mem Repub State Editorial Assn; res North Vernon. 

NOBLE T PRAIGG, Newspaper man; was born Indianapolis. Sept 25. 18S4; 
grad Shortridge H S; A B Indiana Univ; was feature writer and r< - 
porter lndpls Sun; mgr editor Columbus, O, Cincinnati. Cleveland ami 
< "hicago; bought Portland Commercial Review in 1909 ; ednor since ; 
mgr Adv Service bearing his name; res Portland. 

JAMES R IXEMIXG, Lawyer; was born Sulphur Springs, Ind. Nov 8, 
1SS1 ; LL B Univ of Mich ; was pros atty Jay Co 2 terms; was mem 
Legi.3 session 1913; State Senate 1915-17; res Portland. 

E A MtKEK. Newspaper man; was born in Preble Co, O. Dec 4 1870, 
worked on a farm until 16 then learned printers trade ; publ weekly 
paper at West Alexandria, O; Bulletin Aurora, Ind, and Portland 
daily ami weekly since May, 1913; res Portland. 

VERNE Bl'CHANAN, Newspaper man ; wa3 born Auburn. Ind, Jan 31. 
1891; A B Univ of Wise; learned printers trade; editor Auburn Daily 
Star and Semi-Wet kly Despatch; mem S'.ate Edit Assn; res Auburn. 

LIDA LEASIRE, Educator; was born Decatur Co, Ind. Sept 29, 1851; attd 
Spring Hill Acad : grad Terre Haute State Normal; M D Univ of 
Mich; practiced medicine 12 yrs; taught high schl Marshall. Ills; Train- 
ing Schl. Terre Haute; lndpls High Schl; princ schls Princeton, Ind, 
and supt and princ high schl Auburn. Ind, several years ; supt of 
schools DeKalb Co since 1911; res Auburn. 

EDGAR \V ATKINSON, Lawyer; was bom Beverly. O. Feb 21, 1S77; attd 
Valparaiso Coll; LL B Northern Ind Law School; taught school 7 yrs; 
now city atty DeKalb Co, Ind; res Auburn. Ind. 

JOHN M MAVITY, Newspaper man; was born Decatur Co, Ind. May 14, 
1862 ; educ Northern Ind Normal (now Valparaiso Univ) and Franklin 
Coll; taught schl 10 yrs; in newspaper bus 26 yrs; editor Vidette, Val- 
paraiso, since Sept IS. 1903; mem Repub State Edit Assn; res Val- 
paraiso. Ind. 

H B BROWN, University President; was born Mt Vernon, O. Oct 6, 1847; 
grad Natl Normal Univ Lebanon, O. founded Sept, 1873. and pres 
Nn rt hern Ind Normal School i n<>w Valparaiso Univ) ; res Valparaiso, 
Ind. 

EDGAR I> CRIMP ACKER, Congressman; was born Laporte Co, Ind, May 
27, 1851; educ Valparaiso Acad; was pros atty 3 1 ?t jud dist Ind; 
judge of Appellate Court of Ind ; mem 55th to 62 Congress 10th Ind 
dist; res Valparaiso. Ind. 

josh i A ALLEN (IIWKV, Newspaper man; was born Bourneville, O, 
Dec 25, 1*77; grad Laporte High School; started as reporter nn Argos; 
now publisher managing editor and secy and treas of Argos Publ Co; 
r< s Laporte, Ind. 

EDWARD J WIDDELL. Newspaper man; was born Laporte, Ind, July 27. 
i 76; grad Laporte H S 1894; began newspaper work as carrier on the 
Herald; was reporter 3 yrs. editor 2 yrs; mgn editor 1910 ; also 
and treas Laporte Prtg Co; publishers Laporte Herald ; mem Repub 
stat«- Edit Assn; res Laporte, Ind. 

VNDKEW .1 RICKEY, Lawyer; was born Gains, N T. Aug 27, 1872; educ 
Univ of Rochester. N Y: came to Laporte in 1897; was county atty of 
Laporte; mem Si ate Bar Assn. 

FRANK J PITNKR, Banker; was born Laporte. Ind. June 26, 1S65; grad 
Laporte High schl; at 18 began work as messenger boy for First Nail 
Bank, Laporte, advancing through various positions to cashier; pres 
Ind Bankers Assn; chrmn Laporte Co Bd of Charities and Children'.: 
Guardians; dir Y M C A; cashier Bank of State of Ind; res Laporte 
Ind. 

FRANK E OSBORN, Lawyer; waa born Porter Co, Ind. Sept 17. 1S57; educ 
Valparaiso Univ and Ann Arbor, Mich ; read law ; trustee Y M C \ 
was City and Co chrmn Repub Comm Lap.: res Laporte, Ind. 

DAVID II McGILL, Business man; was born Laporte, Ind, Sepl 19 1869; 
grad Laporte H S; was in mere business, deputy county auditor assl 
postmaster; mayor of Laporte; in Real Est and Ins since 1906; rea 
Laporte, Ind. 



'^m^tcC ^yje^^d 








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ttdttt, 




46 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOHN B FAl'LKXOR, Newspaper man; was born Laporte, Ind, July 29, 
1S64; educ Laporte and Mich City Pub schls; began newspaper work 
as reporter on Dispatch 1881; now owner and publ Mich City Evening 
Dispatch; on schl board Mich City 7 yrs; mem Ind Legis, House and 
Senate 10 consecutive yrs; res Michigan City, Ind. 

CHARLES J ROBB, Newspaper man ; was born Montezuma, Iowa, Jan 
20, 1S56; attd Oskaloosa (la) Coll; learned printing trade; did news- 
paper work Muscatine Journal, Keokuk, Gate City and other papers 
in Sandusky, O ; Flint, Mich, and Chicago; purchaseed Michigan City 
News 1S8S, and managing editor since; was Surveyor of Customs, 
Mich City for 25 yrs ; res Michigan City, Ind. 

HARRY L CRIMPACKER, Lawyer; was born Valparaiso, Ind, May 6. 1881; 
A B, LL B Univ of Michigan; was city atty for Michigan City; was 
elected judge Laporte and Porter Cos Superior Court Nov 3, 1914 ; res 
Michigan -City, Ind. 

WORTH W PEPPLE, Lawyer; was born Indianapolis, Ind, Jan 16, 1873; 
attd Dt'pauw; LL B Univ of Mich; began law practice Michigan City; 
elect Legis 1903 ; was cand for Congress 1914 ; was city atty; elect 
pros atty 1912 and re-elected 1914 ; was mem Board of Educ 3 yrs; 
res Michigan City. 

SAMIEL V RAMSEY, Veterinary Surgeon; was born New York City, Feb 
8. 1860; D V S Chicago Vet Coll; founder and pres of the Terre Haute 
Veterinary Coll; res Terre Haute, Ind. 

WILLIAM WOOD PARSONS, Educator; was born Terre Haute, Ind. May 
IS. 1S50 ; grad Indiana State Normal Schl ; A M Indiana Univ; pres 
Indiana State Normal since 1SS5; mem Public Library Co mm of Ind 
and State Board of Edn ; dir First Natl Bank, Terre Haute Trust Co, 
Wabash Bldg, Loan & Sav Assn; res Terre Haute. 

CHALMERS M HAMILL, Lawyer; was born Marshall. Ills. Aug 2. 1884; 
grad Exeter Acad; Litt B Princeton "Univ; LL B Harvard Law schl; 
apptd spec pros atty by Vigo Cir Court to invest and pros violation of 
election laws committed in Terre Haute City election 1913, which 
elected Donn M Roberts Mayor; asstd Gov in pros of Terre Haute elec- 
tion cases in Fed court 1915; is U S Commissioner; res Terre Haute. 

THEODORE E SLINKARD, Lawyer; was born Greene Co. Ind, Oct 1, 1866; 
taught schl 5 yrs; read law with brother W L Slinkard, was deputy 
pros atty 5 yrs; elected judge Greene Co 1912; res Bloomfield, Ind 

W L SLINKARD, Lawyer and Newspaper man; was born Greene Co, 

Ind, Feb 19, 1S64; taught schl Greene Co 3 yrs; attd Univ of Virginia; 

admitted to Bar at 21 ; in practice since; was pros atty Greene and 

Sullivan Cos; now editor and prop Bloomfield Democrat ; res Bloom- 
field. Ind. 

WILLIAM R VOSLOH, Lawyer; was born Mt Vernon, Ind, Dec 29, 1S87; 
attd Indiana Univ; practiced law since 1910; was city atty Mt Vernon, 
Ind; was Repub Co Chrmn Posey Co; now Repub Co Chrmn Greene 
Co; res Bloomfield, Ind. 

DANIEL C McINTOSH, Educator; was born Greene Co, Ind, Oct 16, 1S82; 
A B Indiana Univ; PhG Indpls Coll of Phar; taught schl six yrs; supt 
schools Greene Co since 1911; res Worthington, Ind. 

FRANK J HALL, Lawyer; was born in Rush Co, Ind, February 16, 1844; 
A B and LL B Indiana State Univ; practiced law since 1S69 ; city 
clerk and Mayor of Rushville; Liet Gov Indiana 1909-1913; res 
Rushville. 

ROY E HARROLD, Editor; was born Rushville. Ind, Nov 2. 1886; A B 
Wabash Coll ; began newspaper work on Rushville Republican, now 
editor; now Secy Rush County Chamber of Commerce; res Rushville. 

EARL H PAYNE, Banker; was born Rushville, Ind. July 12. 1871; attd 
Cornell Univ; in merchandising 6 yrs; was cashier Peoples Bank and 
Peoples Natl Bank, pres since 1904; pres Peoples Loan & Trust Co; 
pres The Payne Realty Co; res Rushville. 

CHESTER M GEORGE, Educator; was born Franklin Co, Ind. October 1 

1S73; grad Ind State Normal Schl; attd Indiana Univ; taught schl 

yrs; princ of schls at Wheatland and New Salem, Ind ; elect supt 
Rush Co schls Nov, 1910; res Rushville. 

JOHN C SEXTON, Surgeon; was born Rushville, Ind. January 21, 1859; 
educ Hanover Coll ; M D Medical Coll of Ohio ; post grad Phila, New 
York, Chicago; prof gastro- intestinal surgery Indiana Univ Med Col 
Fellow Am Assn Obstr and Gynecol; mem A M A Ind State Med Soc 
(Ex-pres) ; res Rushville. 

RALPH H KANE, Lawyer; was born Noblesville, Ind, June 9, 186S; educ 
public schls and private tutors; read law with father Thomas J Kane; 
was pres school board Noblesville ; mem State Senate 1909-11 ; mem 
firm Matson, Kane & Ross. Indpls, and Kane & Kane. Noblesville; 
mem Am and State Bar Assn; res Indpls and Noblesville. 

GEORGE LEWIS MACKINTOSH, College President; was born N S, Canada, 
Jan 1. I860; A B, A M Wabash College; (DD U of Woos; LL D Hun- 
over Coll); ordained Presbyn ministry; was pastor Fourth Ch, Indpls; 
pres Wabash Coll since Apl 1, 1907 ; res Crawfordsville. 

GEORGE PRICE HAYWOOD, Lawyer; born Tippecanoe Co. Ind, Dec 15. 

1852 ; taught schl 5 years ; A B Valpo Univ; was pros atty Tipp Co; 

city atty Lafayette; postmaster Lafayette; now pres Hayw Pub Co; 

res Lafayette. 
DANIEL B KEHLER, born Kosciusko. Ind, Oct 17, 1S44; taught school 

Ind and Iowa seven years; served in Co D 13th Ind Inf civil war ; 

was Adjutant and Quartermaster 13 years Ind State Soldiers Home, 

now Commandant; address Soldiers Home, Lafayette. 

CHARLES K MAVITY, Newspaper man; born Kokomo. Ind, June 16. 1872; 
educ Earl ham Coll ; worked on Indianapolis dailies and was pari 
owner and editor Muncie Times; now editor Lafayette Courier ; res 
Lafayette. 








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WHO'S \Y1I<> IN INDIANA 



47 



IARRV T SCHLOSS, Merchant; was born in Terre Haute, July l.">, lMix; 
grad Wiley High Schl; estb firm of Thurman & Schloss. succeeding his 
father Philip Schioss; was councilman 6 yrs; trustee of Indiana Boys' 
School, Pla infield ; res Terre Haute. *Dir Jewish Orphan Asylum, 
Cleveland. O; nat Jewish Hosp for Consumptives; past pres dist G L 
1 O B B; res Terre Haute. 

VILL H HAYS. Lawyer; was born Sullivan, Ind. November 5. 1879; B A, 
M A Wabash Coll: began study of law at 10 yrs in office of his father 
John T Hays; at 20 chrmn Repub County Committee; was mem State 
Advisory Comm ; chrmn Speakers' Bureau Repub State Comm ; dist 
chrmn- 2nd dist; now chrmn Repub State Comm; city atty Sullivan; 
res Sullivan. 

OHN T HAYS, Lawyer; was born in Beaver county. Pa. Nov 11, 1845 ; 

grad Iron City Coml Coll, Pittsburg. Pa; B A Mt T'nion Coll. Ohio; 

was pros atty of Sullivan county ls7s-S0; res Sullivan. 
11LLIAM H BRIDWELL, Lawyer; was born Owensburg. Ind. Oct 14, 

1871; began teaching schl at 16 in Greene Co; grad Indiana Univ Law 

Dept ; deputy pros Sullivan Co 4 yrs; county atty 12 yrs; apptd judge 

Sullivan Circuit Court by Governor Marshall, 1911; elect judge 1912; 

res Sullivan. 
l G McNABB, was born Ross county, Ohio, Oct 28, 1865; A B Union 

Christian ''oil; taught schl 7 yrs; princ Sullivan High Schl 4 yrs; mem 

Sullivan Library Board ; res Sullivan. 
OSEPH S REED, Author; was born Sullivan, Ind, Dec 26. 1852; attd 

Franklin ".'oil , druggist 1 s 7 :". - 1 1 3 ; author "Winnowed Grasses," "Near 

Natures' Works" and other poems; mem School Board; res Sullivan. 

UCHARD PARK. Educator; was born Sullivan Co. Ind. Oct 31. 1861; grad 
Central Normal Coll. Danville; taught dist schl 4 yrs; princ Sullivan 
High Schl 3 yrs; supt schls Orleans 2 yrs. township trustee Hamilton 
township 7 yrs; county schl supt since 1 s ft 5 : res Sullivan. 

[INKLE C HAYS. Lawyer; weus born Sullivan. Ind. Nov 12, 1890; B A 
Wabash Coll; admitted to bar 1912; res Sullivan, Ind. 

IIARLES II BEDWELL, Lawyer; was born Sullivan Co, Ind. March IS, 
1884; LL B Indiana LTniv; taught schl 5 years; deputy prosecutor Sulli- 
van Co one term ; elected to Legislature 1912, re-elect 1914 and 
Speaker of House session 1915; res Sullivan. 

ARL N VANCE, Educator; was born Eagletown. Ind. April 22. 1S78; 
A B Depauw Univ; post grad Columbia Univ; taught mission schls 
Peru. South America, 7 yrs ; taught Hamilton Co schls 2 yrs; Salem. 
Ind, High Schl 1 yr; supt French Lick schls 1 yr; supt schls of Sulli- 
van since 1913. res Sullivan. 

riLLIAM HALNON, Educator; was born Londonderry, Ireland. Nov. 1886; 
grad Marlborough Coll; A M Trinity Coll, Ireland: State Normal Schl. 
Platteville. Wise; teacher Model School Londonderry. Ireland; Supt 
Schls. Patch Grove, Wise; prof of Math Vineennes LTniv, now president; 
res Vineennes, Ind. 

<IDOR KAHN. Lawyer; was born Madisonville. Ky, Feb 28, 1887; grad 
Ind Univ Law Schl; in practice Evansville since 1908; res Evansville, 
Ind. 

HARLES E LALGHXIN, Physician; was born Lawrence Co, Ind, Oct 12. 
1865; M D Miami Med Coll, Cinti (now Univ of Cinti) ; medical supt 
Southern Hosp for Insane since 1903; mem A M A, Ind State and Van- 
derburgh Med Assns ; mem Amer Med. Phycol Asso, A A A S; res 
Evansville. Ind. 

ED W PEARSON. Broker; was born Bourgon Co, Kansas. Jan 31, 1*79; 
educ Oakdale School, Bourbon Co. Kansas, and Blanco schls, Blanco 
Co, Tex. was telegrapher, newspaper man, mgr theatrical cos; in stock 
and bond bus Chicago, Ind pis and Evansville ; mem Chicago Bd of 
Trade; pres Vanderburgh Auto Club; res Evansville. 

ACOB I' SCHNEIDER, Minister; was born at Shanesville, O. Aug 5. 
1859; A B Elmherst till) Coll; Eden Seminary, St Louis. Mo; post 
grad Ph D Northern 111 Coll; pastor Zions Evangel Church. Evans- 
ville; treas Schl Board and secy Munic Plavground Comn; res Evans- 
ville. 

IAKRY E BOY'LE, Architect; was born in Greensburg. Ind. Aug 19, 1881; 
grad Ohio Mech Inst, Cincinnati, architect dept; mem Amer Inst of 
Architects ; designed '"Stadium," "Gilbert Memorial Sanitarium." 
Evansville; Wabash County Infirmary, Mt Carmel. Ills; Emanuel Bap- 
tist Temple. Henderson, Ky, and many other notable buildings; res 
Evansville, Ind. 

EOPOLD M LAI ER, Lawyer; was born Plymouth. Ind, Nov 4, 1862; attd 
public schools; read law ; in practice since 1S89; was city atty Ply- 
mouth ; county atty Marshall Co ; mem School Board. Prymouth ; res 
Plymouth. 

OHN HENRY" ZIVER, Newspaper man; was born Ambov, Mich. Julv 29, 
1873; attd Hillsdale Coll. Detroit; LL B Univ of Mich. College of Law; 
practiced law Jackson. Mich, S yrs; was editor "The Law Giver." 
Battle Creek. Mich; editor Battle Creek Journal; now editor South 
Bend News-Times; mem Ind Democratic Editorial Assn; res South 
Bend. 

OHN W (AVANAKiH, University President; was born Latonia. O, May 
23. 1873; Litt B Univ of Notre Dame; studied theology same i D D 
( >ttowa Univ) ; ordained priest April 20. 1893 ; was associate editor 
Ave Maria Mag; was Superior Holy Cross Sem ; prof English Lit. Univ 
Notre Dame since 1905 ; mem Rhodes Scholarship Com for Ind ; 
Author "Priests of Holy Cro3s." also several other brochures and mag 
articles: address Notre Dame. 

:ALPH H LONGI IELD, Educator; was born in St Joseph Co. Ind. March 
IS, 1SS6; attd Breemen High Schl and State Normal; taught schl 6 yrs 
-Marshall and St Joseph Cos; elect county school supt of St Joseph < '<> 
1909; supt since; re3 South Bend. 

IMOTHY E HOWARD. Lawyer; was born Northfield. Mich, Jan 27, 1S37; 
attd Univ of Michigan and Univ of Notre Dame; was city counci Iman 
of South Bend; city atty South Bend; county atty St Joseph Co; State 
Senator 1887-1893; judge of Supreme Court of Ind 1893-99; res South 
Bend, Ind. 




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33 



48 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



C'HAtNCY N FASSETT, Newspaper man; was born in South Bend. Ind. 
July 30, 1849; attd common schools and read law; engaged in news- 
paper work since 1S73, founded the South Bend Sunday News in 1887; 
business mgr South Bend News-Times since consol Sept 19, 1911 ; res 
South Bend. 

LOGAN H WILLIAMS, Newspaper man: was born "Warsaw. Ind. Mch 23, 
1867; at 14 entered office of Northern Indianian. a weekly paper 
founded by his father Gen Reuben Williams in 1856; worked on Daily 
Times when estab in 1SS1; editor since 1905; res Warsaw. Ind. 

EDSON B SARBER, Educator; was born Allen Co. Ind, March 11. 1864; 
attd Northern Ind Normal, now Valparaiso Univ; taught schl 20 yrs 
in Kosciusko Co; county supt of schls Kosciusko Co since 1903 ; res 
Warsaw. 

JESSE E ESCHBACH, Lawyer; was born Warsaw, Ind, July 23. 1874; 
grad Warsaw High Schl, Otterbein. Westerville. O. Northwestern Univ 
Law Schl; Representative Ind Legislature 1906-15; res Warsaw. 

JOSEPH N TILLETT, Lawyer; was born Peru. Ind. Nov 25. 1865; B S 
Wabash Coll ; LL B Univ of Mich ; pros atty Miami County 4 yrs; 
Judge of Circuit Court 12 yrs; res Peru. Ind. 

CHARLES A COLE. Lawyer; was born Miami County, Ind. March 21, 1855; 
grad Indiana Univ ; read law with Judge Lyman Walker; was mem 
Ind Legislature ; Peru Schl Board ; county atty Miami Co; elected 
Judge Miami Circuit Court Nov, 1914; res Peru. 

E B WKTHKROW, Educator; was born in Preble County. Ohio, May 8, 
1878; attd Indiana l'niv; taught school 8 yrs; county supt of schools 
of Miami county since 1907; res Peru, Ind. 

JOHN BOSS WOODRING. Newspaper man; was born Macy. Ind, Dec 23. 
1882; B S Depauw Univ; taught school 2 yrs: began newspaper work 
with his father W A Woodring, at Peru, 1909; now editor and prop 
Peru Journal ; res Peru. 

WARREN G SAYRE, Lawyer; was born Wabash County. Ind, July 29. 
1844; A B. A M Union Coll, Schenectady. N Y; read law with John U 
Pettit; was County School Examiner; Mayor of Wabash; State Sena- 
tor; mem of the House; Speaker of the House 1887 and mem of the 
Legis 1903-5; mem of Cherokee Indian Commn 18S9; res Wabash. 

CHARLES LITTLE, Clergyman; was born Granville. O, Dec 1. 1845; A B 
Marietta College; Lane Theol Sem; (D D Marietta. LL D Wabash); 
ordained Presbyn ministry 1873; pastor Wabash, Ind, since Nov, 1872; 
was Moderator 122d Gen Assembly Presbyn Church USA; trustee 
Western Coll for Women, Oxford. O; res Wabash. 

FRED I KING, Newspaper man; was born Wabash. Ind. Oct 6, 1874; 
A B Indiana Univ, LL B Indiana Law Schl; practiced law until 1914; 
became editor Wabash Plain Dealer; now pres Plain Dealer Co; mem 
Ind Legis 1907-09; res Wabash, Ind. 

CARL F MORROW, Lawyer; was born Ripley Co, March fi, 1882; taught 
school S yrs in Ripley Co; LL B Michigan Univ; was Republican 
Candidate for pros atty; res Anderson, Ind. 

HARRY I> Tl TEWILER, Funeral Director; was born Indianapolis. Ind. 
July 19, 1869; educ public schls; undertaking business Tutewiler and 
Son since 1885; apptd mem First State Board of Embalmers by W T 
Durbin; elect Coroner Marion Co; was apptd Playground Commn 
Indpls; resigned Nov 15, 1914; was mem Repub Ex County Committee; 
res Indpls. 

THEODORE O CALLJS, Hotel man; was born Martinsville, Ind. June 22, 
1S70; educ in public schools and business college; in hotel business 
since 1893; secy and treas Francis Hotel Co; res Kokomo, Ind. 

JOHN P GRACE, Manufacturer; was born Kokomo, Ind, May 1. 1878; 
educ Parochial schools; was telegraph operator, brass worker and book- 
keeper; secy Kokomo Electric Co since organization; was chrmn Dem- 
ocratic: City Comm; res Kokomo, Ind. 

JOHN WILLIAM JOHNSON, Manufacturer; was born Kokomo, Ind, Dec 
22. 1869 ; educ Parochial schl; learned mach and moulders' trade ; 
trea,3 and gen mgr Kokomo Brass Works; secy and treas Byne Kings- 
ton & Co; treas Kokomo Elec Co; Dir Citizens Natl Bank, Kokomo 
Steel -V- Wire Co. Globe Stove & Range Co, Haynes Auto Co; res 
Kokomo, Ind. 

CONRAD WOLF, Lawyer ; was born on a farm Grant Co, Ind, Jan 12, 
1863; taught school; B S. A B Central Normal Coll; LL B Univ of 
Mich; was deputy pros atty Howard Co; res Kokomo. Ind. 

J ROLIJN MORGAN, Abstracter; was born Harrodsburg. Ind, April 13, 
1856; educ Bedford Coll; pres Ind Soc S A R; pres Ind Title Assn; 
mem Ex Comm Am Assn of Title Men; pres Howard Co Council ; 
chrmn Ex Comm University Club; res Kokomo. 

A G SEIBERLING, Manufacturer; born Akron, O, January 4, 1865; educ 
Buchtel Coll, Akron, O; dir Akron Straw Board Co. Seiberling Milling 
Co, Ohio Straw Board Co. Upper Sandusky; Kokomo Straw Board Co. 
Diamond Plate Glass Co. P'gh Plate Glass Co. Peoria Rubber and Mfg 
Co; now gen mgr Haynes Automobile Co, Kokomo; res Kokomo, Ind. 

ARTHIR B ARMSTRONG, Business man: was born Kokomo. Ind, Dec 31, 
1864; educ Common schools and bus coll; mfgr and merchant 30 yrs; 
mem city school board; dir and treas Kokomo Nail and Brad Co, 
Superior Machine Tool Co, Kokomo Rubber Co. Kokomo Steel & Wire 
Co, Globe Steel & Range Co; pres Francis Hotel Co and Armstrong 
Landon Co; Citizens Natl Bank; res Kokomo, Ind. 

I) C JENKINS, Manufacturer; was born Pittsburg, Pa. May 24. 1S54; educ 
common schls Pittsburg; learned trade of Glass blower with his father; 
in glass business since 1886; edtb in Howard Co 1894; elect to State 
Senate; pres of River Raisin Paper Co. Monroe, Mich; res Kokomo. 

THOMAS C McREYNOLDS, Interurban Railway Official; was born Tipton 
Co, Ind, Oct 3, 1867 ; educ Danville Normal and Union Christian Coll ; 
practiced law; organized K M & W Traction Co in connection with 
Geo J Maroit et al : dir and mem Ex Board Defiance Coll ; pres No- 
blesville H L & P Co. Farmers Trust & Sav Bk ; pres Kokomo Cham- 
ber of Com; res Kokomo, Ind. 











p(3 /i^^c^r^Cc 




WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



49 



EI* WOOD HAYNES, Inventor; was born Portland, Ind, Oct 14, 1S57; B S 
Worcester Poly Inst and Johns Hopkins; taught Science Eastern Ind 
Norm Schl. Portland; was mgr Portland Natl Gas & Oil Co, etc; prea 
Haynes Auto Co since 1S9S; discovered Tungsten chrome steel, 1891, 
etc; designed and constructed the Horseless carriage ; oldest Am auto 
in existence 1K93; mem many notable societies; res Kokomo. Ind. 

WARREN R VOORHIS, Lawyer; was born Marion County. Ind. Dec 6. 

1873; grad Indiana Law Sri i : attd Lebanon Coll and Terre Haute 

State Normal; was pros atty Howard Co; city atty Kokomo; mem 
firm Bell, Kirkpatrick & Voorhis; res Kokomo, Ind. 

CHARLES O W1LL1TS, Lawyer; was born Greentown, Ind Oct 9 

Ph B Depauw ; attd Law school Univ of Mich ; was city atty of Ko 
komo; res Kokomo. Ind. 

JOHN ARTHUR KAITZ, Editor; was born Wabash Co, Ind. Sept 
I860; grad Butler Coll; editor and owner Kokomo Tribune sinct- 
was postmaster of Kokomo; mem of school board; delegate to Repub 
Nail Cony; mem Natl Editorial Assn. Natl Geogr Soc; res Kokomo. 

EARL B BARNES, Lawyer; was born Kokomo. Ind, March 17, 1881; A B 
Earlham Coll; LL B Harvard, mem firm Blackledge, Wolf & Barnes; 
res Kokomo, Ind. 

JOHN E MOORE, Lawyer ; was born near what is now Gas City, Ind ; 
LL B Univ of Mich; was city atty of Kokomo and pros atty Howard 
and Tipton Cos; res Kokomo, Ind. 

LEX J KIRKPATRICK, Lawyer; was born Rush Co, Ind. Sept 6. 1853; 
educ Oskaloosa Coll, Ind Central Law Schl; was judge 3fi;h Jud Cir- 
cuit court for Howard and Tipton Cos; was judge Howard Circuit 
. court; v-p Indiana Ry & Lt Co; dir Farmers Trust & Sav Bk ; res 
Kokomo, Ind. 

WILLIAM C PlRDl M, Lawyer; was born Clinton Co. Ind. July 28, 1858: 
LL B Univ of Mich Law Schl; was elect judge Howard Circuit court 
1911; res Kokomo. Ind. 




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FRED H JESSl P, Lawyer; was born Greentown, Ind, Nov 29, 

Indiana Univ School of Law; was pros atty Howard Co 

Kokomo, Ind. 
ALBERT F HITSON. Educator; was born Kokomo. Ind. Aug 18, 1S78; 

taught schl 9 yrs; princ of Darrough Chapel 3 yrs; grad Scientific and 

bus course Marion Normal Coll; elect supt Howard Co schools 1910. 

re-elect June, 1911; res Kokomo, Ind. 
EDWIN MILLS SOI DER, Newspaper man; was born Carthage, Ind, Nov 

22. 1S72; educ Wabash Coll ; read law; began newspaper work with 

Kokomo Tribune, with paper since; chrmn Repub Co Committee 2 

terms; res Kokomo, Ind. 
JOSEPH C HERROX, Lawyer; was born Falmouth. Ind, educ Kokomo 

High School and Ada O Univ; began practice law 1893; was city atty 

Kokomo from 1910 ; re3 Kokomo, Ind. 

ALBERT A CHARLES, Manufacturer; was born Bridgeton. N J, 
1852; educ public schl? ; began bus as mfgr food products; c; 
Kokomo 1888 ; engaged in mfgr food products, automobiles. 
Stove & Range Co; Kokomo Steel Wire Co; with J E Frederick estb 
Kokomo Steel Wire Co; dir Citizens* Natl Bank; res Kokomo. 

THEODORE F ROSE, Banker; was born Fairfield, Ind, Dec 18, 1848; B S 
Indiana Univ; read law ; admitted to bar Muncie, Ind ; was city atty 
5 yrs; pres Library Board 15 yrs (truss and V-P since 1907); pres Bd 
Trustees Ind Univ 18 years; pres of Union Natl Bank of Muncie since 
1903; res Muncie, Ind. 

GEORGE B LOCKWOOD. Editor; was born Forest. Ills. Nov 7. 1872; Ph B 
Depauw Univ; founder and first editor Terre Haute Tribune; pvt secy 
Geo W Steele (mem Congress and secy Natl Soldiers' Home); supt 
Press Bureau Rep State Comm of Ind; prv secy Gov W T Durbin; col 
on staffs of Govs Durbin and Hanly; asst gen mgr Winona Assembly 
and Schls; secy to V-p C W Fairbanks; trustee Cent Ind Hosp for 
Insane; editor and publ Muncie Evening Press, etc; author ""The New 
Harmony Movement." etc; res Muncie, Ind. 

A C SILBERBl'RG, Lawyer; was born Natchez. Miss. Sept 1 r, 1S56; attd 
Cincinnati Law Schl; was city atty Muncie; res Muncie, Ind 

WALTER P BALL, Lawyer; was born Blackford Co. Ind. Jan 16, 186 
attd Valparaiso Univ. was State Senator from 1897 to 1905 from Dela- 
ware and Randolph Cos; was author of Mortgage Exemption La 
1899, Weekly Wage Law 1901. Foreign Corp Law 1901; res Muncie. 

JOSEPH G LEFFLER, Lawyer; was born in Delaware Co. Dec 26, 1S64; 
attd Centr Ind Normal Schl ; taught schl 4 terms; studied law ; was 
pro-3 atty Delaware Co 2 terms; was elected judge of Delaware Circuit 
court 2 terms; served as judge 12 yrs; res Muncie. 

LEONLDAS L BRACKEN, Lawyer: was born Brookvflle, Ind; attd Ind 
Univ; LL B Law dept of Ills Wesleyan Univ, Bloomington.llls; was 
admitted to bar in Ills; began practice in Muncie 1904 ; apptd secy 
Federal Trade Commn Nov, 191". . ri s Muncie, Ind, and Wash, D C. 

GEORGE H KOONS, Lawyer; was born in Henry Co, April 

schl in Henry Co; was supt Middletown schls; attd New Caa 
LL B Ind Univ; was judge of Delaware Circuit court; pea M 

HARDIN ROADS, Banker; was born in Highland Co, O, Feb i. 1M0; tau§ 
schl 6 yrs; attd college Lebanon, O; was in retail and wholesal 
business; orgn Merchants Natl Bank of Muncie; dir Muncie Trusl 
Com'l Bank Daleville and Yorktown Banking Co; res Muncie, 

WM T HAYMOND. Lawyer; was bum Cowan, Ind. Aug i- 1880; \ B Indi 
ana Univ; LL B Indiana Law Schl; began practice Muncie 1905; secj 
Muncie Bar Assn; res Muncie, Ind 





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50 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



GEORGE J HAWK, Newspaper man; was born Witt. Ills, Dec 4, 1S87; attd 
Earl ham Coll; was reporter Muncie Evening Press; reporter, city editor 
Muncie Star; was city editor Cincinnati Com'! Tribune; now managing 
editor Muncie Star; res Muncie, Ind. 

FRANK ELLIS, Lawyer; was born Delaware Co. Ind, Feb 12, 1842; learned 
the printers trade; taught school; was private sarg and capt Comp 
B 84th Reg Ind Vol; was treas Delaware Co 2 terms; mayor Muncie 
4 terms; Judge Delaware Co Circuit Court; res Muncie. 

FREDERICK F MrCLELLAN, Lawyer; was born on a farm in Delaware 
Co, Ind. Aug 12. 1S75; LL B Georgetown Univ (Washington. D C) ; 
tchr and princ schools 9 yrs; was city atty Muncie; res Muncie, Ind. 

wni. TTX WARNER, Lawyer; was born Blountsville, Ind. April 18. 1856; 
taught schl Delaware Co: attd Natl Normal Coll. Lebanon, O; read 
law; filled several local offices; res Muncie. Ind. 

JEIir Z POWELL, Physician; was born Cass County, Ind, Aug 13, 1848; 
Ph C, M D Univ of Michigan; was mem of City Council Logansport: 
presidential elector; postmaster Logansport; pres Cass Co Hist Soc; 
author of History of Cass Co, Ind. 1913; res Logansport. Ind. 

RIFTS MAGEE, Lawyer; was born Logansport, Ind, Oct 17, 1S45; educ 
Indiana Univ; learned printers trade; was city editor Indpls Sentinel. 
1S65, afterward managing editor Indpls Herald; State Senator 8 yrs; 
envoy to Sweden and Norway 1SS5-89; res Logansport, Ind. 

BENJAMIN F LOl THAIN, Newspaper man; was born on a farm near 
Logansport. Dec 27, 1S47; grad Logansport High Schl; taught schl 5 
yrs; became editor Pharos 1877; was mem Logansport School Bd ; post- 
master Logansport; mem State Normal School Bd 12 yrs; res Logans- 
port, Ind. 

JOHN F MITCHELL, Newspaper man; was born Cincinnati, O. April 11. 
1853; educ public schls Greenfield. Ind; learned printers trade; editor 
Greenfield Democrat for 50 yrs and connected with paper .since 1S59; 
res Greenfield, Ind. 

WILLIAM A HOI GH, Lawyer; was born Greenfield. Ind, June 7, 1865; grad 
Depauw Univ; read law with father William R. Hough. Greenfield; in 
practice since 18SS; mem Am and State Bar Assns; res Greenfield. 

CHARLES W CLOGSTON, Newspaper man; was born Greene Co, Ind, Jan 
26 1S87; attd Indiana State Normal; was with Star League until 1909; 
with Terre Haute Post 6 yrs; now managing editor; was instrumental 
in starting Fed probe of elections in Terre Haute, resulting in trial and 
conviction of Mayor Donn Roberts and others by Federal Judge A B 
Anderson; res Terre Haute, Ind. 

JOHN DAVIS McCULLOCH. Banker; was born near Vevay. Ind, Mch 14, 
1858; att Wabash coll; taught school 2 years; orgn and pres Marlon 
Fruit Jar & Bottle Co; elected pres Marion Nat Bank; was pres Ind 
Bankers' assn; v-p Am Bankers' assn for Ind; v-p and secy Marion 
Paper Co; was Colonel staff Gov Hanly, etc; res Marion. 

HENRY J PAILVS, Lawyer; was born Miami county, Ind, Nov 16, 1857; 
taught school in Miami and Grant counties; was deputy pros atty 
Grant co 4 years; city atty Marion S years, Judge 16 year3; res 
Marion. 

EDGAR H JOHNSON, Newspaper man; born Cataraugus Co, N Y, Sep S, 
1S53; came to Marion, engaged in manftr business; bought Marion 
Leader; formed company to buy News- Tribune and consolidated with 
Leader; now pres Marion Leader Co; v-p and dir Weis & Lesh Mfg 
Co. Muncie; res Marion. 

BERNARD BOBBS SHIVELY, Lawyer; was born in Marion, Ind. 1SS0; 
educ Washington and Lee Univ, Lexington, Va; was Senator 68th 
General Assembly; Author Shively-Spencer Public Utilities Commis- 
sion act: res Marion. 

CARL LEO MEES, College President; born Columbus. Ohio. May 20. 1853; 
att Ohio State Univ; M D Starling Med Coll, Columbus; post grad 
Berlin and South Kensington. England. Ph D 1892 ; prof physics since 
1SS7; pres since 1895 Rose Poly Inst; Fellow A A A S <gen secy 
since 1889, v-p 1896 1; mem Soc Promotion Engineering Edn, Am Geog 
Soc, Ind Acad Science, etc ; res Terre Haute. 

ANDREW C KEIFER, Newspaper man; was born Cleveland. O, May 26, 
1S67; educ Parochial Schools. Cleveland; began newspaper work 
Cleveland Press; one of the organizers and treas, 25 yrs Indianapolis 
Sun ; now gen mgr Terre Haute Tribune; mem Asso Press and A N 
P A; res Terre Haute. 

EDWARD H CLIFFORD, born St Joseph. Mo, July 14, 1872. educ comn 
schls; in railroad service 6 yrs. wholesale dry goods 16 yrs; sety Com- 
mercial Club. St Joseph, Mo, t yrs ; now Secy Terre Haute Chamber 
of Commerce; res. Terre Haute. 

HOWARD SANDISON, Educator; born Parke county. Ind, April 28. 1850; 
grad Indiana Stat«- Normal Schl; A M Indiana Univ ; teacher graded 
schls, ward princ Indpls; asst supt and High schl princ Terre Haute; 
head educ dept Ind State Normal ; now v-p; mem Terre Haute Schl 
Bd 3 yrs; author "Problem of Method;" res Terre Haute. 

SHELDON W SNIVELY, Newspaper man; born Prairie City, Ills, August 
It;. 1S6S; grad Springfield. Ill, H Schl; learned printers' trade; with 
Asso Press. Chicago and St Louis; newspaper work Cincti Enquirer; 
State editor Indpls Star; now mang editor Terre Haute Star; res 
Terre Haute, Ind. 

JAMES A HARVEY, Newspaper man; born Henry County, Ind. April 15, 
1859; attd Earlham Coll; farmer until 1900; was with Muncie Herald; 
with Star League since 1903; now mgr Terre Haute Star; res Terre 
Haute, Ind. 

CHARLES J WAITS, Educator; born Elizabethtown, Ind, March 5, 1863; 
grad Ind State Normal; A B Indiana Univ; A M 111 Univ; taught schl 
24 yrs; supt schls Prairie Creek. Ind; princ H Schls Centerville, Ind ; 
supt schls Carlisle, Ind; was math tchr and princ Wiley H Schl, Terre 
Haute; supt Terre Haute schls. since 1900; res Terre Haute. 












-&*4^ "* 



\ 






WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



51 



DEMAS DEMTNG, Banker; was born Terre Haute April 15, 1S41; began 

clerk in bank with McKeen & Tousey in 1857; became partner with 

W R McKeen 1863; became pres First Natl Bank. Terre Haute. 1S68; 

dir IT s Trust, T H Trust, T H Savings. T H I & E Trac, etc; res 

Terre Haute. 
H A SCHLOTZHAl'ER, Banker; was born in Indianapolis, October 16. 

1865; began as messenger boy Ind Banking Co, Indpls; teller Ind Natl 

Bank Indpls 18 yrs; cashier Amer Natl Bank. Indpls, 10 yrs; was 

Natl Bank examiner; now v-pres First Natl Bank; res Terre Haute. 
FINEEY A MeNlTT, Lawyer; was born Franklin, Ind, Nov 25, 1860; attd 

Indiana State Univ ; grad U S Naval Acad ; in naval service 8 yrs; 

commenced practice in 1SS6 ; dir Citizens' Trust Co ; res Terre Haute. 
D Rl'SS WOOD, Financier; was born Montreal, Canada, November 27. 

1S76; grad Col Coll. Colorado Springs; began bus Terre Haute 1898; 

previously in newspaper work at Colorado Springs; now pres Citizens 

Trust Co; res Terre Haute. 
FRANK McKEEN, Banker; was born Terre Haute May 26, 1S53; grad 

Terre Haute High Schl; entered McKeen Bank 1S74; now pres McKeen 

Natl Bank; res Terre Haute. 
CHARLES NATHAN COMBS. Physician; born Mulbertv. I ml. June 7, 

1879; A B Ind Univ; M D Med Coll Ind; Sec Ind State Med Assn; 

mem Am Assn Anesthetists; res Terre Haute. 
JAMES M PROPST, Educator; born Riley. Ind, May 26, 1883; grad Ind 

State Normal; taught 11 yrs Vigo Co; elect Supt Co suhls Vigo Co 

1911; res Terre Haute. 

FRED W SEAL. Lawyer; born Parke Co Oct 20. 1S70; LL B Univ Mich; 
att Ind State Norm; taught schl; was pros atty Vigo Co: State Senator 
from Vigo; Author; Employers Liability Bill and Popular Election of 
'School Trustees for Vigo Co; elected Judge Superior court Vigo 1914; 
rea Terre Haute. 

MAX EHRMANN, Author, born Terre Haute. Ind. Sept 26. 1S72; Ph B De- 
pauw univ; post grad philos Harvard: author A Farrag, The Mystery 
of Madeline LeBlanc. A Fearsome Riddle. Breaking Home Ties, Jesus, 
A Passion Play, poems, etc; mem Author's League of Am Authors' 
Club London; res Terre Haute. Ind. 

DAETON B SHOl'RDS, Architect; born Chicago. 111. Oct 3, 1S90; grad 
Notre Dame ; post grad Paris, London, Berlin and Vienna ; mem Ind 
Chapter Am Inst of Architects, etc; res Terre Haute. 

REVEREND MOTHER MARA' CEEOPHAS (Margaret Foley*, born in Jen- 
nings County, Ind; Entered the Community of the Sisters of Provi- 
dence, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods. 1862; held various offices of superior- 
ship ; elected Mother General of the Community 1890 ; res St. Mary- 
of-the-Woods. Ind. 

JAMES GREGOERE, Priest; was born New Albany. Ind. (Floyd Knobs) 
Sept 28, 1*71'; grad parochial Holy Trinity School. New Albany; St 
Meinrads" Coll and Sem ; ordained June 4. 1909 : began as asst to 
Father A Oster ; in charge of parish at Vincennes since death of 
Father Oster, Nov 23. 1911 ; res Vincennes. 

THOMAS If ADAMS, Editor and Financier and Manufacturer: born Grand 
Rapids, O. Jury 19. I860; learned printers trade: at 16 pub week'y 
paper Edwardsport. Ind ; later paper Lancaster, O ; purch Vincennes 
Commercial 1SS2, edtr and propr since; mem Bd Trust Vincennes univ; 
was postmaster Vincennes twice; was chmn Rep Cong eomm; mem 
Ad vis Bd Rep State comm; was chmn legis comni that secured the 
$125,000 apprtn Vincennes univ; res Vincennes. 

JOSEPH EAMBERT BAYARD, Sr.. Banker; was born in Vincennes. Jan 
21. 1S40; began as clerk of Vincennes branch bank of the State of Ind. 
1S5S ; asst orgn and cash German Banking Co. which was succeeded 
by First Natl Bk of which he was cashier and pres since 189S : was 
pres Citizens Gas Co ; treas Board of Trade since orgn ; treas . 1 1 1 < 1 
trustee Vincennes Univ; res Vincennes. 

JOSEPH LAMBERT BAYARD, Jr., Banker; wan born Vincennes. Ind. 
July 21. 1872; grad Vincennes Univ; Ford man X Y Univ; began as 
bookkeeper First Natl Bank. Vincennes; now cashier and director; 
treas Vincennes Gas Co. res Vincennes. 

JAMES WADE EMISON, Lawyer; was bnrn Bruceville. Ind. Feb 7. 1*:.!*; 
grad Asbury (Now DePauw) Univ; practiced law Vincennes since 1889; 
was city atty Vincennes; county atty Knox Co; trustee Vincennes 
Univ; re.s Vincennes. 

CLARENCE B KESSINGER, Lawyer; was born Bruceville. Ind. April 2S. 
1859; taught school 7 years; read law with Cobb & Cobb Vincennes; 
began practice 1S84; res Vincennes. 

ROY A I. E Pl'RCEIX, Newspaper man; was born Knox County, Ind. July 
->'•. 1849; A B A M Hanover College; taught school in Knox County; 
studied law two yrs; purchased Western Sun in 1 S7»; ; started Daily 
Sun in 1879; was postmaster 4 yrs; State Senator 1S99-01; V-Pres 
Vincennes Univ; trustee Purdue Univ; res Vincennes. 

I» PRANK CCXBERTSON, Lawyer; was born Edwardsport, Ind. August 6. 
ls7S ; attd DePauw Academy, DePauw Univ; LL B Indiana Law Schl; 
elected pros atty 12th judicial circuit, 1906 ; re-elect 1908 ; elected 
State Senator from Knox and Sullivan Cos 1914; res Vincennes. 

ALVA O El I.KEKSON. LMucator; was born in Daviess county. Ind. March 
is. 1868; at :<i DePauw; gra d State Normal and Indiana Univ; taught 
district schls Daviess and Clay Cos 27 yrs; Principal Staunton, Elnora 
and Soiit h Side Schools, Washington; tehr History W'ashn High Schl; 
county supt since 1911; res Washing ton, Ind. 

STEPHEN E MYERS, Lawyer; was born Daviess Co. Ind. Aug. I, 

..-. lit schl 6 yrs in Daviess < '" ; attd State Normal and Ind Univ; 
read law with Hefferman and Mattingly; began practice May, 1907 
n :-. u ashlngl on, Ind. 

JOHN < McM IT, Lawyer; was born on a farm in Johnson * '<>. hid. May 
25, 1863; attd high schl at Trafalgar and Morgan town an.! Teachers' 
Normal; taught schl 5 yrs; read law with Judgi Cyru P McNutt, 
Terre Haute; was pros atty of Johnson and Shelbj Co t yrs ; was 
Libr Indiana Supreme Court Library 6 yrs; res Martinsville, Ind. 

WALTER K BALE, Wwspaper man ; was born near Greentown, Ind. 
March l'.', 1884 ; grad Marion Normal ami Business Univ; began news- 
paper wurk on Marion News-Tribune; worked on D ihoman, 
Okla City, Ok la ; < !ommercial-News, Dan\ llle, Ilia; Anderson, tnd H 
iM'UKhi Huntington Herald in 1911; publ since; res Huntington, Ind. 















/yrftQA^^y- 



(TK^ 







t^Uezz^f^^^- 



52 



WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



JOHN F NOLL, Priest; was born Fort "Wayne, Ind. Jan 25, 1875; grad 
St Lawrence Coll, Mt Calvary, Wise; and St Mary's Sem Cincinnati. 
O; ordained priest June 4, 1S98; had charge of congr at Kendall ville, 
Besancon, Hartford City and Hunting-ton; editor and founder of "Our 
Sunday Visitor," nat Catholic weekly estab May 1912; res Huntington. 

CHARLES A HITLER, Lawyer; was born Wabash, Ind, Feb 21, 184 — ; 
attd prep Wabash Coll ; Columbia Univ, New York City ; LL B 
Columbian (now George Washington Univ) Washington, D C; was 
in railroad mail service 5 yrs; U S Sea postal service; res Huntington. 

S AMI' EL E COOK, Lawyer; was born Huntington Co, Ind. Sept 30, I860; 
taught schl 5 yrs Whitley Co, Ind; attd Normal Schl Ada, O; LL B 
Valparaiso North Ind Law Schl ; was pros atty Huntington Co; elect 
judge Huntington Circuit Court 1906 ; re-elect 1912 ; res Huntington. 

CHARLES W WATKTNS, Lawyer; was born Logan Co, Ohio, May 3 1S49; 

served 19 mo private soldier Army of the Cumberland; taught schl 4 

yrs; read law with Judge William Lawrence, Belief on taine, O; was 

. distr atty Grant, Blackford and Huntington 2 terms; judge Huntington 

Co 6 yrs; res Huntington. 

ULYSSES S LESH, Lawyer; was born Wells Co. Ind. Aug 9, 1868; LL B 
Michigan Univ; was city and county atty Huntington; author "Knights 
of the Golden Circle" ; res Huntington. 

M H ORM8BY, Newspaper man; was born Wells Co. Ind, Nov 17, 1875; 
attd Boston Latin Schl; was owner Bluffton Banner; consold Huntington 
News-Democrat and Morning Times into Times Democrat in the morn- 
ing field, supplanting this with the Huntington Press estb Feb 11. 
1912 ; res Huntington. 

ALBERT E BIX SON, Surgeon, Editor; was born Chicago, Dec 16, 1867; 
grad Rush Med Coll 1891; post grad Univ of Mich and Univ of Phila. 
London and Vienna ; prof Op h thai Ind L'niv; editor and mgr Journal 
of the Indiana Med Soc; mem Ft Wayne Med, Northern Tri-State 
Med. Chicago Ophthal. Amer Acad of Ophthal and Otol ; fellow Am. r 
Coll of Surg A M A etc; res Fort Wayne. 

GEORGE L SAUNDERS, Newspaper man; was born Muncie Sept 1, 1866; 
attd Portland Public Schls; learned printers' trade; began newspaper 
work in 1894 with Portland Sun; with Evening Banner since 1902; 
treas Democratic Edit Assn; pres Bluffton Cham of Commerce ; res 
Bluffton. 

CHARLES E STl'RGISS, Lawyer; was born Wells Co. Ind, Sept 15, 1S67; 
Ph B. LL B, A M DePauw Univ; was city atty Bluffton 8 yrs; elect 
Circuit Judge of WelLs and Blackford Cos 1906-12; res Bluffton. 

WILLIAM H E1CHHORN, Lawyer; was born Wells Co. Ind, Oct 6, 1866; 
taught schl 5 yrs Wells and Huntington Co; attd Indiana State Normal 
and Univ of Mich; was county supt of schls Wells Co; resigned to 
begin practice of law; was mem Ind Legis 2 terms; was mem Board 
of Mgrs Indiana Reformatory ; mem Board of State Charities; elect 
judge Wells and Blackford Cos 1912; res Bluffton. 

DAVID H SWAIM, Newspaper man; was born Wells Co, Ind. Sept 17, 
185S; taught schl and was supt Ossian, Ind, schls; attd Ft Wayne 
Methodist Coll; LL B Ann Arbor Law schl; practiced law till 1SSS 
with brother W T T Swaim; purchased Bluffton Chronicle and has 
been editor since; apptd pas. master Bluffton, by Pres Harrison 1890; 
res Bluffton. 

CHARLES A BOWERS, Newspaper man; was born near Alamo, Mont- 
gomery Co. Ind, Sept 8, 1867 ; attd Wabash Coll ; taught schl ; was 
supt Newtown schls; admitted to bar Montgomery Co; was deputy 
pros atty 4 yrs; began newspaper work as reporter on Crawfordsville 
Journal; now city editor; res Crawfordsville. 

FRANK W GORDON, Lawyer; was born Wells Co, Ind, Aug 21, 1876; 
attd Valparaiso Univ; taught schl Wells Co; grad Indiana Univ Law 
Dept ; was nominated presidential elector Repub ticket at Winchester 
for 8th congr distr for 1912; res Bluffton. 

ABRAM SIMMONS, Lawyer; was born Randolph Co, Jan 30, 1858; taught 
schl Wells Co 3 yrs; grad Methodist Coll Ft Wayne, Ind; began prac- 
tice in Bluffton in 18S2; delegate to Democratic Natl Convention St 
Louis 1904; delegate at large Democratic Convention 1908; res Bluffton, 

EDWARD E COX, Newspaper man; was born Tipton, Ind, Dec 29, 1867; 
taught schl 3 yrs Miami Co; attd Purdue Univ and Danville Central 
Normal Coll; began newspaper work a,s reporter on Miami Co Sentinel; 
bought Hartford City Telegram 1891; estb Evening News in 1893; 
editor since ; pres Hartford schl board since 1910 ; aptd postmaster 
Feb 1915 ; mem State Democ Comm 6 years; mem and ex-pres Dem 
State Edit Assn; res Hartford City. 

RALPH W MONTFORT, Newspaper man ; was born North Manchester, 
Ind. Aug 31. 1S83; educ high schl Hartford City; learned printers' 
trade; then reporter, city editor, and owner Hartford City News 5 
yrs; purchased and editor of Times-Gazette since Nov 1914; res Hart- 
ford City. 

EMORY" B SELLERS. Lawyer; was born near Somerset, O. Jan 4, 1 S r> 1 . 
at.d Brookston Academy; taught schl, attd Chicago Law Schl; prac- 
ticed law Monticello, Ind, since Jan 1. 1874: State Senator 1885-87; I" s. 
atty for Indiana 1887-9; mem Conference Uniform laws since 1909; res 
Mont ice! I". Ind. 

A Ml'KRAY TURNER, Banker; was born Crown Point, Ind, Oct 3. ls:.:>. 
attd Valparaiso Univ; was sheriff of Lake Co 1888-92; delegate National 
Republican Convention 1904; pres First Nat Bank, etc; res Hammond. 

PETER H CRIM PACKER, Lawyer; was bom Laportp Ca, ind. Aug 

1858; taught schl 2 yrs Laporte Co; B S Valparaiso Univ; LL B 
same; city atty Hammond 1892-96; res Hammond. Ind. 

WILLIAM F HOW AT. Physician; was born Prince Edward Island, Canada, 
June 2. 1869; grad Prince of Wales Coll; M D Univ of Pennsylvania; 
was pres Ind State Med Assn; mem A M A Natl Assn Study ami 
Prevent of Tuberculosis; was mem of Board of School Trustees 7 yrs; 
pres Librarj Board; res Hammond, Ind. 

JESSE E WILSON, Lawyer; was born on a farm Owen Co. Ind. Oct 4. 
1867; attd high schl Spencer, Ind; LL B Indiana Univ Law Dept; 
taught country schls; mem Ind Legis; asstd sec of the Interior 
L9 05-11; pres II ammond Chamber of Commerce; res Hammond. 

FREDERICK C CRCMPACKER, Lawyer; wa.3 born "Valparaiso. Ind, Sept 
16. 1881; A B LL B Univ of Mich; mem State Bar Assn; res Hammond. 



flpi+n, 



?0 tf^^<^-^eJi C^> ^ 













<-yLS 






> V.*^w^».«J 




d^t< 






WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



53 



DAVID WILLIAM MOFFAT, Minister: born Morris Plains. N J; re- 
moved to Madison. Ind; A B Hanover Coll. 1S5S; taught sen, grad 
Princeton Theolog Sem. 1S62; Capt Co C. Ind Legion. 1861-63; ordn 
Presbh minister. 1863; supplied eh of Jefferson. 1863-64; Vernon, 1S64-66; 
pastorates: Madison First Prsbn Ch. 1S66-70; West St, Wash. D C. 
1870-72! Ft Wayne 1st Presbn Ch. 1872-1906; pastoremeritus 1st Presbn 
Ch, Ft Wayne. 1906-date. 

ROBERT STEWART TAYLOR, Lawyer; Fort Wayne; born May 22. 1S3S, 
near Chillieothe, O; educ Liber Coll, Jay Co. Ind; grad June 30, 1S59; 
removed to Ft Wayne same year; pros atty 1S68; judge Com Pleas Ct. 
1S70; memb Ind Legis. 1871; memb Miss River Com, 1881-1914: memb 
Monetary Com, 1898-9. 

CHARLES REDWAY DRYER, Geographer; born Victor, N Y. Aug 31 
1850; A B Hamilton Coll, 1S71; Un of Mich. M D. I'll of Buffalo. 1S76 
Un of Oxford, Eng. 1904-05; sci teach Ft Wayne High sch. 1S77-S0 
prof Chemistry & Toxicology, Ft Wayne Coll of Med, 1878-93; prof 
geog & geol. Ind State Normal Sch. Terre Haute, 1S9S-1913; asst Ind 
Geological Survey. 1SSS-93; author; Fellow Geol Soc Amer; A A A S 
Royal Geog Soc, Assn Am Geographers; res. Fort Wayne. 

HOWELL COBB ROCKHILL, Manufacturer: born Ft Wayne. Jan 10. 1856; 
attended Ft Wayne pub schs; grad H S. 1*73; farmer; formerly asst 
city clerk and bus mgr Journal-Gazette; treas Lincoln Life Ins Co; 
V P and Treas Ft Wayne Rolling Mills Co. 

EDWARD G HOFFMAN, Lawy. i born Allen Co. Ind. Oct 1, 1879; attended 
Valparaiso Coll and Un of Mich; county atty Ft Wayne. 1909-date. 

STEPHEN" BOND FLEMING, Manufacturer; born Ft Wayne. Nov 20, 1871; 
grad Un of Notre Dame and Georgetown Un ; Ind State Senator. 1901-03. 
1909-15; memb Panama Expo Com of Ind. 1913-15. 

DAVID N' FOSTER. Merchant; born near Newburgh, N Y. in 1*41; memb 
of the firm of Foster Bros since 1859; entered Union army as private 
in 1S61; rose to rank of captain; came to Indiana in 1S70; dept com 
G A R in 1S85: trustee State Soldiers' Home. 1S95-1901; pres park 
board at Ft Wayne, 1905-15. 

JOHN SAMUEL MeC'l RDY, Dentist; born Allen Co, Nov 16, 1S66; attended 
Ft Wayne pub schs and M E Coll; grad Ind Dental Coll, Mch 7, 1888; 
prac dentistry Ft Wayne since 188S; memb Ind State Bd of Dental 
Ex; memb State and Nat Dental Soc; res, Ft Wayne. 

WILLIAM O BATES, author; born Harrlsburg, Ind, Sept 19. 1852; Ph B 
Cornell; author: Recitations and How to Recite; Our Foreign Corre- 
spondent, 4-act comedy; Uncle Rodney; The Black Bokhara, and other 
productions; was on staft N Y, indpls. Cincinnati and St Paul news- 
papers; mem N Y Players' club; res Indpls. 



<2)^v-ut. W. >U*>-ff»-> t D~, J5-, //. < 





uft.dL 



INDEX-WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



ANDERSON. 

Crittenberger, Dale J 35 

Ellison, Alfred 32 

Frazier. James W 3 2 

Hennings. Joseph E 32 

Jones, Arthur H 32 

Keltner. p. M 32 

Kittinger, William A 32 

Morrow, Carl F 4S 

Neff. Charles H 32 

Norviel, Frank D 32 

Teegarden, John C 32 

Toner. Edward C 32 

ANGOLA. 

Rakestraw. O. F. 42 

Shank, H. Lyle 12 

Sniff, L. M 4 2 

Willis. R. D 42 

AUBURN. 

Atkinson, Edgar W 45 

.Buchanan. Vern 45 

Leasure. Lida 45 

BEDFORD. 

Boruff. R. R 32 

Lanz, C. W 32 

-Mullen. R. L 32 

BLOOMFIELB. 

Hendren. Gilbert H 3 

Slinkard. T. E 46 

Slinkard. W. L 46 

Vosloh. W. R 46 

BLOOMINGTON. 

Baker, John 1 15 

Bryan, William Lowe 1 

Corr, Edwin 18 

Cravens. John W 1 

Cravens, Oscar H 38 

Hogate, Enoch G 38 

Miers. Robert W 3S 

Weatherly. Ulysses G 18 

BLUFFTON. 

Dailey. Ft mil; c 2 

Bichhorn, Wm. H 52 

Frank. Charley 2 

Gordon. Frank W 52 

Saunders. George L 52 

Simmons. Abram 52 

Sturgiss. Charles E 52 

Swaim. David H 52 

boonville. 

Hazen, Gaines H 33 

Hemenway. James A 33 

Kiper. Rosnoe 33 

Lutz, Philip, J i- 33 

BRAZIL. 

Wolfe. R. E 3 2 



BROOKVILLE. 

Adams. Winifred 14 

Shirk, John C 36 

COLUMBIA CITY. 

Kissinger. William H 35 

Marshall. Thomas R 35 

McNagny, William F 35 

COL1 M15I 8. 

Brown, Isaac T 43 

Duncan. W, C 43 

Fitzgibbon, T. F 43 

Harding, Lev, is a 43 

.Miller. Hugh Th 43 

\i ooney, W. A 43 

Newsom, Vlda 14 

y, Z. T 40 

CONNERSV1LLE. 



COVINGTON. 

Lfivengood, A. T 41 

Livengood, V. E 41 

Schwin, J. B 41 

CRAWFORDKVILLE. 

Bowers. Charles A 52 

Harney. G. S 41 

James. Karl C 38 

MacKintosh, George I. 46 

CULVER. 

Gignilliat. Leigh R 31 

DANVILLE. 

Clark, Hon. James L 8 

Gulley. O. E 42 

Hall. Alvin 41 

Hargrave. C. A 42 

Hogate. Julian D 41 

Laird, J. W 42 

DECATUR. 

Ellingham. L. G 1 

Erwin, Judge Richard K. . . 3 







Broaddus, L. i 


... 33 


Elliott. R. N 


1 


Florea. George C 


: 


Frost, 11. I 


3 1 


VIcKee, D. w 









DELPHI. 

Boyd, L. D. 43 

Pollard. Charles R 43 

Roaeh. W. A 43 

EVANSVILLE. 

Althouse, Tamar 34 

Boyle. Harry E 47 

Decker, Adolph L 34 

Frey. Philip W 34 

Iglehart. John E 39 

Kahn. Isidor 47 

Laughlin, C. E 47 

Logsdon, H. M 34 

Pearson, Jed W. 47 

Reis, Henry 34 

Roosa, Howard 34 

Schneider. J. I' 47 

Schoiz. F. J 34 

Schreeder. Charles C 34 

Spencer, Judge John W. . . 3 

Veneman. A. J 34 

Wellman. John D 34 

Wilson. William E 33 

Wittenbraker, Charles W. . 33 

FORT WAYNE. 

Blttler, George 35 

Bond, C. E. 13 

Bulson. Albert E 52 

Coleriek, Margaret 14 

Dryer, Charles Redway ... 63 

Ellison. Thos. E 13 

Fleming. Stephen Bond ... 53 

Foster. David X 53 

Foster. Samuel M 13 

Freeman. H. R 13 

Hahn, William 13 

Harper. James B 13 

Harper. M R. I Mrs. J. B.I 14 

Hoffman, B. G 53 

McCulloch. Charles 13 

Mr' -nr.lv. J S 53 

Moffat, D. W 53 

O'Rourke. William S 13 

Powell, George w 53 

Rockhill, H. i- 53 

sin, ., it, Fri del H k w 13 

Taylor. Robert si. -wart .... 53 

Williams. Hem i M 13 

Worden, Charles H 13 

FOWLER. 

i i n John P 41 

I Luis m. Charles h 41 

Fra ser, Donald 41 

i toby, George i 41 

III VNKFORT. 

Burget Eugene ' i 33 

Epstein, Moses 33 

Morrison, James W 33 

FRANKLIN. 

Hanley, Elijah 32 

si. in, William 'l- I . 

55 



FRENCH LICK. 

Taggart. Thomas 1 

GARY. 

Greenlee, Cassius M 32 

Hay. Henry G.. Jr, 32 

Knotts. A. F 32 

Knotts. Thomas E 32 

Norton. H. S 32 

Snyder, H. B 32 

GREENCASTLE. 

Gillen, C. C 43 

Grose. George R 4 2 

Hughes. James P 42 

Van Arsdel. Wm. C 30 

Wade. C. U 42 

Wade. Elizabeth L 4 3 

GREENFIELD. 

Downing. Chas 3 

Felt, Judge Edward W 3 

Hough. W. A 50 

Mitchell. John F 50 

GREENSBI 'RO. 

Caskey, James E 33 

Ewing. James K 33 

Hamilton, Frank 33 

Myers. David A 33 

Osborn. John E 33 

HAMMOND. 

Crumpacker. F. C 52 

Crumpacker, Peter H 52 

Howat. William F 52 

Ibach. Judge Joseph G 3 

Turner, A. Murray . 52 

Wilson, Jesse E 52 

HANOVER. 

Mil lis. W. A 4 5 

HARTFORD CITY. 

Cox. Edward E. 52 

Montfort, Ralph W o2 

HOWE. 

McKenzie. John H 36 

HUNTINGTON. 

Ball, Walter K 51 

Butler. C. A 52 

Bui I- i . Thaddeus 36 

Cook, Samuel E 52 

Fi .nil.-, J. Fred 1 

I.esh. Ulysses s 52 

Null. John F 

i Minsliy. M. H 52 

Watkins, Charles W 52 

INDIANAPOLIS. 

Adam. ' "ll .11 Irs II 14 

AJbrecht, I ir. Maurice - ■ . • S 

\ ■ icander, Georgia 2 

Allnr.l. Fremont 21 

a li;-', i ieorge 25 

Allison. D. C 13 

Appel, John 50 

A 1 I man Samuel R 35 

Ashby, Samuel 23 

\ ust i" 1 lhafl, T 24 

\i us. A. C 23 

1 redei ick M 20 

Baldwin, C. H 22 

Hall. Frank W. 13 

1 '■■< mberger, Ralph 9 

ll.il 11. mi. 11 E 22 

Hums. A A 19 

i: n niiiii, Dr .iniiii F 6 

Barrett, Fred E 11 

Bartholomew, Pliny W. . . 11 

Hash. Mahlon K 39 

111 I III It 1 1) 

Bass, W. H 13 

Bastlan. Willis n 

Bati in i ieo ii 11 

Bi H, v u liii.u-i i i 1 

Beck, Fi., I l: 29 



Bell. Joseph 35 

Bennett. Henry W S 

Benson. A. S 25 

Berrj lull. John S 40 

Bertermann, John 31 

Best. Dr. Wm. P 7 

Beveridge, Albert J 2 

Billheimer, John L S 

Bingham, James 23 

Blackledge. Frank H 6 

Blaker. Eliza A 2 

Blodgett, W. H 14 

Bobbs, William C 5 

Bockstahler, Wm. H 22 

Bohlen, Oscar D 10 

Bonifleld, Fred 12 

Bookwalter, C. A 35 

Bowen. R. M 39 

Bower.;, Frank 4 

Boyd, Bert A 31 

Boyd. L. C 3ii 

Brackett, C. H 11 

Bradford. Ernest W 10 

Brayton, Dr. Alembert W. . 5 

Bridges. Frank L 2 2 

Brinker, Henry C 17 

Bross, Ernest 14 

Brossman. Charles 30 

Brown, Chalmers 11 

Brown, Charles Carrol!.... 19 

Brown, Demarchus 3 

Brown, Edgar A S 

Brown, George W 23 

Brown. Hilton U 4 

Brown, Hiram 17 

Brown, William R 39 

Browning. Elizabeth '1 14 

Brubaker. H. C 12 

Buchanan. Chas. J 39 

Buchanan. Wallace 8 

Buennagel. Jacob 30 

Bullock. Henry W 38 

Burckhardt, D*r. Louis .... Is 

Burford. William B 5 

iiin rage, Set 'ruin., 21 

ISus, limann. C. L 22 

Buskirk, George A 16 

Butler. Amos W 3 

Butler. Chauncey 7 

Butler. F A 26 

Butler. R. A 19 

Butler. Scot is 

Bynum, W. D 4 

Byfield, Charles W 2 

Callon, F. T 31 

< 'nlv.l I . (loo C 20 

Cannon, W. T 24 

Carey, John N 21 

Can. i larroll B 30 

Carter. Mord 17 

Carter, Vinson 6 

Casey. J. E 16 

I'avins. Alexander G Is 

' iii mbers, Lawrence D 5 

Clancy, Sumner IS 

i Hark, James L 8 

Clarke. .Mrs Grace Julian. . 2 

' Ha i I. .1- iv> i -,.n ii 21 

Clay John w is 

' I'll ml John E 37 

' Jlet engi i . 1 t. \\ m. F is 

Clifford, Vinci nl G l" 

' ?oate, Alvin T 29 

ii John l : 6 

ciiin. Charles F 

colh, ,, i, Emma 14 

Cole. J. J 24 

i loleman, Lewis A 9 

Collins. James \ 23 

w 7 

' ',-ii,l,r Earl 1: 7 

Con mi v, i ' i - 11 

Cook in-. George J 6 

i 'mile. Homer 1 1 1 

i rook, Wm. H 27 

Coopei ' 'iiini, - \i 29 

Copeland. II. i; 14 

i I- il W. M 20 

1 "■ Judgi CI tries E 3 

Linton a i; 

• ',,,„ land, it 1 1 ii 

Craft, !•:. M 24 

Craig, C. v\ 20 

11 ■ w B 12 

Elmer E 27 

r. i 

Cillll, 111 :- li ■ ■ \|. . IS 

Daggett, Robi i' 5 

Prank C 2 

mas v 17 

lilui M 2S 

1 ' 2 



56 



INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



Danner. Henry R 21 

Darmody, John F 20 

Darnaby, Robt. B 5 

Davis, Everett 14 

Davis. Lawrence B 10 

Davis. P. A 22 

Day. Thomas c 17 

De&ry, Judge James E 30 

Deitch, Guilford A 10 

1 leluse, Otto P 27 

Dennis. Charles 4 

Dennv. Austin F 5 

Dennv. C. S 9 

Denny. G. L 9 

Deschler, Louis G 24 

Dickson. George M„ 2S 

Dithmer. Henry L 39 

Doolittle, Henry P 10 

Donnelly. Maurice 27 

Dougherty Hugh 23 

Douglass. Ralph W 21 

Downey. B. C 16 

Downing. Charles 3 

Drake, C. S 29 

Dryer. Charles A 10 

I nitty, Frank 37 

Duffey. Luke W 31 

Dugdale, Benjamin H S 

Dunn, J. P 9 

Durham. Chas. 23 

Duvall, John L 17 

Eaglesfleld, C. S 37 

Eaglesfield James T 29 

Earp, Dr. Samuel E 6 

Eastman. Dr. Thos. B 7 

Eberwein. John H 38 

Eckhouse, Edgar A 39 

Edgerton. Dr. Dixon 

Efroymnson, Gus A 24 

Eitel. Henry 15 

Elam. John B S 

Elder. William L 20 

Ellingham. L. G 1 

Elliott. Geo. B 23 

Elliott. Robt 29 

Elliott. William F 23 

Elvin. Wm. H. 21 

Emerson. Dr. Charles P. . . 15 

Emrich, John H 26 

Engelke. John F 12 

English. William E 4 

Ensley, Oliver P 20 

Erdman, Dr. Bernhard .... 6 

Ernestinoff. Alexander 39 

Evans, Edgar H 2 5 

Evans, George H 25 

Evans, Rowland 21 

Evans. William L 19 

Ewbank. Louis B 10 

Fahnley, Fred 21 

Fairbanks, Charles W 4 

Fauvre, Frank M 24 

Fawkner. Chas. B 8 

Feibleman, Isidore 9 

Ferguson, Dr. Charles E. . . 12 

Fesler, James W 7 

Fiekinger. W. J 16 

Fishback. Frank S 20 

Fisher. Carl G 19 

Fitzgerald. Philander H... 26 

Fletcher, Horace H 27 

Fletcher, Stoughton A 15 

Flickinger, E E 26 

Florea. Josh E 10 

Floyd, F. E 13 

Flovd. James L 13 

Fogartv, Wm. M 17 

Folsom, E. F 39 

Foliz, Herbert 5 

Fnltz Howard M 16 

Foreman. Dr. Wm. H 18 

Forrey, George C 30 

Fortune, William 20 

Foster. C. C 29 

Foster, Wallace 23 

Frenzel. .1. P., Jr 15 

Frenzel. O. N 15 

Fuller. Hector 4 

Gale, Edward C 27 

Galvin, Geo. W 11 

Gardner. Fred C 3 6 

Gat< S, Edward E 25 

Gates, Hany B 24 

Gavin, Frank E 12 

<;;i\isk Rev Francis H. ..40 

Gay, Geo. a 20 

George, Dr. Wm. E 7 

Glossbrenner, A. M 5 

Glossbrenner. Herbert M... 29 

Golt, W. F. C 16 

G Irich. Jas P 25 

Graves, T. S 25 

Greathouse, Chas. A 1 

< ; ! . iry, Fred A 37 

Griener, Dr. I.. A 7 

Griffith. Carl V 2') 

Groninger. Taylor E 9 

Grossart, Frederick C 27 



Grover, Arthur B 36 

Guedel, Arthur E 10 

Gundelflnger. Dr. Benno M 12 

Guthrie. Ira E 26 

Hack, Oren S . 37 

Hackedorn, Hillis F 29 

Hadley, A. N 12 

Hagen. Paul 24 

Hammond. William W. ... 37 

Hanly. J. Frank 2 

Hanna. Charles T 37 

Harding. W. N S 

Hargis. R. R 26 

Harris, Addison C. . 2 

Harrison, H. H 28 

Harrison, Russell B 2 

Harvey. Judge Lawson M. S 

Haskett. O. D 2S 

Hatfield. T. B 28 

Haueisen. Otto F 31 

Hauss. Philip J 17 

Hawkins, Roscoe 9 

Hay. Linn D 7 

Hayward, William C 25 

Head. H. Thos 27 

Hearsey. Henry T 2S 

Heath. Dr. Frederick IS 

Henderson. Charles E 36 

Henderson. J. 12 

Henderson. Julia C 14 

Hendriekson, Harry C 6 

Heinrichs. William F. .... 10 

Heitman. Wm. F 14 

Henley. Judge Wm. J 18 

Henley. L. W. 36 

Henry. Charles L 26 

Henry. Dr. Alfred IS 

Henshaw. F. R 40 

Herod. Wm. P 11 

Herr. H. H 14 

Herrick, Richard C 12 

Herschell. W. M 4 

Hetherington, Fred A 22 

Hibben. Paxton 2 

Higgins, William L 30 

Hisev. E. R 37 

Hitt. Elizabeth (Mrs. (1. C.) 2 

Hoffmann, John 1 39 

Hogan, Wm. J 21 

Holliday. John H 16 

Hollweg. Louis 19 

Holtzman. John W 9 

Hood. Arthur M 9 

Hood. Dr. Thomas C 15 

Hooker, James H 29 

Hooten, Elliott R 9 

Hornbrook, Henry H 5 

Home, Wm. L 30 

Hovey. Alfred R 9 

Howard, Wm. H 12 

Howe. Thomas C 15 

Howland. H. H 5 

Howland. Louis 4 

Hubbard. F. "Kin" 14 

Huesmann, Louis C 26 

Hug'g, Martin M 4 

Hume. Geo. E 28 

Humes. Dr. Charles D. . . . . 8 

Hunt, Carl 28 

Hunt. Union B 25 

Hunter. Edgar 5 

Hurty. J. N 22 

Jackson. "Chic" B 14 

Jacobs. Dr. Harry A 6 

Jacobv. Elias J 10 

Jaeger, Dr. Alfred S 6 

Jameson. Dr. Henry 5 

Jameson. Ovid B 7 

Jefferson. Michael L 29 

Jenkins. Dennis H 30 

Jeup, B. J. T 35 

Jewett. Charles W 39 

Jobes, Dr. Norman IS 

Johnson, Jesse T 23 

Johnson, O. R 14 

Johnson. Richard 36 

Jones, Aquilla Q 10 

Jordan, Arthur -1 

June, Geo. W 31 

Jungclaus. W. P 36 

Kaelin. Charles T IS 

Kahn, Henry 19 

Kahn. I. F 27 

Kautz, F. R 31 

Kealing. Joseph B 2 

Kebler, Joseph A 30 

Keith. Ernest R 3S 

Keller. Dr. Amelia R 2 

Keller, Joseph 30 

Kendall. Victor C 26 

Kepperly. James E 15 

Kessler. Walter 38 

Kern. John W 40 

Ketcham, William A 3, 

Kins. Myron D 22 

King. W. F 40 

Kingsbury, Jas. L 28 

Kingsbury. John H IS 



ECinney, Horace E 25 

Kipp. Albrecht 24 

Kirk. Clarence L 30 

Kiser. Dr. Edgar F S 

Kiser, Sol. S 16 

Klanke, Henry 27 

Klausmann, H. W 22 

Knight. W. W 2S 

Knode. H. C 29 

Kolmer, Dr. John 6 

Korbly, Bernard 9 

Kothe, Wm 28 

Kotteman. Charles J. ....... 31 

Krauss, Paul H. 22 

Krieg, Felix J 5 

Krull, Albert 30 

Kuhn, August M 16 

Lain. M. M 40 

Lancaster. Lewis E 23 

Landers. Howe Stone 37 

Lando. Leo 23 

Landon. H. McK 30 

Langsenkamp. Frank H. . . 27 

Langsenkamp. Henry 30 

Lapp. John A 23 

Lawrence. B. F 14 

Law rence, Henry W 31 

Leckner. Carrie C 39 

Leckner. Max 39 

Leedy, Ulysses G 31 

Leedy, W. H 36 

Leeth, M. C 28 

Lemcke. Ralph A 25 

Lesh, C. P 31 

Levey, Louis H 2S 

lavty. Marshall T 25 

Levison. Harry 39 

Lewis, Charles S 21 

Lewis, L. H 21 

Lieber. Albert 20 

Lieber, Carl H. 20 

Lieber. Herman P 21 

Lieber. Otto R 21 

Lieber. Richard 12 

Lieber. Robert 31 

Light. Robert C 21 

Lilly, James E 21 

Lilly. James W 19 

Lillv. Josiah K 20 

Lindemuth. Dr. Oscar E. . . 37 

Link. Goethe 38 

Littleton. Frank L 11 

Lockwood. "Virgil H 9 

Long, Dr. Robert W 18 

Losey. Robert C 26 

McBride, Bert 17 

McBrirle. Robert W 4 

McClellan, R. H 24 

McCotter, C. A 26 

McChirg. J. Q. A 30 

McGettigan. John E 38 

McGowan, Joseph A 40 

McGuire, Newt. J 5 

Mcintosh. J. M 17 

McKee, Edward L 16 

McKee, Homer 39 

McKee, Will J 22 

McKenzie, Anna 2 

McWhirter, Felix 17 

MacFall. Russell T 23 

Mack. F. J 26 

Mat Lucas. Wm. H 12 

Malott, Macy W 15 

Malott. Volney T 15 

Mangus, Milton W 37 

Manly, Frank P. 31 

Mannfeld. George N 24 

Marmon. W. C 36 

Marott. Geo. J 20 

Marshall. A. W 13 

Marshall. Thomas R 35 

Martin. Dr. Paul F IS 

Martin. H. C 13 

Martin. Parks M 36 

Martin, Paul R 19 

Martindale, Charles 9 

Martindale. Clarence 12 

Mason, Augustus L 25 

Mason, Edw. 5 

Masson, Woodburn 7 

Masters, Dr. John 1 37 

Matson, Frederick E 10 

Maxwell. Allison, M. D S 

Mayer, Geo. J 22 

Merrifleld, Hugh D 36 

Merrill. Chas. W 5 

Messing. Meyer 4 

Metzger. Albert E 16 

Metzger, Robert 30 

Meyer, A. B 19 

Meyer, Adolph J 12 

Meyer, Chas. F 22 

M ilholland, W. F 26 

Miller. Charles W 17 

Miller. Samuel D IS 

Miller. W. H. H 4 

Miller. Wlnfield 16 

Miliikan, Lynn B 36 



Minor, Benj. B 2T, 

Minturn. Joseph A 11 

Moll, Theoph J 10 

Monks, Leander J 12 

Montani, Guy 38 

Mooney. William J 20 

Moore. Edward D 15 

Moore. Jesse C 27 

Moores, Charles W 10 

Moores, Merrill 8 

Moran. James J 35 

Morris, J. Edward 21 

Mount. Finley P 25 

Mueller, Ferd A 7 

Mueller, Gustave H 16 

Mueller, J. Geo 19 

Mull, George F 9 

Murphy. C. S 13 

Murphy, Harry 36 

Mushlitz. Earl 19 

Myers, Quincy A 3 

Negley, Harry E 6 

New, Burt 2 2 

New, Capt. Harry S 4 

Xewberger, Louis 11 

Nicholas. Anna 2 

Nicholson, Meredith 4 

Nicholson. Mrs. Eugenie K. 2 

Noble, Harriett 14 

Noble, Robert P 40 

Noel, James W 9 

Nordyke, A. H 9 

Nordyke. C. E 31 

Norton. Charles S 29 

Oblinger. R. P 28 

O'Connor, Bernard E 27 

Ogden, James M 11 

Olive. Frank C 1.". 

Oliver. Dr. John H 6 

O'Mahony. J. P 4.1 

Orbison, Charles J 36 

Ostermeyer. Fted J 25 

Page, Lafayette 40 

Pantzer. Hugo Otto. M. D. 37 

Patten. Wm. T 10 

Patterson, C. A 13 

Patterson, Gwynn F 15 

Payne, Gavin L 17 

Peacock, Mary H 2 

Pearson. Chas. D. 19 

Pearson. Geo. C 28 

Peele, Stanton J 15 

Perkins. Edgar A 3 

Perkins. Merritt H 7 

Perkins. Samuel E. Jr 31 

Perry. C. C 21 

Perry, J. C 20 

Perry, Norman A 29 

Perry, Oran 26 

Pettijohn. C. C 9 

Pfafflin. Dr. Charles A. ... 3S 

Picken3. Samuel 23 

Pickens. W. A 8 

Pierce, J. A 24 

Pierce, O. W 39 

Pond. Oscar L 23 

Potter, M. A 20 

Potts, Alfred F 6 

Powell. George W. 21 

Purdy, Fred L 19 

Quick. G. F 17 

Rabb. Albert 9 

Rader. John H 10 

'Ragsdale. Oren M 27 

Raitano. Harry A 39 

Ralston, B. M 17 

Randall. Theo. A 5 

Ransdell. G. A 39 

Rappaport. Leo M 15 

Rassmann. Emil C 17 

Rassmussen, Harry E 29 

Rauch. Edward J 28 

Rauch, John 8 

Raub. Edward B 26 

Rauh, Sam E 19 

Ray, C. W U 

Reagan. Joseph E 27 

Recker. G. A 19 

Rehfuss. Martin. Jr 40 

Reiley. Joseph L 3 

Remster. Judge Charles ... S 

Remy. Chas. F 11 

Renick. C. D 29 

Richards, w. M 16 

Riley. James Whitcomb ... 4 

Rink, Joseph A ' : > 

Robbins, J. F 26 

Roberts.' Dr. G. H 7 

Robinson. Arthur R IS 

Robison, E. J, .' 20 

Robson, Will H 36 

Rockwood. G. 27 

Rohback, James A 7 

Roller. Rudolph J 7 

Rosenthal. A. M 22 

Ross. James A 23 

Ross, Morris 4 

Rothley, Victor H 29 



INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



57 



Rubens, Geo. B 8 

Rubush. P. C. 5 

Icui-klehaus, John C 7 

Ku.lil.ll. A. G 20 

fahm, Albert 11 

Sahm, Roy 17 

Salsbury, Elias D 12 

Sargent, Hurst H 11 

Sautter. John T 12 

Schaf, Jos. C 24 

Schley, Geo. B 9 

Sehloss, Sol 22 

Schmidt, Augustus 29 

Schmidt, Edward 24 

Schmidt. Edward H 2 

Schmidt. Lorenz 30 

Scott. Wm 20 

Searles. Ellis 19 

Seeds, Russell M 37 

Seidt nstii ker, Idolph 10 

Seidenst l< ker, I leo. 17 

Selvage. Jos. W 37 

Severin, Henry 28 

Shank. Lew 4 

Sharpe, Joseph K 27 

Shea. John D 22 

Shi pherd, P. K 16 

Shepperd, Ed. K 25 

Shimer, Will 22 

Shirley. C. C 6 

Simmons. Warren H 31 

Simon, Milton N 8 

Singleton. A. F 27 

Slack. L. Ert 23 

Sluss. Dr. John W 6 

Smith. Aivin H 26 

Smith. Andrew 15 

Smith, Charles W 11 

Smith, Delevan 4 

Smith. Henry L 30 

Smith. Louis F 31 

Smith. Ralph K 16 

Smith. Richard 4 

Smith. S. H 19 

Smith. Wm. C 36 

Snider. A. G 24 

Sommers. Chas. B 24 

Sowder. Dr. Charles R 7 

Spann. Thus H 22 

Spellmire. Jos. H 29 

Spiegel. R. W 17 

Spink. Mary A. M. D 2 

Springsteen. Robert E 2 

Stafford. E. E 5 

Stahl. Joseph H 35 

Stahn, Oswald 23 

Stalnaker. Frank D 15 

Starr. Henry C 30 

Steers. Edwin M 12 

Steffen. Andrew 21 

st.in Theodore 17 

Stein. Then . Jr 31 

Cel, Thi o 15 

Sterne, Dr. Albert E 8 

Stevenson, Charles N" 29 

Stevenson, Henry F 10 

Ite-H art, Alex M 24 

Stewart. Wm. K 20 

Stout. Elmer W 23 

Strong. M. E. (Mrs. E. H.) 14 

Stuckey. T. E 15 

Sullivan. Geo. R 30 

Taggart. Thomas 1 

Talbot. Ona B 14 

Tanner, i lordon B 25 

Taylor, A. H 17 

Harold 6 

Ti v lor, James H 36 

Major 27 

Taylor. William J 27 

William L 4 

Taylor, William s 10 

r, Oel 19 

Thomas, Q3car G 19 

Thomson, ... W 26 

Thomson Hi nn ' " 24 

Thornton. Henry C 25 

Thornton. W. W 4 

Tingle, Walter .T 6 

ntus, Clyde E 27 

Todd, John M 40 

Todd, Newton 37 

Trone P. B 12 

Tin!.', William E 39 

I (any D 4S 

tfahol n - 11 

I'l, W. C 30 

i -nn, ' -.,i Hand 19 

i 7 

nton 2S 

us 19 

in 21 

Kurt 12 

•.'. in Will H 16 

eretl 29 

R . i' ott, E. H 3 5 

Walk. Cat! F . •' 

Walker, C. M 19 



Wall. John M 10 

Wallace, Roger W 3 

Wallace, Ross H 16 

Wallick. Jno. F 31 

Ward, Marion 24 

Watson. Ward H 12 

Weedon, Bert 39 

Wi ir, Clarence E 10 

Welch, John R 26 

Wells, Charles W 28 

Weyl, Curl H 5 

Wheeler, Dr. H. H 40 

Wheeloek. W. 1! 20 

Whitcomb. Larz A 23 

White. Eilw. M IS 

Wicks, Frank S. C 40 

Wild. John F 17 

Wiley, A. G 14 

Wiley, D. G Ll 

Wiley. Ulric y. 11 

Williams, Charles Norris... 17 

Williams, Irving 13 

Willis, Fred I 28 

Wilson, Chester 1' 26 

Wilson, Geo. R 11 

Wilson, George S 4 

Wilson, Henrj Lane 27 

Wilson, Medford I: 26 

Wiltsie. Charles S 7 

Wish, ml, \\ in, X M. I) . . . . 40 

Witt. Frank A IT. 

Wooher, A. G 16 

Wocher. John 16 

Wocher, w. F 16 

Woerner. Frank W 37 

Wolfson. Aaron 22 

Wood. Frank G 21 

Woodsman. Hubert H 29 

Wooling, J. H 38 

Woollen. Evans s 

Woollen. Greenly V 2S 

Woollen. Herbert M 28 

Woollen. Wm, Watson .... 6 

Worm, Albert R 27 

Wright. J. C 26 

Wynn, Dr. Frank B IS 

Wynne. Thos. A 21 

Young, A. A 9 

Zearing. Albert P 35 

JASPER. 

Kean, Horace \L 40 

Milburn, Richard M 4(1 

JEFFERSON V1I.I.E. 

Scott, Samuel L 45 

KENTLANIV 

Davis. Charles M 41 

McCray. Warren T 41 

Schanlaub. W. O 4 1 

KOKOMO. 

Armstrong, A. B 4S 

Barnes, Earl B 49 

Callis, T. O. 4S 

Charles, A. A 49 

Grace. J. P is 

Haynes, Elwood 49 

Herron, Joseph c 49 

Hutson, Albert P 49 

Jenkins, D. C 4s 

Jessup, Fred H 4 9 

Johnson. J. W 4S 

Kautz, J. A 49 

Kirkpatrick. Lex .1 49 

McReynolds, Thomas C 4S 

Moore. John E 49 

Morgan. J. Rollin 4S 

Moulder. J. McLean 40 

Purilum. William C 19 

Seiberling. A. G (^ 

Souder, Edwin M 19 

Voorhis. W. R 49 

W i 1 1 i t s c O 19 

Wolf, i 'onrad 48 

LAFAYETTE. 

Bauer. Thomas 42 

Burnett. • ■Inn les * ... 42 

Hammond, E. I' 42 

Haywood, Geo] '.-. P 46 

Jones, W. .1. Jr. 7 

Kehler. 1) B 46 

Mavity. Charles K 46 

Simm.'. D. W. 

Stein, Evaleen 

Slim.. W. E 1 

Stuart. W. V I ' 

\ 1 1 1 1 ... . M.iii H 42 

w I W. i: 4 2 

T.AGH VNGB. 

Id i i. I, P.. H 42 



LAPORTE. 

Chaney, J. A 45 

Hickey. A. J 45 

McGill. David H 45 

Osborn, Frank E 45 

Pitner. Frank J 45 

Widdell. E. J 45 

LAWRENCEBIRG. 

Cravens, Thomas S 36 

Nowlin. Ambrose E 36 

O'Brien. W. H 1 Cavanaugh. John W 47 



NOBLESVILLE. 

Kane, Ralph H 46 

Longley, W. E 3 

NORTH VERNON. 

Brolley, Thomas W 1 

Dixon, Lincoln . ... 45 

Klinger, C, C 45 

NOTRE DAME. 



LEBANON'. 

Artman, Samuel R 35 

McKey. Ben F 3S 

Ralston, Gov., Samuel M... 1 

Roberts. Alva S 3S 

LOGANSI'ORT. 

Laity. Judge Moses B 3 

Louthain. Benjamin F. 

Magee. Rufus 50 

Myers, Quincy A 3 

Powell. Jehu Z 50 

MADISON. 

DuShane, Donald 45 

Sulzer, Marcus R 45 

MARION. 

Johnson. Edgar H 50 

McCulloch, John D 50 

McMurtrie. l*z 32 

Paulus. Henry J 50 

Shively. B. B 50 

MARTINSVILLE. 

Curtis. William D 33 

McNutt. John C 51 

Shireman. Eugene C 37 



MICHIGAN CITY. 



Crumpacker, H. L. 

Faulknor. John B. 
Pepple. Worth W. 
Robb. C. J 



MISHAWAKA. 

O'Neill. Wm. P 

MONTICELLO. 

Sellers. Emory B 



MT. VERNON. 



Curtis. George W. 
Menzies. G. V. ... 



Ml NCBE. 



Ball. Walter P 49 

Bracken, Leonidas L 4 9 

Elli,;. Frank 50 

Hawk. George J 50 

Haymond. William T 49 

Kemper, Gen. W. H 6 

Koons, George H 49 

Leffler, Joseph G 49 

Lockwood, George B 49 

McClellan, Frederick F. . . . 50 

Naftzger, L. R. 40 

Roads, Hal. lin Ill 

Pus.-, T. V 49 

■ ii '■;. A ■' 49 

Win lor, Rollin 50 

NEW ALBANY. 

Kenney, Herh« 1 1 P 4 4 

Paris John M II 

i i [erman 14 

Stotsei rg E P ( i 

NEWCASTLE. 

Barnard ( ( - M 14 

Bat ii ,i"l Willi;. in ii 44 

Brown Clarenci M 14 

: . 1 1 : . I ■. E i ■ . ii (I 

Elliott, Geoi 44 

. \i i ii 

. l'i , .! i i ' 

Jackson. Ed 14 

Lynch. P. J 

I 4 1 

Saint. Fred 4 4 

Watkfns i i ■ i 



I'ERT. 

Cole. Charles A 48 

Hughes, Charles R 35 

Tillett. Joseph N 4S 

Wetherow, E. B 4S 

Woodring, J. R 4S 

I'LAINFIELD. 

Barrett, Edward 1 



I'LYMOITH. 

l..i in r, Leopold M. . . . 



PORTLAND. 



Fleming, J. R. 
McKee, E. A. 
Mora n, James . 
Praigg. Noble T. 



PRINCETON. 

Duncan. Judge Thomas 

Embree. Lucius C 

Gorman, J. C 



45 
45 
35 

4,'. 



44 
44 



RENSSELAER. 

Hanley. Charles W 41 

RICHMOND. 

Bond, Charles S 43 

Foulke. W. D 43 

Johnson. B. B 22 

Kelley, Wm. H 43 

Kelly. Robert L 43 

Leeds. R. G 43 

Lindley, Harlow 1 

Nicholson. Timothy 43 

Robbins, J.ihn F 26 

Smith, Dr. Samuel E 43 

Woodward. W. C 1 



ROCHESTER. 



Barnhart, Dean L. . . 
Barnhart. Henry A. 
Holman. G. W 



ROCKVILLE. 

I. ... \, ,\ 

I l.ii.l. i sun H. A. ... 

Ingram, II I I 

Sunkel, Geo. D 



35 
35 
35 



41 
11 
41 
41 



Rl BHVILLE. 

Carson, w. Cary 3 

George, • Chester M 46 

Hull, Frank J 46 

H, il loll] l: E 46 

Morris, .1 u.iv, i , , ... 3 

Payne, Purl H 16 

S.-\ I. .11, John i ' 46 

Wuts. oi, James E 1 

SALEM. 

i 'u \ uuuu- Ii R. E 41 

.hi,. ... 4] 

Ilott.l, Judge Milton Ii. . . :! 

( w, (1 

SCOTTSBI ltd. 

.. I'll i i.i Ii \ 3 

Griffith Wm. s 14 

SE1 MOIR. 



u. ... 
K i in mull .In In i II. ... 

idol Oscar 1 1 . 
Shea Judge Joseph H. 
Smith, i C 



14 
14 



SHI I ISY\ II. 1. 1'.. 

' . I ■ 43 



58 



INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA 



SOI TH BEXI). 

Carlisle. Charles Arthur ... 15 

Fassett. C. N 4S 

Howard, Timothy E 47 

Longfield. Ralph H 47 

SSuver, John H 47 

SPENCER. 

Beach. D. W 3S 

Elliott. Homer 38 

Fowler, Inman H 38 

Griffin. George R 3S 

Heavenridge, L. D 3S 

SULLIVAN. 

Bedwell, Charles H 47 

Bridwell, W. H 47 

Chanev. John C 4 

Hays, Hlnkle C 47 

Havs. John T 47 

Hays. Will H 4 7 

McNabb, A. J 47 

Park, Richard 47 

Reed. J. S 4 7 

Vance. Carl N 47 

TELL CITY. 

Zoercher. Phillip 1 



TERBE HAITE. 

Baker, Harry J 34 

Beal, Fred W, 51 

Beasley, John T 34 

Cleophas. Mother Mary ... 51 

Clifford. E. H 50 

i 'Illusion, c \V 50 

Combs. C. N 51 

Crawford, Charles A 34 

Cronin. William T 43 

Deming, Demas 51 

Dix, George 34 

Ehrmann. Max 51 

Hamill, Chalmers M 46 

Hamill, M. Carson 34 

Harvey, James A 50 

Henry, D. W 34 

Hickey, John 34 

Jewett. C. T 4 3 

Keifer, A. C 50 

McKeen, Frank 51 

McNutt, Finlev A 51 

Marshall. B. V 34 

Mees. C. L 50 

Nixon. Don M 34 

Parsons. W. W 46 

Piety, James E 34 

Propst, James M 51 

Ramsey. S. V 46 

Sandlson, Howard 50 

Sell loss. Harry T 4 7 

Sehlotzhauer, H. A 51 



Snively, s. w so 

Shourds. Dalton B 51 

Stimson, Samuel C 34 

Waits. Charles J 50 

Wood, D. Russ 51 

TIPTON. 

Gifford, G. H 42 

Read, Horace G 4 2 

VALPARAISO. 

I!ri.n II, H. B 45 

Crumpaeker. Edgar D 45 

Mavlty, John M 45 

VINCENNES. 

Thomas H. Adams 51 

Bayard, J. L., Jr 51 

Bayard, J. 1... Sr 51 

Culbertson, D. Frank 51 

Emison. James Wade 51 

Gregorie, James 51 

Halnon. William 47 

Kessinger, Clarence B. .... 51 

Purcell. Royal E 51 

Vollmer, W. H 1 

WABASH. 

King. Fred I -IS 

Little. Charles 48 

Sayre. Warren G 4S 



WARSAW. 

Esehliach. Jesse E 48 

Frazer, William D 35 

Sarber. E. B 48 

Williams, L. H 4S 

WASHINGTON. 

Fulkerson, Alva 51 

Myers, Stephen E . 51 

WINAMAC. 

Gorrell. J. J 35 

Rogers. Homer I. 35 

WINCHESTER. 

Caldwell, Judge Frederick S 3 

Goodrich, James P 25 

WINONA LAKE. 

Breckenridge, John C 35 

Rigdon, Jonathan 35 

WTLLIAMSFORT. 

Stanshuiy, Ele 41 

Stephenson. J. H 41 

WORTHIN41TON. 

Mcintosh. D. C 46 






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